DPWH - BOC, Pre-

Construction Division

Comprehensive Training
for DPWH Field Engineers

Module II - Bridge
CONSTUCTION METHODS
COURSE OUTLINE
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Part I- Introduction
Part II- Classification of Bridges
Part III- Construction of Bridge Foundation
A. Accessibility
B. Construction of Bridge Foundation
1. R. C. /Prestressed Concrete Piles
2. Steel Piles
3. Cofferdam
4. Bored Piles
5. Footing/Shaft/Coping
C. Construction of Bridge Superstructure
1. Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder
2. PSC Girders
3. Steel Bridges
4. Cable Stayed Bridges
5. Ach Bridges
6. Bailey Bridges
Part IV – Common Problems in Bridge
Construction
Part V – Safety Measures
I. INTRODUCTION

BRIDGE is a structure built over a

depression or obstacle such as
rivers, valleys or man made structure
such as another road line for use as
passageway for man and/or
vehicular traffic.

I.1
a) Main Bridge Components

a.1) Superstructure
Horizontal portion of the bridge which spans the
obstacle.

a.2) Substructure
Supports the superstructure and transmits the
dead and live loads to the foundation. It
accommodates adequate resistance to
vertical and lateral loads.

I.2
b. Types of Bridge Foundation

b.1)Spread Footing

Suitable for shallow foundation. Disadvantages; inability to withstand

horizontal forces/bending moment, danger posed by scouring & difficulty for
underwater construction

b.2) On-Pile Foundation

b.3) Caisson Foundation

A large water tight chamber within which work is done under water, as on
the bridge pier.

I.3
Parts of An Abutment
wingwall

backwall

bridge seat

footing

I.4
Common Types of Abutments

Full Height Open or Spill

Through

Diaphragm Gravity

I.5
 Piers

Abut 1 Pier 1 Pier 2 Abut 2

I.6
Common Types Of Pier

SOLID SHAFT MULTI COLUMN

PILE BENT SINGLE COLUMN

I.7
Parts of a Substructure
o Foundation
o Abutments
o Pier
o Bearing

I.8
Part II. Classification of Bridges

o Based according to usage

o Based on Type of Material Used
o Based on System of Design or
according to the type of supporting
structure used.
o Based on Location of the
Roadway

II.1
 TYPE OF BRIDGE ACCORDING TO
USAGE

o Temporary Bridge
o Permanent Bridge

II.2
 Types of Bridge Based on
Materials Used

o Timber Bridge

o Steel Bridge

o Concrete Bridge

II.3
Types of Timber Bridge

– Timber Trestle
– Log Bridge

64.00
meter clear
METERS

II.4
 Types of Concrete Bridge

• CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
BRIDGE

• PRE-CAST CONCRETE BRIDGE

II.5
Sample of Cast-in-place Concrete
Bridges

Flat Slab RCDG

Box Girder Voided Slab

II.6
 Sample Section Of Pre-cast
Concrete Girder Bridges

PSC I-Girder PSC T- Girder

PSC Channel Beam

II.7
Types of Bridge Based on System of
Design or according to types of
supporting structure used
• Simple span-Consisting of a separate
beam for each span, supported at one
end by fixed bearing and the other
end by expansion bearing.

• Continuous span-The superstructure

is continuous over one or more
support.
• Cantilever span –The end of each
horizontal member extend out past its
vertical support. The end projecting
beyond the support is called
cantilever.

• Suspension Span – The horizontal

members are supported by cables
passing over tower.
II.8
 Types according to the
position of the Bridge Floor
• Deck Bridge- The bridge floor
lies entirely above its
supporting structure.
• Suspension Bridge- The deck is
located entirely below the
supporting structures.
• Through Bridge- The bridge
floor lies somewhere between
the top and bottom of the
supporting structures

II.9
Samples of Steel Bridges

– Steel Girder Bridge

– Steel Truss Bridge

– Bailey Bridge

II.10
Sample Simply Supported Span

M F M F M F M F

II.11
Sample Continuous Span

L not more than 150 meters

M F F F F F F M

II.12
Sample Cantilever Bridge

II.13
Sample Cable-stayed Bridge

II.14
Types of Bridge Based on
Roadway Location

Deck Type

Bailey Panels

Through Type

II.15
Types of Bridge according to
Form and Structural Stresses

o Girder Bridge – Design for

flexural stresses

o Arch Bridge – Compression

as its primary stress

o Truss Bridge- Combination

of compression and tension.

o Suspension Bridge- Tension

stress

II.16
BAMBAN – Nielsen Bridge,
TARLAC

II.17
PART III- Construction of Bridge
Foundation

A. ACCESSIBILITY

DUE TO AQUATIC BRIDGE

OPERATION.

III-A.1
a. Embankment Craneway

Equipment Requirements: Bulldozer, Dump Truck,

Road Grader and Vibratotry Compactor.

III-A.2
 TIMBER CRANEWAY

A temporary wall installed to exclude water to allow construction work

within the area protected by the cofferdam.
Steel sheet pile is effective 5 – 20 meters depth

Equipment used are in driving Timber Piles is Diesel Hammer and Chain Saw
for cutting piles. Vibratory

III-A.3
Structural Steel
Craneway

III-A.4
c. River Re-channelization

Abut. "A"

Applied if working on a wide river bed with low level of water flowing
occupying a narrow area.

III-A.5
d. Timber Craneway

III-A.6
B. BRIDGE FOUNDATION
1. Types of Pre-cast
Concrete Piles
8 PCS
25 MM RSB

4 PCS
7 WIRE
STRANDS

PSC PILE ORD. R.C. PILE

III-B.1a
Driving Equipment

o Drop Hammer
o Single Acting Hammer
o Double Acting Hammer
o Diesel Hammer
o Vibratory Hammer

III-B.1b
 Drop Hammer
Disadvantages- 1) slow rate of driving
2)Cannot be used underwater,3)danger
of damaging piles,4)heavy vibration

III-B.1c
 The Importance of Test Piles
TEST PILE DATA

Project: Construction of Mabolo Bridge Province: Camarines Sur

Location: Naga City Hammer Used: M-23
Pile No. & Location: Pile Bent # 20-D Weight of Ram: 22.57 KN
Required Bearing Capacity: 344 KN Date Driven: 01-15-03
Cut-Off Elevation: (+) 1.53 m WHERE:
Ground Elevation: (+) 0.53 m Ra. = Bearing Capacity (KN)
Computed Casting Length after Driving: 19.00 m W = Wt. Of Ram/Hammer (KN)
Pile Tip Elevation after Driving: (-) 16.47 m S = Ave. Height of Penetration (MM)
Type of Test Pile: RC Pile H = Height of Fall of Ram (MM)
Dimension: 0.40m. x 0.40m. x 20.00 m K = Constant: 10 mm
Weight of Pile: 23.357 Kn Wp = Weight of Pile (KN)
FS = Factor of Safety

FORMULA USED: [ 2WH (W)]

Ra. = [ (S+K) (W+Wp)] FS

GROUND TIP NUMBER AVERAGE FALL BEARING

PENETRATION ELEVATION OF BLOWS PENETRATION OF RAM CAPACITY
(M) (M) (MM/BLOW) (MM) (KN)
0.00 0.53
0.30 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.20 -0.67 4.00 225.00 500.00 17.00
2.00 -1.47 5.00 160.00 900.00 42.31
3.00 -2.47 6.00 166.67 1,300.00 58.80
4.00 -3.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 147.21
5.00 -4.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
6.00 -5.47 23.00 43.48 1,500.00 224.14
7.00 -6.47 21.00 47.62 1,500.00 208.03
8.00 -7.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
9.00 -8.47 15.00 66.67 1,500.00 156.35
10.00 -9.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 128.46
11.00 -10.47 16.00 62.50 1,500.00 144.28
12.00 -11.47 19.00 52.63 1,500.00 167.01
13.00 -12.47 28.00 35.71 1,500.00 228.82
14.00 -13.47 32.00 31.25 1,500.00 253.58
15.00 -14.47 45.00 22.22 1,500.00 324.63
16.00 -15.47 48.00 20.83 1,500.00 339.25
17.00 -16.47 50.00 20.00 1,500.00 348.68

Recommended Length = from Elev 1.53 m. to Elev. -16.47 m. plus 1 meter

= 19 meters

SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY ;

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA CARLITO L. NACIONAL

Project Manager Project Engineer Engineer V
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC PAD-I, Bureau of Construction

III-B.1d
Single acting hammer
Is a freely falling weight
Disadvantages-1)require more
investment
2)More complicated/high
maintenance cost
3)More time to set up/take down,
4)require large operating crew

III-B.1e
Double acting hammer

III-B.1f
 1. R. C. / Prestressed
Concrete Pile
a.) Fabrication of Piles:
 After the result of test pile is reviewed and
evaluated by the Engineer as well as the
issuance of instruction on the fabrication
length of the piles, fabrication and casting of
piles shall commence.
Reinforcing steel bars shall be pre-assembled
at steel fabrication area and shall be installed
using suitable lifting equipment assisted by
manpower.
 Concrete to be poured shall be in accordance
with the required specification. Curing of piles
shall be done by continuous watering or by
continuously wet burlap covering the exposed
surface of the piles.
 Stockpiling of piles shall be limited to 3 layers
and shall be supported by wood block in
between the piles. Only designated lifting
points shall be used in lifting the piles.

III-B.1g
 a. Photo showing the
Fabrication of R.C. Piles

Coarse aggregates – 19 mm max.

Concrete strength – 27.6 mpa

III-B.1h
b. Lifting of R. C. Piles

III-B.1i
c. Delivery of Fabricated
Concrete Piles

III-B.1j
 d. Pile Driving

a.) Survey and Layout of Pile

Location:
 Joint survey shall be conducted to
determine the alignment and
location of piles. The pile location
shall be staked out and markers
shall be installed.

III-B.1k
 d) Pile Driving
(Continuation)
 Pile guide shall be constructed to
maintain the verticality of the piles
during driving. Pile guides or leads
are made of steel or wood
materials, vertically positioned
beside the piles to be driven.

 For fix lead pile driving method, pile

guide is an assembly usually
attached to the crane used for pile
driving. This is where the pile
hammer is directly attached.

III-B.1l
f. Proper Sequence of Driving Each

Pile in Pile Groups

III-B.1m
Methods of Splicing Piles

0.40 x 0.40 m.
R.C. Piles

4 meters
o Splice Can
o Build-up
0.40 m.

o Structural Epoxy
Male/Female

0.40 x 0.40 m.
R.C. Piles

III-B.1n
Equipment: Diesel Hammer

III-B.1p
g. Importance of Driving Each Pile
Continuously

III-B.1o
 TEST PILE DATA
TEST PILE DATA

Project: Construction of Mabolo Bridge Province: Camarines Sur

Location: Naga City Hammer Used: M-23
Pile No. & Location: Pile Bent # 20-D Weight of Ram: 22.57 KN
Required Bearing Capacity: 344 KN Date Driven: 01-15-03
Cut-Off Elevation: (+) 1.53 m WHERE:
Ground Elevation: (+) 0.53 m Ra. = Bearing Capacity (KN)
Computed Casting Length after Driving: 19.00 m W = Wt. Of Ram/Hammer (KN)
Pile Tip Elevation after Driving: (-) 16.47 m S = Ave. Height of Penetration (MM)
Type of Test Pile: RC Pile H = Height of Fall of Ram (MM)
Dimension: 0.40m. x 0.40m. x 20.00 m K = Constant: 10 mm
Weight of Pile: 23.357 Kn Wp = Weight of Pile (KN)
FS = Factor of Safety

FORMULA USED: [ 2WH (W)]

Ra. = [ (S+K) (W+Wp)] FS

GROUND TIP NUMBER AVERAGE FALL BEARING

PENETRATION ELEVATION OF BLOWS PENETRATION OF RAM CAPACITY
(M) (M) (MM/BLOW) (MM) (KN)
0.00 0.53
0.30 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.20 -0.67 4.00 225.00 500.00 17.00
2.00 -1.47 5.00 160.00 900.00 42.31
3.00 -2.47 6.00 166.67 1,300.00 58.80
4.00 -3.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 147.21
5.00 -4.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
6.00 -5.47 23.00 43.48 1,500.00 224.14
7.00 -6.47 21.00 47.62 1,500.00 208.03
8.00 -7.47 18.00 55.56 1,500.00 182.85
9.00 -8.47 15.00 66.67 1,500.00 156.35
10.00 -9.47 14.00 71.43 1,500.00 128.46
11.00 -10.47 16.00 62.50 1,500.00 144.28
12.00 -11.47 19.00 52.63 1,500.00 167.01
13.00 -12.47 28.00 35.71 1,500.00 228.82
14.00 -13.47 32.00 31.25 1,500.00 253.58
15.00 -14.47 45.00 22.22 1,500.00 324.63
16.00 -15.47 48.00 20.83 1,500.00 339.25
17.00 -16.47 50.00 20.00 1,500.00 348.68

Recommended Length = from Elev 1.53 m. to Elev. -16.47 m. plus 1 meter

= 19 meters

SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY ;

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA CARLITO L. NACIONAL

Project Manager Project Engineer Engineer V
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC PAD-I, Bureau of Construction

III-B.1q
 Summary of Pile Driving Data

SUMMARY OF BEARING PILE DATA

Project: Mabulo By-Pass Bridge Naga, City
Type of Pile: H-Pile, 79.02 kg/m
Recorded by: Severino B. Plurad, Jr.

REQUIRED BEARING POWER : 344 KN TYPE OF FORMULA :

REQUIRED TIP ELEVATION : (-) 10.47
CUT-OFF ELEVATION : (+) 1.53
CASTING LENGTH OF THE
12 meters plus 12 meters = 24.00
REGULAR PILE : (2WH) x W x 1
B.P. =
LOCATION : PILE BENT # 1 (S + K) x (W + P) x 4
SIZE OF PILE : 12" x 12" x 12 meters

MARK GROUND DATE TOTAL TOTAL AVE. FALL OF COMPUTED FINAL TIP PAY TOP OF
PENETRATION BEARING
OF PENETRATION PENETRATION LENGTH PILE
FOR LAST 20 POWER,
PILE ELEV. (M) DRIVEN (M) BLOWS (mm) (MM/BLOW) RAM (mm) (KN) ELEV. (M) L.M. ELEV.(M)

1-A 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 362 18.08 1,600.00 352.50 -16.47 18.00 1.53

1-B 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 336 16.79 1,500.00 346.40 -16.47 18.00 1.53

1-C 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 336 16.79 1,500.00 346.40 -16.47 18.00 1.53

1-D 1.00 10/25/02 17.47 336 16.79 1,500.00 346.40 -16.47 18.00 1.53

SUBMITTED BY: CHECKED BY: APPROVED BY:

NOEL G. ZAMORA OSCAR C. VILLANUEVA ORLANDO B. ROCES

Project Manager Project Engineer OIC - Regional Director
CIRIACO CORPORATION Project Manager I, BOC Region V

III-B.1r
2. STEEL PILES
Common Types of Steel Piles
• H-Pile

• Monotube Piles

III-B.2a
Typical H-Pile Section

Flange/Rib Thickness = 10mm.

Flange
Width =
0.30 mm.

Rib width =0.30 m.

Unit Weight depends on the design and
indicated in the Mill Certificate

III-B.2b
Structural Steel H-pile Driving

III-B.2c
Driving of Tubular Piles

III-B.2d
COMPLETED DRIVING OF
H-PILES

III-B.2e
Types of Monotube Piles

Tapering Uniform
Diameter

III-B.2f
DRIVEN MONOTUBE PILES

III-B.2g
3. COFFERDAM

III-B.3a
STEEL COFFERDAM

III-B.3b
Steel Cofferdam

III-B.3c
Excavation Works

III-B.3d
Shoring/timbering Works

Using timber planks, waling pieces and struts

2-3 meters in stages

1.Keep excavated materials clear at the top of excavation.

2.Keep loose tools and equipment clear at the top of excavation

III-B.3e
Timber Cofferdam

III-B.3f
Exercise Number 1

Select the best answer.

 4. Bored Pile
Advantages Over
Driven Piles
o Larger sections
o Can penetrate hard layers
o Adapts to different depths
o Risk of false refusal is
eradicated
o Less vibration and not noisy
o Fast execution
o More economical

III-B.4a
Disadvantages

o Requires specialized
personnel
o Risk of disturbed soil
around the pile
o Risk of poor contact at the
base
o Frequently difficult to keep
site clean

III-B.4b
Drilling Rig

III-B.4c
Bored Pile Attachments

III-B.4d
 FABRICATED STEEL
CASING FOR BORED PILES

III-B.4e
Steel Casing for Bored Pile
foundation (Calibrated)

III-B.4f
 Driving of steel casing
with adequate falsework.

III-B.4g
Driving of Steel Casing

Equipment used are Vibratory

Equipment and Air Compressor
mounted into a Crane.
III-B.4h
BAR BENDER FOR SPIRAL
STEEL CAGE BARS FOR
BORED PILE

Bar Bender is used for Spirals.

III-B.4i
Assembly of Reinforcing Steel
Cage Bars for Bored Piles

III-B.4j
An Auger

A crawler crane with an Auger

in drilling hard strata.
III-B.4k
A Few Notes About Drilling

o Preparation of Drilling Mud

o Installation of Steel Casing
o Actual Drilling
o Monitoring/.Desanding of Drilling
mud
o Stratification
o Verification of Soil Bearing
Capacity

III-B.4l
III-B.4m
Drilling using auger

III-B.4n
Sounding Cable to determine
the actual depth of borehole

III-B.4i
Soil Penetration Test Is Measured
and No of Blows Counted.

III-B.4j
No of Blows Is the N Value

III-B.4k
Installation of Rebar Cage

III-B.4l
Desanding of Contaminated
Bentonite Suspension

III-B.4m
Are Also Used to Secure a Clean
Borehole Bottom

III-B.4n
Installation of tremie Set

III-B.4o
Concreting Stage
o Cleaning of Borehole Bottom
o Assembly /Installation of Tremie
Set
o Concreting
o Depth Monitoring
o Shortening of Tremie Pipe
o Overpouring of Dirty Concrete

III-B.4p
Concrete Pourin of Bored Pile

III-B.4.q
Concrete Pouring

III-B.4.r
Shortening of tremie Set

III-B.4.s
Concreting During The Night

III-B.4.t
Newly Completed Bored Pile

III-B.4.u
 First Stage
Drilling Works
Drilling
Bucket Temporary/Permanent Steel
Casing, 10mm thk.

Ground Slurry
Level Level

Water
Table 1.50m

pw
ps

III-B.4.v
 Second Stage
Reinforcement Cage
Ground Slurry
Level Level

Water
Table 1.50m

Stiffining Ring @ every

2.0m, 2.50m on center

Cage Bar

Vertical Spacer @
2.50m to 3.0m on
center, spacer shall
be carefully welded
to the longitudinal
bars

0.20 –
0.30m
p

pw
ps
The Bentonite / Super Mud must be checked before the cage is positioned

Specific Weight  1.15 + 1.20 t / cu.m.

Sand Content  5 to 6% in volume

III-B.4.w
 Third Stage
Pouring of Concrete
Concrete Funnel

Mud

Ground Slurry
Level Level

Water
Table 1.50m

Tremie
Pipe

2.50m minimum

pw
ps

III-B.4.x
Methods of Testing Completed Bored
Piles

o Pile Integrity Test

a. By Crosshole Logging Method
b. By Low Strain Method
o High Strain Dynamic Testing

III-B.4.y
By Crosshole Logging Method

III-B.4.z
 Low Strain Dynamic Testing Requires Only the
Impact Caused by a Small Hand Held Hammer

III-B.4.x
Striking Hammer Lifted and Then
Dropped to the Top of the Pile

III-B.4.y
High Strain Dynamic Testing Force and Velocity
Records Are Continuously Viewed From the PDA
Monitor for Each Blow to Evaluate Data Quality, the
Maximum Hammer Energy Delivered to the Pile,
Pile Integrity, Pile Stresses and Other Pertinent
Information.
III-B.4.z
III-B.4.aa
III-B.4.bb
III-B.4.cc
5. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOOTING

5. CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE FOOTING

III-B.5.a
CONCRETE POURING OF BRIDGE FOOTING

III-B.5.b
 Installation Reinforcing Steel
Bars for Footing.
• Types of Rebars
• Handling and Storage

III-B.5.c
Installation of Forms for Footing

III-B.5.d
Concreting of Footing

III-B.5.e
Installation of Rebars For Column

III-B.5.f
Installation of Rebars for Coping
Beam

III-B.5.g
Installation of Forms For Coping
Beam

III-B.5.h
Constructed Substructure

III-B.5.i
Exercise Number 2

Select the best answer.

III C. BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE
1. R.C. Superstructure

o Girder
o Diaphragm
o Deck Slab
o Bridge Railing and
Sidewalk

Bridge Cross Section

Bridge Framing Plan

III-C.1a
C. BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES
C – 1. Falsework Construction
for RCDG Bridge

Drop Hammer with a crane is

used in driving falsework.

III-C.1b
Concrete Pouring of Girders

III-C.1c
Forms for Girders

III-C.1d
Installation of Side Forms

III-C.1e
Installation of RSB Deck Slab

III-C.1.f
 2. PSC GIRDERS
• Preparation of Casting Bed

III-C.2.a
 Cleaning/Aligning of Moulds

Base moulds/forms shall be free from dirt, rust and

concrete waste from previous pouring. Application
of form oil should be done after cleaning the
moulds/forms.

III-C.2.b
Cutting/Bending and
Assembly of Rebars

III-C.2.c
Securing a Duct Tube

III-C.2.d
Typical Duct Joint Detail

III-C.2.e
III-C.2.f
Mixing/placing of Concrete

Batching Plant, Transit Mixer, Concrete

Vibrator, Payloader, Water Truck and Crane.

III-C.2.g
Introduction to Pre-stressed Concrete

III-C.2.h
 Placing of Anchorage
Assembly

Stressing Jack is used to

measure the required
Jacking
III-C.2.iForce
Plain Neoprene Bearing
Pads

PLAIN ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD

A Sharp Corner Shall Be

Avoided
External Load Plates
Bond
PLAIN ELASTOMERIC SANDWICH BEARINGS

III-C.2.j
Laminated Elastomeric Bearing Pad

Dowel Hole Top Cover (Elastomer)

Side Cover (Elastomer)

Inner Steel Laminates

Outer Steel Laminates Elastomer Layer

STEEL-LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARING Bottom Cover
(No External Load Plates)

External Load Plate

Elastomer Layers

Outer Steel Laminate

STEEL-LAMINATED ELASTOMERIC BEARING

(With One External Load Plates)

III-C.2.k
Erection

Two Cranes of sufficient loading

capacity shall be used for
launching of Girders.

III-C.2.l
Installation of Forms and
Bracings for Deck Slab

III-C.2.m
Why Use T-girder Instead of I-
girder?

III-C.2.n
Preparation for Deck Slab Pour

III-C.2.o
Concrete Pouring of Deck Slab

III-C.2.p
Slump and Cylinder Tests

III-C.2.q
 Concrete Finishing

A batter board is installed in order to maintain

the crown.

III-C.2.r
 Pouring Sequence

Concreting is done by a crane with a concrete

bucket. Consolidated by concrete vibrator.
Broom finished-not more than 1.50 mm depth
corrugation
III-C.2.s
Pouring Sequence

III-C.2.t
Pre-cast Bridge Railings

III-C.2.u
Types of Concrete Finishing

Class 1- Ordinary Finish

Class 2- Rubbed Finish
Class 3- Floated Finish

III-C.2.v
III-C.3 Steel Bridges

III-C.3.a
Shear Studs for Composite Action

III-C.3.b
III-C.3.c
Transport

III-C.3.d
 Splice Plate Used to Splice the
Joints in Steel Girders

A gusset plate is installed to connect

the I-Beams and fastened by a high
tension bolts with toque wrench
measuring the force.
III-C.3.e
Sample Steel Truss Bridge

III-C.3.f
Sample Steel Truss Bridge

III-C.3.g
 Concrete Pouring.

Concrete Pouring by using a

Pumpcrete.
III-C.3.h
 Concrete Pouring.

Concrete Pouring using a Concrete

Pouring Machine.
Concrete Sidewalk

III-C.3.i
 Bridge Drain
for Steel Girder Bridge

III-C.3.j
 Expansion Dam
• Strip seal
• Sliding Plate
• Finger Type

III-C.3.k
Finger Type

III-C.3.l
Strip seal

III-C.3.m
Pre Molded Joint Filler

III-C.3.n
 Bridge Bearings
It provides an allowance in the bridge for all
anticipated movements which will usually be
in the longitudinal direction

III-C.3.o
 Classification of Bearings
• Fixed
• Expansion

III-C.3.p
 Types of Bearing

• Neoprene bearing pads

• Pot bearings
• Spherical bearings
• Sliding plates
• Up-lift bearings
• Rocker bearings

III-C.3.q
Neoprene Bearing Pad

III-C.3.q
Setting of Anchor Bolts

III-C.3.r
Pot Bearings

III-C.3.s
Spherical Bearings

III-C.5.t
Sliding Plates

III-C.3.u
 III - C.4 SUSPENSION
BRIDGE/CABLE-
STAYED BRIDGE
• The cable-stayed bridge is optimal
for spans longer than
cantilever bridges, and shorter
than suspension bridges. This is
the range where cantilever
bridges would rapidly grow
heavier if the span were
lengthened, and suspension
bridge cabling would not be more
economical if the span were
shortened.

III-C.4.c
 III-C.4 CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGE
• A cable-stayed bridge has one or
more towers (or pylons), from
which cables support the bridge
deck.
• There are two major classes of
cable-stayed bridges: harp and fan.
• In the harp design, the cables are
nearly parallel so that the height
of their attachment to the tower is
proportional to the distance from
the tower to their mounting on
the deck.

III-C.4.a
 III-C.4 CABLE-STAYED
BRIDGE
• In the fan design, the cables all connect
to or pass over the top of the towers.
The fan design is structurally superior
with minimum moment applied to the
towers but for practical reasons the
modified fan is preferred especially
where many cables are necessary. In
the modified fan arrangement the
cables terminate near to the top of the
tower but are spaced from each other
sufficiently to allow better termination,
improved environmental protection,
and good access to individual cables for
maintenance.

III-C.4.b
SUSPENSION BRIDGE

III-C.4.b
CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE,
FAN DESIGN

III-C.4.c
CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
HARP DESIGN

III-C.4.d
III - C.5 Arch Bridge

An arch bridge is a bridge

with abutments at each end
shaped as a curved acrh. Arch
bridges work by transferring the
weight of the bridge and its
loads partially into a horizontal
thrust restrained by the
abutments at either side.
A viatduct (a long bridge) may
be made from a series of
arches, although other more
economical structures are
typically used today.
III-C.5.a
SAMPLE OF ARCH BRIDGE

III-C.5.b
 IV. COMMON PROBLEMS IN
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND

TOLERANCE

CAUSES
1. INADEQUATE LATERAL SUPPORT
2. SQUARE HOLES NOT ALIGNED VERTICALLY
3. PILE TIP STRIKE A BOULDER

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVE AND REPLACE OR CONSULT THE
DESIGNER

IV-1
A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND
TOLERANCE

GROUND LINE

A. PLUMBNESS OF PILES BEYOND TOLERANCE

IV-2
 B. BREAKING OF PILE BUTT
DURING DRIVING

CAUSES

1. FINISH PILE BUTT NOT PERPENDICULAR TO

VERTICAL AXIS
2. INSUFFICIENTJ PILE CAP CUSHION
3. WEAK CONCRETE OR INSUFFICIENT
REINFORCEMENT

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REPAIR THE PILE BUTT

IV-3
 B. BREAKING OF PILE BUTT
DURING DRIVING

CAUSES

1. FINISH PILE BUTT NOT PERPENDICULAR TO

VERTICAL AXIS
2. INSUFFICIENTJ PILE CAP CUSHION
3. WEAK CONCRETE OR INSUFFICIENT
REINFORCEMENT

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REPAIR THE PILE BUTT

IV-4
B. BREAKING OF PILE BUTT
DURING DRIVING

GROUND LINE

B. BREAKING OF PILE BUT DURING DRIVING

IV-5
 C.BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

CAUSES
1. LACK OF LATERAL SUPPORT
2. EXCESSIVE DRIVING
3. OVERWEIGHT HAMMER
4. WEAK CONCRETE
5. IMPROPER LIFTING OF PILES

REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. REMOVE AND REPLACE

IV-6
C.BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

GROUND LINE

C. BREAKING / FRACTURING OF PILES

IV-7
 D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE
REQUIRED PENETRATION

CAUSES
1. PRESENCE OF HARD STRATA
2. HAMMER USED IS VERY LIGHT
3. USED OF INAPPROPRIATE TYPE OF PILES
4. USED OF INAPPROPRIATE TYPE DRIVING
EQUIPMENT
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. CHANGE THE FOUNDATION DESIGN
2. USED APPROPRIATE TYPE OF PILES AND
EQUIPMENT

IV-8
D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE
REQUIRED PENETRATION

GROUND LINE

HARD STRATA

D. FAILURE OF PILE TO PENETRATE THE REQUIRED PENATRATION

IV-9
E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

CAUSE
1. UNDERLYING STRATA IS SOFT
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. SPLICE THE PILES

IV-10
E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

GROUND LINE

SOFT STRATA

E. FAILURE TO PASS THE LOAD TEST

IV-11
 BORED PILE CONSTRUCTION

DRILLING WORKS

PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT

PENETRATE

CAUSE

1. PRESENCE OF OBSTRUCTION

POSSIBLE REMIDIAL MEASURE

1. PROPER USED OF DRILLING TOOLS (CHISSEL, AUGE, GRAB &

BUCKET)

IV-12
PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT
PENETRATE

VIBRO HAMMER
CRANE

STEEL CASING

GROUND LINE

OBSTRUCTION

1. PERMANENT STEEL CASING CAN NOT PENETRATE

IV-13
 CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

CAUSES
1. PRESENCE OF COLLAPSIBLE MATERIALS
SUCH AS LOOSE SOIL AND COHESSIONLESS
MATERIALS
2. APPROPRIATE PROPERTIES OF STABILIZING
MUD WAS NOT USED
3. HEAD PRESSURE OF STABILIZING MUD
WAS NOT MAINTAINED DURING DRILLING
4. EARTH MOVEMENT DUE TO TREMOR OR
VIBRATION BY HEAVY EQUIPENTS.

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. EXTEND THE DEPTH OF PERMANENT STEEL
CASING

IV-14
CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

2. CAVE-IN DURING DRILLING

IV-15
 DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF THE TIP OF THE PERMANENT STEEL CASING
2. LARGE VOLUME OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS OVER THE DRILLING
BUCKET

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. UNDERWATER CUTING OF STEEL CASING
2. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS
3. ADJUST THE POSITION OF PILE

IV-16
 DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF THE TIP OF THE PERMANENT STEEL CASING
2. LARGE VOLUME OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS OVER THE DRILLING
BUCKET

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. UNDERWATER CUTING OF STEEL CASING
2. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS
3. ADJUST THE POSITION OF PILE

IV-17
DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

3. DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED UP/REMOVED

IV-18
DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED
UP / REMOVED

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

3. DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT BE RAISED UP/REMOVED

IV-19
 DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT PENETRATE
CAUSE
1. DEFORMATION OF STEEL CASING
2. PRESENCE OF HARD STRATA OR EXISTING
STRUCTURES
REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. REMOVAL & REINSTALLATION OF STEEL
CASING
2. USE APPROPRIATE DRILLING TOOLS

IV-20
DRILLING BUCKET CANNOT PENETRATE

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

HARD STRATA

4. DRILLING BUCKET CAN NOT PENETRATE

IV-21
 BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF KELLY
BAR

CAUSE
1. DEFECTIVE OR OVERSTRESSED

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. OFFSETTING THE POSITION OF PILES
2. RETRIEVE THE CUT PORTION USING DIVERS

IV-22
BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF
KELLY BAR

KELLY BAR

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

DRILLING BUCKET

5. BREAKING / CUTTING-OFF OF KELLY BAR

IV-23
REBAR CAGE INSTALLATION
1. REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE LOWERED
AT GRADE ELEVATION CAUSES
2. BOREHOLE IS NOT STRAIGHT
3. REBAR CAGE ARE NOT STRAIGHT &
SPLICING OF REBAR CAGE NOT
VERTICALLY STRAIGHT
4. OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. REMOVAL & REINSTALLATION OR
REPLACEMENT OF REBARS
2. RESHAPING OF BOREHOLE
3. REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS

IV-24
 REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE
LOWERED AT GRADE ELEVATION

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

CAGE BAR

1. REBAR CAGE CANNOT BE LOWERED AT GRADE ELEVATION

IV-25
FALLING-OFF REBAR CAGE

CAUSES
1. WEAK/ABSENCE OF STIFINING RING
SUPPORT
2. INSUFFICIENT WELDING AND TIE WIRE AT
SPLICE SECTION
REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT

IV-26
FALLING-OFF REBAR CAGE

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

CAGE BAR

2. FALLING OFF REBAR CAGE

IV-27
 CONCRETE POURING
1. OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN

CAUSES
1. HEAD PRESSURE OF STABILIZING MUD NOT MAINTAINED
DURING POURING
2. STRONG EARTH VIBRATION CAUSE BY EARTH TREMOR
AND MOVEMENTS OF HEAVY EQUIPMENTS.

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURE

• REPLACEMENT OR ADDITIONAL PILES
• REMOVAL OF CAVE-IN MATERIALS & DIRTY CONCRETE,
PROVIDE ANCHORAGE TO THE GOOD CONCRETE

IV-28
OCCURRENCE OF CAVE-IN

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

TREMIE PIPES

CAGE BAR

1. OCCURENCE OF CAVE-IN

IV-29
 DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE
CAUSE
1. BREAKDOWN OF BATCHING PLANT

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURE

1. REMOVAL OF DIRTY CONCRETE & PROVIDE ANCHORAGE BEFORE
CONTINUING WITH THE POURING

IV-23
DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE

GROUND LINE

STEEL CASING

TREMIE PIPES

CAGE BAR

2. DISCONTINUITY OF CONCRETE

IV-24
 CLOGGING OF TREMIE PIPES

CAUSES
1. CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE NOT PROPERLY MONITORED
2. RATE OF DISCHARGE OF CONCRETE IS VERY FAST
3. PRESENCE OF WATER INSIDE THE TREMIE PIPES
4. OVERSIZED AGGREGATES

REMEDIAL MEASURE
1. REMOVAL AND REINSTALLATION OF TREMIE PIPES

IV-25
PILE INTEGRITY SHOWS
DISCONTINUITY OR DIRTY CONCRETE

CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS DUE TO
ABSENCE OR INSUFFICIENT
CLEANING OF BOREHOLE
2. CAVING OCCURS DURING CONCRETE
POURING
3. POURING INTERUPTIONS

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. ADDITIONAL PILES
2. REINFORCE THE EXISTING PILES

IV-26
PILE BEARING CAPACITY SHOWS
BELOW THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENT

CAUSE
1. PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS AT THE
BASE OF PILE DUE TO ABSENCE OR
INSUFFICIENT CLEANING OF
BOREHOLE
2. LOW SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
(FAILURE TO CONDUCT SPT TEST
PRIOR TO POURING OF CONCRETE)
POSSIBLE REMEDIAL MEASURES
1. ADDITIONAL PILES
2. REINFORCE THE EXISTING PILES

IV-27
Exercise Number 3

Do you agree or disagree with the

statement ?
V. Safety Measures:

BRIDGE SITE
Safety Measures:
Safety Measures:
Concluding Remarks

• Bridges serve as a primary

means of linking and bringing
people together from various
parts of the country. Hence,
Bridge means Friendship.

• The more bridges we build, the

more we become united in
sharing one common aspiration.