RRL

foriegn

1.)According to Jonathan Jackson and Elizabeth A. Stanko Public confidence in policing has become an
important issue in the UK. The police rely on legitimacy and public support, and initiatives to improve
levels of confidence are currently underway. The point of contact between citizens and officers is vital
in any such endeavour. But how are encounters judged and how important for public confidence are
assessments of the quality of contacts? We draw upon data from the 2005/2006 Metropolitan Police
Public Attitudes Survey to answer these questions. We test Skogan's (2006) finding that personal
contact has a largely negative impact on confidence; we demonstrate that unsatisfactory contacts are
indeed associated with less favourable opinions about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement
with the community. Yet consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that positively
received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and community engagement. Moreover, seeing
regular police patrols and feeling informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions
of effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude with some more positive thoughts on the
ability of the police to improve the quality of contacts and, perhaps, public confidence.

Bradford, B., Jackson, J., & Stanko, E. A. (2009). Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public
encounters with the police. Policing and Society, 19(1), 20–46.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10439460802457594

2.)According to Julia Yesberg,Ian Brunton-Smith and Ben Bradford Areas high in collective efficacy –
where residents know and trust one another and are willing to intervene to solve neighbourhood
problems – tend to experience less crime. Policing is thought to be one antecedent to collective
efficacy, but little empirical research has explored this question. Using three waves of survey data
collected from London residents over three consecutive years, and multilevel Structural Equation
Modelling, this study tested the impact of police visibility and police–community engagement on
collective efficacy. We explored direct effects as well as indirect effects through trust in police. The
findings showed levels of police visibility predicted trust in police. Trust in police fairness, in turn,
predicted collective efficacy. There was a small indirect relationship between police visibility and
collective efficacy, through trust in police fairness. In other words, police presence in neighbourhoods
was associated with more positive views about officer behaviour, which in turn was associated with
collective efficacy. The findings have important implications for policies designed to build stronger,
more resilient communities.

Yesberg, J., Brunton-Smith, I., & Bradford, B. (2021). Police visibility, trust in police fairness, and
collective efficacy: A multilevel Structural Equation Model. European Journal of Criminology, 20(2),
147737082110353. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211035306
4.)According to Murray Lee In recent years, policing organisations have become increasingly savvy at
producing positive images of police work through both the old and new media via the growth in
professionalised police public relations (PR) infrastructure. This image work comes as a response to a
number of modern policing and political challenges such as the public fear of crime, a range of police
reform agendas, the perceived crisis in policing consent and the withering of ‘old media’ such as
newspapers and a proliferation of new media, social media and citizen journalism. With a growing
body of international research pointing to the need for policing organisations to foster public
confidence and organisational legitimacy through the practice of procedural and distributive justice,
much less research has looked at public confidence in the context of police media work. Based on
original qualitative data,Footnote1 which includes interviews with key uniformed and civilian directors
of PR branches in Australian police organisations, this article constitutes a comparative case study and
explores how media and PR directors within Australian police organisations conceive of the links
between their ‘image work’, public confidence in the organisation, trust in policing and legitimacy in
the police institution. We investigate both the discourses and practices of public confidence raising
amongst a number of elite police PR managers.

Lee, M., & McGovern, A. (2013). Force to sell: policing the image and manufacturing public confidence.
Policing and Society, 23(2), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.647913

RRS

FORIEGN

1.)According to Henry Chow Using data collected from a survey of 501 university students in a western
Canadian city, this article examines the perceptions of the police among young adults and factors that
contributed to the variation in their evaluations of the police. Results demonstrated that respondents
held moderately positive attitudes toward the police. Multiple ordinary least-squares regression
analysis demonstrated that religious affiliation, personal safety, property crime victimization, violent
crime victimization, contact with the police, and police harassment or mistreatment experience were
found to be significantly associated with perceptions of police performance, whereas age, religious
affiliation, violent crime victimization, contact with the police, and police harassment or mistreatment
experience were found to be significantly related to perceptions of police treatment of minorities.
(Word count: 118).

Chow, H. (2010). Police-public relations: Perceptions of the police among university students in a
western Canadian city. International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 3(2).
https://ijcst.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/ijcst/article/view/30122

2.)According to OLUWASOLA, OMOLOLA This research work assesses public relations as a tool for
repositioning the image of the Nigerian Police Force using the Lagos State police command as a study.
Over the years the Nigerian police have experienced public scorn and apathy due to unprofessional
conducts, extra judicial killings, lack of commitment amongst others. It becomes necessary therefore
to put in place mechanism that will address the inadequacies in the force particularly as it affects
public perception of the institution. 200 copies of questionnaires were distributed to two study
population. Data obtained from Lagos command police officers, members of the Nigerian public, two
crime reporters, deputy police public relations officer, Lagos command and two public relations
consultants were analyzed using several analytical techniques to examine relationship among
variables under investigation. Findings from the research work showcased that although, the Nigerian
Public Relations Department (NPPRD)’s activities is beginning to penetrate into the minds of the
public, its current media relations practice must be addressed. Therefore, concerted efforts must still
be made to completely erase police negative image. Such effort will achieve unprecedented success
when backed by adequate funding by necessary authorities. Based on findings obtained from the
study, the researcher therefore recommend that henceforth, police personnel that will be appointed
to Man the NPPRD must be certified public relations persons. Also, the discriminatory media relations
practice of the PPRO, Lagos command must be urgently addressed. More importantly, the study
recommended that adequate funding must be provided to enhance the operations of the police.

OLUWASOLA, O. (2016). An Assessment of Public Relations as a Tool for Repositioning the Image of the
Nigerian Police Force, a Study of Lagos Command. Research Journal of Mass Communication and
Information Technology, 2(2), 1–16. http://eprints.abuad.edu.ng/772/

3.)According to Almutairi, Talal This thesis explores police-community relationships in Kuwait, aiming
to describe the current state and provide recommendations for positive relations. The study employs
theoretical concepts such as the co-creational approach, systems theory, social exchange theory, and
Habermas’s Theory of Communicative Action. Interviews with twenty-two participants reveal key
attributes affecting the relationship, including trust, satisfaction, commitment, control mutuality, and
participants' worldviews (Faith, Communitarianism, and Optimism). The findings highlight obstacles,
notably police behavior and communication style. The thesis recommends adopting the community
policing approach to address root issues and align police goals with community goals. This research
contributes to public relations theories and provides a unique perspective on police relations in
Kuwait, incorporating cultural and environmental factors.

Almutairi, T. (2013). Police-Community Relationship in Kuwait: Public Relations Perspective.

Dspace.stir.ac.uk. https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/18469
4.) According to Ertl, Paul Anthony Varton In 2009, the Ottawa Police Service collaborated with Rogers
Community TV to produce a documentary type show called On Patrol. While offering an educational
ride-along perspective to the viewer, the show also acts as a convenient platform for showcasing a
community-oriented organization interested in establishing good public relations. The aim of this
study is to assess whether the police-public interactions in the episodes studied conform to a two-way
symmetrical public relations model and if so, how effectively. Using a model developed by Hon and
Grunig (1999), which borrows from interpersonal communication and conflict resolution theories to
integrate symmetrical/asymmetrical communication strategies that modulate organization-public
relationships, the dialogues and monologues in the show are examined through the lens of various
tenets of the above-specified model. Although the On Patrol production does indeed embody the
spirit of positive public relations, the police-public interactions analyzed are nevertheless not
unambiguously symmetrical because of the unique requirements of the police profession.

Ertl, P. A. V. (2014). On Patrol for Good Public Relations: Are Police-Public Interactions Symmetrical?
Ruor.uottawa.ca. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/31535