Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Science Technology
Science Technology
Science Technology
Tuguegarao City
Prepared by:
NICKSON B. CAMMAYO
MARVIN B. BACCAY, MST
MARLY I. IQUIN, Ph.D.
Course Instructor
Revised by:
Reviewed by:
Recommended by:
Approved by:
O God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we give you thanks and praise as one Louisian community. The graces
You incessantly grant upon us and Your divine providence have sustained our beloved University throughout the years
of mission and excellence.
Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray that You keep us committed and
dedicated to our mission and identity to serve the Church and the society as we become living witnesses to the Gospel
values proclaimed by Jesus. For if we are steadfast in our good and beautiful mission, our works will bring success not
only to ourselves but also to those whom we are bound to love and serve.
Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filled with a noble spirit that stirred him to love You above all things ,
may we also live believing that we are born for a greater purpose and mission as we dwell in Your presence all the
days of our life.
Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to:
LEARNING CONTENT
Introduction:
In the study of history of science and technology, intellectual revolutions across time is an important area to
understand. Since science is contained from time to time changes, we need to know the highlights that led science
and technology a better society of today.
In this lesson, we are also going to appreciate various contributions and discoveries that had evolved to the
time we live nowadays. Some beliefs, theories and cultures have been retained in the entire world but only few is
existing. For us to better understand, let us go back in time and have the best picture on how it was before, linking
to our society where we are living. Aside from that, we will also be able to relate ourselves in the development that
science and technology took years to be known.
Therefore, I expect you to become not just informed students, but to be transformed students ready to seek
knowledge and to do more with the knowledge that you have! That maybe more challenging, especially with this
pandemic we are experiencing, but with the right motivation, we can still attain this goal. Let’s go!
Let’s remember! I know you have encountered them in your history classes before so let’s review on their
great contributions in science.
2.) Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best
known of his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species
have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted and
considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel
Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution
resulted from a process that he called natural selection.
(www.localhistories.org/darwin.html)
Therefore, for this discussion, intellectual revolutions should not be confused with the Greeks pre-Socratic
speculations about the behavior of the universe. In science and technology, intellectual revolutions refer to the
series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical
periods in history. Although there are many intellectual revolutions, this lesson focuses on three of the most
important ones that altered the way humans view science and its impacts on society: the Copernican, Darwinian,
and Freudian revolutions.
In understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that these revolutions are, in themselves, paradigm shifts.
These shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves and functions.
They challenged long-held views about the nature of the universe. Thus, these revolutions were often met with huge
resistance on controversy.
A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Refers to the 16th century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus
Copernicus. He formulated the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL of the universe.
“The center of the solar system was not Earth but the Sun”
-Copernicus
The idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe was in conflict with GEOCENTRISM (Ptolemy’s theory),
as Earth being the center of the Solar System.
Copernicus’ idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510. Not long after that, he
circulated a summary of his ideas to his few close friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little
Commentary).
In his book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at
unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. The Earth and all the planets
are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. The Moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth.
Copernicus’ model of the Earth orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the planets into a logical sequence.
In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion:
1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the Sun.
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus farther from the Sun.
From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the
Sun. The result would form a sequence from Mercury, with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
and Saturn with the longest year. He placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun. One of the
great problems in the Copernicus model, however, was the position of the stars. The stars cannot be placed in a
fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere.
LEARNING TASK
A. In these modern times, what are other scientific evidences that support the heliocentric model of
Nicolaus Copernicus?
B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, Charles Darwin is credited for stirring another important
intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century. His treatise on the science of evolution, On the Origin of
Species, was published in 1859 and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual
discovery.
This benefitted from earlier intellectual revolutions especially those in the 16 th and 17th centuries, such that
it was guided by confidence in human reason’s ability to explain phenomena in the universe.
This theory of evolution was, of course, met with resistance and considered to be controversial. Critics
accused the theory of being either short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary process or
dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient God.
Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This book is considered to be one of the most
important works in scientific literature. Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with
overwhelming evidence. His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and adaptation that
differentiate species. Like many other scholars, Darwin accumulated many pertinent materials data that he could
ever possibly need to substantiate his theory.
Darwin’s observational skills as scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of plants and
animals into the realms of humans. His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. He
introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This
replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged position of
having been created by God. Darwin’s theory of evolution scientifically questioned this view.
His accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major
contributions: evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. More than these works, what made Darwin truly
remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during
those days. His unconventional way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science.
LEARNING TASK
What is Psychoanalysis?
- A scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one’s
personality, spring from free associations, dreams and fantasies of the individual.
- Psychoanalysis is part of a larger movement known as depth psychology, which argues that the
most important aspects of personality lie below the level of conscious introspection, and are not
visible to those who confine their observations to superficial features of social behavior. All depth
psychologies make use of the iceberg metaphor: just as only one-ninth of an iceberg is visible above
the surface of the ocean, so only a small portion of personality is apparent in what people do, and
think, in the ordinary course of everyday living. People are not aware of, or at least cannot articulate,
the reasons for their own behavior. For this reason, overt behavior of the type assessed by trait
psychologists is of little interest -- the more appropriate focus is on what lies below.
(https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu)
Scientists working on a biological approach in studying human behavior criticized psychoanalysis for
lack of vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a theory. Particularly, the notion that all humans
are destined to exhibit Oedipus and Electra complexes (Example: Sexual desire towards the parent
of the opposite sex and exclusion of the parent of the same sex) did not seem to be supported by
empirical data. They call then Psychoanalysis as an ideological instance than a scientific one.
Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practice in
the early 20th century. Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain
largely informed by Freud’s work on psychoanalysis.
LEARNING TASK
Since time immemorial, inventions in science and technology have contributed greatly to improve our way
of living. Can you imagine us today without these inventions? The world now will be miserable if these were not
invented. In order for us to better understand this, let us study three developments of science in Mesoamerica, Asia,
and Africa. At this point, let’s time travel and take a look in the progress of our society with the help of our history.
Where is Mesoamerica?
Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using
ordinary machineries and tools. They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water
to different communities.
Mayans also built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral
mica.
They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before
Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
B. Inca Civilization
The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during the 12th century A.D. and gradually built a massive
kingdom through the military strength of their emperors. Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Inca state
spanned the distance of northern Ecuador to central Chile and consisted o f 12 million inhabitants from
more than 100 different ethnic groups at its peak. Well-devised agricultural and roadway systems, along
with a centralized religion and language, helped maintain a cohesive state. Despite their power, the
Inca were quickly ove rwhelmed by the diseases and superior weaponry of Spanish invaders, the last
bastion of their immense empire overtaken in 1572. The Inca first appeared in what is today
southeastern Peru during the 12th century A.D. According to some versions of their orig in myths, they
were created by the sun god, Inti, who sent his son Manco Capac to Earth through the middle of three
caves in the village of Paccari Tampu. After killing his brothers, Manco Capac led his sisters and their
followers through the wilderness before settling in the fertile valley near Cusco circa 1200.
(https://www.history.com/topics/south -america/inca)
The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. The following
were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in everyday life:
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of lands
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
5. The first suspension bridge
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specialties prized artistic achievements.
INCA’S CALENDAR
C. Aztec Civilization
Following the Inca, the Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology
and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following:
1. Mandatory Education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children is mandated to
get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or
inclusive education.
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. in the Mayan culture they
used it as a currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute
to their gods.
3. Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent
muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into
rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season.
6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many
cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the Middle East Civilizations. These
civilizations were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time.
A. India
It is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern
boarders. The Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
They are known of manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the
best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman empire.
Famous also of medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient
India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. They discovered some medicinal
properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure various illnesses. Some ancient texts like
Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in ancient India.
Notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
Siddhanta Shiromani – textbook of ancient India which covered topics such as: mean longitudes of
the planets; true longitudes of the planets; three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses;
solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon’s crescent; conjunctions of the
planets with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Moon.
Mohenjodaro ruler was designed by Indians in the Indus Valley Civilization to standardize measurement of
length to a high degree of accuracy.
Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction and lucidly explained the use of zero as both
a placeholder and a decimal digit along with Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout
the world.
B. China
Developed design of different models of bridges, invented first seismological detector, and developed a
dry dock facility.
Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully
recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world.
China made substantial contributions in various fields. The list of their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming.
These contributions were made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. However, cultural factors
prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modern science.
The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. With the spread of Islams in the 7 th and
8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the
13th century.
Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics in his empirical proof of
the intromission theory of light
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of algorithm while the term
algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications.
Jabir ibn Hayyan a Muslim chemist who was considered as the Father of Chemistry.
Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
trials. His two most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were
used as a standard medicinal text in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17 th century. Among
his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the
introduction of clinical pharmacology.
There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science, astronomy,
philosophy, and even in the field of social sciences. The decline of this golden age of Islam started in the 11 th to 13th
century due to the conquest of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were
destroyed.
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the planet long
before the European colonized it. The history of science and mathematics show that similar to the other ancient
civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers too.
Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. They
tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology and applied important components such as examination,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These components displayed strong
parallels to the basic empirical method of studying science.
Astronomy was also famous in the African Region. For instance, documents show that Africans used three
types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar or a combination of three.
Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. North Africa and the Nile Valley
imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments
during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and
in building their magnificent architectures.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. The
Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar calendar, is considered to
be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.
The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning,
which is considered advanced during those times such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
AFRICA’S ALCHEMY
AFRICA’S METALLURGY PRODUCT
*** END of the Lesson Proper***
REFERENCES
Textbooks
Aldea, K, Caronan H.P, and Candido, M.B. (2018). Science, Technology and Society (OBE Ready). Mandaluyong
City, Philippines: Book Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Serafica, J.P., Pawilen, G., Caslib Jr., B.N., and Alata, E.J. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Quezon City,
Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI)
Quinto, E.J. and Nieva, A. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing,
Inc.
Learning Materials
Worksheets (teacher-made)