WHAT IS INFERTILITY?

Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system

defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more
of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
COMMON FEMALE INFERTILITY FACTORS
• Most common ovulation disorder
• Blocked fallopian tubes(can cause when a women has had pelvic
inflammatory diseases or endometriosis)a condition where tissues
are similar to the lining of the womb or uterus started to grow in
other places such as ovaries or fallopian tube).
• Congenital anomalies involving the structure of uterus and uterine
fibroid can be associated with repeat miscarriages.
• Instead of these causes, there also have many other causes of female
infertility.
COMMON MALE INFERTILITY FACTORS
• Most common male infertility factors include azoospermia(no sperm
cells are produced) and oligospermia (few sperm cells are produced).
• Sometimes sperm cells are malformed or they die before they can
reach the egg.
• Also a genetic disease as chromosomal abnormalities causes infertility
in men.
• Diabetes mellitus
• Obesity
• Instead of these causes, there also have many other causes of male
infertility.
What is Assisted Reproductive Technology?
• A collection of procedures, which includes the handling of gamates
and/or embroys outside the body to achieve a pregnancy, is known as
Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART).
• Increases the chance of pregnancy in infertile couples.
• In earlier 19th Century, Infertile couples have two options either to
adopt or be childless.
• But now for past few decades some breakthrough artificial
reproductive techniques are invented.
 ART TECHNIQUES
IN VITRO TECHNIQUES IN VIVO TECHNIQUES
• In vitro fertilization(IVF) • Intra uterine insemination(IUI)
• Zygote intra fallopian • Artificial Insemination(AI)
transfer(ZIFT) • Gamete intrafallopian
• Intra uterine transfer(IUT) transfer(GIFT)
• Intra cytoplasmic sperm
injection(ICSI)
• Surrogacy
Invitro Fertilization(IVF)
• Also called as “Test tube baby
techniques”.
• Fertilization outside the body followed by
embryo transfer.
• Ova from the wife/donor female and
sperms from the husband/ donor male
are collected.
• The eggs are combined with sperm for
fertilization in laboratory.
• The fertilization of egg results in the
formation of zygote.
• The Zygote or Early embryos(with up to 8
blastomeres) transferred into the
woman’s uterus for further development.
Zygote Intra Fallopian
Transfer(ZIFT)
• ZIFT is used when there is a blockage in
the fallopian tube which prevents the
fertilization of egg by the sperm.
• Egg is removed from the ovary.
• Fertilization of the egg with sperm is
carried out outside the body(IVF).
• The zygote up to 8 blastomere stage is
transferred to the fallopian tube.
• It continues its natural divisions and
develop further.
Intra Uterine
Transfer(IUT)
Embryo with more than 8 cell blastomere is
inserted into the uterus to complete its
further development.
INTRA CYTOPLASMIC
SPERM INJECTION
• Sometimes the sperm cannot penetrate
the outer layers of ovum for a variety
reasons.
• Thick outer layer(zona pellucida) can be a
cause that a sperm become unable to
penetrate.
• In this type of conditions ICSI can be done
along either IVF to help fertilize the egg.
• A single sperm is injected directly into the
cytoplasm of an ovum under specific
laboratory condition.
Surrogacy
• This is a kind of agreement where a
women agrees to carry a pregnancy for
another person, who will become the
newborn child’s parent after birth.
• Here by the process of IVF, embroys are
created in laboratory and implant into
surrogate mother’s uterus.
Intra Uterine
Insemination
• This is a procedure of treating infertile
men due to low sperm count or
morphologically abnormal sperm.
• Semen is collected either from the
husband or from a healthy donor and
prepared through a specific long process.
• After preparing the sperm, the sperm is
introduced into the uterus through vagina
by catheter after stimulating the ovaries
to produce more ova.
• The motto of IUI technique is to increase
the number of sperm that reach to the
fallopian tubes and subsequently increase
the chance of fertilization.
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
• In this cases either due to inability of the
male partner to inseminate the female or
due to very low sperm count in the
ejaculates, could be corrected by Artificial
Insemination.
• Collected sperm of husband donor is
introduced into the cervix.
Gamete Intrafallopian
Transfer
• A method for the female who could not
produce egg successfully but can provide
suitable environment for fertilization and
further development.
• Entrance of upper segment of ovaries are
blocked.
• In this, the ovum and sperms are directly
injected into the fallopian tube, where
fertilization produced a blastocyst.
• Blastocyst enter the uterus via normal
route.
• GIFT has 30 % success rate.
THANK YOU