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Toaz - Info Personal Identificationdocx PR
Toaz - Info Personal Identificationdocx PR
Subject: Dactyloscopy
7. Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) – He devised the 15. Isaiah West Taber (1880) – In 1880, a
first truly scientific method of criminal identification photographer in San Francisco who suggested that
in Paris France called anthropometry or fingerprinting be adopted for the registration of
Bertillonage. He conceived the idea of using Chinese immigrant laborers.
anatomical measurements to distinguish one
criminal from another. He decided to use various 16. Gilbert Thompson (1882) – He used his thumbprint
body measurements such as head length, head to ensure that the amounts were not changed or
breadth, length of left middle finger, length of the left altered on payroll cheques. When issuing a payroll
cubit (forearm)/ length of left foot, body height, face cheque, he would put an inked thumbprint over the
breadth, face height and other descriptions including amount. This is to prevent fraudulent cheque
features such as scars and hair and eye color to alterations.
distinguish criminals.
17. Mark Twain (1894) – An America author and
lecture, Twain enhanced the position of fingerprints
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International School of Asia and the Pacific 3
Subject: Dactyloscopy
when he included their use in the plot of a novel the “Father of Poroscopy.” He originated the
entitled Pudd’n Head Wilson. In the novel, a bloody terms “loops and spirals.”
fingerprint is found in the murder weapon and
Pudd’n Head, the defense attorney, has the 22. JCA Mayer (1788) – A German doctor and
whole town fingerprinted. He lectured the court anatomist whose paper on fingerprint clearly
and jury on the basics of fingerprinting, how addressed the individuality of the friction ridges.
fingerprints are immutable, and that two
fingerprints will never be found to be the same. 23. Johannes (Jean) Evangelista Purkinje (1787-
He also commented on how identical twins can 1869) – A professor at the University of Breslau,
be indistinguishable in appearance, at times Germany, published a thesis that contained his
even by their parents, but their fingerprints will studies on the eye, fingerprints and other skin
always be different. features entitled, “Commentatio de Examine
Fingerprinting in Canada (1904-1920) Phisiologico Organi Visus et Systematis.” He
classified nine principal configuration groups of
18. Edward Foster (1863-1956) – Foster, Canadian fingerprints and assigned each a name he was
constable of the Dominion Police attended the known as the “Father of Dactyloscopy.”
world’s Fair to guard a display of gold. He attended
Ferrier’s presentation at the convention and 24. Arthur Kollman (1883) – The first researcher to
intrigued by the possibilities that fingerprinting had address the formation of friction ridges in embryos
to offer, he felt that a bureau would be effective than and the topographical physical stressors that may
an anthropometry bureau. He also felt that a have been part of their growth. He identified the
national organization in Canada, similar to the presence and locations of the valor pads of the
International Association of Chief’s of Police, would human hand and foot.
encourage cooperation among Canadian police
departments and be an ideal body to promote a 25. H. Klaatsch (1888) – From Germany who examined
national interest in fingerprinting. the walking pads and eminences of several
pentadactylous of five fingered mammals. He
Scientific Researchers was credited being the first researcher to examine
the walking surface of other mammals. He also
19. Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) – Grew, English referred to the arrangement of the fundamental
botanist, physician and micropist. In 1684 he limits of the friction ridges as the reason why all
published a paper in the philosophical transactions ridge formation are different.
of the Royal Society of London describing his
observations of the “Innumerable little ridges of 26. David Hepburn (1895) – He is connected with the
equal big ness on the ends of the first joints of University of Edinburgh, Scotland, published a
the fingers.” He described sweat pores, paper on the similarity in appearance of the
epidermal ridges, and their various eminences or walking surfaces of primates
arrangements. Included in his paper was a drawing entitled, “The Papilliary Ridges on the Hands and
of the configurations of the hand displaying the ridge feet of monkeys and men.” He was the first to
flow on the fingers and palms. recognized that ridges assist gripping by
creating friction and that they had a function
20. Govard Bidloo (1685) – Bidloo, anatomist in other increasing tactile stimulus.
Amsterdam, Holland, published a book on human
anatomy illustrating friction ridges and pore Historical Background – Philippine Setting
structure on the underside of the fingers. His
comments were morphological in nature and he did 27. Mr. Jones was the first to teach fingerprints in the
not refer to or mentioned the individuality of friction Philippine Constabulary sometime in the year 1900.
ridges. The Bureau of Prisons in the year 1918, records
show that the fingerprints already existed in the
21. Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) – A professor in “carpetas”
1685 at the University of Bologna, Italy, published
the results of his examination of the friction skin 28. L. Asa N. Darby, under his management during the
with the newly invented microscope. He has re-occupation of the Philippines by the American
been credited with being the first to use a Forces, a modern and complete Fingerprint File has
microscope in medical studies. His paper dealt been establishment in the Philippine
mainly with the function, form, and structure of Commonwealth.
the friction skin as a tactile organ, and its use in 29. Mr. Genoroso Reyes was the first Filipino
the enhancement of traction for walking and Fingerprint Technician employed by the Philippine
grasping. Constabulary.
He was known as the ‘Grandfather of 30. Capt. Thomas Dugan of New York City Police
Dactyloscopy” according to Dr. Edmond Locard, Department and Mr. Flaviano G. Guerrero of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, gave court stated that a photograph of the fingerprints
the first examinations for fingerprint in 1937. noted on the door should be sufficient along with the
identification of the fingerprints by an expert to show
Plaridel Educational Institution (PEI), now the these of the defendant. The court referred to the
Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr), Manila previous decided case of States v. Conners.
is the first governmental recognized school to teach
the science of fingerprints and other police 5. Commonwealth v. Albright, [101 Pa. Sup. C.L.317
sciences. (1931)] - a fingerprint expert testified that the
fingerprint on a piece of glass, established to be
C. Legality of Fingerprints from a pane in a door that had been broken to effect
entrance to the house was the same as the
1. People vs. Jennings [252 III. 534, 96 NE 1077 impression of the defendant’s left index finger and
(1911)] pass upon the admissibility of fingerprint he explained in detail the points of identity which led
evidence. Fingerprint evidence was admitted as a him to that judgment. In the Albright case, the court
means of identification. It was also held that persons stated, “it is well settled that the papillary lines and
experienced in the matter of fingerprint identification marks on the fingers of every man, woman and child
may give their opinions as to whether the posses an individual character different from those
fingerprints found at the scene of the crime of any other person and that the chances that the
correspond with those of the accused. The court’s fingerprints of two different persons may be
conclusion were based on a comparison of the identified are infinitesimally remote.
photographs of such prints with the impressions
made by the accused, there being no questions as 6. People v. Corral [224 cal. 2d 300 (1964)] - it is
to the accuracy or authenticity of the photographs. It completely settled law that fingerprints are the
was stated that the weight to be given to the strongest evidence of the identity of a person”. This
testimony of experts in the fingerprint identification Doctrine was reasserted in another California case,
as a question for the jury. People v. Riser [47 cal. 2d. 566 (1956)] in which the
court stated, “fingerprint evidence is the strongest
2. New Jersey State vs. Cerciello, in which evidence of identity and is ordinarily sufficient alone
fingerprint evidence was permitted to be to identify the defendant”.
introduced. The defendant argued that it was an
error to allow the testimony by experts explaining 7. Schmerber v California [Schmerber v.
the comparison of fingerprints obtained from the California,384 us,757,767(1966)] - The introduction
defendant voluntarily with those fingerprints found into evidence of fingerprint impressions taken
upon a hatchet near the body of the deceased when without consent of the defendant was not an
the body was discovered. The New Jersey Court of infringement of the constitutional privileged against
Errors and Appeals held, “in principle, its admission self incrimination. The high court held that it is
as legal evidence is based upon the theory that the constitutional to obtain real or physical evidence
evolution in practical affairs of fife, whereby the even if the suspect is compelled to give blood in a
progressive and scientific tenderness of the age are hospital environment, submit to fingerprinting,
manifested in every other department of human photographing or measurement, write or speak for
endeavor, cannot be ignored in legal procedure. identification, appears in court, stand or walk,
But, that the law it its effort to enforce justice by assume a stance or make a particular gesture, put
demonstrating a fact in issue, will allow evidence of on cloth that fits him, or exhibit his body as evidence
those scientific processes which are the work of when it is material. The Schmerber case points out
educated and skillful men in their various the fact that the privilege against self-incrimination is
departments, and apply them to the demonstrations related primarily to “TESTIMONIAL COMPULSION”.
of fact, leaving the weight and effect to be given to
the effort and its results entirely to the consideration In the Philippines:
of the jury”.
8. In the BILANGAWA v. AMADOR case, (Court of
3. In the case of State Vs. Conners [87 N.T.L. 419, 94 Appeals No.37320-b) a fingerprint expert and
Atl.812 (1915)] it was held competent to show by a constabulary sergeant testified and successfully
photograph the fingerprints upon the balcony post of defended fingerprint evidence based on eight
a house entered, without producing that post in identical ridge points.
court, and to show by expert testimony that the
fingerprints found on the post were similar to the 9. People of the Philippines vs. Medina, 59, Phil.
fingerprints of the defendant. 330 of December 23, 1933 were the first conviction
based on fingerprint and led to the judicial decision
4. Lamble vs. State [Lamble v. State, 96 N.T.L. 231; in the Philippine jurisprudence.
114 ATL. (N.J) 346 (1921)] which involved the
discovery of fingerprints on the door of an Types of Ridge Formation
automobile, the court was of the opinion that it was
not necessary to produce the door as evidence. The
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International School of Asia and the Pacific 5
Subject: Dactyloscopy
1. Recurving ridge – Is the ridge that curves back in 18. Creases- Are thin, usually straight narrow white
the direction in which it started. It looks like a hair lines running transversely or formed side to side,
pin. across the print, causing the puckering of the ridges.
2. Converging Ridges – Two or more lines forming an 19. Staple- Single recurving ridge at the center of the
angle, a ridge whose closed end is angular and pattern area.
serves as a point of convergent. 20. Spike- An ending ridge at the center of a pattern
3. Diverging ridges – Two ridges running side by side which forms the upthrust.
and suddenly separating, one ridge going one way 21. Enclosure – a bifurcation which does not remain
and the other ridge in another way. open but which the legs of the bifurcation, after
4. Bifurcating ridge – A single ridge which splits into running along side by side for a short distance,
two forming a “Y” shape, formation or structure. It is come together again to form a single ridge once
more.
Ridge Characteristics
authorities or authors call accidental whorl How to Get Fingerprint Impressions on Dead
COMPOSITE. Bodies?
1. In cases of fresh dead bodies, the fingers are
Kinds of Impressions unclenched and each one is inked individually
1. Real Impressions – Impression of the finger bulbs with the aid of a small rubber roller. The paper
with the use of printing ink on the surface of the where the print will be impressed will be placed
paper. Other coloring materials may be used but in a spoon-shaped piece of wood and slowly and
they are less visible and indelible evenly rolled over the pattern.
2. If the fist is too tightly clenched, a small
a. Plain method – The bulbs of the last incision may be made at the base of the fingers.
phalanges of the fingers and thumbs are The contraction may also be overcome by
pressed on the surface of the paper after dipping the hands in hot water.
pressing them on an ink pad or ink plate with 3. If the so-called washerwoman’s skin is not
printing ink. too marked on the fingerprints of dead
b. Rolled Method – The bulbs of the thumb and bodies recovered shortly from bodies of
other fingers are rolled on the surface of the water (floaters), the fingers may be dried off
paper after being rolled in an ink pad or ink with towel and glycerin is injected with a syringe
plate with the printing ink. under the skin of the finger tips in order to
smoothen the surface. The fingerprints are then
2. Chance impression – Refers to fingerprints which taken like that of a fresh dead body.
are imprinted or impressed by mere chance or 4. If the “floater” has been in a body of water
without any intention to produce it. for longer time and the friction ridges have
disappeared, the skin of the fingertips is cut
a. Visible/Patent prints – impression made by away. This area of skin from each finger is
chance and is visible without previous placed in a small labeled test tubes containing
treatment. Impression made by the fingers formaldehyde solution. If the papillary ridges
smeared with some colored substance, like are still preserved on the outer surface, the
black ink, vegetable juice, may be visible person taking the prints places a portion of the
immediately after impression. skin on his right index finger protected by a
b. Semi-visible/plastic/molded prints – rubber glove and then takes the print after inking
impressions made by chance by pressing the the finger tip. The same procedure as described
finger tips on melted paraffin, putty, resin, may be applied to putrefied or burned bodies
cellophane, plastic tape, butter, soap, etc. according to circumstances.
These prints need not a development, although
photography is more applicable.
c. Invisible/Latent prints – prints which are not
visible after impression but made visible by the Fingerprint Classification
addition of some substances.
Classification - is the method of obtaining a
Latent prints – Any chance or accidental impression left formula for a set of fingerprints whereby it may be
by friction ridge skin on a surface, regardless of whether located in the filling cabinet.
it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition. Classification Formula - is the numerical
description for a set of classified fingerprints which
is composed of figure and letters written above the
Patent prints –These are friction ridge impressions of horizontal line like a fraction.
unknown origin which are obvious to the human eye and Blocking - is the process of writing below each
are caused by a transfer of foreign material on the finger, finger-print pattern the corresponding symbols of its
onto a surface. Because they are already visible they name.
need no enhancement, and are photographed instead of
being lifted.
Six Divisions of Classifications in Order According
Plastic prints/Molded prints - A friction ridge to their Importance
impression from a finger or palm (or toe/foot) deposited (Edward Henry “Henry System”)
in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail. 1. Primary Classification
Commonly encountered examples are melted candle 2. Secondary Classification
wax; putty removed from the perimeter of window panes 3. Sub-secondary classification
and thick grease deposits on car parts. Such prints are 4. Major Division
already visible and need no enhancement, but 5. Key
investigators must not overlook the potential that 6. Final
invisible latent prints deposited by accomplices may also
be on such surfaces. Formation in classification line
Key Maj. Prim. Sec. Sub.Sec. Final
Div. Class. Class Class they are given the identical classification of the
Class opposite fingers.
Inner (I) – 3 or more ridges above the right ridges are traced to obtain the resultant
delta. symbol IMO.
3) Combination of Loop and Whorl Major
For Tented Arch and Plain Arch Division – When one of the thumbs is loop,
If a Plain Arch or Tented arch are present on the resultant symbol SML is used and when
the index, middle, and ring fingers of both the other thumb is whorl, the resultant symbol
hands, just put a dash (-) for the sub-secondary IMO is used. For T and A just put dash in the
classification. classification line.
4. Major Division – is the exhibition of the ridge 5. Final Classification – It is the ridge count of
counting in loops as expressed by symbol SML the loops an whorls found on the little fingers of
and the ridge tracing for whorls as expressed both hands. Arches and tented arches are
by symbols IMO found on the thumbs of both represented by dashes in classification formula.
hands. - For T and A just put dash in the
classification line.
Three (3) Kinds of Major Division - Final Classification is located or placed on
the extreme right of the classification line.
1) Loop Major Division – When the loop is
found on the thumb of both hands, the ridges How to Ridge Count a Whorl:
are counted and compared to the pre- - When a whorl is found on the right little
established table of Whorl Major Division. finger, ridges are counted from left delta to
the core.
- When the whorl is found on the left little
finger, ridges are counted from right delta
to the core.