Abnormal Psychology in A Changing World 10th Edition Nevid Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Abnormal Psychology in a Changing
World 10th Edition Nevid Test Bank

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Total Assessment Guide
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3
Introduction
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 28 22, 23, 24, 35, 36,
7.1 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 39, 50, 51, 54
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 25, 26, 27, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
37, 38, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 52, 53
True-False 272, 273, 274, 275,
276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283,
284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 289, 290, 291,
292
Essay 356, 357, 358, 359,
360, 361
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,
7.2 60, 61, 62, 63
True-False 293, 294, 295, 296
Essay 362
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 64, 66, 67 65
7.3
True-False 297, 298
Essay 363
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 69, 85, 86
7.4 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
87, 88, 89, 90, 91
True-False 299, 300, 301, 302,
303, 304, 305
Essay 364, 365
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99
7.5 97, 98, 100, 101
True-False 306
Essay 366
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 104 103, 105, 106 102, 107
7.6
True-False 307, 308
Essay 367, 368
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 108, 114 109, 110, 111, 113, 112
7.7 115
True-False 309, 310, 311
Essay 369
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 116, 117
7.8
True-False 312
Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
510
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 119, 125 118, 120, 122, 123, 121
7.9 124
True-False 313, 314, 315
Essay 370
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 127, 128, 129, 131, 126, 130, 138, 144, 132, 133, 135, 136,
7.10 134, 139, 142, 147, 145, 153, 154, 159, 137, 140, 141, 143,
150, 151, 152, 155, 160, 162, 165, 178, 146, 148, 149, 156,
157, 158, 161, 163, 179, 180, 181, 182 169, 170, 171, 172,
164, 166, 167, 168 173, 174, 175, 176,
177
True-False 316, 317, 318, 319,
320, 321, 322, 323,
324, 325, 326
Essay 372 371
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 183, 185, 186, 187, 184
7.11 188, 189, 190, 191,
192
True-False 327, 328, 329, 330
Essay 373, 374
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 193, 194, 195, 196,
7.12 197
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 200, 201, 202, 203, 198, 199, 204, 205
7.13 206, 207, 208
True-False 331, 332, 333, 334
Essay 375, 376, 377
7.14 214, 215, 216, 217,
218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 224, 225,
226, 227, 228, 229,
230, 231, 232, 233,
234, 235, 236, 237,
238
True-False 335, 336, 337, 338,
339, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346
Essay 378, 379, 380
7.15 243, 244, 246, 247,
248, 249, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254, 255,
256, 257
True-False 347, 348, 349, 350,
351, 352, 353
Essay 381
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 259, 262, 265, 266 258, 260, 261, 263,
7.16 264
True-False 354
Essay 383 382
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 267, 268, 269, 271 270
7.17
511
True-False 355
Essay 384, 385, 386
512
7
Mood Disorders and Suicide
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The famous American author who described his severe depression in Darkness Visible was ______.
a. Tom Wolfe c. William Styron
b. Phillip Roth d. Bernard Malamud
ANSWER: C
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 2 Page: 248
Topic: Introduction
Learning Objective: Introduction
Skill: Factual
2. Enduring states of feeling that color our psychological lives are called ______.
a. motivational states c. drives
b. moods d. traits
ANSWER: B
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
3. Disturbances in mood that are serious enough to impair daily functioning are called ______.
a. adjustment disorders c. anxiety disorders
b. personality disorders d. mood disorders
ANSWER: D
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
4. The DSM-5 does not include a general category of mood disorders but instead distinguishes between
________ and ______.
a. depressive disorders; bipolar and related disorders.
b. depressive disorders; cyclothymic disorders
c. cyclothymic disorders; bipolar and related disorders
d. dysthymic disorders; cyclothymic disorders
ANSWER: A
Topic: Types of Mood Disorders
Learning Objective: 7.1
Skill: Factual
5. There are _______ major types of bipolar disorders listed in the DSM-5.
a. 1 c. 4
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b. 2 d. 6
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
6. Which of the following is listed under “Bipolar and Related Disorders” in the DSM-5?
a. Major depressive disorder
b. Unipolar disorder
c. Cyclothymic disorder
d. Persistent depressive disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
7. Bipolar disorders include _______.

a. bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder
b. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia
c. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and dysthymia
d. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymia, and dysthymia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
8. Disorders such as depression and dysthymia are ______ in nature.

a. unipolar c. unilinear
b. bipolar d. multilinear
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
9. Disorders such as cyclothymia are ______ in nature.

a. unipolar c. unilinear
b. bipolar d. multilinear
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
10. Mood disorders in which the disturbance lies in only one direction are considered ______.
a. unipolar c. monopolar
b. unilinear d. monolinear
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
11. Mood disorders, which involve mood swings from one extreme to another, are considered ______.
a. dipolar c. bipolar
b. bilinear d. multilinear
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
12. Which of the following is listed under the category of “Depressive Disorders” in the DSM-5?
a. Bipolar I disorder
b. Bipolar II disorder
c. Cyclothymic disorder
d. Persistent depressive disorder
ANSWER: D
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 2 Page: 249 (Table 7.1)
Skill: Factual
13. Major depression cannot be diagnosed if a person shows a history of ______.

a. anxiety disorder c. dysthymia
b. personality disorder d. mania
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
14. A severe disorder characterized by feeling sad, hopeless, or “down in the dumps,” or loss of interest or
pleasure in all activities for at least two weeks is ______.
a. bipolar disorder c. dysthymia
b. major depressive episode d. cyclothymia
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
15. To be diagnosed with a major depressive episode, one experiences either depressed mood or loss of interest
or pleasure in all things for a period of at least ______.
a. two days c. two months
b. two weeks d. two years
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
16. A severe mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of one or more major depressive episodes in the
absence of a history of mania is ______.
a. major depressive disorder c. dysthymia
b. bipolar disorder d. cyclothymia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
17. A state of unusual elation, energy, and activity is known as ______.

a. synergy c. mania
b. dysthymia d. flat affect
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
18. Which of the following is a common change in motivation noted with depression?
a. Irritability
b. Tearfulness
c. Lack of interest in social activities
d. Depressed mood
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
19. Which of the following is an emotional symptom of depression?

a. Loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activities
b. Depressed mood
c. Reduced interest in sex
d. Lack of interest in social activities
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
20. Changes in sleep habits is a(n) ___________ symptom of depression?

a. motivational
b. motor behavior and functioning
c. emotional
d. cognitive
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
21. Difficulty concentrating is a(n) _______ symptom of depression?

a. cognitive
b. motivational
c. emotional
d. motor behavior and functioning
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
22. Rani has been diagnosed with depression and has no interest in playing on her soccer team, which she has
done each week for over two years. This loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activities is a(n) _______
symptom of depression.
a. cognitive c. emotional
b. motor behavior d. motivational
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
23. Joanne is in a very downcast mood. She has a poor appetite, has lost weight, and feels constantly fatigued.
She has lost interest in most of her regular activities because they seem like "too much effort" and they no
longer give her any pleasure. She seems indifferent to her family and friends and has recurrent thoughts of
suicide. She is best described as suffering from ______.
a. dysthymic disorder c. major depressive disorder
b. cyclothymic disorder d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
24. In a case study described in the text, “The Beast is Back,” the female patient referred to her ______ as the
Beast.
a. husband c. headaches
b. depression d. manic episodes
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
25. Which U.S. president struggled with depression and wrote “I am now the most miserable man living”?
a. Herbert Hoover c. Bill Clinton
b. Abraham Lincoln d. George W. Bush
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
26. The most common diagnosable mood disorder is ______.

a. major depressive disorder c. cyclothymia
b. bipolar disorder d. dysthymia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
27. Because of cultural judgments, about half of Americans with major depression ________.
a. fail to receive help from a mental health professional
b. attempt suicide
c. become hostile and aggressive
d. later develop psychoses
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
28. A client has major depressive disorder. That client is ________.

a. most likely to be a female
b. most likely to be a male
c. equally likely to be a female or a male
d. most likely to be a child
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
29. Nearly _______ of people with moderate to severe depression report impaired work, family, or social
functioning.
a. 20% c. 60%
b. 40% d. 80%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
30. The annual financial impact of depression in the U.S. is estimated to be in the _______.
a. millions c. billions
b. hundreds of millions d. trillions
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ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
31. Which statement is true about the diagnosis of major depressive disorder?
a. It cannot include delusion or hallucinations or the diagnosis is invalid.
b. It can include delusions but not hallucination.
c. It can include hallucinations but not delusions.
d. It can include both delusions and hallucinations.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
32. Major depressive episode tends to have a pattern of ______ occurrences and ______ symptoms.
a. isolated; fleeting c. isolated; long-lasting
b. repeated; fleeting d. repeated; long-lasting
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
33. Which of the following is true of major depressive disorder?

a. Fewer than half of those who suffer an initial major depressive episode will eventually have a
recurrence.
b. Major depression is never accompanied by psychotic features such as delusions.
c. All individuals who experience major depression never have a full return to previous levels of
functioning.
d. Major depressive disorder can only be diagnosed if the individual began experiencing depressive
episodes prior to age 18.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
34. Initial onset of major depressive disorder is most common among ______.
a. children c. young adults
b. adolescents d. middle-aged adults
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
35. Which of the following people is MOST likely, statistically, to suffer from depressive disorder?
a. An older wealthy, never-married person
b. A young, wealthy, never-married person
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c. An older, poor, married person
d. A young, poor person who is separated or divorced
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
36. Which of the following people is LEAST likely to develop major depression?
a. An older, poor, divorced person
b. A young, wealthy, divorced person
c. An older, wealthy, married person
d. A young, poor person who is separated
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
37. Factors that place people at increased risk of developing major depression include all of the following
except:
a. ethnic background. c. religion.
b. socioeconomic status. d. race.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
38. The difference between males and females in relative risk for developing major depressive disorder begins
in ______.
a. childhood c. young adulthood
b. adolescence d. middle age
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
39. Leslie finds that every winter she becomes fatigued, excessively sleepy, has a craving for carbohydrates,
and puts on weight. In the spring, her symptoms disappear. She is most likely suffering from ______.
a. dysthymic disorder c. bipolar disorder
b. cyclothymic disorder d. seasonal affective disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
40. Although the causes of SAD remain unknown, one possibility is that _________may alter the body’s
underlying biological rhythms.
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a. seasonal changes in vegetation
b. seasonal changes in light
c. seasonal changes in environmental temperature
d. season changes due to celebration of holidays
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
41. The gender gap between men and women in rates of depression exists ______.
a. only in the United States
b. only in nations other than the United States
c. only in the United States and Japan
d. in the United States and many other countries
ANSWER: D
Topic: Thinking Critically About Abnormal Psychology: What Accounts for the Gender Gap in
Depression?
Skill: Factual
42. Compared to men, women are at higher risk for developing major depression due to which the following
factors?
a. Women experience less stress than men and are more prone to boredom.
b. The high expectations for achievement advocated by feminist movement are unobtainable for most
women and lead to depression.
c. Women are less likely to distract themselves when they are depressed.
d. Women often turn to alcohol as a form of self-medication.
ANSWER: C
Topic: Topic: Thinking Critically About Abnormal Psychology: What Accounts for the Gender Gap in
Depression?
Skill: Factual
43. Compared to women, men are ______ likely to report depression and ______ likely to seek treatment for it.
a. less; less c. more; less
b. less; more d. more; more
ANSWER: A
Depression?
Skill: Factual
44. Research indicates that ______ who ruminate more following the loss of a loved one or when feeling down
or sad are more likely to develop severe and prolonged depression.
a. neither men nor women c. only men
b. only women d. both men and women
ANSWER: D
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Depression?
Skill: Factual
45. The American Psychological Association’s expert panel concluded that women experience more depression
than men because _________.
a. of hormonal differences
b. men underreport depression due to their belief that it is a sign of weakness
c. women encounter more stress in society than men
d. they are more passive problem solvers
ANSWER: C
Depression?
Skill: Factual
46. Nolan-Hoeksema proposed that men are less prone to depression because they know how to ______.
a. use alcohol to escape from their problems
b. joke rather than take problems too seriously
c. blame the other person rather than themselves
d. distract themselves by doing something they enjoy
ANSWER: D
Depression?
Skill: Factual
47. Both women and men who ______ more after a loved one’s death are more prone to suffer long and severe
depression.
a. consume large amounts of alcohol c. express anger
b. ruminate d. rely on religion
ANSWER: B
Depression?
Skill: Factual
48. The therapy of choice for patients with seasonal affective disorder is ______.
a. phototherapy c. chemotherapy
b. logotherapy d. physical therapy
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
49. Postpartum "blues" typically last about ______.
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a. 2 or 3 days c. 2 months
b. 2 weeks d. 4 months
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
50. Anne had a baby about 10 months ago. Ever since, she has had a poor appetite, been unable to sleep (even
when the baby wasn't waking her), poor self-esteem, and has been unable to concentrate for any length of
time. She is most likely suffering from ______.
a. postpartum blues c. cyclothymic disorder
b. postpartum psychoses d. postpartum depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
51. Corrine had a baby one month ago. Since the birth, her moods have varied wildly between tearful to
irritable. She has outbursts of sadness and crying and at other times feels out of control. She hears voices
telling her that her baby should be returned to the heavens. Corrine is most likely suffering from ______.
a. baby blues c. cyclothymic disorder
b. postpartum psychosis d. postpartum depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
52. An estimated ______ of mothers suffer from some form of postpartum depression.
a. 1 to 5% c. 20 to 25%
b. 10 to 15% d. 30 to 35%
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
53. Which of the following women is LEAST likely to develop postpartum depression?
a. A first-time mother with a supportive partner
b. A single mother
c. A second-time mother with a supportive partner
d. A mother with a sick baby
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
54. Which of the following women is most at risk for developing postpartum depression?
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a. Abigail, a married, moderate income mother with a history of major depression
b. Pamela, a single, adolescent with a supportive family and no history of depression
c. Maria, a recent immigrant to the U.S. who has a working husband and supportive family nearby
d. Heather, a mother of three with a good income and healthcare benefits
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
55. A depressive disorder which often develops during childhood or adolescence, involves less severe
symptoms than major depression, but has a longer lasting, more chronic pattern of development, and often
results in sufferers being seen as "whiny" or "complaining" would be classified as _____ in the DSM-5.
b. cyclothymic disorder d. persistent depressive disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
56. In the DSM-5, dysthymia is also referred to as ___________.

a. persistent depressive disorder c. low-grade depressive disorder
b. bipolar disorder d. hypodepressive disorder
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
57. The word "dysthymia" stems from the Greek words meaning ______.
a. melancholy c. bad spirit
b. sorrowful d. circle spirit
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
58. Compared to major depression, dysthymia has ______ severe symptoms and is ______ in duration.
a. less; shorter c. more; shorter
b. less; longer d. more; longer
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
59. ______ percent of people with dysthymia eventually develop major depression.
a. 45 c. 75
b. 60 d. 90
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
60. Dysthymic disorder affects about ______ percent of the general population at some point.
a. 4 c. 24
b. 14 d. 34
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
61. Dysthymia is ______ common in men than in women.

a. less c. equally as
b. more d. twice as
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
62. Others often perceive people with dysthymic disorder as ______.

a. whining and complaining c. arrogant and demanding
b. selfish and impulsive d. unpredictable and irresponsible
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
63. A major depressive episode occurring concurrently with dysthymic disorder is called ______.
a. cyclothymic disorder c. anhedonia
b. bipolar disorder d. double depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
64. __________ was introduced as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5.

a. Dysthymic disorder c. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
b. Cyclothymic disorder d. Bipolar II disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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65. Each month, one week prior to the onset of her menstrual cycle, Melissa experiences mood swings, sudden
tearfulness, feelings of hopelessness, irritability and negative thoughts about herself. These symptoms cause
significant impairment in her functioning and lessen in severity within a few days following the onset of
menses. Melissa is likely to be diagnosed with _____________.
a. dysthymic disorder c. cyclothymic disorder
b. premenstrual dysphoric disorder d. bipolar II disorder
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
66. __________ of women experience moderate to severe mood-related premenstrual symptoms.

a. Less than 10% c. About 35%
b. About 25% d. More than 50%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
67. Approximately __________ of women experience premenstrual physical or mood-related symptoms severe
enough to interfere with their daily functioning, including causing absenteeism from work or producing
significant emotional distress.
a. 10% c. 30%
b. 20% d. 50%
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
68. People who have severe mood swings from extreme elation to severe depression are suffering from ______.
b. cyclothymic disorder d. double depression
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
69. Alex has severe mood swings from extreme elation and hyperactivity to major depression. One moment he
feels like he's on top of the world, the next moment he feels suicidal. He is probably suffering from ______.
b. cyclothymic disorder d. double depression
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
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70. In bipolar disorder, manic episodes are usually ______ in duration and end ______ abruptly than depressive
episodes.
a. shorter; less c. longer; more
b. shorter; more d. longer; less
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
71. In An Unquiet Mind, Kay Redfield Jamison described her struggles with ______ disorder.
a. dysthymic c. cyclothymic
b. major depressive d. bipolar
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
72. The DSM distinguishes between ______ general types of bipolar disorder.
a. two c. four
b. three d. five
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
73. The essential feature of bipolar I disorder is the occurrence of at least one full-blown ______ episode.
a. major depressive c. hypomanic
b. dysthymic d. manic
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
74. In bipolar II disorder, a person experiences ______ episodes.

a. has experienced neither manic nor hypomanic
b. manic episodes, but has not experienced hypomanic
c. hypomanic episodes, but has not experienced manic
d. has experienced both manic and hypomanic
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
75. Bipolar I disorder affects about ______ of the adult population.

a. 1% c. 8%
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b. 5% d. 12%
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
76. Bipolar II disorder affects ______ of the adult population.

a. less than 1% c. about 11%
b. about 5% d. about 15%
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
77. The average age of onset for bipolar disorder for both men and women is about age ______.
a. 13 c. 27
b. 20 d. 34
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
78. Women are ______ as likely as men to develop bipolar I disorder.

a. half c. twice
b. equally d. four times
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
79. In men, the onset of bipolar I disorder typically begins with a _____episode, whereas with women it usually
begins with a __________ episode.
a. major depressive; manic
b. manic; major depressive
c. hypomanic; manic
d. hypomanic; major depressive
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
80. The onset of bipolar I disorder usually begins with a ______.

a. manic episode for both men and women
b. manic episode for men and a major depressive episode for women
c. manic episode for women and a major depressive episode for men
d. major depressive episode for both men and women
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
81. An individual with a bipolar I disorder who experiences two or more full cycles of mania and depression
within a year without intervening normal periods is considered to have ______.
a. rapid cycling c. mixed cycling
b. sequential cycling d. differentiated cycling
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
82. In the rapid cycling type of bipolar disorder, the individual experiences at least ______ or more full cycles
of mania or depression within a year.
a. two c. six
b. four d. eight
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
83. Rapid cycling is relatively ______ and occurs ______ often among men than women.
a. uncommon; less c. uncommon; more
b. common; less d. common; more
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
84. Rapid cycling is associated with a ______ severe form of the disorder and ______ serious suicide attempts.
a. less; more c. less; less
b. more; less d. more; more
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
85. Guillermo was having a normal day when suddenly he felt an overwhelming expansion of his mood. He
now feels euphoric, cheerful, optimistic, has boundless energy, and feels sociable and confident. However,
he is also hyperactive, impulsive, demanding, and overbearing. His behavior is typical of a ______.
a. bipolar episode c. manic episode
b. hypomanic episode d. dysthymic episode
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Applied
86. Don suddenly quit his job, enrolled in law school for day classes, took on a job waiting tables at night, and
began organizing charity drives on weekends. He also began work on his "great American novel" and
offered to coach a little league team in his "spare time." His behavior is typical of someone having a
______.
a. hypomanic episode c. cyclothymic episode
b. dysthymic episode d. manic episode
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
87. Which of the following is characteristic of manic episodes?

a. Insatiable appetite c. Weeping
b. Overbearing behavior d. Selfishness
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
88. A person who speaks very rapidly and urgently and has difficulty pausing has ______.
a. circumstantial speech c. pressured speech
b. euphoric speech d. tangential speech
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
89. People in a manic episode generally experience which of the following?

a. Extreme self-confidence
b. A lack of self-confidence
c. Lethargy
d. Slow, rambling speech
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
90. The tendency of a person to jump from topic to topic during a manic episode is referred to as ______.
a. multidirectional cognitions c. rapid flight of ideas
b. accelerated thought d. quickness on the feet
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
91. During a manic episode, bipolar people almost always show a decreased need for ______.
a. sex c. creativity
b. new achievements d. sleep
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
92. The term "cyclothymia" is derived from the Greek terms meaning ______.
a. melancholy c. bad spirited
b. phlegmatic d. circle spirit
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
93. Cyclothymic disorder may be _______ of the bipolar disorders but tends to be ________ in clinical
practice.
a. the most common; underdiagnosed
b. the least common; overdiagnosed
c. the most researched; the most difficult to diagnose
d. about as common as the other forms; overdiagnosed
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
94. Cyclothymic disorder usually begins in one's ______.

a. early childhood c. late adolescence or early adulthood
b. early adolescence d. late adulthood
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
95. Among people with cyclothymic disorder, few, if any, periods of normal mood last for more than a ______.
a. day or two c. month or two
b. week or two d. year or two
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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96. A disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of mild mood swings, not reaching the level of full-blown
manic episodes or major depressive episodes is ______.
a. dysthymic disorder c. anhedonnia
b. cyclothymic disorder d. anencephaly
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
97. To meet the DSM criteria for a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder, disturbances of mood in adults must
persist for at least ______.
a. 1 year c. 3 years
b. 2 years d. 4 years
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
98. Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of ______ episodes.

a. major depressive c. hypomanic
b. psychotic d. manic
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
99. Dave is having a normal day when suddenly he feels charged with energy and unusually alert. He knows
that when he gets these feelings he is capable of working long hours with little fatigue or need of sleep. He
is still capable of using good judgment and has no hyperactivity. He is best described as having a ______.
a. dysthymic episode c. hypomanic episode
b. manic episode d. paranoid episode
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
100. A period of elevated mood that is less severe than a manic episode is called a(n) ______ episode.
a. exhilaration c. acceleration
b. hypomanic d. hypermanic
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
101. According to your text, approximately ______ percent of those with cyclothymia go on to develop full-
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fledged bipolar disorder.
a. one in two c. two out of three
b. half d. one in three
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
102. Unemployed people are at highest risk for developing which of the following mood disorders?
a. Cyclothymic disorder c. Bipolar disorder
b. Dysthymic disorder d. Major depressive disorder
ANSWER: D
Topic: Causal Factors in Mood Disorders
Skill: Applied
103. Which of the following is true of depression and stress?

a. Experimental research has demonstrated causal links between stress and depression.
b. The relationship between stress and depression is not impacted by social support.
c. Some research indicates that depression is often preceded by significant life stress.
d. Overly-concerned family and friends may make it more difficult to overcome a depressive episode.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
104. Identify the characteristic that has been found to insulate people from depression and suicide attempts
during times of stress.
a. Wealth c. Successful marriage
b. Use of alcohol as a relaxant d. Regular aerobic exercise
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
105. A recent study suggests that stress associated with interpersonal problems contributes to depression in
young people, but only among those who ________.
a. have trouble asserting themselves
b. have a family history of depression
c. were children of divorce
d. tend to think negatively
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
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106. A normal grief reaction to the death of a loved one is ______.
a. major depression c. mild depression
b. bereavement d. reactive depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
107. Lucy has been depressed since her mother died last month. She has difficulty sleeping and has lost her
appetite. Lucy is suffering from ______.
a. major depression c. mild depression
b. bereavement d. reactive depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
108. Freud believed that pathological mourning was most likely to occur in people who had powerful feelings of
______ toward the dead person.
a. love c. anger
b. ambivalence d. dependence
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
109. Freud believed that mourning, or normal bereavement, is ______.

a. a psychologically healthy process
b. a symptom of inner conflict
c. a sign of emotional immaturity
d. a symptom of an underlying pathological process
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
110. Psychodynamic theories see bipolar disorder as the result of shifting dominance between the ______.
a. id and ego c. ego and superego
b. id and superego d. conscious and unconscious
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
111. Recent psychodynamic theories see depression as ______.

a. loss of self-worth or self-esteem
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b. the result of an existence lacking in meaning
c. overdependence on parental figures for love and support
d. anger turned inward
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
112. Carl's wife has just left him for another man. While everyone else can see that Carl's relationship with his
wife is truly over, he continues to dwell on ways that he can somehow restore the relationship. He cannot
bear the loss of self-esteem and security he has suffered since his wife left him. Carl's actions are best
explained by the ______ model of depression.
a. introjection c. existential
b. self-focusing d. interactional
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
113. According to the self-focusing model, ______ can help to overcome the loss of self-esteem and the
insecurity that leads to depression after the loss of an important relationship.
a. surrendering the relationship
b. developing a greater sense of spirituality
c. immersing oneself in a charitable experience
d. traveling away from the scene of the loss for at least a week
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
114. Research has shown that people suffering from depression engage in ______ following an experience of
failure.
a. higher level of introjection c. higher level of self-focusing
b. lower level of introjection d. lower level of self-focusing
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
115. A limitation of the self-focused attention model of depression is that ______.

a. self-focused attention is more pervasive in society than in prior decades
b. self-focused attention is more generally linked to psychopathology
c. research has not been conducted to support the link
d. certain popular child-rearing techniques have emphasized self-focus
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Conceptual
116. From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from ______.

a. anger turned inward
b. imbalanced social interactions
c. inadequate social reinforcement
d. lack of self-fulfillment, meaning, and authentic choices in life
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
117. Both humanistic and modern psychodynamic theorists focus on ______ as a causal factor in depression.
a. inadequate social relationships and support
b. anger turned inward
c. loss of self-esteem
d. lack of self-fulfillment and meaning in life
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
118. Learning perspectives tend to focus on ______ that contribute to depression.

a. personal factors c. esteem factors
b. unconscious conflicts d. situational factors
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
119. According to Lewinsohn, the low rate of activity typical of depressed individuals may also be a source of
_________.
a. secondary reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
120. Peter Lewinsohn proposed that depression results from an imbalance between behavior and ______.
a. ability c. motivation
b. reinforcement d. thought
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Conceptual
121. Gina, who has suffered from a major depressive disorder, is seeking help from a therapist who follows
Lewinsohn’s model linking depression and reinforcement. The therapist will probably advise Gina to
increase her ______.
a. serotonin levels
b. pleasurable activities
c. communications with friends and relatives
d. self-focus
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
122. The belief that depressed people make unrealistic demands on the people around them, leading to rejection
by those people, is called _______.
a. situational theory c. interactional theory
b. self-focus theory d. humanistic theory
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
123. Which of the following is true of the social interactions of depressed people?
a. They tend to respond too quickly to others.
b. They are very approving of other people.
c. They tend to be quite eager to engage with others.
d. They tend to be uninvolved and even impolite when interacting with others.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
124. Coyne’s interactional theory is based on the principle of ______.

a. coordinated communication c. reciprocal inhibition
b. relational harmony d. reciprocal interaction
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
125. Research on interaction theory indicates that ______ may best explain why depressed people are often
rejected by others.
a. unrealistic demands by the depressed person
b. a lack of social skills in the depressed person
c. a lack of emotional energy in the depressed person
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d. insensitivity by those surrounding the depressed person
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
126. Cognitive theorists argue that depression results partially from ______.
a. anger turned inward
b. imbalanced social interactions
c. negative beliefs about oneself
d. a life lacking in purpose and meaning
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
127. The "cognitive triad of depression" is a concept pioneered by ______.

a. Wolpe c. Ellis
b. Lazarus d. Beck
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
128. Which of the following beliefs is in the cognitive triad of depression?

a. Negative beliefs about life
b. Negative beliefs about one’s family
c. Negative beliefs about the world at large
d. Negative beliefs about the past
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
129. Aaron Beck refers to an error in thinking as ______.

a. cognitive dissonance c. cognitive selection
b. cognitive distortion d. cognitive erosion
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
130. According to Aaron Beck, ______ sets the stage for depression when one faces a personal loss or negative
life event.
a. cognitive selection c. cognitive dissonance
b. cognitive erosion d. cognitive distortion
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
131. Which of the following is one of the 10 cognitive distortions related to depression as described by Burns?
a. All or nothing thinking c. Compartmentalization
b. Analytical reasoning d. Objectivism
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
132. According to David Burns, a depressed individual who is dismissive of congratulations for a job well done
and thinks “Oh, it’s no big deal. Anyone could have done it,” is engaging in the cognitive distortion of
_______.
a. overgeneralization
b. emotional reasoning
c. disqualifying the positive
d. labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
133. An individual who routinely predicts that something bad is always about to happen even when there is no
evidence to support this thinking is engaging in a type of cognitive distortion identified by David Burns as
_______.
a. mind reading
b. fortune telling
c. overgeneralizing
d. weather forecasting
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
134. Albert Ellis felt that creating unrealistic expectations, which he termed ______, can lead one to become
depressed when one falls short.
a. shoulding
b. labeling
c. musterbation
d. incantation
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
135. Judd is a perfectionist. His cognitive distortion is most likely to be ______.

a. overgeneralization c. should statements
b. emotional reasoning d. all or nothing reasoning
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
136. After Jed was "dumped" by his girlfriend, he began thinking that women cannot be trusted. He promised
never to let himself get involved with another woman again, because "she will leave me just like my last
girlfriend did." His cognitive error is ______.
a. labeling and mislabeling c. overgeneralization
b. emotional reasoning d. mental filter
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
137. Luke reviews his annual performance evaluation from his boss. Although there is only one negative
comment on the entire evaluation, Luke ignores the positive comments and focuses only on the negative
comment. His cognitive error is ______.
a. overgeneralization c. disqualifying the positive
b. labeling and mislabeling d. mental filter
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
138. Selective abstraction is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?
a. Magnification and minimization c. Jumping to conclusions
b. Mental filter d. Labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
139. The process of pulling isolated negative details from an event and ignoring all the positive details from the
same event, is known as ______.
a. catastrophizing c. selective abstraction
b. musterbation d. personalization
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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140. After winning a big competition at work, Fred dismisses the compliments he receives by saying, "Oh, it's
nothing. Anyone could have done it!" His cognitive error is ______.
a. overgeneralization c. disqualifying the positive
b. labeling and mislabeling d. mental filter
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
141. Mac has a pain in his chest. Despite the fact that he just ate ten tacos and a can of refried beans, he
convinces himself that he must be having a heart attack. His cognitive error is ______.
a. jumping to conclusions c. emotional reasoning
b. mental filter d. labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
142. The “fortune teller error” and “mind reading” are both typical of ______.
a. jumping to conclusions c. emotional reasoning
b. mental filter d. labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
143. Ramon is taking a final exam. When he reaches the first question to which he does not know the answer, he
begins worrying that he will miss the other questions too, which will result in his failing the test, which will
result in his failing the class, which will result in his flunking out of school, which will abruptly terminate
his future career as a lawyer. His cognitive error is ______.
a. magnification c. disqualifying the positive
b. mental filter d. overgeneralization
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
144. Catastrophizing is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

a. Magnification and minimization c. Jumping to conclusions
b. Labeling and mislabeling d. Mental filter
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
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145. A cognitive distortion in which one interprets feelings and events based on emotions rather
than a fair consideration of the evidence is known as ______.
a. should statements c. mental filter
b. emotional reasoning d. overgeneralization
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
146. Tyrone wakes up one morning feeling guilty. He's not sure why he feels guilty but he tells himself "I must
have done something wrong or I wouldn't feel so guilty!" He then begins to think of all the things he's done
recently for which he ought to feel guilty. His cognitive error is ______.
a. “should” statements c. mental filter
b. emotional reasoning d. overgeneralization
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
147. "Musterbation" is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

a. Magnification and minimization c. Overgeneralization
b. Jumping to conclusions d. “Should” statements
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
148. Lloyd gets a poor grade on a test, despite extensive studying for it. He immediately thinks "I am really
stupid!" When other students tease him about his poor grade, he calls them "insensitive jerks." His
cognitive error is ______.
a. overgeneralization c. labeling and mislabeling
b. mental filter d. jumping to conclusions
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
149. Mel walks into his house one night and finds his wife sitting at the dinner table crying. He immediately
thinks "What have I done to hurt her?" His cognitive error is ______.
a. personalization c. overgeneralization
b. mental filter d. magnification
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
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150. The idea that different types of disorders are characterized by different types of thoughts is called the
______.
a. cognitive triad c. multiple cognition theory
b. cognitive-generativity hypothesis d. cognitive-specificity hypothesis
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
151. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with depression?

a. I'm worthless. c. I am not a healthy person.
b. I need to make more friends. d. I need to exercise more.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
152. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated more with depression than anxiety?
a. I'm losing my mind. c. Something will happen to my appearance.
b. I'm a social failure. d. I'm going to have an accident.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
153. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with anxiety?

a. I will never overcome my problems. c. I’m losing my mind.
b. I’m a social failure. d. I’m worse off than they are.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
154. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated more with anxiety than with depression?
a. I'm worthless. c. Nothing ever works out for me anymore.
b. I'm worse off than they are. d. I'm losing my mind.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
155. Research regarding depression and distorted negative cognitions ______.

a. indicates that distorted thinking causes depression
b. indicates that distorted thinking and depression develop at the same time
c. indicates that depression leads to distorted negative thinking
d. is not yet clear as to whether distorted thinking causes or is merely a feature of
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depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
156. Sam is depressed. He's been depressed for so long that he no longer believes he can do anything to improve
his life or his future. He believes nothing he does will make any difference. Sam has developed ______.
a. cyclothymic disorder c. learned helplessness
b. cognitive dissonance d. cognitive specificity
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
157. The concept of learned helplessness was pioneered by ______.

a. Beck c. Seligman
b. Burns d. Lewinsohn
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
158. Martin Seligman developed the ______ theory to explain the cause of depression.
a. cognitive specificity c. interactional
b. cognitive distortion d. learned helplessness
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
159. Seligman believes that people learn to perceive themselves as helpless because of their ______.
a. experiences c. ordinal traits
b. cardinal traits d. failure to self-actualize
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
160. The learned helplessness model straddles the ______ and the ______ approaches.
a. psychodynamic; behavioral c. humanistic; cognitive
b. psychodynamic; humanistic d. behavioral; cognitive
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Conceptual
161. In Seligman's model, dogs exposed to an inescapable electric shock, later ______ when exposed to an
escapable shock.
a. failed to learn escape responses
b. took longer than normal to learn escape responses
c. learned escape responses normally
d. learned escape responses more quickly than normal
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
162. Seligman proposed that some forms of depression in humans could be explained in terms of ______.
a. cognitive dissonance c. cognitive specificity
b. loss of self-esteem d. learned helplessness
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
163. In Seligman's research, animals that developed learned helplessness showed behaviors that were similar to
those of people with ______.
a. depression c. autism
b. anxiety d. schizophrenia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
164. Which of the following behaviors are shared by animals and humans with learned helplessness?
a. Paranoia c. Competitiveness
b. Attention seeking d. Difficulty acquiring new skills
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
165. The original learned helplessness model ______ the low self-esteem typical of people who are depressed
and _______ the variations in the persistence of depression.
a. fails to explain; does not account for
b. explains; does not account for
c. fails to explain; accounts for
d. explains; accounts for
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Conceptual
166. Seligman and his colleagues proposed that some forms of depression in humans could be explained in
terms of ______.
a. cognitive dissonance c. cognitive specificity
b. loss of self-esteem d. attributional style
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
167. A personal style of explaining one’s situation in life is known as ______ style.
a. perceptual c. attributional
b. interactive d. self-actuating
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
168. Which of the following is one of the three dimensions of attributional style proposed by Seligman and his
colleagues?
a. Open/closed c. Stable/unstable
b. Positive/negative d. Inquisitive/accepting
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
169. Eric goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "Some couples just don't hit it off!" His statement
reflects a(n) ______ attribution.
a. internal c. global
b. external d. stable
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
170. Reggie goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up this time!" His statement
reflects a(n) ______ attribution.
a. internal c. global
b. external d. stable
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Applied
171. Brock goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up because of my lousy
personality!" His statement reflects a(n) ______ attribution.
a. stable c. external
b. specific d. unstable
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
172. Matt goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up. It must be this head cold, which
ruined things for me." His statements reflect a(n) ______ attribution.
a. global c. internal
b. unstable d. stable
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
173. Art goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up. I guess I'm just no good with
women!" His statements reflect a(n) ______ attribution.
a. global c. external
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
174. Ricky goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up. My problem is that I don't know
how to make small talk with women!" His statements reflect a(n) ______ attribution.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
175. Leo goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "What an awful time! I guess she was just in a bad
mood!" His statements reflect ______ attributions.
a. internal, stable, global c. internal, unstable, global
b. external, unstable, specific d. external, stable, specific
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
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176. Leo goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up because of my lousy personality!"
His statements reflect ______ attributions.
a. internal, stable, global c. internal, unstable, specific
b. internal, unstable, global d. internal, stable, specific
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
177. Juan goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed up! My problem is I just haven't learned
how to make small talk with women!" His statements reflect _______ attributions.
a. internal, stable, global c. internal, unstable, specific
b. internal, unstable, global d. internal, stable, specific
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
178. Of the attributional styles listed below, which is MOST likely to be related to prolonged depression if the
attributions are negative?
a. external, stable, specific c. internal, unstable, specific
b. external, unstable, global d. internal, stable, global
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
179. Of the attributional styles listed below, which is LEAST likely to be related to prolonged depression if the
attributions are negative?
a. external, stable, global c. internal, unstable, specific
b. external, unstable, specific d. internal, stable, global
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
180. The reformulated helplessness theory holds that ______ attributions are linked to diminished self-esteem.
a. global c. specific
b. stable d. internal
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
181. The reformulated helplessness theory holds that _______ attributions explain the persistence, or chronicity,
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of helplessness cognitions.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
182. The reformulated helplessness theory holds that ______ attributions are associated with the pervasiveness
of feelings of general helplessness.
a. global c. specific
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
183. The concordance rate between monozygotic twins for major mood disorders is more than ______ the rate in
dizygotic twins.
a. equal to c. three times
b. twice d. four times
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
184. Which statement most accurately reflects the current understanding of causative factors in the development
of major depression?
a. Genetics play a greater role than environment.
b. Environment plays a greater role than genetics.
c. Environment plays at least as great a role as genetics.
d. Personality style is more important than either genetics or environment.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
185. The chance of developing depression following major life stress is doubled in people who inherit a gene
involved in the transmission of ______.
a. viruses that strike during infancy c. radical nucleotides
b. proneness to migraine headaches d. serotonin
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
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186. Antidepressant drugs have been designed to increase levels of serotonin and ______.
a. amitriptyline c. dopamine
b. norepinephrine d. cortisol
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
187. Brain imaging studies show lower metabolic activity of the ______ in clinically depressed people.
a. temporal lobe c. medulla
b. prefrontal cortex d. hippocampus
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
188. Recent research on biological factors of depression show evidence for which of the following?
a. Depression involves too few receptors on receiving neurons for neurotransmitters.
b. Depression involves abnormalities in the cerebellum.
c. Depression involves excesses of certain neurotransmitters.
d. Depression involves abnormalities in the parietal lobe.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
189. Which food substance has been linked to lower risks of mood disorders?
a. Red wine c. Fish oil
b. Blueberries d. Spinach
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
190. Adding ______ fatty acids in supplement form can improve treatment through antidepressant medication.
a. alpha-4 c. iota-6
b. beta-3 d. omega-3
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
191. There is a strong relationship between eating ______ and low rates of bipolar disorder.
a. dark chocolate c. strawberries
b. seafood d. walnuts
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
192. Among the following countries, the lowest rate of bipolar disorder has been found in ______.
a. Germany c. Italy
b. Iceland d. Israel
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
193. Genetics appears to play _______ role in bipolar disorder than it does in major depressive disorder.
a. a much weaker c. a stronger
b. a weaker d. about the same
ANSWER: C
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorder
Skill: Factual
194. Research has shown the concordance rates for bipolar disorder to be _______ for monozygotic twins and
______ for dyzotic twins.
a. 16%; 23% c. 33%; 23%
b. 23%; 27% d. 43%; 6%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
195. Researchers in Sweden showed a higher risk of bipolar disorder with _________.
a. greater paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was over 55
b. greater paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was over 45
b. lower paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was under 25
d. lower paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was under 20
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
196. Among people with bipolar disorder, social support appears to ______ recovery from mood episodes and
______ the likelihood of future attacks.
a. have no effect on; reduce c. speed; reduce
b. have no effect on; increase d. speed; increase
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
197. Recent research indicates ______ can enhance the functioning of bipolar patients.
a. doubling the normal amount of medication
b. having a tightly structured schedule
c. eliminating seafood and caffeine-rich foods
d. social support from family members and friends
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
198. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on helping depressed patients ______.

a. turn their anger outward and express it verbally
b. develop a positive sense of self-worth through new goals and relationships
c. expand their awareness of their authentic feelings
d. modify behaviors that contribute to depression
ANSWER: A
Topic: Treatment of Mood Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
199. Modern psychoanalysts focus on helping depressed patients ______.

b. focus on present as well as past conflicted relationships
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
200. Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on ______.

a. resolving unconscious conflicts c. current relationships
b. changing learning schedules d. helping a person to self-actualize
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
201. Interpersonal psychotherapy is relatively ______ and focuses on a client’s ______ interpersonal
relationships.
a. brief; past c. long; past
b. brief; current d. long; current
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
202. Interpersonal psychodynamic therapy differs from traditional psychoanalysis in that it ______.
a. focuses on current relationships
b. emphasizes sexual themes in early childhood conflicts
c. focuses on behavioral techniques to supplement traditional psychoanalysis
d. emphasizes adolescent social experiences as a source of anxiety
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
203. Interpersonal therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for ______.
a. bipolar 1 c. cyclothymia
b. bipolar II d. major depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
204. Behavioral psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

d. develop more effective social and interpersonal skills
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
205. Cognitive psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

a. change their dysfunctional thinking patterns
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
206. Cognitive therapy, ______ behavioral therapy, entails a(n) ______ therapy format.
a. like; brief c. unlike; extended
b. unlike; brief d. like; extended
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Factual
207. Cognitive behavior therapy appears to be ______ antidepressant medications in treating depression.
a. less effective than c. as effective as
b. significantly less effective than d. significantly more effective than
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
208. Research has demonstrated that a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication produced
______ outcomes for treatment of depression compared to either treatment alone.
a. approximately equal c. slightly worse
b. slightly better d. much better
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
209. A biological approach to the treatment of mood disorders could involve which of the following?
a. Cingulotomy c. A prefrontal lobotomy
b. Insulin therapy d. Electroconvulsive therapy
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
210. Which of the following drugs (or drug groups) is used to treat depressive disorders?
a. Electrolytes c. Lithium
b. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors d. Benzodiazepines
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
211. Tricyclic antidepressants work by interfering with the reuptake of ______.

a. cortisol and thyroxin c. serotonin and cortisol
b. epinephrine and norepinephrine d. norepinephrine and serotonin
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
212. Prozac relieves depression primarily by raising levels of ______ in the brain.
554
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The Southern Railway of Peru, leading up from Mollendo, is an
important line which will be referred to later. Back of the coastal
bluffs, which rise on irregular slopes 3000 feet or more, is a desert
plateau of especial interest, on account of the sand dunes 10-12 feet
high which move slowly over it.
Moquegua, a Province south, the last district held by Peru, has a
primary port, Ilo, from which a railway 62 miles long extends to its
capital, Moquegua. The soil of the Province is especially adapted to
grapes and olives, which with wine and oil are the chief exports.
Many varieties of minerals are known to exist here in quantity.
The Sierra Region
This, perhaps the best populated of the three sections, comprises

seven Departments, some of which run over or down into the
montaña, as most of the Coast Departments run up into the sierra.
Cajamarca, bordering on Ecuador, is the first Department at the
north, a rather long one, running south back of Piura, Lambayeque,
and part of Libertad, which last is also on the south, as in its
southern part it extends over the West Cordillera and beyond the
Marañon. Cajamarca has that river on the east separating it from
Amazonas. Communication with the outside world is poor, the best
by way of Pacasmayo. An extension of the railway from this port is
hoped for. The highlands favor cattle and sheep breeding; the
valleys produce cereals, coffee, and sugar. Of course there are
minerals.
Cajamarca, the capital, famed for the seizure and murder of
Atahuallpa by Pizarro and the slaughter or dispersion of his army, is
an important town and distributing centre, with many industries;
leather goods, mining, cotton and woolen cloth, etc.
Huánuco, the next Sierra Department, does not touch Cajamarca.
East of Ancash, it has Junín on the south, and Loreto east and north.
Traversed by the Central and the East Cordilleras, by the Marañon,
Huallaga, and Pachítea Rivers, it has the Ucayali as its eastern
boundary. At the northeast corner the Pachítea flows into the
Ucayali, both rivers being navigable. The central route from Lima to
Iquitos goes down the Pachítea. All kinds of riches are here, but
communication is too difficult to make them very valuable at the
moment. Quicksilver, coal, iron, and copper are found, gold and
silver as a matter of course, agricultural products of great variety.
Huánuco, the capital, with a good climate, is 68 miles from Cerro
de Pasco, on the Huallaga River. It is an important place with varied
industries including sugar mills.
Junín, south of Huánuco, a very large and rich Department, is
east of Ancash and Lima, has Huancavelica south, and Cuzco and
Loreto east. It has three important districts, better known than those
in the Departments farther north: the mountain knot and range at the
west, the plateau, and the montaña section running down to the
Ucayali River, which separates it from Loreto. Lake Junín, 36 miles
long and 7 wide, altitude 13,322 feet, is the second largest Andean
Lake. Near by, occurred the battle of August 6, 1824.
In Junín are the head waters of important rivers: in the northwest
corner the lakes which are the source of the Marañon, Santa Ana
and others; the Jauja or Mantaro flows south from Lake Junín,
uniting with the Apurimac later to form the Ené; the Perené, rising on
the montaña side of the mountain far down unites with the Ené to
form the Tambo, which soon joins the Urubamba then becoming the
Ucayali. The smaller Pichis and Palcazu unite to form the Pachítea
of the Department of Huánuco. Junín contains immense mineral
wealth; among other mines the famous ones of Cerro de Pasco;
large stocks of cattle and more sheep. Cereals, corn, potatoes, and
other vegetables and fruits grow in the valleys of the plateau, which
has an altitude of 13,000 to 14,000 feet, with a temperature of
22°-65°. In the tropical east are plantations of coca, coffee, cacao,
sugar, and fruit.
Cerro de Pasco, the capital, will be referred to later.
Huancavelica, a smaller Department directly south, touches Lima
on the west, has Ica west and south, and Ayacucho east. This is a
Sierra Department exclusively, all high mountains, plateau, a few
alpine lakes, but with several deep cañons in which flow the rivers, at
the north the Mantaro. Minerals are the chief wealth. Famous since
they were opened in 1566 are the quicksilver mines; but since they
were buried years ago by a cave-in not much quicksilver has been
extracted till a very recent resumption of activity.
Huancavelica, the capital, is an important mining centre though
reached with some difficulty from Huancayo or Ica. Here above
12,000 feet the production of wool might be expected; there are
cotton mills also.
Ayacucho, a peculiarly shaped Department twice the size of the
preceding, runs to a point on the north between the Mantaro and
Apurimac Rivers. It has Huancavelica and Ica on the west, Arequipa
on the south and southeast, and Apurimac and Cuzco east. This also
is mostly highland, with temperate zone agriculture, cattle and
sheep, and with varied mineral riches.
Ayacucho, the capital, is a considerable and important city, but a
long way to go from anywhere. Mining and other industries are
engaged in.
Apurimac, much smaller, has Ayacucho northwest and southwest,
a bit of Arequipa south, and Cuzco southeast and northeast. The
Department is highland, but lower than at the north, with great
grazing ground and forests, with fertile soil raising temperate and
sub-tropical products, and with the inevitable minerals.
Abancay, the capital, is most accessible from Cuzco or from the
port of Chala. It is a small city, of some interest.
Cuzco, the largest Sierra Department, with a little of Junín has
Ayacucho and Apurimac west, Arequipa south, Puno southeast and
east, with Madre de Dios, Loreto, and Brazil on the north. The
Apurimac River to which the Urubamba is nearly parallel, forms most
of its western boundary, both rivers flowing a little west of north. The
upper waters of the Purús, and Madre de Dios flow north, south, and
east. Stock raising is carried on and there are minerals, but
agriculture is the chief industry. Cuzco is famed for the excellence of
its cacao, also for its cocoa and coffee; it has large sugar plantations
as well. Though with mountainous highlands, it has much territory
lower.
Cuzco, the capital, world famed since its conquest by Pizarro, is
beautifully situated at the head of the side-valley of the Huatanay
River. Interesting from its historic associations, its massive ruins, and
its picturesque charm, it is also of commercial importance.
Puno, the last Department of the sierra, has Madre de Dios on the
north, Cuzco, Arequipa, and Moquegua west, Chile and Bolivia
south, and Bolivia east. The Department, mostly highland, includes
the western part of Lake Titicaca. It contains many minerals, and has
a large output of gold. The production of wool, including the alpaca
and vicuña, is highly important. Potatoes, barley, etc., are grown.
Puno, the capital, a centre of mineral and woolen activities, is the
head of Peruvian navigation on Lake Titicaca and a meeting place of
the two tribes or races, the Quichuas and the Aymarás, the latter,
residents of northern Bolivia. The town is an important centre of
traffic.
The Montaña Region
This region comprising nearly two thirds of Peru embraces the

eastern forest country, the eastern slopes of the East Cordillera and
at the north the lower slopes of the other ranges. The region has
much rain, many large navigable rivers, and dense tropical forests
rich in useful plants, fine hard woods, and rubber trees. It has some
settlements on the river banks and on higher lands, and in the
forests, Indians, some of whom are peaceable and friendly, others
who might have been so had they not been badly treated by whites
of various nationalities, others still who have never seen the white
man and do not wish to. Three of these Departments border on
Ecuador, the most western, Amazonas, with Cajamarca on the west,
La Libertad south, and San Martín east. The last Department, more
than twice the size of Amazonas, has Loreto on the east and south.
It is traversed by the Central Cordillera and by the Huallaga River,
navigable to the important port of Yurimaguas, but for steamers not
much farther. The immense Department Loreto, touching Huánuco
and Cuzco on the south, with Brazil on the east, is with Madre de
Dios naturally the least known and least populated portion of Peru. It
is traversed by the Ucayali, and by the Amazon both above and for
some distance below Iquitos, to which port ocean steamers regularly
ascend. Madre de Dios, east of Cuzco and north of Puno, has been
little explored. A few rubber and mining concessions have been
slightly worked. Its future will come with transportation.
CHAPTER XXII
PERU: PORTS AND INTERIOR TRANSPORTATION
From the physical character of Peru, it is evident that inland

communication and traffic is of extraordinary difficulty. The countries
previously mentioned and most of those to follow have rivers by
which access to the interior may be gained. In Colombia the Pacific
coast barrier is not half so high, and another way is open from the
Caribbean. Venezuela presents several doorways, Ecuador also; but
in Peru, entrance by navigable rivers would be to journey over 2000
miles from Pará in Brazil at the mouth of the Amazon, then arriving
only at the back door, remote indeed from the busy civilized life at
the front. Some few do come in and go out that way, but not many.
Peru’s front is happily 1200-1300 miles long, but then a wall! and
in places not one only; back of that another and another; between
each two a deep, deep hollow; climbs, up and down, up and down,
to gain the fertile montaña; or, in the central section, where it might
seem easy going after having surmounted the high wall to the lofty
plateau, there are hills if not dales, with few level spots. Do not
imagine that a table-land is like a table! The country is rolling where
not mountainous; nor is that all. The various rivers that wind about
flowing now south now north, southeast and northwest, with
branches from any direction, these are not simple little rivers, a few
or many feet deep, which require merely an ordinary bridge; but
whether deep or shallow they are liable to be and generally are at
the bottom of a cañon 300 or 3000 feet deep, the top of which may
be a mile or two across. For a railway to descend to such depths and
climb up the other side, not once but the many times needful for a
road traversing the length of Peru is for a sparsely inhabited country,
governmentally poor, quite impossible. Hence the slowness of Peru’s
development despite its wonderful riches.
When some years ago the Pan American Railway from New York
to Buenos Aires was projected, investigation was made of
practicable routes by the United States Government. The way in
Ecuador is plain and in Colombia there is little choice; but in Peru the
question of highland, low coast, or far interior was to be solved. The
coast seemed less desirable as along here one could go by water.
Moreover, the Maritime Cordillera for a long distance is so near the
sea with so many spurs coming down to the coast, or as in Southern
Peru a bluff several hundred or thousand feet high with its feet in the
sea is so cut every little way by one of those 58 streams in a very
deep cañon, that it was not more inviting than the plateau region
above, where the road would be much more serviceable. Plateau
was the decision; but for the Great War, money might soon be
forthcoming; as it is, long delay is probable before the road is
completed. As for inland transportation therefore, it may be said that
it is carried on mainly by sea, which is no joke but stern reality;
accordingly coast service is well provided.
Coast Service
British, Chilian, Peruvian, formerly German, and now American

steamers sail along the coast, some express from Panamá, calling at
Callao and Mollendo only; others, express also, call at the other
primary ports, Paita, Etén, Pacasmayo, Salaverry, Pisco, and Ilo; still
others, caletero, call at the 20 minor ports also. From many of these
ports, as we have seen, railways extend some distance into the
interior, generally as far as they can go without taking a stiff grade.
Beyond the termini and in some cases directly from the ports, freight
is carried by mules, burros, or llamas, though in but few places do
the latter come down to the sea, their use being confined chiefly to
the region of the sierra. In the old Inca days the fleet footed Indians
sped over the narrow trails, often carrying heavy burdens. Horses
were introduced by the Spaniards; riding is universal, as almost
everywhere it is the only means of travel, from the coast to the
mountain region and within that section; roads aside from bridle trails
are almost non existent. Even in the thickly settled and rich Huailas
Valley there was not a wheeled vehicle in 1908; there is no way by
which they could be carried in except in pieces. The iron horse,
however, within the last half century has begun to make its way.
Chief Port
Callao. Although Peru has other primary ports which should be

visited by commercial men, Callao and Lima are the chief centre of
commerce for the greater part of the country. Both cities are of
course provided with good electric car service, lights, and
telephones; they are connected by an electric and a steam railway,
the latter, a part of the Central Railway of Peru, which climbs to the
interior heights. The double track electric road on a broad boulevard,
the most popular connection between the two cities, makes the ride
in 28 minutes. The site of the port, Callao, population 35,000, was
chosen with discretion, as except for Chimbote it has the best harbor
below Panamá. It ranks in traffic as the fourth American port on the
entire Pacific, following Seattle, San Francisco, and Valparaiso.
Callao has been distinguished as the only port south of Panamá with
docks accessible to large ships, though, as the accommodations are
inadequate, passing coastal steamers usually anchor half a mile
away, employing lighters for cargo; recently, steam launches serve
passengers, heavy baggage going in row boats. A floating dry dock
receives ships of 8000 tons.
Railways to the Interior
The Central Railway. In spite of the enormous difficulties of

making a roadbed up a steep cañon or on the face of a bluff,
bridging torrents, and tunneling side buttresses and mountain
ranges, two railroads, both monuments of skill and perseverance,
climb from the coast to the plateau, the Central, and the Southern
Railways of Peru. The first, a standard gauge line from Callao begun
in 1870 by the American financier, Henry Meiggs, was in 1876
completed as far as Chicla, 88 miles. On account of troubles
resulting from the Chilian war, it did not reach Oroya, long the
terminus, till 1893. The road follows up the Rimac Valley, which,
however, is so steep and narrow that detours into side valleys are
necessary, as into the Verrugas, which is crossed by a bridge 225
feet high, one of 67 bridges on the journey. Many curves, tunnels,
and V’s are also needed to gain in 7¹⁄₂ hours, with no more than a 4
per cent grade, an elevation of 15,665 feet at a distance from the
sea in a straight line of less than 100 miles. Frequently the floor of
the cañon has room only for the rushing stream, and the road
passes high up on the slope or cliff, at one point, 575 feet, or through
one of the 57 tunnels. Some of the cliffs are more than one third of a
mile in perpendicular height. The road is considered in some
respects the most wonderful of the world’s railways. A branch 10
miles long from Ticlio to Morococha, reaching an altitude of 15,865
feet, a trifle above that of Mont Blanc, is absolutely the highest
railway in the world. At Ticlio, the highest point of the main line, is
entered the Galera tunnel, three quarters of a mile long, which cuts
through the continental divide. The road then descends to Oroya,
altitude 12,178 feet. In taking the trip for pleasure or business one
not absolutely sure of the soundness of his heart should have it
examined, or at least should stop over two days at Matucana, 7788
feet, where there is a fairly comfortable hotel. Any one is liable to
suffer somewhat from soroche, which may be avoided by the stop-
over. In general persons of good constitution, not too full blooded,
will be troubled only by a headache, perhaps accompanied by
nausea, and those who are careful to avoid rapid walking or over
exertion of any kind for a day or two after arrival above, and who do
not overeat before setting out on the journey or afterwards may
suffer no inconvenience whatever. No liquor of any kind should be
used except in collapse from heart failure. Ammonia is desirable in
case of headache.
From Oroya, terminus of the direct line, there are branches to the
north and south over the plateau. To reach the montaña interior,
which is more accessible here than from any other point in Peru, one
may go by automobile over another range a thousand feet above,
and beyond this, down, down, down into the montaña. Tarma at
10,000 feet has a delightful climate, and here are trees, perhaps the
first seen in Peru, growing as it were of their own accord. The
picturesque cañon below is lined with verdure, here and there are
entrances to side valleys. Tunnels and romantic swinging bridges
formerly lent variety to the ride. The new automobile road opens up a
rich and delightfully attractive country. La Merced, altitude 3000 feet,
is quite a little town with a pleasant summer climate.
A short distance farther is the Perené, a coffee plantation, at 2500
feet, belonging to the Peruvian Corporation. The estate of 5,000,000
acres is not half cultivated, though 1¹⁄₂ million coffee trees had been
planted in 1903. At this altitude the country is still in the foothills of
the Andes with steep slopes on every hand, a narrow way only
extending along the river bank. The Perené is a considerable stream
easily navigable, an affluent of the Tambo, which flows into the
Ucayali; but the stream goes south a long distance around, and
through a region inhabited by savage Indians. It is therefore not
used. The Chunchi Indians living close by are fine looking people
and friendly, sometimes working on the plantation. This plantation is
on the main and mail route from Lima to Iquitos, capital of Loreto, to
which with good luck a journey may be made in 15 days. Seven days
are spent between Oroya and Puerto Jessup, then one in canoe to
Puerto Bermudez, and 5 or 6 in steam launch to Iquitos, where a
steamer may be taken to Manaos, Pará, or New York.
A branch railway line, American owned, built by the Cerro de
Pasco Copper Company, extends north from Oroya to Cerro de
Pasco, about 90 miles over a hilly country, past Lake Junín. Along
the way many Quichua Indians are seen, the chief population of the
plateau region. Cerro de Pasco, the terminus of the road from Oroya,
is a town of 15,000 population at an altitude of 14,300 feet. A branch
railway leads to Goyllarisquisga, 26 miles, another to
Quishuarcancha, 11 miles, to their coal properties.
Another branch or a continuation of the Central Railway runs south
on the plateau in the valley of the Jauja River past a city of that
name, population 3000, altitude 11,050 feet, a resort for
consumptives for whom the coast is too damp. Seventy-eight miles
from Oroya at Huancayo, population 6000, the road halted some
years, but lately building has recommenced and the road is probably
open some miles farther. Construction is proceeding in the direction
of Ayacucho to continue from there to Cuzco. By the time this is
accomplished a long stretch of the Pan American Road will be
completed, probably from the Callejón de Huailas to Lake Titicaca,
but the crossing of three cañons, one 3000 feet deep, makes this an
expensive job.
The Southern Railway of Peru, also planned and partly
constructed by Henry Meiggs before he commenced the Central,
begins at the port of Mollendo; after a few miles along the beach it
climbs the high bluff on the side of projecting buttresses, winding
about till it reaches the edge of the desert plateau 3000 feet above.
Then it proceeds on the almost imperceptibly inclined desert,
presently along the edge of the Vitor Valley, 107 miles, to the
beautifully situated Arequipa, population 50,000, altitude 7550 feet.
The city is on the lower slope of El Misti, partly in the valley of the
Chili River which flows between Misti, 19,200 feet, and Chachani a
little higher. Arequipa has a fine cathedral, and cultured society, but
poor hotels. A good one, opened prematurely some years ago,
unfortunately failed; it would be a great success now. In the crater of
Misti are pure sulphur crystals, with some of which I once filled my
pocket; but other sources are more accessible. Much business is
transacted in the city, this being the centre of commerce for Southern
Peru, an immense district with many towns and mining centres on
and off the railroad. At least one night must be spent here on the way
up, and several days are desirable both for business and to become
proof against soroche. The city is the site of the machine shops for
the railway, which with 526 miles of track is the longest in the
Republic. From Vitor between Mollendo and Arequipa an automobile
road is to be constructed to the Majes Valley and Chuquibamba.
From Arequipa there are semi- or tri-weekly trains to Cuzco and
Puno. The road winds around the desert slopes of Chachani to the
higher land beyond. From the divide, 14,688 feet, the descent is
gradual to Puno on the shore of Lake Titicaca, 219 miles from
Arequipa.
At Juliaca, 30 miles before Puno, the line branches north towards
Cuzco, 210 miles, a journey of a day and a half. Sleeping cars run
from Arequipa. The highest point on the north division is 14,153 feet.
Cuzco itself is at an altitude of 11,445 feet. The place, almost
surrounded by hills, has a more genial climate than might be
expected at this altitude. The appearance of the country is very
different from that near Cerro de Pasco with more green and a
milder atmosphere. Cuzco is said once to have had a population of
400,000, instead of the present 30,000. Some progress has been
made since railway connection was established in 1908; a decent
hotel, the Pullman, has superseded the apologies for one then
available. The population is chiefly Indian, and many come in from
the surrounding country to the markets. The Department, a very rich
but undeveloped section, is on the border where Quichuas and
Aymarás mingle.
From the port of Puno, on the shore of Lake Titicaca, altitude
12,500 feet, there is, in connection with the railway, steamboat
service (an all night journey) to Guaqui, at the south end of the lake.
Here is railroad connection for La Paz, a three hours ride, all under
the management of the Peruvian Corporation, a British company
which controls also the Central Railway and most of the short lines
from the various ports; the Corporation has further among other
concessions one for the export of guano.
Proposed Railway Extension
It is evident that the railways of this great country which nowhere

touch the vast montaña region and which leave destitute most of the
towns of the sierra district, are totally inadequate for its development.
However delightful the climate or rich the country in agricultural or
mineral resources, few persons in the present age will settle in
regions remote from cities in time if not in distance, and where the
interchange of products is almost impossible for lack of means of
transportation. The leaders of the Government are well aware of this
fact and are doing their utmost to promote railway development, both
through their own initiative and by their willingness to grant favorable
terms and, to some extent, guaranteed concessions to foreign
capitalists. The importance of connecting the coast and sierra cities,
and these with the Amazon Basin and river transportation to the
Atlantic is perfectly apparent. The ideal is for three or four railways
serving different sections to extend from coast ports up over the
mountains down to the navigable waters of the Amazon affluents,
and that such roads should be connected by a north and south line
in the sierra country as a part of the great Pan American system long
ago planned. Branches would diverge from all of these lines, thus
opening up large mineral deposits for operation, and the rich
agricultural lands of the montaña for settlement and commerce.
For a long time several routes have been under discussion and
some concessions have been granted, which mismanagement or the
difficulty of getting capitalists to invest in so remote a field have
rendered abortive. Therefore there is still discussion; and
opportunities for construction are open.
Beginning at the north the first cross line proposed is that in the
Department Piura, continuing the road from the good port of Paita to
Puerto Molendez, Calantura, or Limón, on the Marañon River below
the Pongo de Manserriche. This plan has the great advantage of
crossing the Andes at its lowest point, 6600 feet. An important
consideration is that it would make practicable the export from Paita
of rubber which is now carried from Iquitos by way of the Amazon
and Pará; the far shorter journey by sea from Paita to New York,
easily made within ten days, would more than counterbalance the
rail freight from the river port 400 miles to Paita. It would surely be a
better route for business men and offers other advantages; among
these access to coal and iron mines en route.
Another transcontinental route proposed is from some point
connected with the Central Railway which has already surmounted
the divide. A route on which much money has been spent for
engineering investigation, surveys, and otherwise is from Cerro de
Pasco or Goyllarisquisga to Pucalpa or some other point on the
Ucayali. This central road for political reasons seems extremely
desirable. It would open up the fine grazing lands of the Pampa
Sacramento, and rich alluvial gold deposits in or on several streams,
as well as the forest and rubber country. Another suggestion is to
continue the road directly east from Oroya down to the Perené River
and to Puerto Wertheman; a better may be to build 175 miles from
Matahuasi, a station on the Oroya-Huancayo Railway, to Jesus
Marie on the Ené River near the mouth of the Pangoa, where 12 feet
of water would permit of commerce by large steamers by way of the
Tambo and Ucayali.
One important cross route would naturally be by the Southern
Railway, from a point on the Cuzco branch, Tirapata, Urcos, or
Cuzco, the earlier plans looking to a connection with the Madre de
Dios River. But as this route would necessitate a long roundabout
journey, as well as a passage through Bolivia and freightage on the
Madeira-Mamoré Railway, the Government has recently undertaken
for itself a line from Cuzco to Santa Ana on the Urubamba, by which
the journey is greatly shortened and will be wholly within the
Republic as far as Brazil, following down the Urubamba and Ucayali
to the Amazon and Iquitos. The drawback to this route is that only
very light draught steamers can come up to Santa Ana at any
season of the year.
Lines quoted as under construction by the Peruvian Government
in 1919 are that from Chimbote up the Huailas Valley to Recuay,
already referred to, which when completed will be immediately
profitable, the continuation of the road from Huancayo to Cuzco, now
open 30 miles from the former city; and the Cuzco to Santa Ana just
mentioned. A short line recently opened from Lima to Lurín, crossing
the Pachacamac River, brings two fertile valleys with their fruit and
vegetables into close connection with the capital. Lurín is but 16
miles from the suburb Chorillos, which for some years has had
railway service. The ancient pre-Inca ruins at Pachacamac are now
easily accessible.
The Longitudinal or Pan American Railway, crossing all the others,
would come in at the north from Cuenca and Loja in Ecuador,
continuing to Huancabamba, Jaen, and Cajamarca in that
Department, thence down the valley to the Santa River, there joining
the railway to Recuay, which will be prolonged to Goyllarisquisga. By
this time the connection will be complete to Cuzco, and so to La Paz,
La Quiaca, and Buenos Aires.
CHAPTER XXIII
PERU: RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES
Agriculture
While for centuries Peru has been celebrated as a land of

marvelous mineral riches, especially of gold and silver, nevertheless,
in spite of her desert shore, her bleak table-land, and her
undeveloped montaña, like California, her chief wealth is in her
agriculture. What the figures say about the exports is easily
ascertainable; but though corroborating this statement they do not
tell all the story, since most of the mineral production is exported,
while the greater part of the agricultural stays at home. Of the latter,
sugar is the leading product.
Sugar grows along the coast and, where opportunity offers, up to
a height of 4500 feet; in the montaña to a height of 6000 feet. At
present most of it is raised near the coast. The Chicama Valley,
famed for its splendid estates, produces more sugar than the entire
Island of Porto Rico, and this of the finest quality. In the temperate,
equable climate, the cane matures early and may be cut all the year
around. It is unusually rich in sucrose. Some estates are 15-20 miles
square, producing 15,000-30,000 tons each; 50-60 tons of cane to
the acre is quite usual. The cane is cut and ground from 18 to 24
months after planting, and being cut throughout the year instead of
during four or five months only, the same amount of work may be
done with far less machinery and fewer laborers. In places a two
months suspension is made, when the river is full, to attend to
irrigation and to clean or repair machinery, etc.
The cane has more than 14 per cent sucrose, often 16 or 17 per
cent. The returns have nowhere been surpassed; the production to
the acre is double that of Cuba, where the average is 23-24 tons, in
Peru 45-50 tons. At Cartavio, an estate of 29,000 acres in the
Chicama Valley, they once cut 79.8 long tons of cane per acre from a
field of 85 acres. This had 15.24 per cent sucrose and gave 12 tons
of sugar an acre, a probable record. The grinding capacity is 1000
metric tons in 23 hours. In 1917 they ground 240,000 tons making
34,000 tons of sugar, mostly white granulated. The Casa Grande in
the same valley, said to be the largest estate in the world, has a
population of 11,000. Churches, schools, hospitals, and “movies” are
provided for the work people, and the luxuries of modern life for
owners and superintendents. In the montaña sugar cane is said to
grow to a height of 30 feet and once planted to persist for a century.
One writer speaks of two or three crops from one planting, but nine
years without replanting is not unusual on the coast.
In the year 1915-16, 100,000 tons were exported from Salaverry,
more the year following; half as much from the smaller port of
Huanchaco near by. Production in Peru reached 400,000 tons in
1918. The plantation Tambo Real, on the Santa River near
Chimbote, was recently sold for $1,750,000. Just back of the port is
plenty of good sugar land, now desert but easily irrigable. As the
nitrates have never been washed out of the land by rain, the soil is of
extraordinary fertility; with irrigation the cane receives the precise
amount of water required and at the right season. Back of Samanco
are two large sugar estates, one belonging to the British Sugar
Company, which has a larger at Cañete in the south, producing long
ago 30,000 tons a year. One estate had years ago 22 miles of
tramway which was to be increased. In some places small farmers
owning or renting land sell their cane to sugar mills. Most of the
estates have the best of machinery. In 1911 $100,000 worth of sugar
machinery was imported into one Department, Lambayeque. Labor
is cheaper than in Cuba, formerly 60 cents a day, but with housing
and other perquisites. Much sugar has been exported to Chile;
recently to Europe and the United States. Some years ago sugar
could be sold at a port at a profit for 1.5 cents a pound, more
recently at 2.5 cents. There is still a field for investment in desert
land, suitable for those with sufficient capital to arrange for irrigation.
About 600,000 acres are now devoted to sugar.
Cotton. Native to the country is cotton, and Peru has its own
special variety, Gossypium Peruvianum. It is so soft and fine that it is
called vegetable wool, and it is much used for weaving underwear,
stockings, etc., with wool, which it even improves, as the cloth is less
liable to shrinkage than all wool. This variety grows to a height of 10-
16 feet, giving a first small crop in eight months, but not reaching its
best until the sixth year. It holds out well through drought, requiring
but one irrigation yearly. The trees are planted 15 feet apart, the
interspace being occupied with vegetables and corn. No ploughing is
necessary and two crops a year are obtained. With the names full
rough and moderate rough it is mixed with wool for textile
manufacture. Piura is its special habitat, but it grows well in Ica at the
south.
The Egyptian, the Sea Island, or the ordinary American are
preferred by some growers on account of their earlier development.
The Egyptian is cultivated in Ica from the shore to 60 miles inland,
also in Lima; the Sea Island and the Peruvian Mitafifi, similar to the
Egyptian, near Huacho and Supe; the smooth cotton from ordinary
American seed anywhere. The Egyptian, also called Upland, grows
to about four feet, yielding two or three years, beginning six months
after sowing. It needs several waterings, but has an advantage in
being free from weevil blight. This and the ordinary American are the
most popular varieties. Peru is twelfth among world producers,
needing only more irrigated land for greatly increased production.
There is water enough but labor and capital have been wanting. All
conditions are favorable as in Egypt. The length of the various cotton
fibres is given as: Sea Island, 1.61 inches; Egyptian, 1.41; Peruvian,
1.30; Brazilian, 1.17; American upland, 1.02; Indian, 0.8.
Coffee. An important product is coffee, the best said to be grown
in the sierra region; but the finest I ever drank was raised on a small
plantation back of Samanco, where it was roasted, ground, and
made within the hour, of course pulverized and dripped as
universally in South America. In the deep valleys at the east also,
excellent coffee is grown: in Puno, in the Chanchamayo and the
Perené valleys, called the montaña by the sierra people, in Huánuco
farther north, in the Paucartambo valley of Cuzco south, as well as in
the Pacasmayo and other coast sections. Five hundred plants are
set to the acre, 800 in the Perené, which produce each 2 pounds
annually. Even with a low price for coffee its production is profitable
there, in spite of the one time $60 a ton freight rate to Callao; large
profits are made at good prices. After supplying home consumption
there is a considerable export.
Cacao. The production of cacao, which grows wild in the montaña,
should be greatly increased. The Department of Cuzco produces a
particularly fine article with exquisite taste and aroma, which brings a
higher price than that of Brazil or Ecuador, though little known
outside of the country. In the Perené Valley a plantation of 200,000
trees has been set out. Vast tracts in the Departments of Amazonas
and San Martín and in the Province of Jaen are also suited to its
growth.
Coca. The culture of coca is important, but more limited as to
future development since its medicinal use should not be greatly
increased and its general use not at all. The plant is a shrub, usually
six feet high, cultivated in the districts of Otuzco (the most important)
and Huamachuco (Libertad), Huanta (Ayacucho), Cuzco, and
Huánuco. It grows best in valleys of 3000 to 7000 feet altitude,
where the temperature varies from 60° to 85°, in clayey but not
marshy ground, with iron but no salt. It needs frequent rains and
humidity. Three or four crops may be picked annually, the first in 18
months; the yield continues 40 years. Care is needed in picking the
leaves and in drying. A great quantity is consumed by the Indians,
and some is exported to Europe and the United States, both as dried
leaves for making wines, tonics, etc., and for the extraction of
alkaloid; also as cocaine for the making of which over 20 small
factories exist in Peru. Chewing coca leaves is of great service on
the plateau for necessary and unusual exertion, but injurious and
stupefying when its use is continuous.
Rice is grown in the north in Lambayeque and in the Pacasmayo
Valley of Libertad. With one flooding and little ploughing the crops
are produced annually, 46,000 tons in 1917. A little is exported but
more is imported. The two varieties grown are Carolina and Jamaica.
The straw is not utilized.
Fruits of various kinds may be grown in all the coast valleys, but
south of Lima the culture, especially of grapes, is more advanced.
Even in poor years it is said that the grape crop is superior to the
European average; but too little attention has been paid to improving
and extending the industry. The vineyards are small and combined
with the other interests of a hacienda. The grapes are grown on
stocks about eight feet apart, supported first by canes, later by
trellises on adobe columns. Nine hundred gallons of wine an acre is
an average yield. Italia and Abilla are cultivated for white wines,
Quebranta, Moscatel, and others for red; the former of these two
being most prolific and generally grown. A pink Italia is a fine table
fruit. Wines cheap and good are manufactured to the amount of
2,200,000 gallons yearly, and 770,000 gallons of pisco, made from
white grapes, also quantities of alcohol. The sugar of the montaña is
used to make aguardiente or rum; in several coast districts a finer
quality is made from grapes and is probably what in some sections is
called pisco.
Peru is rich in the variety of fruit possibilities, but grapes and olives
are the only ones cultivated in a large way, with a view to commercial
profit. Olives grown in the south from imported trees are said to excel
those of Spain or California. About 70,000 pounds are exported. The
yield of oil is about 30 per cent; not enough is made for home
consumption. Large possibilities exist in this direction. Other fruits
grown are of course oranges, bananas, melons, pomegranates,
paltas, or aguacates, or as we call them, alligator pears, fine as
properly eaten, the half fruit with salad dressing inside; chirimoias,
when in perfection nothing better; strawberries nearly all the year
around at Lima, more like the wild fruit with delicate flavor; prickly
pears, peanuts, pears, cherries, etc.
Vegetables in great variety are raised, some like ours, others
never before met with. Potatoes in many varieties grow up to an
altitude of 13,000 feet or more. The wild bitter tuber from which the
varieties were probably developed still grows wild. Enock says the
yellow potato (not sweet) is unrivalled for excellence, but I saw none
superior to the best of our white. Other tubers cultivated are the yam
(three crops a year), manioc, and others.
Maize. The best maize in the world, says Vivian, is grown in Peru;
but I am sure that he never ate any sweet corn in Rhode Island.
Grown in all parts of the country up to 11,500 feet, it is native, like
potatoes and cotton, and is one of the main stays of the country.
Maize and potatoes are the chief foods of the Indians. Parched corn
is much eaten on the plateau; it is most useful where bread is not to
be had, and often is to be preferred. Toasted maize is called cancha.
Three, sometimes four, crops are had annually. Food for man and
beast, the stalks used for fodder, it is all consumed in the country.
That grown near Cuzco is said to be of the finest quality, with grains
the size of large beans, a very thin pellicle, and very farinaceous.
One district in Lima produces 10,000 tons a year.
Cereals are raised, wheat, barley, and oats, from 5000 to 11,500
feet. Wheat formerly grown on the coast is now seen on the uplands,
but large importations of wheat and flour are made. Barley grows to
a greater height, 12,000 feet or more and is much used for animal
fodder, for mules and horses, taking the place of oats, which are not
much cultivated. Alfalfa, much better for fodder than barley, is largely
used, growing in sheltered places up to 12,000 feet, about the same
as maize. A specialty of Peru and Bolivia is quinua, which is very
prolific and grows freely in poor soil from 9000 up to 13,500 feet. It
would be well if it were widely cultivated in other countries. Suitable
conditions could be found in many places not necessarily at such
altitudes. For many purposes it seems preferable to corn meal. It
may be eaten raw with sugar or water or cooked as mush; it is called
a tonic for soroche. The grains are round, about the size of mustard
seed.
Tobacco is raised to a small extent, especially in Tumbes and
adjoining districts. It is called of superior quality, and is preferred by
some Peruvians to the imported, but it is too strong and coarse for
many; the upper class Peruvians generally prefer Havanas. Perhaps
1000 tons are produced, some of which is exported to Bolivia, Chile,
and Brazil. The Government has a monopoly of its sale, regulating
price and profits of native and imported both, and owning the
cigarette factories.
Ramie grass and haricot beans produce each four crops a year,
flax and hemp, two crops; the castor oil plant is cultivated, and at the
south the mulberry with the silk-worm.

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Abnormal Psychology in a Changing

World 10th Edition Nevid Test Bank

7. Bipolar disorders include _______.

8. Disorders such as depression and dysthymia are ______ in nature.

9. Disorders such as cyclothymia are ______ in nature.

13. Major depression cannot be diagnosed if a person shows a history of ______.

17. A state of unusual elation, energy, and activity is known as ______.

19. Which of the following is an emotional symptom of depression?

20. Changes in sleep habits is a(n) ___________ symptom of depression?

21. Difficulty concentrating is a(n) _______ symptom of depression?

26. The most common diagnosable mood disorder is ______.

28. A client has major depressive disorder. That client is ________.

33. Which of the following is true of major depressive disorder?

49. Postpartum "blues" typically last about ______.

56. In the DSM-5, dysthymia is also referred to as ___________.

61. Dysthymia is ______ common in men than in women.

62. Others often perceive people with dysthymic disorder as ______.

64. __________ was introduced as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5.

66. __________ of women experience moderate to severe mood-related premenstrual symptoms.

74. In bipolar II disorder, a person experiences ______ episodes.

75. Bipolar I disorder affects about ______ of the adult population.

76. Bipolar II disorder affects ______ of the adult population.

78. Women are ______ as likely as men to develop bipolar I disorder.

80. The onset of bipolar I disorder usually begins with a ______.

87. Which of the following is characteristic of manic episodes?

89. People in a manic episode generally experience which of the following?

94. Cyclothymic disorder usually begins in one's ______.

98. Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of ______ episodes.

103. Which of the following is true of depression and stress?

109. Freud believed that mourning, or normal bereavement, is ______.

111. Recent psychodynamic theories see depression as ______.

115. A limitation of the self-focused attention model of depression is that ______.

116. From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from ______.

118. Learning perspectives tend to focus on ______ that contribute to depression.

124. Coyne’s interactional theory is based on the principle of ______.

127. The "cognitive triad of depression" is a concept pioneered by ______.

128. Which of the following beliefs is in the cognitive triad of depression?

129. Aaron Beck refers to an error in thinking as ______.

135. Judd is a perfectionist. His cognitive distortion is most likely to be ______.

144. Catastrophizing is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

147. "Musterbation" is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

151. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with depression?

153. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with anxiety?

155. Research regarding depression and distorted negative cognitions ______.

157. The concept of learned helplessness was pioneered by ______.

198. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on helping depressed patients ______.

199. Modern psychoanalysts focus on helping depressed patients ______.

200. Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on ______.

204. Behavioral psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

205. Cognitive psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

211. Tricyclic antidepressants work by interfering with the reuptake of ______.

The Sierra Region

This, perhaps the best populated of the three sections, comprises

The Montaña Region

This region comprising nearly two thirds of Peru embraces the

From the physical character of Peru, it is evident that inland

British, Chilian, Peruvian, formerly German, and now American

Callao. Although Peru has other primary ports which should be

Railways to the Interior

The Central Railway. In spite of the enormous difficulties of

Proposed Railway Extension

It is evident that the railways of this great country which nowhere