2021 IEEE

2021 IEEE International

International Conference
Conference on
on Intelligent
Intelligent Systems,
Systems, Smart
Smart and
andGreen
Green Technologies
Technologies (ICISSGT)
(ICISSGT)

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Technical and Economic Analysis of Site
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Implementations of Gravitational Water Vortex
2021 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Smart and Green Technologies (ICISSGT) | 978-1-6654-0416-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICISSGT52025.2021.00036

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Power Plant

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Ashish Sedai and Gurmeet Singh 5DELQ'KDNDO
Rabin Dhaka! Binod Babu Kuma! &
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Bharosh Kumar Yadav
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Department ofMechancial 'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO
Department ofMechanical 1LVNDUVKD*KLPLUH
Niskarsha Ghimire 'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO
Department ofMechanical
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Engineering (QJLQHHULQJ7H[DV7HFK
Engineering, Texas Tech 9RUWH[(QHUJ\6ROXWLRQ3YW/WG
Vortex Energy Solution Pvt. Ltd (QJLQHHULQJ7ULEKXYDQ
Engineering, Tribhuvan
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Chandigarh University 8QLYHUVLW\
University, %KDNWDSXU1HSDO
Bhaktapur, Nepal 8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI
University, Institute of
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Chandigarh, India /XEERFN7;86$
Lubbock, TX, USA (QJLQHHULQJ3XUZDQFKDO
Engineering, Purwanchal
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ashis2sedai@gmail.com 5DELQ'KDNDO#WWXHGX
Rabin.Dhakal@ttu.edu &DPSXV
Campus
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Dharan, Nepal


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Abstract- 7KLVThis SDSHU
paper SUHVHQWV
presents WKH
the DQDO\VLV
analysis RIofWZHQW\VHYHQ
twenty-seven ,QVWDOODWLRQRIWKH0+3VWDUWHGLQ1HSDODURXQGVL[W\\HDUV
Installation of the MHP started in Nepal around sixty years
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gravitational water vortex powerplant (GWV *:933 PP)LQVWDOOHGLQ$VLD
installed in Asia, EDFN
back DQG
and DURXQG
around  MW RI
23 0: of PLFUR
micro K\GUR
hydro SODQWV
plants KDYH
have EHHQ
been
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Europe, $XVWUDOLD
Australia, DQG
and 6RXWK
South $PHULFD
America EDVHG
based RQon WHFKQLFDO
technical DQG
and LQWURGXFHGLQWKHQDWLRQDQGDURXQGIDPLO\XQLWVLQ
introduced in the nation and around 250,000 family units in
HFRQRPLFGDWDSURYLGHGE\WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVZKRZHUHLQYROYHGLQ
economic dataprovidedby the organizations who were involved in WKH
the SURYLQFLDO
provincial WHUULWRU\
territory DUH
are HQHUJL]HG
energized E\by WKHthe PLFUR
micro
WKRVH
those LQVWDOODWLRQV
installations. 6XEVHTXHQWO\
Subsequently, WKH
the EHVW
best WHFKQLFDO
technical VROXWLRQ
solution IRU
for
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hydropower plants [7] . Although micro hydro is a recognized
WKHRSWLPDOLQVWDOODWLRQRI*:933LVSURSRVHG,QDGGLWLRQFRVW
the optimal installation of GWVPP is proposed In addition, cost
FRPSRQHQWV
components RI of WKRVH
those LQVWDOODWLRQV
installations DUH
are FRPSDUHG
compared DQG and WKXV
thus,
WHFKQRORJ\IRURIIJULGUXUDOHOHFWULILFDWLRQLQ1HSDOTXLWHD
technology for off grid rural electrification in Nepal, quite a
HFRQRPLFVLWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSODQWKDWLVVXLWDEOHIRULQVWDOODWLRQ
economic site implementation plan that is suitablefor installation IHZORZKHDGWXUELQHVKDYHEHHQXVHGIRUUXUDOHOHFWULILFDWLRQ
few low head turbines have been used for rural electrification
LQ
in RII
offJULG
grid FRPPXQLW\
community RI
of1HSDO
Nepal LV
is SURSRVHG
proposed 0RUHRYHUWKH
Moreover, the FRVW
cost LQORZKHDGVLWHV>@$XVWULDQVSHFLDOLVW)UDQ]=RWO|WHUHUDQG
in low head sites [8]. Austrian specialist Franz Zotlbterer and
FRPSRQHQWVDUHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKDWRIH[LVWLQJPLFURK\GURSRZHU
components are compared with that of existing micro hydropower 3DXO.RXULVKDVEXLOWXSDVWUDWHJ\IRULQLWLDWLQJDQG H[WUDFWLQJ
Paul Kouris has built up a strategy for initiating andextracting
V\VWHPRI1HSDODQGLWLVIRXQGWKDWWKHFLYLOZRUNVDFFRXQWIRU
system of Nepal, and it is found that the civil works account for HQHUJ\IURPZDWHUYRUWLFHVIRUPLFURK\GURSRZHU
energy from water vortices for micro hydropowergeneration,JHQHUDWLRQ
PRVWRIWKHWRWDOLQYHVWPHQWFRVW6RWKUHHNLQGVRIVLWHVKDYLQJ
most of the total investment cost So, three kinds of sites, having NQRZQDV*UDYLWDWLRQDO:DWHU9RUWH[3RZHU3ODQW
known as Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) *:933 
LUULJDWLRQFDQDOZHLUDQGUHVHUYRLUEHIRUHKDQGDUH
irrigation cana� weir, and reservoir beforehand, are SURSRVHGproposed DV
as [9, 10]. GWVPP system has a canal, a basin structure DQG
>@*:933V\VWHPKDVDFDQDODEDVLQVWUXFWXUH and Da
VLWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRSWLRQVVRWKDWFLYLOZRUNV¶FRVWDUHUHGXFHG
site implementation options so that civil works ' cost are reduced WXUELQH
turbine LQ
in ZKLFK
which ZDWHU
water JRLQJ
going WKURXJK
through WKH
the FDQDOLVWDQJHQWLDOO\
canalis tangentially
7KHRUHWLFDOGHVLJQVIRUWKHFLYLOZRUNVRI*:933LQWHJUDWHGLQWR
Theoretical designs for the civil works of GWVPP integrated into
IHG
fed LQWR
into WKH
the URXQG
round EDVLQ
basin VWUXFWXUH
structure WR
to IRUP
form SRZHUIXO
powerful ZDWHU
water
WKHVH
these ZDWHU
water LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV
infrastructures DUH
are SUHVHQWHG
presented DQG
and FRQVWUXFWLRQ
construction FRVWV
costs
DUH
YRUWH[7KHNLQHWLFHQHUJ\RIWKHZDWHUYRUWH[
vortex; The kinetic energy ofthe water vortexis LVFKDQJHGRYHU
changed over
are HVWLPDWHG
estimated 7RTo YHULI\
verify, D
a V\VWHP
system RIof N:
1. 6k W GHVLJQHG
designed LQ
in WKH
the
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previous studies is upgraded andUreintegrated
HLQWHJUDWHGLVXVHGLQWKHSUHVHQW
is used in thepresent
LQWR
into HOHFWULFDO
electrical HQHUJ\
energy ZLWK
with WKH
the DVVLVWDQFH
assistance RI
of WXUELQH
turbine UXQQHU
runner
LUULJDWLRQFDQDO7KLVSDSHUFRQFOXGHVWKDW*:933LVVXLWDEOHIRU
irrigation canal This paper concludes that GWVPP is suitablefor ZKLFKLVSODFHGDWWKHFHQWHURIZDWHUYRUWH[$QH[LWKROHLV
which is placed at the center of water vortex; An exit hole is
UXUDOHOHFWULILFDWLRQVSHFLILFDOO\LQORZKHDGVLWHVLQ1HSDODQGIRU
rural electrification, specifically in low head sites in Nepal andfor PDGHDWWKHEDVHRIWKHEDVLQWKURXJKZKLFKWKHZDWHUYRUWH[
made at the base of the basin through which the water vortex
WKHRSWLPDOVLWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQWKHFLYLOZRUNVFRVWVKRXOGDEDWH
the optimal site implementation the civil works cost should abate. UHOHDVH>@
release [ 1 1 , 12].
 
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Keywords: 5XUDO
Rural HOHFWULILFDWLRQ
electrification, 6LWH
Site LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
implementation, 0LFUR
Micro 7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHDQDO\VLVRIWZHQW\VHYHQ
This paper presents the analysis oftwenty-sevenGWVPP *:933
K\GUR&RVW/RZKHDGWXUELQH
hydro, Cost, Low head turbine LQVWDOOHG
installed LQ
in YDULRXV
various FRQWLQHQWV
continents EDVHG
based RQ on WHFKQLFDO
technical DQG
and

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economic GDWDdata SURYLGHG
provided E\ by WKH
the RUJDQL]DWLRQV
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are
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I. INTRODUCTION
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involved LQ in WKRVH
those LQVWDOODWLRQV
installations. 6XEVHTXHQWO\
Subsequently, WKHthe EHVW
best
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The process of providing electricity to rural and remote WHFKQLFDOVROXWLRQIRUWKHRSWLPDOLQVWDOODWLRQRI*:933LV
technical solution for the optimal installation of GWVPP is
DUHDVLVWHUPHGDV5XUDOHOHFWULILFDWLRQ$OWKRXJKWKHRYHUDOO
areas is termed as Rural electrification. Although the overall SURSRVHG,QDGGLWLRQFRVWFRPSRQHQWVRIWKRVHLQVWDOODWLRQV
proposed. In addition, cost components of those installations
JOREDOHOHFWULILFDWLRQUDWHLVSURJUHVVLQJ
global electrification rate is progressing IURPSHUFHQWLQ
from 76 percent in DUHFRPSDUHGDQGWKXVHFRQRPLFVLWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSODQLV
are compared and thus, economic site implementation plan is

1 990 WR
to 
85 SHUFHQW
percent LQ
in 
2012, DQG and SUDFWLWLRQHUV
practitioners KDYH
have PDGH
made SURSRVHG
proposed. %HIRUH
Before WKH
the VWDUW
start RI
of WKH
the FDVH
case VWXG\
study RIof VLWH
site
WUHPHQGRXVHIIRUWV
tremendous efforts LQ in UHFHQW
recent \HDUV
years, JOREDO
global DFFHVV
access WR
to FOHDQ
clean LPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ1HSDOWKLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRFRPSDUHWKH
implementation in Nepal, this paper attempts to compare the
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energy is nowhere near being achieved, as almost 1 . 1 billion FRVW
cost RI
of H[LVWLQJ
existing 0+3
MHP V\VWHP
system ZLWK
with WKH
the FRVW
cost RI
of *:933
GWVPP
SHRSOH
people HQGXUH
endure ZLWKRXW
without LW
it >@
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while DQ
an H[WUD
extra 1 ELOOLRQ
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installations. The most recent installation done at Kerela by
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need DFFHVV
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[2] . $TXD]RRP$*LVWDNHQDVWKHUHIHUHQFHFRVWIRUHVWLPDWLRQ
Aquazoom AG is taken as the reference cost for estimation.
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Around 87 percent of world's VLQGLYLGXDOVOLYHZLWKRXWSRZHU
individuals live without power ,WLVIRXQGWKDW WKHFLYLO
It is found thatthe civil ZRUNVDFFRXQW
works account IRUfor PRVWRIWKHWRWDO
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complicated, H[SHQVLYH
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Nepal, nearly 22 percent of people are without electricity and DQGWKHWRWDOFRVWVDUHHVWLPDWHG
and the total costs are estimated.
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most of them live in rural area [3, 4].
 ,,0(7+2'2/2*<
II. METHODOLOGY
0LFUR
Micro K\GUR
hydro SRZHU 0+3  LV
power (MHP) is RQH
one RI
of WKH
the PRVW
most FRVW
cost­ 7KLV
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research HPSKDVL]HV
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optimal LQVWDOODWLRQ
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of
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effective ways of rural electrification [5, 6] due to which it has *:933EDVHGRQPD[LPXPWHFKQLFDOSHUIRUPDQFHDQGWKH
GWVPP based on maximum technical performance and the
EHHQUHJDUGHGDVDSURPLVLQJUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\WHFKQRORJ\
been regarded as a promising renewable energy technology PRVWHFRQRPLFLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSODQ)LUVWO\FRPSUHKHQVLYH
most economic implementation plan. Firstly, comprehensive
IRUUXUDOHOHFWULILFDWLRQRIRIIJULGFRPPXQLW\
for rural electrification of off grid community RI of 1HSDO
Nepal. RYHUYLHZRI*:933GHVLJQDQGLWVSHUIRUPDQFHRQWKHVLWH
overview of GWVPP design and its performance on the site

978-1-6654-0416-7/21/$3 1 .00©2021
978-1-6654-0416-7/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
IEEE 128
128
1 0.1 109/ICISSGT52025.2021.00036
DOl10.1109/ICISSGT52025.2021.00036
DOI

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology Patna. Downloaded on February 10,2023 at 02:23:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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difference in the construction costs, the most suitable site is
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plant VL]HV
sizes LQ
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deviation. The data of economic survey were analyzed, and
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determined. This paper proposes various sites based on these WHFKQLFDOO\DQGHFRQRPLFDOO\IHDVLEOHIRUDSSOLFDWLRQLQWKHLU
technically and economically feasible for application in their
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and the economic parameters of GWVPP to propose the most
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canal at Gokama, Central Nepal. Two theoretical VLWHV sites ZLWK
with 7HFKQRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\0DOD\VLDHWF>@
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INSTALLATION DATA O F 2 7 SITES AROUND THE WORLD

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Indonesia 
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GWWK-Genossenschaft Wasserwirbel Konzepte Schweiz 

129
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Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology Patna. Downloaded on February 10,2023 at 02:23:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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Vortex Energy Solution
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Mean Efficiency 
= ± 5%
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=

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For XOWUDORZ
ultra-low KHDGhead VLWHV
sites SRZHU
power GHQVLW\
density LV is PRUH
more FRQLFDOEDVLQZRXOGOLNHO\EHVXLWHGWRWKHVWUXFWXUHRI.RXULV
conical basin would likely be suited to the structure of Kouris
LPSRUWDQWWKDQLWVHIILFLHQF\
important than its efficiency DVLWLVSUHIHUUHGWRGHVFULEH
as it is preferred to describe IUDPHZRUN>@RUDQ\RWKHUV\VWHPZKHUHWKHSRZHUSODQWLV
framework [ 1 8], or any other system where the power plant is
SHUIRUPDQFHIRUVLWHVZKRVHDYDLODEOHKHDGLVHTXDOWR]HUR
performance for sites whose available head is equal to zero. VPDOO/DWHU$TXD]RRP$*XWLOL]HVFRQLFDOUXQQHUUDWKHUWKDQ
small. Later Aquazoom AG utilizes conical runner rather than
3RZHU
Power GHQVLW\
density LVis DOVR
also NQRZQ
known DV as SRZHU
power SURGXFHGSHU
produced per XQLW unit FRQLFDO
conical EDVLQ
basin WR
to RSWLPL]H
optimize WKH
the SRZHU
power SURGXFWLRQ
production ZKLFK
which
YROXPHRIZDWHUSDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHWXUELQH>@,WFDQEH
volume of water passing through the turbine [ 1 6 ] . It can be XOWLPDWHO\RSWLPL]HWKHEDVLQVL]H>@
ultimately optimize the basin size [ 1 5 ] .

VHHQIURPWKHLQVWDOODWLRQV FDSDFLW\RIZDWWVWR
seen from the 27 installations (capacity of 1 80 watts to 20
N:
kW)WKDWPRVWRIWKHLQVWDOODWLRQVDUHEHORZN:FDSDFLW\
that, most ofthe installations are below 5 kW capacity. Cost Break Down ofZoUoterer's lnstallauon Cost Break Down of Aquazoom AG
lnsLa.IJauon
0RUHRYHU
Moreover, ZH we FDQ
can FOHDUO\
clearly VHH
see IURP
from ILJXUH
figure  1 WKDW
that WKH
the
LQVWDOODWLRQKDYLQJKLJKHULQVWDOODWLRQFDSDFLW\KDYHKLJKHU
installation having higher installation capacity have higher
SRZHUGHQVLW\8QOLNHSRZHUGHQVLW\HIILFLHQF\RIWKHVH
power density. Unlike power density, efficiency ofthese 27
LQVWDOODWLRQVLVLQGHSHQGHQWRQWKHVL]H LQVWDOOHGFDSDFLW\
installations is independent on the size (installed capacity)
RIWKHSRZHUSODQW7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHU
of the power plant. The most important parameterfor IRU DQ\
any
GHYHORSHURIPLFURK\GURSRZHUWRFKRRVH WKHW\SHRI0+3
developer of micro hydro power to choosethe type ofMHP D CMl WoOO.
Mechani:DI woru
V\VWHP
system LV
is LWV
its HIILFLHQF\
efficiency. =RWO|WHUHU
Zotloterer FODLPV WKDWWKHJUHDWHVW
claimsthat the greatest
CMechanic.ai Works
DEiearicaiWorb CEiedricalWorb

DFKLHYDEOH
achievable SURILFLHQF\
proficiency RI
of WKHYRUWH[
the vortex K\GUR SRZHU SODQW
hydropower plant LV
is
Transportationandathm TtansponationandOthers

DSSUR[LPDWHO\+RZHYHUIURPWKLVVWXG\LWLVIRXQG
approximately 83 %. However, from this study it is found )LJXUH
Figure 
2. &RVW
Cost EUHDNV
breaks GRZQ
down RI
ofFRQVWUXFWLRQ
construction FRVW
cost RI
of=RWRORWHU
DQG $TXD]RRP
Zotoloterand V
Aquazoom's
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Installation
installation with maximum efficiency of 68% only. It was
DFTXLUHGIRUWKHODUJHVWFDSDFLW\WXUELQHLQGXFLQJN:
acquired for the largest capacity turbine inducing 20 kW. ,9
IV. 6,7(,03/(0(17$7,21&$6(678'<
SITE IMPLEMENTATION CASE STUDY
0RUHRYHUWKHDYHUDJHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHVH
Moreover, the average efficiency ofthese27 LQVWDOODWLRQVLV
installations is ,11(3$/
INNEPAL
ZLWKVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRI“
57 % with standard deviation of± 5%. 7KH*:933FDQEHLQVWDOOHGLQYDULRXVORZKHDGVLWHV
The GWVPP can be installed in various low head sitesin LQ
 1HSDOKDYLQJDGHTXDWHIORZ)RUWKLVFDVHVWXG\WKUHHGLIIHUHQW
Nepal having adequate flow. For this case study three different
1XPEHURI,QVWDOODWLRQV


en
� WKHRUHWLFDOVLWHVDUHSURSRVHGDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVW
theoretical sites are proposed, and construction cost DUH
are
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14 HVWLPDWHGDORQJZLWKWKHFLYLOGHVLJQ
 12 estimated along with the civil design.

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A. Proposed Design Requirement ofSite in Nepal
 .£:1 
8 kW/cumec
 'o  6 • 5 to 10 kW/cumec
WRN:FXPHF 1HSDO
Nepal LVis NQRZQ
known DV as D
a FRXQWU\
country RI
of +LPDOD\DV PRXQWDLQV 
Himalayas (mountains)
 [) 4 KDYLQJPRXQWDLQUDQJHLQWKHQRUWKZKLFKJRHVDERXW SHUSHWXDO
s 2 
 • o to 5 kW/cumec
RWRN:FXPHF
having mountain range in the north which goes aboutperpetual
VRXUFH
 ;::l  �
-
• source IRU
for PDQ\
many IUHHIORZLQJ
free-flowing ULYHUV
rivers VHWWLQJ
setting XS
up WKHQDWLRQ
the nation DV
as
 z 0 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 15 $ERYH
WRWRWR Above VHFRQGULFKHVWLQZDWHUUHVRXUFHVRQWKHSODQHWDIWHU%UD]LO>@
second richest in water resources on the planet after Brazil [ 1 7] .

N:
kW N:
kW N:
kW 15 ,Q1HSDO\HDUO\UHOHDVHRIELOOLRQFXELFPHWHUVLVDYDLODEOH
In Nepal, yearly release o f 1 74 billion cubic meters i s available
N:
kW DORQJVLGHDERXWULYHUVWUHDPVZLWKWRWDOOHQJWKRIDURXQG
 alongside about 6000 river streams with total length of around
)LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRI3ODQW6L]HVDFFRUGLQJWR3RZHU
'HQVLW\
NP>@1HSDOKDVDURXQG0:RIK\GURHOHFWULF
45 ,000 km [ 1 9] . Nepal has around 83,000 MW ofhydroelectric
Figure 1. Distribution ofPlant Sizes according to PowerDensity
DQG,QVWDOOHG&DSDFLW\
and Installed Capacity
SRWHQWLDOKRZHYHU MXVW0:KDYHEHHQJHQHUDWHGVRIDU>@
potential, howeverjust 753MW have been generated so far [20].
$ERXW1HSDOL
About 1 0% Nepali IDPLO\
family XQLWV
units QHHG
need DFFHVV
access WR
to HOHFWULFLW\
electricity DQG
and
%\
By VWXG\LQJ
studying WKH the 27 *:933
GWVPP LQVWDOODWLRQV
installations, ZH
we FDQ
can UHO\XSRQRLOEDVHGRUUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\DOWHUQDWLYHV>@
rely upon oil-based or renewable energy alternatives [2 1 , 22] .
FRQFOXGH
conclude WKDW
that WKH
the PDMRU
maj or FRVW
cost FRPSRQHQWV
components WKDWthat HIIHFW
effect WKH
the 6RWRHOHFWULI\WKHVHFRPPXQLWLHV*:933LVRQHRIWKHFRVW
So, to electrify these communities GWVPP i s one o f the cost
RYHUDOOFRVWRILQVWDOODWLRQRI*:933DUHFRVWVDVVRFLDWHG
overall cost of installation of GWVPP are costs associated HIIHFWLYH
effective DQG
and HQYLURQPHQW
environment IULHQGO\
friendly WHFKQRORJ\
technology ZKLFK
which FDQ
can
ZLWK
with FLYLO
civil ZRUNV
works, PHFKDQLFDO
mechanical ZRUNV
works, HOHFWULFDO
electrical ZRUNV
works DQG
and SURYLGHJUHHQHQHUJ\
provide green energy DW at FKHDSSULFH
cheap price LQin PLQLPXP FRQVWUXFWLRQ
minimumconstruction
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGRWKHUV6RLQWKLVVHFWLRQWKHFROOHFWHG
transportation and others. So, in this section, the collected WLPH
time. $QDO\]LQJ
Analyzing WKH
the IRXU
four GLIIHUHQW
different VLWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ GHVLJQ
siteimplementation design
GDWD
data RI
of WKHVH
these IRXU
four FRVWcost FRPSRQHQWV
components DUH are DQDO\]HG
analyzed WRto IURPWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQRIWKLVSDSHUZHFDQFRQFOXGHWKDW
from the previous section of this paper, we can conclude that
GHWHUPLQH
determine WKH
the PRVW
most VXLWDEOH
suitable VLWH
site LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
implementation SODQplan IRU
for WKHF\OLQGULFDOEDVLQ
the cylindrical basin PDGHXSRIFRQFUHWHLVPRVWVXLWDEOHIRU
made up of concrete is most suitable for
RSWLPDOLQVWDOODWLRQRI*:933$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFRVW
optimal installation ofGWVPP. According to the costbreak EUHDN
GRZQJHQHUDWHGIURPHFRQRPLFFDVHVWXG\RI=RWORWHUHU¶V
WKH
the UXUDO
rural HOHFWULILFDWLRQ
electrification RIof 1HSDOHVH
Nepalese FRPPXQLW\
community, ZKLFK
which FDQ
can EH
be
down generated from economic case study of Zotloterer's FRQVWUXFWHGE\XWLOL]LQJWKHORFDOO\DYDLODEOHVWRQHJUDYHOVVDQG
LQVWDOODWLRQ constructed by utilizing the locally available stone, gravels, sand
installation, WKH
the FRVW
cost RIof FLYLO
civil ZRUNV
works LVis KLJKHVW
highest DPRQJ
among DOOall HWF
RWKHU etc. 7KH
The VLWH
site LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
implementation ZLWKwith LQWHJUDWLRQ
integration RIof 'KDNDO
Dhakal HW
et DO
al
other associated costs with total project cost of ¼
DVVRFLDWHG FRVWV ZLWK WRWDO SURMHFW FRVW RI 66,000€. FRQLFDOEDVLQVWUXFWXUHLVDOVRVXJJHVWHGIRUORZHUFDSDFLW\
conical basin structure is also suggested for lower capacity ( <10
$TXD]RRP
Aquazoom $* AG DQGand 7XUEXOHQW
Turbulent DGDSWHG
adapted D smaller VL]H
a VPDOOHU size N:
F\OLQGULFDOEDVLQZKLFKLQWXUQUHGXFHGWKHWRWDOSURMHFWFRVW kW) KDYLQJ
having EDVLQ
basin VL]H
size OHVV
less WKDQ
than 
2 P
m DVas WKH
the ELJJHU
bigger VL]H
size EDVLQ
basin
cylindrical basin which in tum reduced the total project cost. UHTXLUHFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHDQGWKHJHRPHWU\LVTXLWHFRPSOH[WR
,QDGGLWLRQZHFDQILQGPDQ\UHVHDUFKDUWLFOHVRQWKH require concrete structure and the geometry is quite complex to
In addition, we can find many research articles on theLissues VVXHV
EXLOGORFDOO\>@
DQG build locally [23]
and SURSRVHG
proposed DUUDQJHPHQWV
arrangements RI of WKH
the VWUXFWXUH
structure RIof FLYLO
civil
FRPSRQHQWV
components WR to GLPLQLVK
diminish WKH the FLYLO
civil ZRUNV¶
works' FRVW
cost. )RU
For DQ
an %(VWLPDWLRQRI&RQVWUXFWLRQ&RVW
B. Estimation ofConstruction Cost
LQVWDQFH
instance, LQ
in 
20 1 5 'KDNDO
Dhakal HW et DO
al, SURSRVHG
proposed D a FRQLFDO
conical EDVLQ
basin
VWUXFWXUHWREXLOGXSDQDUWLILFLDOYRUWH[ZKLFKLOOXPLQDWHV
structure to build up an artificial vortex which illuminates
WKH
the SDVW
past LVVXHV
issues >@
[ 1 7] . &RQLFDO
Conical EDVLQ
basin H[SDQGV
expands WKH
the YRUWH[
vortex
VWUHQJWK
strength DQG
and DW
at ODVW
last RSWLPL]H
optimize WKHthe EDVLQ
basin VL]H
size ZKLFK
which ZLOO
will
GLPLQLVKWKHFLYLOZRUNV¶H[SHQVHWREXLOGEDVLQ7KH
diminish the civil works' expense to build basin. The

130
130

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology Patna. Downloaded on February 10,2023 at 02:23:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 $OWKRXJK
Although WKHUH
there KDYH
have EHHQ
been PDQ\
many GHWDLO
detail IHDVLELOLW\
feasibility VWXGLHV
studies '6LWH,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ&DVH6WXGLHV
D. Site Implementation Case Studies
JRLQJRQLQ1HSDOIRUFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRI*:933LQ1HSDO
going on in Nepal for commercialization of GWVPP in Nepal,
WKHUHLVQRWDQ\VLQJOHRSHUDWLQJVLWHLQ1HSDO6RLQ WKLVSDSHU 7KUHHVLWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQFDVHVWXGLHVDUHSHUIRUPHG
Three site implementation case studies are performed
there is not any single operating site in Nepal. So, inthis paper
Da UHIHUHQFH DPRQJWKHPRQHLVSLORWLQVWDOODWLRQFDVHVWXG\DQGRWKHU
among them one is pilot installation case study and other
reference SODQW
plant RI
of .HUHOD
Kerela ,QGLD
India LV
is WDNHQ
taken WR
to HVWLPDWH
estimate Da
FRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWLQ1HSDO>@7KHUHIHUHQFHSODQWRI,QGLDLV WZR
two DUH
are WKHRUHWLFDO
theoretical FDVH
case VWXG\
study. 7KH
The ILUVW
first WKHRUHWLFDO
theoretical FDVH
case
construction cost in Nepal [ 1 5 ] . The reference plant of lndia is
WDNHQDVWKHFRPSDULVRQIURPWKHWDEOHJHQHUDWHGIRUPWKHUDWH VWXG\LVH[LVWLQJZHLUVWUXFWXUHFDVHVWXGLHV7KLVDSSUDLVDO
study is existing weir structure case studies. This appraisal
taken as the comparison from the table generated form the rate
OLVWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRRUGLQDWLRQFRPPLWWHH.DWKPDQGX>@DQG FRQVLGHUV
considers D a VLWH
site WKDW
that KDV
has D
a VKDUSHGJHG
sharp-edged WRSSHG
topped ZHLU
weir, DV
as
list ofthe district coordination committee, Kathmandu [24] and
EXLOGHUVDVVRFLDWLRQRI.HUHOD>@VKRZVWKDWWKHPDWHULDODQG DSSHDUVLQ)LJD
appears in Fig 4 a).7KHVXSSRUWZHLULVGHYHORSHGIURPD
The support weir is developed from a
builders association of Kerela [25] shows that the material and
ODERUFRVWLQ1HSDO SURJUHVVLRQRIERDUGVVHWLQWRFKDQQHOVSDFHVZKLFKLPSOLHV
progression ofboards set into channel spaces, which implies
labor cost in NepalDand
QG,QGLDLVFRPSDUDEOH
India is comparable.
WKH\
they FDQ
can EH
be LPPHGLDWHO\
immediately UDLVHG
raised DOO
all WKURXJK
through WKH
the FRXUVH
course RI
of
TABLE II. COMPARISION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND
7$%/(,,&203$5,6,212)&216758&7,210$7(5,$/$1' ZDWHUWRDGMXVWZHLUKHLJKW:HDVVXPHWKHZHLULVPWDOO
water to adjust weir height. We assume the weir is 1 .5 m tall
/$%285&267,1.(5(/$,1',$$1'.$7+0$1'81(3$/
LABOUR COST IN KERELA INDIA AND KATHMANDU NEPAL DQGKDVDPLQLPDOVWUHDPSDFHRIPV1RFRQFUHWHLV
 and has a minimal stream pace of 0 .4 m3/s. No concrete is
3ULFHLQ86'
Price in USD
XWLOL]HG
utilized LQ
in WKH
the LGHD
idea. 2Q
On WKH
the RWKHU
other KDQG
hand, WKH
the WXUELQH
turbine LV
is
  3ULFHLQ
Price in 3ULFHLQ
Price in EROVWHUHG
bolstered E\
by Da VWHHO
steel IUDPH
frame IURP
from WKH
the ZHLU
weir, PDGHRI
made of 20 P
m
,WHP
Item 8QLW
Unit .HUHOD
Kerela .DWKPDQGX
Kathmandu DEVROXWHOHQJWK
absolute length,  50 PP
mm FURVVVHFWLRQRI
cross-section ofPLOG
mild VWHHO
steel.* LYHQ
Given
5XEEOH
Rubble FXELFIW
cubic ft 
0 . 42 
0.48 WKHSUHGHWHUPLQHGQXPEHURIFLYLOZRUNVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQ
the predetermined number of civil works, the construction
5HGEULFN
Red brick EULFNV
bricks 
0.09 
0. 1 1 WLPHLVH[SHFWHGWREHLQGLYLGXDOGD\V
time is expected to be 4 individual days
6WHHO
Steel NJ
kg 
0 . 64 
0 . 69 7KHVHFRQGWKHRUHWLFDOLQVWDOODWLRQLVH[LVWLQJUHVHUYRLU
The second theoretical installation is existing reservoir
5LYHU6DQG
River Sand FXELFIW
cubic ft 
1 . 54 
0 . 70 VLWHFDVHVWXG\$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVUHVHUYRLUVLWHLVVKRZQ
site case study. An example of this reservoir site is shown
%URNHQVWRQH
Broken stone FXELFIW
cubic ft 
0.45 
0.49 LQ)LJXUHE
in Figure 4 b).7KHUHVHUYRLULVH[SHFWHGWREHDEOHWRKDYH
The reservoir is expected to be able to have

&HPHQW
Cement NJEDJ
50 kg bag 
1 1.67 
7.33
/DERU0DVRQ
Labor Mason 3HUGD\
Per day WR
7 to 12 WR
7 to 1 1
/DERU$VVLVWDQW
Labor Assistant 3HUGD\
Per day
WR
4 to 7 WR
6 to 8

&&RVWFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU0+3LQ1HSDO
C. Cost comparison with other MHP in Nepal
7KH
The HVWLPDWLRQ
estimation RI of FRQVWUXFWLRQ
construction FRVW
cost RI
of 
10 N:
kW *:933
GWVPP Da
UHIHUHQFH
reference RI
of D a GHWDLO
detail IHDVLELOLW\
feasibility VWXG\
study UHSRUW
report SUHVHQWHG �t
presented DW
D

E

$OWHUQDWLYH(QHUJ\3URPRWLRQ&HQWHU1HSDOIRUHVWDEOLVKPHQW
Alternative Energy Promotion Center, Nepal for establishment (a) (b)
RI 
of *:933
GWVPP LQ in 6LVD
Sisa 5LYHU
River LQ
in 6ROXNKDPEX
Solukhambu 'LVWULFW
District RI
of 1HSDO
Nepal,
Figure 4. Site implementation theoretical case studies sites a)existing
)LJXUH6LWHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQWKHRUHWLFDOFDVHVWXGLHVVLWHVD H[LVWLQJ
VXJJHVWWKDWWKHLQVWDOODWLRQFRVWRI*:933SHUN:LVDURXQG
suggest that the installation cost of GWVPP per kW is around ZHLUVWUXFWXUHVLWH
weir structure site &Eb)H[LVWLQJUHVHUYRLUVLWH
existing reservoir site.

4700 86'
USD DQG
and LQVWDOODWLRQ
installation FRVW ZLWK FRVW
costwith cost RIof WUDQVPLVVLRQ
transmission LVis 
DURXQG86'SHUN:ZKLFKLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKHH[LVWLQJ DVWUHDPUDWHPRUHSURPLQHQWWKDQP
a stream rate more prominent than 0 .4 m3/s VDQGWRKDYHD
and to have a
around 5400 USD per kW, which is comparable to the existing
0+3 KHDGRIP$ZHLUVLWVRQRQHVLGHRIWKHUHVHUYRLUZLWK
head of 1 . 5 m. A weir sits on one side of the reservoir with
MHP V\VWHP
system >@
[ 1 4 ] . 7KLVILJXUH
This figure LV is DOPRVW
almost FRQVWDQW
constant IRU
for HYHU\
every
LQVWDOODWLRQ
installation compared tothe existing MHP system where WKH
FRPSDUHG WRW KH H[LVWLQJ 0+3 V\VWHP ZKHUH the a channel flowing from the reservoir. Next to the weir is a
DFKDQQHOIORZLQJIURPWKHUHVHUYRLU1H[WWRWKHZHLULVD
FRVW JDWH
gate ZLWK
with Da P
1m E\
by 
0. 8 P
m PHWDO
metal FDQDO
canal QH[W
next WR
to WKH
the WXUELQH
turbine
cost YDULHV
varies GXH
due WR to YDULDWLRQ
variation LQin FLYLO
civil FRQVWUXFWLRQ
construction ZRUNV
works DVas
VXJJHVWHGE\'KDNDOHWDO>@7KHFRQGLWLRQVRIQRWUHTXLULQJ EDVLQ7KHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHEDVLQLVVLWXDWHGDGMDFHQWWRWKH
basin. The structure of the basin is situated adjacent to the
suggested by Dhakal et al [23 ] . The conditions of not requiring
RIDYHU\ORQJFDQDO PHWDO
metal FDQDO
canal. $W
At WKH
the EDVH
base RI
of WKH
the EDVLQ
basin V\VWHP
system WKH
the ZDWHU
water LV
is
of a very long canal, IRUHED\DQGKHDY\LQWDNHVWUXFWXUHWKH
forebay and heavy intake structure, the
FLYLOFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNVLQ*:933V\VWHPLVRQHWKLUGRIWKH SXPSHG
pumped EDFN
back WR
to WKH
the ULYHU
river YLD
via RXWOHW
outlet SLSHV
pipes. 7KLV
This VWUXFWXUH
structure
civil construction works in GWVPP system is one third of the 
FLYLOFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNVLQWUDGLWLRQDO0+3V\VWHP$OVRWKH
civil construction works in traditional MHP system. Also, the uses 0 . 7 m3RIFRQFUHWHVR\RXQHHGWRQVRIVWRQH
XVHVP of concrete so you need 1 . 1 tons of stone, 0.6
HOHFWULFDOZRUNVLQ*:933V\VWHPLVQHDUO\ RQHDQGKDOIWLPHV WRQVRIVDQGDQGWRQVRIFHPHQW7KHSRZHUKRXVHKDV
tons of sand and 0 . 3 tons of cement. The powerhouse has
electrical works in GWVPP system is nearlyone and half times
OHVVWKDQLQH[LVWLQJ0+3V\VWHPDV*:933V\VWHPUHTXLUHORZ WKHVDPHFRQILJXUDWLRQDVWKHLUULJDWLRQFDQDO7KHVWRQHLV
the same configuration as the irrigation canal. The stone is
less than in existing MHP system as GWVPP system require low
USP EHOLHYHGWRKDYHEHHQPLQHGORFDOO\,WLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKH
believed to have been mined locally. It is assumed that the
rpm JHQHUDWRU
generator GXHdue WR to YHU\
very VPDOO
small URWDWLRQDO
rotational VSHHG
speed RI
of WXUELQH
turbine. 
6LPLODUO\
Similarly, WKH
the PHFKDQLFDO
mechanical FRPSRQHQWV
components FRVW cost RI
of RWKHU
other 0+3
MHP LV is
DOVR
also KLJKHU
higher GXH
due WR to WKH
the UHTXLUHPHQW
requirement RI of KHDY\
heavy JHDULQJ
gearing V\VWHP
system
EHFDXVHRIKLJKJHDUUDWLR
because of high gear ratio.

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� Figure 5. Pilot installation of 1 . 6 kW GWVPP with conicalbasin

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� VWUXFWXUHLQH[LVWLQJLUULJDWLRQFDQDO
structure in existing irrigation canal

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labor time for the installation is 20 days per labor.
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with the accessible head of 1 .5 m, a flow rate of 0.2 m3/s

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outlet tube. A little sheet of metal external covering is given WR
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ecological impacts. To execute this plan, very less amount of K\GUDXOLFHQHUJ\IURPWKHSRZHUSODQW
hydraulic energy from the power plant.
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civil works should bedone, GRQHMXVWWKHFXWWLQJRIZDWHUZD\FDQDO
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basin LQOHW
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Nepal, has a potential in power generation in the
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then be dashed to the channel, accepting it is sufficient. The IDURIIWRZQVZKHUHLWLVWHGLRXVDQGPRQHWDULO\QRWUHDVRQDEOHWR
far-off towns where it is tedious and monetarily not reasonable to
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is thought to be 4 person days. JLYH
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 HOHFWULFLW\DVSHUWKH1HSDOHVHFRQVXPSWLRQSDWWHUQZKLFKLV
electricity as per the Nepalese consumption pattern which is 200
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households SHUper LQVWDOOHGSRZHU
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overall cost comparable to existing
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The expenses of every one of the structures proposed are 0+3V\VWHP,WVVLPSOHVWUXFWXUHDGGLWLRQDOO\SHUPLWVLWWREH
MHP system. Its simple structure additionally permits it to be
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each RIof WKH
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manufacturedin nearby basic workshops, permitting the plan to
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designs proposed are assessed using the material prices shown EH
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infrastructure UHGXFHV
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the H[SHQVH
expense RI
of LQVWDOOHG
installed SURMHFW
project JUHDWO\
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system channel is considerably minimum in contrast to supply 7KHVLWHVKDYLQJZHLUUHVHUYRLUDQGLUULJDWLRQFDQDO LQ1HSDODUH
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decline RI
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cost and FRPPRQ
common ZRUWK\IRULQWHJUDWLRQRI*:933DPRQJZKLFKLUULJDWLRQFDQDO
worthy for integration of GWVPP, among which irrigation canal
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development material to make earthen waterway (Canal). &DQDO 7KH
The LVWKHPRVWHFRQRPLFDO
is the most economical.
ZRUNFRVWPDNHVXSWKHJUHDWHVWH[WHQWRIWKHFRPPRQZRUNV
work cost makes up the greatest extent of the common works
GHYHORSPHQW
development FRVWV
costs LQ
in WKH
the ZDWHUV\VWHP
water system DQG
and LWV
its UHSRVLWRU\
repository $&.12:/('*0(176
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
HVWDEOLVKPHQWVDVWKH\UHTXLUHDORWRISK\VLFDOZRUNWREXLOG
establishments, as they require a lot of physical work to build $XWKRUV
Authors ZRXOG
would OLNH
like WR
to DFNQRZOHGJH
acknowledge WKH
the ILQDQFLDO
financial VXSSRUW
support
WKHVWUXFWXUHV,QDQ\FDVHZLWKWKHEDVLFSODQRIWKHZHLUDW
the structures. In any case, with the basic plan of the weir, at IURP
from $PHULFDQ
American 6RFLHW\
Society RI
of 1HSDOHVH
Nepalese (QJLQHHUV $61(JUV  DQG
Engineers(ASNEgrs) and
WKLV
this SRLQW
point WKLV
this LV
is GLPLQLVKHG
diminished PDNH
make LW
it WKHQ
then WKLV
this LV
is UHGXFHG
reduced IRUPHU
former SUHVLGHQW
president 'U
Dr. /D[PL
Laxmi 'HYNRWD
Devkota RI
of %XGKLJDQGDNL
Budhigandaki +\GUR
Hydro
GUDVWLFDOO\
drastically PDNLQJ
making LWVXEVWDQWLDOO\
it substantially SUDFWLFDO
practical. 7KXV
Thus, DQRWKHU
another 3RZHU
Power 'HYHORSPHQW
Development &RPPLWWHH
Committee RI of 1HSDO
Nepal. 7KH
The DXWKRUV
authors DUH
are
ZD\
way WR
to GHDO
deal ZLWK
with WKH
the GHFUHDVH
decrease FRVWV
costs IXUWKHU
further LV
is WR
to PDNH
make WKH
the JUDWHIXOWR0U0DUFR6WDFNHRI7KH .&7*URXS0U$U*RDQG
grateful to Mr. Marco Stacke of TheKCT Group, Mr. Ar Go and
HVWDEOLVKPHQWSURFHGXUHDVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGDQGVKRUWDVFRXOG
establishment procedure as straightforward and short as could WKH1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI,UHODQG*DOZD\IRUWKHLUVXSSRUWLQ
the National University of Ireland, Galway for their support in
UHDVRQDEO\
reasonablybeEHH[SHFWHG
expected. FRPSLOLQJWKLVDUWLFOH)LQDOO\0U-XOLH*ODVVFRFNRI.DGDJD\D
compiling this article. Finally, Mr. Julie Glasscock ofKadagaya,
2Q
On WKH
the RII
off FKDQFH
chance WKH the ORZKHDG
low-head JUDYLWDWLRQDO
gravitational ZDWHU water 0U
Mr. )UDQ]
Franz =RWO|WHUHU
Zotlbterer RI
of =RWORWHUHU
Zotloterer 6PDUW
Smart (QHUJ\
Energy 6\VWHP
System IRU
for
YRUWH[WXUELQHXQLWGLGQRWXWLOL]HWKHFXUUHQWLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
vortex turbine unit did not utilize the current infrastructure,[ IRU
or providing the site implementation technical and financial GDWD
SURYLGLQJWKH VLWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WHFKQLFDO DQG ILQDQFLDO data.
H[DPSOHWKHZDWHUV\VWHPFKDQQHO LUULJDWLRQFDQDO
example, the water system channel (irrigation canal) andrequired DQG U HTXLUHG )LQDOO\DXWKRUVDUHYHU\JUDWHIXOWR'U5LFKDUG9RJHOL&(2RI
Finally, authors are very grateful to Dr. Richard Vogeli, CEO of
D
a 
50 P
m DGPLVVLRQ
admission FDQDO
canal WR to EH
be PDQXIDFWXUHG
manufactured WKLV this LQFOXGHV
includes $TXD]RRP$*LQSURYLGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRIKLVRQJRLQJSURMHFW
Aquazoom AG in providing information of his ongoing project
DQRWKHUH[FOXGLQJZRUNFRVWVZKLFKLVDQRWKHU
another $ 1 540 excluding work costs, which is another 49% DW.HUHODZKRVHFRPPLVVLRQLQJLVJRLQJRQ
at Kerela whose commissioning is going on.
RQWRSRIWKHILUVWIRUPFRVWV&RQWUDVWLQJWKH
on top ofthe first form costs. Contrasting theexpense H[SHQVHZLWKWKH
with the 
QRUPDO
normal H[SHQVH
expense RIof VLWHV
sites WKH
the SURSRVHG
proposed LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV
implementations DUH are
PRUHWKDQOHVVH[SHQVLYHDWN:FRQWUDVWHGZLWK 5()(5(1&(6
REFERENCES
more than 4 1 % less expensive at $ 2730/kW contrasted with
N:
$4700/kW.  >@
[1] :
W. %DQN
Bank, 3URJUHVV
"Progress WRZDUG
toward VXVWDLQDEOH
sustainable HQHUJ\
energy 20 1 5 : *OREDO
Global
7UDFNLQJ
Tracking IUDPHZRUN
framework UHSRUW
report," 7KH:RUOG%DQNDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO
The World Bank and International
9&21&/86,21
V. CONCLUSION (QHUJ\$JHQF\:DVKLQJWRQ'&
Energy Agency, Washington DC, 2015.

132
132

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Technology Patna. Downloaded on February 10,2023 at 02:23:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 >@
[2] ,
I. (
E. $JHQF\
Agency, :RUOG
"World (QHUJ\
Energy 2XWORRN
Outlook," ,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QHUJ\
International Energy ZDWHUYRUWH[SRZHUSODQWVUHIHUHQFHSODQWV
water-vortex-power-plants/reference-plants/(accessed. DFFHVVHG
$JHQF\3DULV)UDQFH
Agency, Paris, France, 20 1 1 . >@ 5 'KDNDO 3URMHFWV RI *:933 E\ GLIIHUHQW
[ 14] R. Dhaka!. "Projects of GWVPP by different
>@
[3] 3
P . $FWLRQ
Action, 3RRU
"Poor 3HRSOH
People'sV (QHUJ\
Energy 2XWORRN
Outlook 3UDFWLFDO
2017," Practical FRPSDQLHVZZZYRUWH[HQHUJ\VROXWLRQFRP
companies. "www.vortexenergysolution.com DFFHVVHG 
(accessed 9/2/2020,
$FWLRQ3XEOLVKLQJ/WG8QLWHG.LQJGRP
Action Publishing Ltd, United Kingdom,20 
17. 
2020).
>@
[4] 5'KDNDO$6HGDL63DQHUX0<RVRIYDQGDQG+0RXVVD
R. Dhaka!, A. Sedai, S. Paneru, M. YosofVand, and H. Moussa, >@
[ 1 5] $$*3URMHFWV
A.AG."Projects. "
7RZDUGV
"Towards Da 1HW
Net =HUR
Zero %XLOGLQJ
Building 8VLQJ
Using 3KRWRYROWDLF
Photovoltaic 3DQHOV
Panels : $
A KWWSVZZZDTXD]RRPFRPSURMHFWV
https ://www.aquazoom.com/projects/(DFFHVVHG 
accessed9/2/2020, 2020). 
&DVH6WXG\LQDQ(GXFDWLRQDO%XLOGLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO
Case Study in an Educational Building," International Journal >@ 6
S. Wanchat, R. Suntivarakorn, S. Wanchat, K. Tornnit, DQG
:DQFKDW 5 6XQWLYDUDNRUQ 6 :DQFKDW . 7RQPLW and 3
[ 1 6] P.
RI 5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFK
ofRenewable Energy Research (IJRER),,-5(5 YROQR SS
vol. 1 1 , no.2, pp. 879- .D\DQ\LHP$SDUDPHWULFVWXG\RIDJUDYLWDWLRQYRUWH[SRZHUSODQW
Kayanyiem, "A parametric study of a gravitation vortex power plant,"

889, 2021. LQ$GYDQFHG 0 DWHULDOV5HVHDUFKYRO7UDQV7HFK3XEOSS
in AdvancedMaterials Research, 2013, vol. 805 : Trans Tech Pub!, pp.
>@
[5] 1.RLUDODHWDO5HYLHZRIORZKHDGWXUELQHVV\VWHPRI1HSDO
N. Koirala et a!., "Review oflow head turbines system ofNepal 
8 1 1-817.
IRU
for UXUDO
rural HOHFWULILFDWLRQ
electrification," LQ in ,(((
2017 IEEE WK 6th ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
International >@ 6
[ 1 7] S. 'KDNDO
Dhaka! HW
etDO
a!., &RPSDULVRQ
"Comparison RI ofF\OLQGULFDO
cylindrical DQG
and FRQLFDO
conical EDVLQV
basins ZLWK
with
&RQIHUHQFH
Conference RQ on 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK
RenewableEnergy Research DQG
and $SSOLFDWLRQV
Applications RSWLPXPSRVLWLRQRIUXQQHU*UDYLWDWLRQDOZDWHUYRUWH[SRZHUSODQW
optimum position of runner: Gravitational water vortex power plant,"
,&5(5$ ,(((SS 5HQHZDEOH
(ICRERA),20 17: IEEE, pp. 861-869. Renewable DQG and 6XVWDLQDEOH
Sustainable (QHUJ\
Energy 5HYLHZV
Reviews, YRO
vol. 48, SS
pp. 
662-669,
>@
[6] 5'KDNDO5.&KDXODJDLQ7%DMUDFKDU\DDQG
R. Dhaka!, R. K. Chaulagain, T. Bajracharya, and 
2015.
66KUHVWKD(FRQRPLFIHDVLELOLW\VWXG\RI
S. Shrestha, "Economic feasibility study ofgravitationalJUDYLWDWLRQDOZDWHU
water >@ .RXULV7HFKQRORJ\ KWWSVZZZNRXULVSRZHUFRPWHFKQRORJ\
[ 1 8] Kouris. "Technology. " https ://www.kourispower.com/technoJog:v/
YRUWH[
vortex SRZHU
power SODQW
plant IRU
for WKHUXUDO
therural HOHFWULILFDWLRQ
electrification RIof ORZ
low KHDG
head DFFHVVHG 
(accessed 9/2/2020, 2020).
UHJLRQRIQHSDODQGLWVFRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\ZLWKRWKHUORZKHDG
region of nepal and its comparative study with other low head >@ '36DQJURXOD+\GURSRZHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGLWVVXVWDLQDELOLW\ZLWK
SRZHU [ 1 9] D. P. Sangroula, "Hydropower development and its sustainability with
power SODQW
plant," LQ in &RQIHUHQFH
Conference SURFHHGLQJ
proceeding RI of WKH
the WK
1 1th UHVSHFW
LQWHUQDWLRQDO respect WR
to VHGLPHQWDWLRQ
sedimentation LQ in 1HSDO
Nepal," -RXUQDO
Journal RIof WKH
the ,QVWLWXWH
Institute RIof
international FRQIHUHQFH
conference RQ on $6($1
ASEAN NQRZOHGJH
knowledge QHWZRUNV
networks IRUfor (QJLQHHULQJYROQRSS
WKH Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 56-64, 2009.
the HFRQRP\
economy, VRFLHW\
society, FXOWXUH
culture, DQG and HQYLURQPHQWDO
envirornnental VWDELOLW\
stability,
.DWKPDQGX >@
[20] P. Regrni, "Blackouts in Nepal &'\QDPLFSULFLQJ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI
35HJPL%ODFNRXWVLQ1HSDO Dynamic pricing," The University of
Kathmandu, 2015.
%HUJHQ
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