1

RET(22661)
 1
RET(22661)

EXPERIMENT -2

USE PYRANOMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR FLUX DENSITY

AIM:

To use pyranometer for measurement of solar density.

RESOURCES USED:
Sr No: Resources Name Specifications Quantity
1 Non-linear-1000W/m 1

Pyranometer Tilt response-0-900

Spectral selectivity -350-1500nm

Directional-response upto 80

Beam-<20 W/m2

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

Figure 1:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PYRANOMETER

 2
RET(22661)

WORKING :

The thermoelectric detection principle is used, whereby incoming radiation is almost completely absorbed
by a horizontal blackened surface, over a very wide wavelength range. The resulting increase of temperature
is measured via thermocouples connected in series or series-parallel to make a thermopile. The active (hot)
junctions are located beneath the blackened receiver surface and are heated by the radiation absorbed in the
black coating. The passive (cold) junctions of the thermopile are in thermal contact with the pyranometer
housing, which serves as a heat-sink. More recent, higher performance, pyranometers use a Peltier element.
This is also thermoelectric, but the dissimilar metals of a thermocouple / thermopile are replaced by
dissimilar semiconductors. It is necessary to protect the black detector coating against external influences
which may affect the measurement; such as precipitation, dirt and wind. Nearly all pyranometers use an
optical quality glass for their hemispherical single or double domes.

On rare occasions, the plane of interest is horizontal, but the pyranometer is at a significant height and
facing downward. This is to measure the diffuse reflection of light from the Earth’s surface. These
measurements can be used to assess net irradiance and albedo, or the amount of light being reflected back
into space.

In photovoltaic applications, pyranometers are used to assess the efficiency of a solar power system. These
devices can be used to compare the actual output of a solar power system to the expected output. If a
significant deficit is detected, it may indicate that service is needed. Pyranometers can also be used to
determine the suitability of a location for a potential solar power plant.
RESULT:

Pyranometers measure solar radiation flux density in watts per square meter (W/m2) within a wavelength
range of 300 nm to 3000 nm from a fixed plane at a specific orientation with a hemispherical field of view.
The pyranometer uses flat spectral sensitivity to cover this spectrum.

CONCLUSION:

A pyranometer is a type of actinometer that gives information about solar irradiance in the desired location
by measuring solar radiation flux density. A typical pyranometer does not require any power to operate.
However, recent technical development includes use of electronics in pyranometers, which do require (low)
external power.
 1
RET(22661)

EXPERIMENT -3

ASSEMBLE A SOLAR PV SYSTEM WITH OR WITHOUT BATTERY

CONNECTION

AIM:

To assemble a solar PV system with or without battery connection.

RESOURCES USED:
Sr No: Resources Name Specifications Quantity
1 Mono crystalline solar panel 1

Solar PV system (specifications are recorded under standard testing

conditions)

Short circuit current (ISC) - 0.3 A

Open circuit voltage(VOC) - 22 V

Current at maximum power(IPMAX) - 0.28 A

Maximum power(PMAX) – 5 W

Number of cells- 36

Dimensions – 250x185x25 mm

Power tolerance - +3%

Net weight – 1 kg

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

Figure 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PV CELL

 2
RET(22661)

Figure 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PV SYSTEM

Figure 3: PV SYSTEM
WORKING:
The Solar Cell is the basic building block of Solar PV technology. The PV Modules gather solar energy in
the form of sunlight and convert it into direct current (DC) electricity. An inverter can convert this DC
power into alternating current (AC power, which is the type of electricity used in your home). this Ac
current is then used for meeting the energy demands of the particular residential or official buildings.The
central components of a photovoltaic system are solar panels and their solar cells. The cells consist of
semiconductor material. When the tiny photon particles of sunlight hit the material, they trigger current
flow. In this way, the energy of the sunlight is converted into electrical energy, or more precisely: into
electricity, as you use it every day. This process is called the photoelectric process
Components of the photovoltaic system
Mounting system
Solar Panels
Solar Inverters
Power Storage
Cables & Connectors
Bidirectional Meter
 3
RET(22661)

PROCEDURE:

The most common location for the installation of solar PV panels is the roof. Most roofs typically have the
desired specifications for the installation, so that panels get the maximum sunlight. Nevertheless, if
installation on the roof is not applicable or desired, the solar panels could also be mounted on the ground.
You just need to make sure that there are no objects blocking access to the sun.

The following steps explain solar panel installation on a roof:

1. Install Solar Panel Mounts

This will support the base of the solar panels. The whole mounting structure must be tilted and have an angle
between 18 to 36 degrees to have maximum sunlight exposure.

2. Install the Solar Panels

When the mounts are set up, the solar panel itself has to be installed on the mounting structure. Make sure to
tighten up all the bolts and nuts so that it stays stable.

3. Wire the Solar Panels

The next step in the installation process is to install the electrical wiring. In most cases, MC4 connectors are
used because they are suited for all types of solar panels. Make sure to shut off the household’s electricity
supply during the wiring installation

4. Install Solar Inverter

After that, the solar inverter must be connected to the system. It is typically installed near the main panel and
it could be both indoors and outdoors. Inverters are more efficient if kept in a cooler place.

5. Bond Solar Inverter and Solar Battery

Thereafter, the solar inverter has to be connected to the solar battery. The solar battery storage can save you
from worrying about the lack of usable energy during cloudy times, it can also lower the solar battery
storage system costs during installation.

6. Connect the Inverter to the Consumer Unit

The inverter should be connected to the consumer unit to generate electricity. A generation meter should
also be connected to monitor the amount of electricity the solar panels performance. For example, you can
check how much electricity you generate at different times and decide what time is suitable for using your
washing machine or other utilities.

7. Start and Test Solar Panels

The final step is to switch the power on and test the newly installed solar panel system. After that, the solar
panel installation process is complete.
 4
RET(22661)

RESULT:

A solar PV system is used to harness the sunlight or solar energy in order to meet the energy demands of
mostly a household system.
CONCLUSION:

A PV system is an arrangement of components that helps us to utilize the most abundant yet most precious
source of energy : the sunlight. Here the radiation is captured by the solar array and either stored in a battery
for future use or given to grid for immediate use.