CLASS - 5

ALKENES
• Preparations-II
• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties-I
Preparation Of Alkenes : ALKENES

€€€
1. Partial Hydrogenation of Alkynes
2. Dehydration of Alcohols
3. Dehydro-halogenation in Alkyl Halides
4. Dehalogenation in Di-halides
5. Kolbe’s Electrolysis (Only Ethene)
6. Cracking of Alkanes
3. Dehydro-halogenation in Alkyl Halides (Base catalysed
B
Elimination
B-
c d
B
C C 1- BH
(Basey
+ ×
-

✗ alkene
Can alkyl halide) (an )

•
B- Elimination ( B- abstracts
p -
n -
atom )
( as acidic
•
1,2 -
Elimination

• Ease of Dehydro halogenation ( Elimination

3°R× > 2° Rx 1° Rx cnzx
• also follows Saytzeff Rule for the formation
&
of most stable product ( it also gives Major
Minor
products :
Regio - selective

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Bases (B) used :

* Alcoholic Kon
KOUROU TH
= =
ale

ale .
Kou
RX •
an alkene
A
(1° 29 5)
,
40° -
⑥ooo
•
Check stability via Saytzeff Rule

Ease of Rxn : 3° > 2° >

1°(R×)
* @+aÑHdamd : Ñtlz @ mideion)
NÑNÑ2 very strong base .

RX .
an alkene

④ 293°) -
visualise most stable alkene
( saytzeff Rule)

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 * Alkoxide Ion : R -0 ← RENE
or ROK -1

R÷ • GO REÑA
•

; Roy + Na

or
f- ale NaOH
or Kou
} .
@
Sod .

very good
alkoxide

)
R¥¥
base
; •
( 60°C) 7- ale KOH

t,
4
to As reagent £"
Reagent : →
ctsase
do
→ as reagent ( base]
RX
RONI
te :
Roy
an alkene : visualise Major &
293° ,
( via Elimn) Minor

RENE /Roll/
Rx
,
An ether is
1°
formed
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ via substitution
C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 b. f
Visualisation of Reaction : E-
B- - - -
-

µ5+
I b. b
l
HB c
- - - - - -

C
B-
-

B d
P b. f
C C ÷ b. b
p
2
(Base) ×
✗
(Transition State)

( partial JC ctbond
BH t + ×
-

C C

An alkene
bb : bond breaking
bf : bond forming
B- : Alc . KOU
-

: RO : alkoxide
-1204
-

ase
of Elimination : 3°R× > 2°R✗ → 1°R×

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 3° RX :( Hz)zC-Bv
"
Eto H
-

cuz
cite Etokt
?
P cuz Eton
,

GBR

Eton + <"
3
1- BT ( KBR)
/
cuz = ,

\CHz
( sobutene) Elimn -

product
Note : We can also used AK - KOH instead of Etokt .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

* -
St
2°RX :( CHIU -
Br
Eto

( Base
)
413 a
Etokt
Hzc -
ch -

cuz ?
B 1 Eton o
,
Br

+ ( Kbs)
-

=t0U t
Hzc Br
= CH -

cuz
Propene ( An alkene)
*
'

product
'

An E -

Up
-

Eto

% + Br
-

Br Eton +

cyclopentane
cyctopenlyl bromide
(E- product)
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 IRA :
cnzcnzctk.BR
Eto
not
-

C Base)
ca -
I
cn -
Énz - BE cnzcn -
cuz 40%)
3 ps ✗

-
4=17 an alkene
Eto
acts base
-

Eto
( Nu)
as a
)

→
CH>
CNZCHIOEE 690% )
Can ether
1°
Alkoxide Ether ( if acts Nucleophile)
-

+ RX Eto as a

1- Ethoxy
propane
( Ethyl -
n -

propyl ether

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 É
'

Visualise in 2- bromo butane by heating in Etoetote :

Eto
Eto
Hp Hp
→ ✗ ←
C -
c c - -
c * Reaction is
P P
I
↳ Br Regioselective

C- Bv -

C -
c = c- c
+ END c -
c -
c = a

1- Butene less alkylated

2- Butene : More alkylated :

+
+ Minor
Major
( say tuff) ( Anti Saytzeff )
-

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Eto Tert pentyl bromide
- -

Eto
gu
.

cuz -4 -
ÉHz -

cuz
B 13°
Br

EtEkEt0H/ 0
CUZ
C43
cuz =D Cnzctlz I (MAJOR)
-

cncn ]
cuz -
=

④ NOR)
HB
? HB =to-k
Fdn
p 3°
✗ >
.

B
Eton
cuz
Br
o
(Minor)
C43
(Exo)
Major
( Endo) ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
4. Dehalogenation in Di-halides ( only for &
chlorides
bromides
32

In
C C C C 1- 2h
.
Brz

alkene)
Br Can
2h 38

C C
C C

alkene)
-
ZnBrz Can
Br

Zn

Br
Fn
-

> Edge c- of +

Br
Én -
Br + Br → Znbrz

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Observe :
3Vz for
4=4 cage
> -

§! Di -
halides

¥
Clz

Ctlzclz
-
c
{
di
Is
/ cnzclz
I

Yes
⇐
3=4
-
(unstable)
-
does not exist

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

5. Kolbe’s Electrolysis (Only Ethene)

HztzNat2RC00NI@9DchargeAn.ode
Q
Cathode :

: R -
R +202 + 20th
-

In solution : 2. NaOH

Kolbe's of succinate
visualise the
electrolysis sod . :

Ña
cuz Cnzcoo Hzt2Na+
-

0004 NaOH
cathode:
£42604 {nzcoo Nta
-

charge
Anode:
cuz
-
É -
o
-

+ cuz
-1%-0
it
ze

dnz
§ -5,0-0
- -
-0
cuz
to
0

CUZ CUZ
@ there) 11 I
-2002
cuz Ghz
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 Me- In co5Ña
-
Q Product Hz 1- 2oz -12 NaOH
420
•

£42 Coo
-

Nat Charge the -

Cn =
cnz
d-
Methyl succinate Cpoopene)

Product :
• Ph -
ch -
COOH a H H2O ② Hz -12oz -12N aoy
{H -
COOH charge phcn __
cuz

✗ -

Phenyl succinate •
(styrene)
Phenyl ethene (IN
•

)
•
Vinyl benzene

ch =CHz
T
benzene vinyl

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

6. Cracking of Alkanes
•
Higher alkanes Lower alkanes + Alkenes .

in absence

of air

°
• Clt3CHzCHz cltz.CH =CHz + Hz

CHz=CHz 1- CHA
c :-c
•
CH3CHzCHzCHz CH3Ch=CHz 1- CHA
e:-c
atz=CHz 1- Cltzcltz
c÷H
& "

so on - - . . ( Not much
Important

cuz Chzcn =
cuz 1- Iz

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Properties Of Alkenes :

€€€
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
(A) Addition Reactions
(B) Oxidation in Alkenes
(C) Substitution in Alkenes
(D) Polymerisation in Alkenes
 & Toluene .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

(A) Addition Reactions:

1. Of Halogen Acids (HX)

+
2. Of Water in presence of Acid (H ions)
3. Of cold conc. Sulphuric Acid
4. Of Halogens in non-polar or weakly polar solvents
5. Of Halogens in Water ( Polar solvents )
6. Oxy-mercuration & De-mercuration
7. Hydroboration & De-boration
8. Hydroxylation
9. Hydrogenation

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

(B) Oxidation
1. By hot acidic KMnO¢ :
cleavage of double bond

2. By Ozone (ozonolysis) :
cleavage of double bond

3. Partial oxidation

1. By hot acidic KMnO4 :

KMn04/H+ ( )
O

( O)
c
:
c Mix of acids 1.1 !
.

i. OR

Mix of acid & ketone 1.1.1

0 0
① "
-
c- on + no - -

Mix .
of Acids

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 (° ) É É
•
HzC÷÷ cuz h - -
on + H -
on
-

(O)
-
only formic acid

(Ethene) . it is most easily

oxidisable acid CO2 1- H2O

[ HCOOH coz -1420 ]

>
R -04 + coz -1 H2O
cuz
§
-
•

Obs .
Terminal carbon is oxidised to 024420
'
• RCH CHR ) RCOOH 1- R' COOH
( Mix . of acids
(O)
• RCU ÷ CUR 2 RCOOH

csymm) (only 1
product
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 R
-
C
, ÷ cuz coz -1420 +
12-4=0
R R (ketone
( acid is NOT formed)
Germinal

Dialkylated
cnz + CO2 + H2O
cuz
Enzo(Acetone
-

•
cuz -

g
cuz )
ch
cuz ①
cuz g cuz -9--0 + Chzcootl
-
-
•

cuz ↳ ketone
( ) (acid)

÷ É ? cuz
"
(O)
.

cuz
-

g
2 cuz -0--0
cuz dnz ketone : 1
product
(O)
'
R + R' -4=0
R
FER §=o
-

ga
• -

'
R

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Obs : •
A Terminal alkene only t.com/sdCAu' d)

dia1kyIated@Jonly1compdCketoneJCgemicay.A
•
A Terminal

⑨
symmetric alkene only I
compd ( 2. omol)
:

@
f ch
cuz
+ cuz COOH

cyctopentanone (acetic acid)

(O) +
on cuz
-
Coon coz -1420
• I

'
1 2 3
CU
(O ) doom
• CUCUZ 1- Ch ] COOH
1- Phenyl propene (Benzoic acid)

2
'
3 ( O)
1- coz -1420
•
-
C
, ÷ cuz 4--0
lots ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ cuz Acetophenone
C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
2- Phenyl propene
2. By Ozone (ozonolysis) (oxidative cleavage)
' '
' '
' .

Yc Cf
.

.
÷
: + 03 C C

:
Ozonide
I •

i.
. an unable
intermediate
6) +
)c=o +
0=4
A mixture of
& ketones
carbonyl compds ( aldehydes )
oxidising
• so we use 2h / Uzo or
Pb/Hz0 to reduce ( o) → 2h0
or

03 Pbo

> =c{ 2h
/ H2O
= Reductive
Ozonolysis

or
Pb/ Hzo
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 Note : If Zn or Pb is NOT used
,
( o) →
will oxidise
the product of ozonolysis furthur .

03
• Hzc cuz 2 Homo ( HzC=0)
:
2%20
03 HCHO
<
↳ Cho +
•

Cllzcn cuz
:
2%20
•

03 R- c =0 + HCHO
• R -
C cuz I

R
, '

2%20 R

03
. R -

g ÷ Ch -
R R-c=o
'
+ Reno

R 24420 R

03
! cnzz.in/Hzo
•

0 T HUO

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 03
CHZCH Ch cuz 2
CHZCHO
-

/H2O
In

Cis/ trans)
03
CHCHzcttzz.nu cuz CUZCHZCHO
+
•
CUZCU CHO

,
-

03
"
'

Obs : A terminal alkene HCHO is one of

2h
/H2O
the
product
I =
cuz HCHO 1-
•

lcrinylic ) 4--0
Calor ketone
)
03
A alkene only 1 product
symm .

In
/H2O

(O) 03
coom en = CHCH
}
CHO
In
/H2O
+
CHZCOOH 1-
cuz CHO

Acids ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ Aldehydes C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Cb -7 chat 03
c=o CD } Cuz -0=0
cuz
£43
-

cuz
ditz
2h

+
+ cuz COOH CUZ CHO

Note : From a common alkene, ketone is the common

product on
ozonolysis ( Ogg ) & oxidation (O)

§ug÷
03 - c=0
- c=0 " ""

Ly ,
3 an
dy ,
+ +
CUZ COOH CU3CH0

£43
- o_0
←Euj - o_0

£43
+
(02/420) @
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ
+ CHO
)
C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
3. Partial oxidation :
1/2 02
C C
C C :
cyclic
Ag
Esters
catalyst

I (oxides of
-
alkenes)

Epoxides ( oxiranes)
cuz -0-0-4
-1g .

Epoxy alkanes

(Cuzco34 )
Per acetic acid
oxy
-

OR Ph -0-0 H : Ph Cozy Epoxidation

§
- -

Per -

oxy benzoic acid

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 PHCOSH
CUZ =
CUZ CUZ -

CUZ

\o/ - oxirane

•
Epoxy ethane
Ph°> H
cuz ch cuz
Ethylene
- -

cuzcn __
cuz
.
.

\o/ oxide
(Propene)
Propylene oxide
-

•
2-
Methyl oxirane
-

1,2 Epoxy propane

-

PhC03H
CHzC4zCH=C4z Chzcllz -
ch -
cuz

1- Butene
\o/ . 2- Ethyl oxirane

•
1,2 -

Epoxy butane
PhC03H
-
cn=cnz Ph ch
.
2- Phenyl oxirane
-
-

cuz
\o/ -
1,2 Epoxy-1 phenyl ethane
- -

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 (O )
Q .
X
.
.
Y only
an alkene
03
(51-110) 2h
Y t Z
Identify ×
, Y, Z .

0b£ : ✗ only Y : I compd

⑨ &
✗ Y product 03g
: same on

1- 2

Y will be a ketone
di ketone
× is
germinal
Also : Right ! !
Y is the
only product on oxidation

✗ is a terminal alkene of Type :

Rig
?¥J
=
cuz ; where R : Ch ]
or × :
R• pi : cuts
C)
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ . HCUO
C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
?⃝
✗: coz 1- H2O
④
cuz c
cuz
-

<"
1 :
31<=0
¢5410) ctlzcnz
Colts
/
•
(4)
03
'

only product
In

↳\ + HCHO
, = ,

↳ Its
/
formaldehyde
2- Butanone

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 03
Q .
> Y @311-60) + 2

✗ 2%20
an alkene ( (54/0) >
Y(C3HsD + A

Identify ×
, -1,3 A

product &
: common on
031am (O) Y is ketone

&
germinal alkylated : of
R-qg=
× :

↳ 460 = Cnltzno

✗ : Y: Cuzco cuz
cuz
f =
Cheung Cuzco cuz + Ch> COOH

CUS 03 1-
Cuzco cuz CNZCHO
2h

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Q .

✗ Y Find 44,2
⇐tho) 03
Z + A
an

✗ Terminal alkene
: since it gives only 1
product
R HC cuz ✗ dialkylated ?
gem
- = -

Clearly : R : n - Pr or lsopr Y + z

CHzchzcnz.cn = cuz

Chz
↳H - Ch =
cuz
CU
>

↳ cool
Note : If ✗ is -
2- Pentane : c-c c-c-c
+

↳ Ian Chzcnzcootl
cuz CHO 1- cnzcnzCHO
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 B"
(X ) decolourises ✗ is an alkene ( confirm)
cc 14
↳ Um ✗ 7-
cyclohexane
( O)
(4) acid
: ✗ is terminal

onlytproduct
(4) : can be resolved into -2 ' forms .

Resolution : separate Z '

Note : A technique to out
optically
' '
active enantiomers .
Y is
optically Inactive

Racemic mixture containing equi molar - amount of

two
d) e- forms .

create centre in Y
Try to chiral .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Since Y is an acid ✗ is not
germinal di alkylated
× :

R -
Ch =
cuz

④
R -

COOH coz + 420

Charing chiral Centre)

H
I * *
cuz -
C - COOH cuz -1cm
-
Cn =
cuz
1
Cuz cuz
CzH5
Y: optically ✗:
optically active
active

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 '
'

0312h
( O)

HFT +
(ketone) 0
(ketone
Acetone an
aldehyde
Ho - É
Can )
acid

see in 30 rain : 6.05 PM

you

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

(A) Addition Reactions:

1. Of Halogen Acids (HX) :X IF

+
2. Of Water in presence of Acid (H ions)
3. Of cold conc. Sulphuric Acid
4. Of Halogens in non-polar or weakly polar solvents ( Cola , ctlzclz )
5. Of Halogens in Water (Polar Solvent)
6. Oxy-mercuration & De-mercuration
7. Hydroboration & De-boration
8. Hydroxylation
9. Hydrogenation
Note : I (b) Addn .
of HBR in Peroxide
(only)
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
Rules of visualise in Addn reactions
rig products .
: -

× -

Y
I. C C c c

✗ Y
•
If ✗ & Y are added to same

side of double bond : SYN Addition

✗ -
Y
C C
'
×

•
If ✗ IY are added to opposite
side across double bond : ANTI Addition

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

II. - n an un symmetric
-
alkene ; watch for :

Markovnikov's addn Vs Anti -

Markovnikov's addn .

I
HA
=D not 1
-

Aol
c -
c
I
4
-
-

T terminal ) I 1
I 1 (Non Terminal
) c -
c - d -

d
-
-

-
c -
c - - l l
l l 1 A H
H A
A-
'

' : electro -
re atom is
is added to Terminal
'
A :

c- atom or test : electro 1- ve added to Non terminal

-

atom

atom is added to Non Terminal -

or H -
atom is added to Terminal

Anti Markovnikov's Addn

-
Markovnikov's Addis
.

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 HA
cuz CU =
Chz → cuz Ch -

cuz
£ te
Ao
-

Markovnikov's addn : is added to the carbon

having less (or No

) H -
atoms

HA
cuz Ch =
Chz → cuz Ch -

cuz

he 1A
Anti -
Markovnikov's addn :
Act is added to the carbon

atom having greater no ,

of
A- atoms .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 cuz
-É↳= en -

cnz

HA HA

443 443
cuz c ch cnz
-

cuz cuz
-

ch
-

- c -
-

I
↳ A 1A
1
4

AM -
addn .
M -
addn .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

te : • Reaction No .
1
, 2,3 : follow Markovnikov's Addr

(Don't think about syn & anti

'

addn in 1
, 2,43)

• Reaction No ,
445 :
follow ANTI Addis
Rxn . 5 also follow Markovnikov's addn (M -
addn )

Reaction follow Anti addis &

0,5¥
: 6 :
:
.

IN -
addn

follow Synaddn &

H☐B÷
• Reaction : 7 : :

Anti - M -
adds

• Reaction No . 8 & 9 :
follow only SYN -addn

•
Reaction : I (b) : follows Anti -
Markovnikov's
addition
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
Substrates for analysis :

d=d
4--4 ;
-
-

- CNz=Chz
•

Chzch -_ cuz

•
Chzch __ CH cuz
•

CHZCUZCU - cuz

( Cis/ Trans) .
¢43)zCh=CUz

•
cuz
-É"3=cn-cn 3

'

Tine MÉ me cuz

=cUz
' ' '
me Me me

CU
←
-013
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 8-1 8-
Reaction No . 1,2 &3
,
: 1 .
H -
X
s
Electrophile
I 2 . H -
OH H
+
← Electrophile
Addition
Electrophilic 0

H+ E- § -04
8-1 8-
H A Nucleophile 3
Electrophile
-
-

→
.

I 0

Electrophile
20
HX
CHZCU =
cuz Cuz
-
Ch -

cuz
✗ IF I
✗ he
2°
Markovnikov 's 2 H+
cnz CH cuz
.
- -

H2O I 1
(w v. t
-
A) on H

3. 4+0-5034 20
ch
cnz Chz
-

I 1
H
05034

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 CUZ CUZ
"✗
cnz
- d =
cnz Chz
-% -

cnz
✗ IF An Alkyl
I 4
•

halide

M -

position 2 H+ ch 3
( Nii)
.

Went A-
H2O cuz
-3% -

cnz
.
An alcohol
tote 4

3. 4+0-5034 CUZ
-3° d Sul phonic
cnz cnz
-
.

1 4 ether
05034
Note: Observe that
products are Alkyl hydrogen sulphate
20/30 in th addn
-

NOT 1° .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

IMP : Recall Reaction : Kb) .
Addis .

of HBR in

Peroxide : Anti M -

addn
443
.

cuz -
C = GHz
CH ]
H Br

Chez
-
d -

cuz
Peroxide

HBV
ts tsr
C43
A.M addn
&
-

cuz -
-
cuz . -

h
Br .
Product formed
•
M -
addn is 1?

•
Product formed
is 3?

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 ii. Bi
cnz-%3e.cn -É" >
.

>
cnz cuz en cuz
-
- -

I "
Br H
M - addn

I. b H Br
943
Peroxide cuz e
yn Chz
-
-
-

↳ Br

AM addn
-

Ht
_É"
2.
>
Hao cuz
-
en -

cnz
don '
n

3. 4+0-5034 943
cuz c ch Chz
-
-
-

'

tosozy 4

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

Reaction Mechanism ( visualisation) : (Electrophilic Addn)

5-1 8-
H -
Br H
C = C
↳
E o
it

(Nucleophilic ) electrophile

carbocation
.
Sub
a

§ - c-
(
H+

"
Br
-

C- E effect) ( Nu)

Is Is -

Br
E -1 addn product

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 8-1

CH , -
cn =
cuz
H -
Br
cuz
- En -
che ,

Cfropenej 2%-1 : More stable -1

cuz
-
- En
,

Br Ect : less
du Br
-

stable
cuz
- -
cuz
CM product ↳
it
-

(Major) Br
-

: >5
-80% cuz
-
CU -

cyzBr
•

Regio -
selective (Minor
↳
'
Where I products are formed ;
& of them is
one
major .

• Note : In M -

addn ( M product)
-

; Nui is added to

stable carbocation it MAJOR

more
giving as

product .

ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 943 Ht
3- cuz-4
Chez
-
c =
cuz → cuz
+
H2O :
( )
Nu
3°C -1 ; highly stable cuz

CUZ
+
cuz
- d -
Énz
d CUZH
Hao : Lg
cuz
- -

1%-1
/
to -n
Neutral
Nucleophile
: less stable

H +

Chz Hzo :

Chs d
CMS
gu ,
-
-

H+
ton H cuz d- cuz-01--4
-
-

4 In
Major : M -

product G90%) ch3

d-Cheon
• Observe the
regioselectivity .
Cuz
-

4
It shows higher n n
(why ?)
-

Connor)
AM product
ₕydᵣₒcₐᵣbₒₙₛ
- -

C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲