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Entrepreneurial Finance 6th Edition Leach Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Entrepreneurial Finance 6th Edition Leach Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Chapter 9
FOCUS
In this chapter, we focus on projecting financial statements for several years into the future.
Inadequate financial resources often constrains the venture’s ability to grow, is a primary cause
of financial distress, and can result in bankruptcy even though the venture may be profitable in
an accounting sense. The process of preparing projected financial statements based on percent-
of-sales relationships helps the entrepreneur anticipate and estimate additional external financial
capital needed to support the business model/plan. We also cover estimating sustainable sales
growth rates and estimating additional financing needed to support growth in this chapter.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Explain differences in forecasting sales for seasoned firms versus early stage ventures.
2. Understand the concept of a sustainable sales growth rate
3. Understand the process of identifying the quantity and timing of additional funds needed to
support the venture’s sales forecasts
4. Connect sales growth rates to the amount and timing of additional funds needed
5. Describe the percent-of-sales method for preparing financial plans
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Why is it usually easier to forecast sales from seasoned firms in contrast with early-stage
ventures?
2 Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements
It is usually easier to forecast a seasoned firm’s sales compared to early-stage ventures because a
seasoned firm generally has an operating history. The forecast of the firm’s financials therefore could
begin with the firm’s historical sales and the past relationships between sales and the other asset and
liability accounts. Early-stage ventures have little or no useful historical operating performance
against which to benchmark. Competitors’ operating histories, however, may provide a useful
reference. Nonetheless, when a venture is the pioneer in an industry, it is especially difficult to
forecast its financials, since there are no historical or competitor benchmarks to act as a guide to the
projections.
2. Explain how projected economic scenarios can be used to help forecast a firm’s sales growth
rate.
Since future state of the economy cannot be known, sales forecasts should be based on
specific macroeconomic scenarios that reflect expected values based on probabilities
assigned to possible outcomes.
3. Identify and describe the four-step process typically used to forecast sales for seasoned firms.
Forecasting sales or revenues for a firm that has been in operation for a number of years
usually begins with a review of the firm’s sales for the past several years. Typically, a five-
year period is used, if possible. The four steps are : (1) forecast future growth rates based
upon multiple scenarios and their likelihoods; (2) check the results of the first step with
industry growth rates and expected market shares – the “top-down” or “market-share-driven”
approach to projecting growth rates; (3) refine the sales forecast using direct contact with
existing and potential customers – the “bottom-up” or “customer-driven” approach to
projecting growth rates; and (4) consider the likely impact of major strategic changes
including changes in pricing policy, credit policies, marketing approach and R&D
developments and strategy.
4. What are the three steps typically used to forecast sales for early-stage ventures?
A new venture usually begins its forecast with a “top-down” market-driven approach. First,
an estimate is made of what the overall industry or market demand is likely to be next year
and over the following four years. The second step is to estimate a market share that the
venture believes it could attain. The third step should be an attempt to further refine the sales
forecast by working with existing and potential customers.
5. Describe the general relationship between the life cycle stage and the ability to accurately
forecast sales for a firm.
Venture capitalists and other seasoned investors know that forecasting sales usually gets
easier as a firm matures. See Figure 9.4. Sales forecasting accuracy is usually low during
the development stage, low to moderate during the startup stage, moderate during the
survival stage, moderate to high during the rapid-growth stage, and high during the maturity
stage.
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 3
6. How do venture investors adjust for the belief that entrepreneurs tend to be overly optimistic
in their sales forecasts?
Entrepreneurs tend to be exceedingly optimistic in their sales and cash flow forecasts.
Venture capitalists and other seasoned outside investors know that the ability to forecast
sales, and thus cash flows, accurately, tends to be inversely related to where the firm is in its
life cycle. In general, the more difficult it is to forecast sales accurately, the greater the
venture’s riskiness. Venture capitalists and other seasoned outside investors will adjust for
this greater difficulty by adjusting the expected value of the entrepreneur’s sales forecasts
downwards or by using higher discount rates to value the venture’s cash flows.
The sustainable sales growth rate is the rate at which a venture can grow based on its
retention of profits. In other words, assuming that a venture replicates itself in all aspects and
does not distribute any returns to investors, the venture can grow at the accounting rate of
return on equity where the equity base is measured at the beginning of a period.
8. Identify and describe the two equations that can be used to estimate a firm’s sustainable
growth rate.
NI
g= x RR
Ebeg
The following expanded model which provides greater detail in terms of operating
performance and financial policy metrics also can be used:
The “additional funds needed” is the financial funds still needed to finance asset growth after
spontaneously generated funds and the increase in retained earnings have been used. It is
calculated by subtracting Spontaneously Generated Funds and the Increase in Retained
Earnings from the Required Increase in Assets.
TA0 AP + AL0 NI
= (NS ) − 0 (NS ) − ( NS1 ) 0 ( RR0 )
NS 0 NS 0 NS 0
10. List the major sources of funds typically available to ventures that have successfully entered
into their rapid-growth life cycle stage.
Refer to Figure 9.6. The types of financing available during the rapid-growth life cycle stage
are: second-round financing, mezzanine financing, and liquidity-stage financing. The major
sources of financing during the rapid-growth stage are: business operations, suppliers and
customers, commercial banks, and investment banks.
11. Explain how the AFN equation can be used to forecast the amount of funds that will be
needed over a several year period.
To use the AFN equation to forecast the amount of the funds needed over a several year
period, one must estimate the venture’s asset intensity. This provides an estimate of the
relationship between sales growth and required assets. The asset intensity is reduced by the
amount of funds that can be obtained spontaneously, or from vendors and other sources of
working capital. Finally, the AFN is also reduced by the earnings that the venture is able to
retain. All three terms of the AFN equation can be estimated to forecast the venture’s
required funding.
The percent of sales forecasting method makes the projections based on the assumption that
certain costs and selected balance sheet items are best modeled as a percentage of sales. This
method naturally leads to a model of the mature firm that, in all of its aspects, grows at a
smooth rate.
13. After forecasting sales, describe how the income statement is projected.
Once one has projected sales, one can project the income statement by modeling the costs as
fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and variable costs, expressing them as a percent of sales.
Typically, the cost of goods sold and marketing expenses vary directly with changes in sales.
Other expenses such as G&A may be fixed over a certain range of sales, but will vary with
the venture’s scale (sales) in the long run.
14. Describe how balance sheets are projected once a sales forecast has been made.
The balance sheet projection typically separates into Asset Projections and Liabilities and
Equity Projections. The Asset forecast is usually consistent with estimating the necessary
increase in total assets in the AFN model. It is expected that an increase in assets is required
to support the increase in sales. Each item on the balance sheet is then expressed as a
percentage of sales. While in the short run, this percent of sales may vary as the venture
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 5
gains efficiencies, in the long run it will settle to a level consistent with mature firm sales
growth. The projections in the liabilities and equity side of the balance sheet include the
financing provided spontaneously through trade credit and accrued liabilities and
incorporates retained earnings from the projected income statement. The AFN then can be
thought of as a “plug” that makes the total liabilities and equity equal to the firm’s total
assets.
15. What role does the statement of cash flows play in long-term financial planning?
Most long-term financial planning efforts set cash as a percentage of sales or as a fixed dollar
amount for planning purposes. Thus, the statement of cash flows is primarily used as a
“check” on the projected income statement and projected balance sheet. A complete balance
sheet and income statement mechanically imply a working statement of cash flows.
The projected cash flow statement alternatively could be used as a dynamic forecasting
financial statement.
16. From the Headlines – Chipotle: Describe how cash budgets and projected financial
statements could be used in estimating how far $360 million could take Chipotle after its first
14 restaurants.
Answers will vary: With several restaurants in operations, projected financial statements
begin to take on more credibility. They also allow for the notion of “comparable stores”
where we can get a pretty good idea what a prototypical store’s operating behavior looks like
during its regular operating (non-startup) years. With this increase in credibility, we can
project revenues and expenses forward with more accuracy and provide a useful analysis of
how far $360 million will take the firm. As it grows, existing stores mature, new store
capital investment and startup costs are incurred, and all of this gets netted together to project
the drain on an existing stockpile of $360 million in cash.
INTERNET ACTIVITIES
1. Using a Web search, what is an expected long-term growth rate for the U.S. economy? What
are the current and longer-term expectations of inflation?
Web-researched results may vary due to the forecasting organization and sources used.
2. Using a Web search, find an industry report for an industry of your choosing. What are that
industry’s expected near-term and longer-term growth rates?
Web-researched results will vary by industry and existing near-term economic conditions.
1. [Sales Growth Rates, Sales, and Profits] Petal Providers Corporation opens and operates
“mega” floral stores in the U.S. The idea behind the super store concept is to model the U.S.
floral industry after its European counterparts whose flower markets generally have larger
selections at lower prices. Revenues were $1 million with net profit of $50,000 last year
when the first “mega” Petal Providers floral outlet was opened. If the economy grows
rapidly next year, Petal Providers expects its sales to growth by 50 percent. However, if the
economy exhibits average growth, Petal Providers expects a sales growth of 30 percent. For
a slow economic growth scenario, sales are expected to grow next year at a 10 percent rate.
Management estimates the probability of each scenario occurring to be: rapid growth (.30);
average growth (.50), and slow growth (.20). Petal Providers net profit margins are also
expected to vary with the level of economic activity next year. If slow grow occurs, the net
profit margin is expected to be 5 percent. Net profit margins of 7 percent and 10 percent are
expected for average and rapid growth scenarios, respectively.
A. Estimate the average sales growth rate for Petal Providers for next year.
B. Estimate the dollar amount of sales expected next year under each scenario, as well as
the expected value sales amount.
C. Estimate the dollar amount of net profit expected next year under each scenario, as well
as the expected value net profit amount.
A. Estimate the sustainable sales growth rate for Petal Providers based on the information
provided in this problem.
B. How would your answer in Part A change if economic growth is average and Petal
Providers’ net profit margin is 7 percent?
Note (Historical View): The 12.5% sustainable growth rate in Part A is based on last
year’s operating performance and financial policy relationships holding for this year. If
we just revise last year’s operating and financial relationships to reflect a net profit
margin increase from 5% to 7%, we would have:
Note (Forward-Looking View): If sales grow at 30% this year to $1,300,000 ($1,000,000
x .30) based on information in Problem 5, Petal Providers will need to improve its
operating performance, change its financial policies, and/or obtain additional equity funds
to support the “gap” between a forecasted growth rate of 30% and the 12.5% sustainable
growth rate calculated in Part A.
Looking forward and assuming the 30% sales growth rate can be funded this year and the
asset turnover ratio will remain the same, the sustainable sales growth rate for next year
can be estimated as follows:
A. What would be your estimate of the additional funds needed next year to support a 30
percent increase in sales?
TA AP + AL0 NI
AFN = (NS ) − 0 (NS ) − ( NS1 ) 0 ( RR0 )
NS 0 NS 0 NS 0
B. How would your answer in Part A change if the expected sales growth were only 15
percent?
4. [Sustainable Sales Growth Rates and Additional Funds Needed] The Minoso Corporation
anticipates a 20 percent increase in sales for 2017 over its 2016 level. Minoso is currently
operating at full capacity and thus expects to increase its investment in both current and fixed
assets in order to support the increase in forecasted sales.
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 9
Minoso Corporation
Income Statement for December 31, 2016
(Thousands of Dollars)
_________________________________
Sales $15,000
Operating expenses -13,000
EBIT 2,000
Interest 400
EBT 1,600
Taxes (40%) 640
Net income 960
Cash dividends (40%) 384
Added retained earnings $576
A. Estimate Minoso’s sustainable sales growth rate based on the financial data
relationships for 2016. In making your estimate, calculate each component of the firm’s
operating performance and financial policies.
g = operating performance x financial policies = (net profit margin x asset turnover (or
ROA)) x [(total assets/beginning common equity) x (1 – dividend payout policy)
g = (960/15000) x (15000/12000) x (12000/(2400 + 2800 – 576)) x (1 - .40)
= .064 x 1.250 x 2.595 x .600 = .1246 = 12.46%
Note: the beginning equity is the ending equity of 5200 (2400 + 2800) less the additional
retained earnings of 576 which equals 4624).
B. Estimate the additional funds needed (AFN) for 2017 using the formula or equation
method that is based on constant “percent of sales” relationships.
2017 sales = 15000 x 1.20 = 18000; change in sales = 3000 (i.e., 18000 – 15000)
10 Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements
The sustainable sales growth rate calculation assume a constant financial leverage policy
such that all forms of debt (current liabilities and long-term debt) will change with
changes in sales. The AFN equation assumes only accounts payables and accrued
liabilities will change with changes in sales. That is notes payable (bank loans) and long-
term debt changes must be negotiated and thus will not automatically change with sales.
Thus, if the 12.46% sustainable sales growth percentage is inserted in the AFN equation
(instead of 20%), the AFN will not be zero because of the differences in the financial
leverage assumptions between the two equations.
5. [Sustainable Sales Growth Rates and Additional Funds Needed] Following are two years of
income statements and balance sheets for the Munich Exports Corporation.
2015 2016
Net sales $1,300,000 $1,600,000
Cost of goods sold 780,000 960,000
Gross profit 520,000 640,000
Marketing 130,000 160,000
General and administrative 150,000 150,000
Depreciation 40,000 55,000
EBIT 200,000 275,000
Interest 45,000 55,000
Earnings before taxes 155,000 220,000
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 11
A. Munich has a target dividend payout of 40 percent of net income. Based on the 2016
financial statements relationships, estimate the sustainable sales growth rate for the
Munich Corporation for 2017.
Revised 2016 total common equity (with 40% target dividend payout):
Net Income times (1 - .40) = 132,000 x .60 = 79,200 in added retained earnings
Beginning equity of 330,000 + 79,200 = 409,200 ending equity
Expanded model:
B. Show how your answer in Part A would change if Munich decided not to pay any
dividends in 2017.
Expanded model:
C. Assume the Munich Corporation wants to grow its sales by 40 percent in 2017 over its
2016 level. Estimate the additional funds needed that will be necessary to support this
rapid increase in sales.
D. Sales are forecasted to increase an additional 20 percent in 2018 over 2017. Estimate
the two-year AFN that the Munich Corporation will need to finance its 2017 and 2018
sales growth plans.
Alternatively, the AFN could be calculated separately for each of the two years.
SPREADSHEET EXERCISES/PROBLEMS
[Note: The following activities are for students with spreadsheet software skills.]
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 13
A. Prepare an Excel spreadsheet model that projects the income statement, balance sheet, and
statement of cash flows for 2017 prior to obtaining any additional financing. Use a separate
AFN long-term financing (liability/equity) account to show the amount of financing needed to
make the balance sheet balance.
Financial statement projections for 2017 (as well as 2018 and 2019) are presented under Part
B below. The AFN for 2017 is 1120 prior to obtaining any additional debt and/or equity
financing.
B. Extend your 2017 spreadsheet-based financial statement projections for two additional years
(2018 and 2019). What is the total amount of AFN needed over the three-year period?
The total (cumulative) amount of AFN needed over the 2017-19 three-year period is 3984.6
(almost 4000, or nearly $4 million since the data are presented in thousands of dollars) prior
to making any financing decisions.
14 Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements
MINOSO CORPORATION
Financial Statement Projections
Note: Projections are Prior to New Financing Decisions
Ch 9, Prob 6
Sales Growth Rates------> 20% 20% 20%
Income Statements Actual Percent Forecast Forecast Forecast
2016 of Sales Forecast Basis 2017 2018 2019
Net Sales 15000 100.0% 1.20 x Current Sales 18000.0 21600.0 25920.0
Operating Expenses -13000 86.7% .867 x Forecast Sales -15600.0 -18720.0 -22464.0
Interest* -400 Initially Held Fixed -400.0 -400.0 -400.0
EBT 1600 2000.0 2480.0 3056.0
Taxes (40%) -640 40% of EBT -800.0 -992.0 -1222.4
Net Income (NI) 960 6.4% 1200.0 1488.0 1833.6
Accounts Pay 1600 10.7% .107 x Forecast Sales 1920.0 2304.0 2764.8
Bank Loan 1800 1800.0 1800.0 1800.0
Acc Liab 1200 8.0% .080 x Forecast Sales 1440.0 1728.0 2073.6
Total Current Liab 4600 5160.0 5832.0 6638.4
Additional Funds Needed (AFN) 0 1120.0 2435.2 3984.6
Long-Term Debt 2200 2200.0 2200.0 2200.0
Common Stock 2400 2400.0 2400.0 2400.0
Retained Earnings 2800 [+ Inc in Forecast RE] 3520.0 4412.8 5513.0
Total Iiab & Equity 12000 14400.0 17280.0 20736.0
*[Bank loan (1800) + long-term debt (2200)] times 10% interest rate = 400
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 15
MINOSO CORPORATION
Additional Funds Needed (AFN)
Note: Financial Statement Projections are Prior to New Financing Decisions
MINOSO CORPORATION
Statement of Cash Flows 2017 2018 2019
Net Income 1200.0 1488.0 1833.6
Change in A/R -400.0 -480.0 -576.0
Change in Inv. -440.0 -528.0 -633.6
Change in A/P 320.0 384.0 460.8
Change in Acc. Liab. 240.0 288.0 345.6
CF from Operations 920.0 1152.0 1430.4
C. Show how your spreadsheet model projections will change if the AFN from Part B is
financed by issuing additional long-term debt at a 10% interest rate.
The AFN for 2017 increases from 1120 prior to obtaining any additional debt and/or equity
financing to 1160.3 after financing the initial 1120 with long-term debt at a 10 percent
interest rate. For the initial calculation, 1120 x .10 = 112 which is added to the existing 400
of interest for 512. However, more than 1120 would have to be borrowed to pay the
additional 112 in interest. While this first pass interest estimate captures most of the total
additional interest amount (and avoids circularity problems with simultaneously estimating
financing needs and interest costs), several additional iterations or the Excel goal seek
function could be used to find a final slightly higher interest amount.
The total (cumulative) amount of AFN needed over the 2017-19 three-year period assuming
the AFN is financed with long-term debt (LTD) at a 10 percent interest rate is estimated to be
4256.1 or an additional 271.5 (4256.1 - 3984.6) to cover financing the AFN with LTD at a 10
percent interest rate.
16 Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements
MINOSO CORPORATION
Financial Statement Projections
Note: Projections Assume New 10% LTD Financing
Ch 9, Prob 6
Sales Growth Rates------> 20% 20% 20%
Income Statements Actual Percent Forecast Forecast Forecast
2016 of Sales Forecast Basis 2017 2018 2019
Net Sales 15000 100.0% 1.20 x Current Sales 18000.0 21600.0 25920.0
Operating Expenses -13000 86.7% .867 x Forecast Sales -15600.0 -18720.0 -22464.0
Interest -400 10% Interest Rate** -512.0 -643.5 -798.5
EBT 1600 1888.0 2236.5 2657.5
Taxes (40%) -640 40% of EBT -755.2 -894.6 -1063.0
Net Income (NI) 960 6.4% 1132.8 1341.9 1594.5
Accounts Pay 1600 10.7% .107 x Forecast Sales 1920.0 2304.0 2764.8
Bank Loan 1800 1800.0 1800.0 1800.0
Acc Liab 1200 8.0% .080 x Forecast Sales 1440.0 1728.0 2073.6
Total Current Liab 4600 5160.0 5832.0 6638.4
New LTD Borrowing (AFN) 0 1160.3 2563.2 4256.1
Long-Term Debt (Old Loan) 2200 2200.0 2200.0 2200.0
Common Stock 2400 2400.0 2400.0 2400.0
Retained Earnings 2800 [+ Inc. in Forecast RE] 3479.7 4284.8 5241.5
Total Iiab & Equity 12000 14400.0 17280.0 20736.0
**[bank loan (1800) + long-term debt (2200) + cumulative AFN estimated before financing] times 10%
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 17
MINOSO CORPORATION
Additional Funds Needed (AFN)
Note: Financial Statement Projections With New 10% LTD Financing
MINOSO CORPORATION
Statement of Cash Flows 2017 2018 2019
Net Income 1132.8 1341.9 1594.5
Change in A/R -400.0 -480.0 -576.0
Change in Inv. -440.0 -528.0 -633.6
Change in A/P 320.0 384.0 460.8
Change in Acc. Liab. 240.0 288.0 345.6
CF from Operations 852.8 1005.9 1191.3
The Pharma Biotech Corporation spent several years working on developing a DHA product that
can be used to provide a “fatty acid” supplement to a whole variety of food products. DHA
stands for docsahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid found naturally in cold water fish. The
benefits of fatty fish oil have been cited in studies of the brain, eyes, and the immune system.
Unfortunately, it is both difficult to consume enough fish to get the benefits of DHA and most
individuals might be concerned about the taste consequences associated with adding fatty fish oil
to eggs, ice cream, or chocolate candy. To counter these constraints, Pharma Biotech and
several competitors have been able to grow algae and other plants that are rich in DHA. The
resulting chemical compounds then are used to enhance a variety of food products.
Pharma Biotech’s initial DHA product was designed as additives to dairy products and
yogurt. For example, the venture’s DHA product was added to cottage cheese and fruit-flavored
18 Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements
yogurts to enhance the health benefits of those products. After the long product development
period, Pharma Biotech began operations in 2015. Income statement and balance sheet results
for 2016, the first full year of operations, have been prepared.
Pharma Biotech, however, is concerned with forecasting its financial statements for next
year because it is uncertain as to the amount of additional financing of assets that will be needed
as the venture ramps up sales next year. Pharma Biotech expects to introduce a DHA product
that can be added to chocolate candies. Not only will consumers get the satisfaction of the taste
chocolate candies they will benefit from the DHA enhancement. Since this is expected to be a
“block buster” new product, sales are expected to increase 50 percent next year (2017) even
though the new product will come on line in mid-year. An additional 80 percent increase in sales
is expected the following year (2018).
_______________________________
Pharma Biotech Corporation
Income Statement for December 31, 2016
(Thousands of Dollars)
__________________________________
Sales $15,000
Operating expenses -13,000
EBIT 2,000
Interest 400
EBT 1,600
Taxes (40%) 640
Net income 960
Part A
Pharma Biotech is interested in developing an initial “big picture” of the size of financing
that might be needed to support its rapid growth objectives for 2017 and 2018.
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 19
A. Calculate the following financial ratios (as covered in Chapter 5) for Pharma Biotech for
2016: (a) net profit margin, (b) sales-to-total-assets ratio, (c) equity multiplier, and (d)
total-debt-to-total-assets. Apply the return on assets and return on equity models.
Discuss your observations.
Pharma Biotech’s net profit margin is less than double digits. Hopefully as the venture
grows the net profit margin will improve through the spreading of fixed costs. Sales-to-
total-assets is greater than 1.00 times. Rapidly growth high tech firms would be expected
to improve this ratio as sales “ramp up” over time. Through the use of financial leverage,
the 8.00% ROA is improved to an 18.46% ROE.
B. Estimate Pharma’s sustainable sales growth rate based on its 2016 financial statements.
[Hint: you need to estimate the beginning of period stockholders’ equity based on the
information provided.] What financial policy change might Pharma Biotech make to
improve its sustainable growth rate? Show your calculations.
The payment of cash dividends at a 40% of net income rate restricts Pharma Biotech
from being able to crow more rapidly without having to issue more equity capital. For
example, a policy of no cash dividends payout (i.e., a 100% retention rate) would result
in a sustainable sales growth rate of:
C. Estimate the additional funds needed (AFN) for 2017, using the formula or equation
method presented in the chapter.
D. Also, estimate the AFN using the equation method for Pharma Biotech for 2018. What
will be the cumulative AFN for the two-year period?
Part B
Pharma Biotech is seeking your assistance in preparing its projected financial statements using
the percent-of-sales method. Initial projected financial statements can be prepared by hand
using a financial calculator or by constructing spreadsheet–based solutions.
A. Prepare a projected income statement for 2017 for Pharma Biotech before obtaining any
additional financing. [Hint: for those who need help, follow the projected income
statement shown in Table 9.1 for the GameToy Company.]
B. Prepare a projected balance sheet for 2017 for Pharma Biotech before obtaining any
additional financing. [Hint: for those who need help, follow the projected balance sheet
shown in Table 9.2 for the GameToy Company.]
C. Based on your projected balance sheet for Pharma Biotech for 2017, what is your
estimate of the additional funds needed? Why does the AFN from your initial percent-of-
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 21
sales projected financial statements differ from the AFN estimated using the formula
method in Item C above?
The spreadsheet solution shows an AFN of $3,664 for 2017. This is less than the AFN
formula method result of $3,736 because the interest expense was held constant since
additional financing has not been obtained. The AFN formula assumes that the profit
margin will remain constant, which means that all expenses are variable or move directly
with sales.
D. Prepare a projected statement of cash flows for Pharma Biotech for 2017. [Hint: for
those who need help, follow the projected statement of cash flows shown in Table 9.3 for
the GameToy Company.]
Part C
The following tasks or challenges are best handled by setting up spreadsheet–based methods
projecting financial statements.
A. Prepare projected income statements, balance sheets, and statements of cash flows for
Pharma Biotech for 2018 that build upon the projections for 2017 prepared in Part B
above. What is the cumulative (2017 and 2018) amount of additional funds needed?
Spreadsheet results are provided below. The amount of funds needed is $3,664 in 2017
and $9,240 in 2018. The two-year total is $12,903. The $1 difference ($12,903 versus
$12,904) is due to rounding each of the annual AFN to the nearest dollar. Recall that the
equation or formula method for estimating AFN was $13,220. As noted in Part B,
interest is being held constant in the spreadsheet calculation since the decision as to how
to finance and the associated financing costs have not yet been determined. The formula
method assumes interest is a constant percentage of sales.
B. Calculate the total-debt-to-total-assets ratio and the equity multiplier ratio (covered in
Chapter 5) assuming the cumulative AFN is financed with debt funds. How would these
ratios compare with the same ratios calculated for 2016 in [Part A] Item A above?
Because of the large amounts of AFN required to support rapid sales growth, financing
the AFN with debt funds would cause both the total-debt-to-total-assets and equity
multiplier ratios to increase rapidly. It is not likely that lenders would provide such large
amounts of debt funds (3,664 in 2017 plus 9,240 in 2018 for a total 12,903).
MINI CASE
Pharma Biotech Corporation
[$ Thousands] Sales Growth Rates 50% 80%
Income Statements Actual Percent
2016 of Sales Forecast Basis 2017 2018
Net Sales 15000 100.00% (1+growth rate) x Sales 22500 40500
Operating Expenses -13000 86.67% .8667 x Forecast Sales -19501 -35101
Interest -400 Initially Fixed -400 -400
EBT 1600 2599 4999
Taxes (40%) -640 40% of EBT -1040 -1999
Net Income (NI) 960 6.40% 1560 2999
[Note: Forecasts are prior to any new interest-bearing debt or equity financing.]
Chapter 9: Projecting Financial Statements 23
[Le 25.] — C’est bien fait pour l’écrire ! une lettre de ma chère
Marie, sur mon chevet, à mon réveil ce matin. Aurore d’un beau jour,
tant en moi qu’au dehors : soleil au ciel et dans mon âme : Dieu soit
béni de ces douces lueurs qui ravivent parmi les angoisses ! Je sais
bien que c’est à recommencer, mais on s’est reposé un moment et
on marche avec plus de force ensuite. La vie est longue, il faut de
temps en temps quelques cordiaux pour la course : il m’en vient du
ciel, il m’en vient de la terre, je les prends tous, tous me sont bons,
c’est Dieu qui les donne, qui donne la vie et la rosée ! Les lectures
pieuses, la prière, la méditation fortifient ; les paroles d’amitié aussi
soutiennent. J’en ai besoin : nous avons un côté du cœur qui
s’appuie sur ce qu’on aime ; l’amitié, c’est quelque chose qui se tient
bras à bras. Comme Marie me donne le sien tendrement, et que je
me trouve bien là ! Ainsi nous irons jusqu’à la mort : Dieu nous a
unies.