Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood A Cultural Approach 5th Edition Arnett Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Adolescence and emerging adulthood
A cultural approach 5th Edition Arnett

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ASSESSMENT Chapter 6
GUIDE The Self
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Culture and the Multiple Choice 5 2,3,4,6 1,7,8
Self True/False
Short Essay
Self-Conceptions Multiple Choice 13,15 9,12 10,11,14

True/False
Short Essay
Self-Esteem Multiple Choice 16,17,19,21,22,26 18,20,24,25,28,29 23,27

True/False 76,77,78,79
Short Essay 91,92
The Emotional Multiple Choice 35 30,31,32,33,34

Self True/False 80,81,82
Short Essay
Identity Multiple Choice 36,37,38,41,48,50, 39,40,42,44,49,54, 43,45,46,47,51,52,

56,57,59,62,65,68 55,58,60,61,64,70 53,63,66,67,69
True/False 83,84,85,86,87,88,
89
Short Essay 93,94,95
The Self, Alone Multiple Choice 73 75 71,72,74

True/False 90
Short Essay 94
Chapter 6: The Self
Multiple Choice
6.1.01. At the beginning of the chapter on the self, the author of the text uses Holden
Caulfield (the young character) from Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye to illustrate
a. adolescent rebellion.
b. how adults cannot understand adolescents.
c. how society has changed since the 1950s.
d. aspects of adolescents' self-development.
Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.01 Page Reference: 149

Topic: Introduction
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. aspects of adolescents' self-development.
6.1.02. Which of the following is associated with adolescent cognitive development?
a. Inability to see others' perspectives

b. Self-reflection
c. Concrete thought
d. None of these answers are correct

Topic: Introduction
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. Self-reflection
6.1.03. Which of the following is most true of identity development?
a. Middle childhood is the key life period for identity development.

b. During adolescence, a person's identity is solidified.
c. Identity issues are especially central in emerging adulthood.
d. After the first six years of life, a person's identity is set.

Topic: Introduction
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. Identity issues are especially central in emerging adulthood.
6.1.04. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to __________

self.
a. collection
b. social
c. ideal
d. interdependent

Topic: Culture and the Self
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. interdependent
6.1.05. The term self-esteem was invented by
a. Lawrence Kohlberg.
b. William James.
c. Jean Piaget.
d. Susan Harter.

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. William James.
6.1.06. Of the following countries, where is the independent self likely to be MOST valued?
a. China
b. The United Kingdom
c. The United States
d. Pakistan

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. The United States
6.1.07. Constantine is a young adult who spends a lot of time volunteering for his church.
He gladly gives a portion of his paycheck to his aunt and grandmother each month.
Constantine's wife, Vera, is very upset and thinks that he should be focusing on his own
career and trying to get ahead. Which of the following is most likely true of this couple?
a. Constantine grew up in an individualistic culture; Vera grew up in a collectivistic

culture.
b. Constantine grew up in a collectivistic culture; Vera grew up in an individualistic
culture.
c. They are exhibiting normal behavior due to differential gender socialization.
d. They are experiencing normal troubles associated with marriage in emerging
adulthood.

Skill: Applied
Answer: b. Constantine grew up in a collectivistic culture; Vera grew up in an
individualistic culture.
6.1.08. Tian is twelve years old. She arrives home after school and announces to her family,
"I am the best public speaker in my class! I am so proud of myself. I'm going to be a great
journalist!" Tian's mother replied by saying, "You shouldn't brag, Tian. Remember your
responsibilities." Tian's mother's comments best exemplify __________ cultural values.
a. individualistic
b. collectivistic
c. broadly defined
d. self-reflective

Skill: Applied
Answer: b. collectivistic
6.1.09. Childhood is to concrete as adolescence is to
a. combined.
b. defined.
c. vague.
d. abstract.

Topic: Self-Conceptions
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. abstract.
6.1.10. When asked to describe himself, Kolton replies, "I have a sister named Jo and I live
in Fort Qu' Appelle." Most likely Kolton is _________ year(s) old.
a. one
b. five
c. fourteen
d. sixteen

Topic: More Abstract
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. five
6.1.11. Muukadu's step-mother was a "workaholic" and was hardly ever home. Muukadu
plans to apply for law school, but swears she will not be like her step-mother. This scenario
best reflects Muukadu's
a. actual self.
b. feared self.
c. abstract thought.
d. barometric self-esteem.

Skill: Applied
Answer: b. feared self.
6.1.12. For an adolescent, feelings of failure may result from awareness of a difference
between the
a. false self and ideal self.

b. the ideal self and the feared self.
c. the concrete self and the abstract self.
d. actual self and the ideal self.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. actual self and the ideal self.
6.1.13. One reason that depression is more prevalent in adolescence than in childhood may
be that
a. feelings of inadequacy stem from large discrepancies between actual and ideal
selves.
b. parents do not understand what it is like to be an adolescent.
c. children do not have a sense of self.
d. feelings of loneliness accompany adolescents' abstract self-understanding.

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. feelings of inadequacy stem from large discrepancies between actual and
ideal selves.
6.1.14. Lauren, a ninth-grade student, describes herself as a pretty good guitar player and
an excellent math student who can't understand chemistry class. She says she is wild and
extroverted with friends in her band, yet is shy and quiet at school. Lauren's self-
description reflects
a. the inability to integrate different aspects of her identity.
b. that she is atypical of most adolescents.
c. differential gender socialization.
d. the ability to recognize contradictions in her personality.
Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.14 Page Reference: 151-152

Topic: More Complex
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. the ability to recognize contradictions in her personality.
6.1.15. According to research, an adolescent is most likely to put on a "false self" with
a. parents.
b. dating partners.
c. close friends.
d. teachers.

Topic: More Complex
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. dating partners.
6.1.16. Self-esteem enhancement programs became popular in the United States during the
a. 1930s.
b. 1950s.
c. 1960s.
d. 1980s.

Topic: Self-Esteem
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. 1960s.
6.1.17. The value placed upon self-esteem in the United States is associated with
a. child welfare.
b. individualism.
c. interdependence.
d. the age of adolescence.

Topic: Self-Esteem
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. individualism.
6.1.18. Which of the following may contribute to a decline in self-esteem experienced in
adolescence?
a. Imaginary audience
b. Response bias
c. Separation
d. None of these

Topic: Self-Esteem from Preadolescence Through Adolescence
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. Imaginary audience
6.1.19. Which of the following scholars distinguished between baseline self-esteem and
barometric self-esteem?
a. Susan Harter
b. Erik Erikson
c. Lawrence Kohlberg
d. Morris Rosenberg

Topic: Different Aspects of Self-Esteem
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. Morris Rosenberg
6.1.20. When would a person likely experience the most intense fluctuations in barometric
self-esteem?
a. Early adolescence
b. Middle adolescence
c. Late adolescence
d. Emerging adulthood

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. Early adolescence
6.1.21. The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents was developed by
a. Morris Rosenberg
b. Carol Gilligan
c. James Marcia
d. Susan Harter
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. Susan Harter
6.1.22. Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of self-image proposed by Harter?
a. Scholastic competence
b. Romantic appeal
c. Extracurricular participation
d. Behavioral conduct

Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Extracurricular participation
6.1.23. Lee responded to The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. Lee has a high self-
image in terms of close friendship, and a low-self image in terms of physical appearance.
Lee is most likely
a. male.
b. female.
c. bisexual.
d. prone to depression.

Skill: Applied
Answer: b. female.
6.1.24. Which of the following statements relate to girls' decline in self-esteem in

adolescence?
a. Normal physical development is at odds with a cultural ideal of thinness.

b. Boys typically have a more negative body image than do girls.
c. Girls' scholastic achievement is typically lower than that of boys.
d. All of these.

Topic: Self-Esteem and Physical Appearance
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. Normal physical development is at odds with a cultural ideal of thinness.
6.1.25. Most of Harter's research has been conducted with

a. middle-class Canadian adolescents.
b. middle-class American adolescents.
c. American college students.
d. British adolescents in foster homes.

Topic: Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. middle-class American adolescents.
6.1.26. Recent research has shown that an effective way of increasing school-related self-
esteem is to
a. teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real achievements.
b. praise students regardless of real effort or achievement.
c. encourage students to rate themselves favorably on self-image questionnaires.
d. teach students how to praise themselves even when they don't try to do well.

Topic: Causes and Effects of Self-Esteem
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real
achievements.
6.1.27. Tessa's parents have noticed that she has low self-esteem. Of the following, what is
the best advice for them?
a. Provide love and encouragement

b. Send her to a "boot camp"
c. Do nothing; it's a normal phase
d. Seek treatment for depression

Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Provide love and encouragement
6.1.28. In the 1960s and 1970s, American educational programs designed to enhance self-
esteem reflected a predominant belief that self-esteem
a. is a result of school success.

b. is a cause of school success.
c. had declined steadily since World War II.
d. is a socio-cultural invention.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. is a cause of school success.
6.1.29. An increase in self-esteem in emerging adulthood may be associated with
a. comfort with one's physical appearance.

b. improved relationships with parents.
c. social acceptance from peers.
d. all of these answers are correct.

Topic: Self-Esteem in Emerging Adulthood
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. all of these answers are correct.
6.1.30. Throughout the ages, the period of adolescence has been considered a time of
a. increased emotionality.
b. increased resiliency.
c. decreased cognition.
d. decreased ambition.

Topic: The Emotional Self
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. increased emotionality.
6.1.31. According to most scholars, increased emotionality in adolescence can be attributed

to
a. raging hormones.
b. cognitive and environmental factors.
c. the generation gap.
d. storm and stress.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. cognitive and environmental factors.
6.1.32. According to the text, recent research indicates that ___________ may make a
significant contribution to adolescents' emotionality.
a. media consumption
b. globalization
c. brain development
d. environmental toxins

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. brain development
6.1.33. According to Gilligan's theory, girls have a "different voice" than boys. This refers to
girls'
a. sensitivity to the subtleties of relationships and emotions.

b. understanding of logical and mathematical problems.
c. tendency to speak more than boys.
d. awareness of extra-sensory perceptions.

Topic: Gender and the Emotional Self: Do Adolescent Girls Lose Their "Voice"?
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. sensitivity to the subtleties of relationships and emotions.
6.1.34. Critics of Carol Gilligan's work argue that
a. differences between boys and girls are exaggerated.

b. validity and reliability of the methodology is hard to determine.
c. her studies of gender differences rarely include boys.

Skill: Conceptual
6.1.35. Recent research testing Gilligan's theory found that
a. "feminine" girls reported higher levels of "voice" than boys.

b. "feminine" girls reported lower levels of "voice" than boys.
c. "androgynous" girls reported higher levels of "voice" than boys.
d. it is impossible to compare boys and girls on this matter.

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. "feminine" girls reported lower levels of "voice" than boys.
6.1.36. Psychohistory is the psychological analysis of

a. mental health institutions.
b. major historical figures.
c. important historical events.
d. academic institutions.

Topic: Young Man Luther
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. major historical figures.
6.1.37. According to Erikson, each life period is characterized by a specific
a. developmental issue.
b. physical experience.
c. socio-cognitive task.
d. ethical dilemma.

Topic: Erikson's Theory
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. developmental issue.
6.1.38. Which of the following scholars proposed the theory of the adolescent identity
crisis?
a. James Marcia
b. Erik Erikson
c. Carol Gilligan
d. Susan Harter

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Erik Erikson
6.1.39. According to Erikson, an infant's developmental task is to
a. achieve a secure sense of identity.

b. differentiate between the self and others.
c. establish a sense of trust and security with someone.
d. learn language in order to communicate.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. establish a sense of trust and security with someone.
6.1.40. According to Erikson, the central task of adolescence focuses on
a. identity versus identity consolidation.

b. identity versus identity confusion.
c. childhood identity versus sexual identity.
d. identity versus immaturity.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. identity versus identity confusion.
6.1.41. Erikson (1958) used the life history of Martin Luther to illustrate
a. the identity crisis in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

b. the impact of religious beliefs on self-esteem.
c. career choices during adolescence and emerging adulthood.
d. intimacy versus isolation.

Topic: Young Man Luther
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. the identity crisis in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
6.1.42. The key areas of identity formation in adolescence are love, work, and
a. ideology.
b. rebellion.
c. body image.
d. entertainment.

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. ideology.
6.1.43. Enid looks up to her aunt who is a writer and wants to be just like her when she
grows up. According to Erikson, which of the following terms describes this situation?
a. Retention
b. Separation
c. Ideal self
d. Identification
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Identification
6.1.44. Which of the following best describes the psychosocial moratorium?
a. A period of identity exploration in adolescence

b. A period of identity consolidation in emerging adulthood
c. The inability to make a decision about the future
d. The suspension of working on identity formation

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. A period of identity exploration in adolescence
6.1.45. Juan is a high school senior. He's not sure what he wants to study in college, but he
is considering either teaching or nursing. He has a part-time job as a clerk in a medical
clinic and volunteers at his step-sister's preschool. We could say that Juan is experiencing
a. identity achievement.
b. identity foreclosure.
c. identity diffusion.
d. psychosocial moratorium.

Skill: Applied
Answer: d. psychosocial moratorium.
6.1.46. Blake is 28 years old and hasn't settled down. He has started college twice and quit,
unsure of what career would suit his personality. He plays in a rock band on the weekends
and secretly hopes he will be discovered by a record company, but doesn't really like
performing all that much. Most likely, Blake is experiencing
a. identity foreclosure.
b. identity confusion.
c. negative identity.
d. marginality.

Skill: Applied
Answer: b. identity confusion.
6.1.47. Fiona has always excelled in school and is a talented artist and piano player. Her
parents have always told her, "You're so bright, you can be anything you want!" Now a
young adult, Fiona is having difficulty deciding what to do and as a result feels depressed
and unable to do anything. Most likely, Fiona is experiencing
a. parental control.
b. psychosocial moratorium.
c. identity confusion.
d. her feared self.

Skill: Applied
Answer: c. identity confusion.
6.1.48. Which of the following researchers developed the "Identity Status Interview"?
a. Erik Erikson
b. James Marcia
c. Reed Larson
d. Jean Phinney

Topic: Research on Identity
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. James Marcia
6.1.49. Scholars have developed questionnaires based upon the "Identity Status Interview"
primarily because the questionnaire approach
a. provides richer data.

b. is less time-consuming.
c. is more valid.
d. is more reliable.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. is less time-consuming.
6.1.50. Each identity status contains a different combination of exploration and
a. crisis.
b. reflection.
c. commitment.
d. assimilation.
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. commitment.
6.1.51. Ingrid is trying to "find herself." She is traveling to Asia and Europe next month and
also plans to attend several career seminars when she returns home. Right now, she is
considering a career in engineering and is taking a prerequisite physics course by
correspondence. However, she has been talking to her aunt lately about her aunt's
experiences staying home with her kids while she runs a home-based Internet business. All
in all, Ingrid feels "up in the air," but she is trying to figure it all out. Which of the following
identity statuses best describes Ingrid?
a. Achievement
b. Foreclosure
c. Moratorium
d. Diffusion

Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Moratorium
6.1.52. Dylan plans to get his commercial pilot's license and be a pilot at the company
where both his father and grandfather work. He's never given it a second thought. Dylan's
brother Aidan constantly warns him, "Take some time, man, don't rush into it; do what's
right for you." Dylan always replies, "If being a pilot is good enough for Dad and Grandpa,
it's good enough for me. Besides, they would be very disappointed if I backed out." Which
of the following identity statuses best describes Dylan?
a. Foreclosure
b. Moratorium
c. Diffusion
d. Achievement

Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Foreclosure
6.1.53. During her first year of college, Sarah left her options open by choosing a variety of
courses. She had planned to be a business major, but after two summers of volunteering in
a hospital, she decided that business went against her sense of values. She was able to
transfer into a social work program at the start of her second year of college and is now
sure she wants to go into social work. During this time, she had stopped going to church.
Recently, she has started going to church again but has decided to join an ecumenical
congregation that fits best with her beliefs. All in all, Sara feels like she has made the right
choices. Which of the following identity statuses best describes Sarah?
a. Diffusion
b. Moratorium
c. Foreclosure
d. Achievement

Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Achievement
6.1.54. Adolescents in the foreclosure status tend to be more
a. rebellious.
b. conformist.
c. inquisitive.
d. indecisive.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. conformist.
6.1.55. Conformity is likely to be thought of more unfavorably in
a. an individualistic culture.
b. a collectivistic culture.
c. adolescence.
d. emerging adulthood.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. an individualistic culture.
6.1.56. According to recent research, the identity status model is
a. stable and unitary.

b. changeable across contexts.
c. not able to respond to cultural elements.
d. portrayed by a predictable stage theory.

Topic: Critiques and Elaborations of Identity Theory and Research
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. changeable across contexts.
6.1.57. The postmodern identity theory replaces which criticized model?
a. Cultural identity model

b. Bicultural identity model
c. Identity status model
d. Negative Identity model

Topic: Critiques and Elaborations of Identity Theory and Research
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Identity status model
6.1.58. Gender differences in identity formation exist especially in the area of
a. religion and spirituality.

b. ideology and political beliefs.
c. education and occupation.
d. no gender differences have been found in identity formation.

Topic: Gender and Identity
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. education and occupation.
6.1.59. Critics of Erikson's work have argued that it is
a. biased toward male development.

b. outdated in its historical approach.
c. based only on European contexts.
d. too focused on questionnaire data.

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. biased toward male development.
6.1.60. In terms of culture and identity, critics of Erikson's theory argue that it
a. focuses on emerging adulthood.

b. is outdated in its historical approach.
c. assumes an independent self.
d. assumes an interdependent self.
Topic: Culture and Identity
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. assumes an independent self.
6.1.61. For adolescents in minority cultures, the cognitive ability of self-reflection may
bring about a heightened awareness of
a. what it means to be a member of a minority group.

b. the cultural stereotypes others may hold.
c. differences between the majority and minority cultures.

Topic: Ethnic Identity
Skill: Conceptual
6.1.62. Which of the following scholars is well-known for the study of identity formation of
members of ethnic minorities in Western society?
a. James Marcia
b. Carol Gilligan
c. Jean Phinney
d. Robert Weiss

Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Jean Phinney
6.1.63. It is Chantel's first day at a new high school. At lunch, a girl from her class asks her,
"Where are you from? What's your background?" Chantel replies, "My parents are
originally from Korea, but I really think of myself as just Canadian." Chantel's statement
best illustrates
a. marginality.
b. biculturalism.
c. separation.
d. assimilation.

Skill: Applied
Answer: d. assimilation.
6.1.64. Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is characterized by low identification
with the majority culture?
a. Marginal
b. Assimilated
c. Bicultural
d. None of these answers are correct

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. Marginal
6.1.65. Of the following, which group of adolescents is most likely to view themselves as
bicultural?
a. Mexican American
b. African American
c. Native American
d. Puerto Rican

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. Mexican American
6.1.66. With regard to ethnic identity, a separation orientation most likely might result
from
a. discrimination experienced by minorities.

b. conflict in parent-adolescent relationships.
c. the loss of traditional cultural values and practices.
d. international trends in globalization.

Skill: Applied
Answer: a. discrimination experienced by minorities.
6.1.67. As a consequence of __________ many young people around the world adopt a_________
identity.
a. racism; bicultural
b. racism; assimilated
c. globalization; separation
d. globalization; bicultural

Topic: Identity and Globalization
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. globalization; bicultural
6.1.68. Recent studies have shown that adolescents who are bicultural or assimilated have
a. higher self-esteem.
b. lower self-esteem.
c. more friends.
d. fewer friends.

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. higher self-esteem.
6.1.69. Mobashar lives in Pakistan and is a member of a rap group. His favorite recording
artist is Jay-Z. His rap group integrates traditional music with rap. He plans to study
information and communications technologies at college and is happy with the arranged
marriage that awaits him. Mobashar's situation best exemplifies
a. hybrid identity.
b. marginalization.
c. immigrant identity.
d. identity confusion.

Skill: Applied
Answer: a. hybrid identity.
6.1.70. Related to issues of globalization, the pervasiveness of identity confusion may be

best equated to
a. hybrid identity.
b. identity foreclosure.
c. marginalized identity.
d. identity achievement.

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. marginalized identity.
6.1.71. Celeste spends an unusually large amount of time alone. In fact, her parents notice
that she is alone over half of the time. Celeste is likely to have a
a. greater than average chance of psychological difficulties.

b. lower than average chance of experiencing adjustment problems.
c. greater than average chance of school success.
d. lower than average chance of relationship difficulties.

Topic: The Self, Alone
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. greater than average chance of psychological difficulties.
6.1.72. Dominick has ten brothers and sisters and shares a bedroom with two brothers. His
parents take in boarders who sleep in the basement. Dominick rarely gets to spend time
alone, and sometimes wears his iPod just to block out the noise and be alone with his
thoughts. Dominick is likely to have a
a. greater than average chance of psychological difficulties.

b. lower than average chance of experiencing adjustment problems.
c. greater than average chance of school success.
d. lower than average chance of relationship difficulties.

Skill: Applied
Answer: a. greater than average chance of psychological difficulties.
6.1.73. Robert Weiss (1973) makes the distinction between two types of loneliness: social
and
a. spiritual.
b. unsocial.
c. emotional.
d. constructive.

Skill: Factual
Answer: c. emotional.
6.1.74. Jakob goes out a lot. He hangs around with a lot of guys from his neighborhood and
his school. They are always skateboarding together downtown and playing video games.
However, Jakob feels like he has no one to talk to about his problems and the things that
are important to him. Jakob is experiencing
a. social loneliness.
b. emotional loneliness.
c. separation.
d. marginality.

Skill: Applied
Answer: b. emotional loneliness.
6.1.75. During which of the following life periods do people tend to spend the most time
alone?
a. Childhood
b. Adolescence
c. Emerging adulthood
d. Middle adulthood

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. Emerging adulthood
True/False
6.2.76. Levon feels good about his physical appearance and friendships, but worries that he
is not so good at school. According to Harter, it is possible for Levon to have healthy global
self-esteem.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.77. Adolescent boys are more likely than girls to focus on physical appearance as a basis
for self-esteem.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.78. Global self-esteem and physical appearance are closely linked for emerging adults.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.79. According to research, African American adolescent girls are more likely to have a
positive body image than White American adolescent girls.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.80. Adolescents tend to experience more negative moods than preadolescents or adults.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.81. Adolescents do NOT report more extremes of emotions than children or adults.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.82. Harter's (1999) research supports Gilligan's claim that girls' "voice" declines as they
enter adolescence.
a. True
b. False

Topic: Gender and the Emotional Self: Do Adolescent Girls Lose Their "Voices"?
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.83. According to Erikson, adolescence is the most crucial age in terms of identity
development.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.84. Erikson's work on identity formation was mostly based on the findings from
research projects.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.85. Of all the identity statuses in adolescence, diffusion is the most likely to be
predictive of psychological problems later in life.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.86. "Prolonged adolescence" is most likely to occur in industrialized societies.
a. True
b. False
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
6.2.87. The postmodern identity is stable across contexts and over each developmental
period.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.88. According to Erikson, intimacy versus identity is the central issue of young
adulthood.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.89. Biculturalism is the option that involves leaving behind the ways of one's ethnic
group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: b. False
6.2.90. According to research, adolescents spend approximately one-fourth of their time

alone.
a. True
b. False

Skill: Factual
Answer: a. True
Essay
6.3.91. Provide reasons for a decline in self-esteem during early adolescence. Include
reference to gender differences.

Topic: Self-Esteem
Skill: Applied
Answer: • Adolescents' changing cognitive abilities and associated "egocentrism"
(i.e., imaginary audience) coupled with ability to understand sarcasm. • Peer-oriented
nature of adolescence in Western cultures makes peer judgments highly salient. • Research
shows that an important caution is not to exaggerate the degree of decline in self-esteem
among adolescents. • Harter's research has shown that girls tend to rate themselves lower
than boys on physical appearance, but higher than boys on close friendships.
6.3.92. List and describe influences upon self-esteem in adolescence.

Skill: Applied
Answer: • Self-esteem is enhanced by parental support and encouragement. •
Approval from adults outside the family contributes to self-esteem. • School success
contributes to self-esteem. • Inflated self-esteem may be associated with adjustment
problems.
6.3.93. According to Erikson, the three principle areas of identity formation for adolescents
and emerging adults are love, work, and ideology. Discuss and relate these to the cultural
values of individualism in America.

Skill: Applied
Answer: • Psychosocial moratorium (a period of exploration) is more viable in
industrialized society. • Individualism is associated with independence in decision making
about beliefs, etc. • An extended period of adolescence (exploration) is associated with
industrialized societies. • Limitations on exploration in both love and work in traditional
cultures have been more restrictive for girls than boys in traditional cultures.
6.3.94. Describe four possible alternatives of ethnic identity and provide an example of
each demonstrating an awareness of the cultural makeup of the United States.

Skill: Applied
Answer: • Assimilation: leaving behind the ways of one's ethnic group and adopting
the majority culture in keeping with the "melting pot" theme. • Separation: associating only
with members of one's own ethnic group. African American and Puerto Rican adolescents
are more likely to have a separation orientation (legacy of racism and discrimination in
America). • Marginality: rejecting one's culture of origin, but also experiencing rejection
from the majority culture. Marginality is common among Native American adolescents
(legacy of legislated cultural destruction). • Biculturalism: dual identity based upon one's
ethnic group and majority culture. Overall, minority adolescents tend to view themselves as
bicultural. Mexican American and Asian American adolescents are most likely to view
themselves as bicultural.
6.3.95. Outline important issues relating to the impact of globalization on identity

development during adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Skill: Applied
Answer: • Many adolescents around the world adopt bicultural identities, even
within their own countries/cultures. • Hybrid identities arise when features of
globalization (e.g., media, etc.) alter traditional cultural practices and beliefs. • Higher
levels of immigration may increase the complexity of identity development. • Globalization
may lead to an increase in the pervasiveness of identity confusion and marginalization,
which in turn may be associated with problems such as depression, suicide, and substance
use.
Another random document with
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struggled to keep his footing. Between them the girl uncomplainingly
picked her way upward.
And then they came to a place, as Stephen had hoped, where it was
necessary to scale a sheer scarp of six or seven feet in order to gain
a shelf near the summit. He had to kneel in order to help the girl up.
Turpan, not tall enough to pull himself up with his arms, cursed as his
boots slipped.
"Extend the barrel of your rifle to me," Stephen said, "and I will pull
you up until you are able to reach that overhanging bush. It will
support your weight."
Turpan nodded curtly. He was not happy about this. He was never
happy when playing a minor role, but he appreciated the urgency of
the moment.
Stephen pulled and the Bedchamber Assassin strained upward. Then
he grasped at the bush, and at the same moment Stephen gave a
sharp, Herculean tug.
Turpan snatched for the bush with both hands. "Got it," he said, and
swung himself upon the ledge.
"Yes," agreed Stephen, "but I have the rifle."
Turpan, fettered like a common criminal, lay upon his couch in the
tent where he had sat not long ago, a conqueror. The powerful
floodlight that shone in his face did nothing to sooth his raw temper.
Someone entered the tent and he strained in his bonds to see who it
was. Stephen came and stood over him.
Turpan licked his dry lips. "What time is it?" he asked.
"It is almost midnight. They have destroyed your rifle, but it has been
decided that, in view of your predatory nature, it would be dangerous
to release you again upon this colony. Are you prepared to meet your
fate?"
Turpan sneered. "Destroy me, fool—eunuch! It will not change your
lot here. You will remain an untouchable—an odd man out. May your
books comfort your cold bed for the rest of your life. I prefer death."
Stephen removed the hypodermic needle from the kit which they had
furnished him and filled it. He bared Turpan's arm. The muscles of
that arm were tense, like cords of steel. Turpan was lying. He was
frightened of death.
Stephen smiled a little. He looked a good deal younger when he
smiled. "Please relax," he said. "I am only a biological technician; not
an executioner."
Two hours later Stephen emerged from the tent, perspiring, and
found that the revel in the encampment continued unabated even at
this time of morning. Few suspected what had been going on in
Turpan's tent. These few now anxiously awaited his verdict.
"How did it go?" the former Planner of Flight One asked. "Was—the
equipment satisfactory? The drugs and chalones sufficient?"
He nodded wearily. "The character change appears to have been
complete enough. The passivity will grow, of course." A group of men
and women were playing a variety of hide-and-seek, with piercing
shouts and screams, among the shadows of the tents, and it was no
child's game.
"Don't worry about them," the Planner said. "They'll be over it in the
morning. Most of them have never had anything to drink before. Our
dictator's methods may have been cruder than we intended, but
they've certainly broken the ice."
"When will we see—Turpan?" someone asked. It was Ellen.
Stephen had not known that she was waiting. "Any moment now, I
believe," he said. "I will go in and see what is keeping him."
He returned in a few seconds. "A matter of clothing," he said with a
smile. "I warned you that there would be a complete character
change."
The garments were supplied. Stephen took them in. The floodlight
had been turned off now, and it was fairly dark in the tent.
"Hurry up," Stephen said gently.
"I can't—I cannot do it!"
"Oh, but you can. You can start all over now. Few of the colonists
ever knew you by sight. I am sure that you will be warmly enough
received."
Stephen came out. Ellen searched his face. "It will not be much
longer now," he told her.
"And to think that I doubted you!"
"I am only a technician," he said.
"There are one hundred and sixty-two male high scientists upon this
island," she said, coming forward and putting her arms around him,
"but only one, solid, unimaginative, blessed technician. It makes a
nice, even arrangement for us women, don't you think?"
"Even enough," he said. And at that moment Turpan stepped out of
the tent, and all of them looked. And looked. And Turpan, unable to
face that battery of eyes, ran.
Ran lightly and gracefully through the tent village toward the cliffs
beyond. And all along that gauntlet there were catcalls and wolf
whistles.
"Don't worry," the Planner said. "She will come back to us. After all,
there is a biological need."
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Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood A Cultural Approach 5th Edition Arnett Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

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Adolescence and emerging adulthood

A cultural approach 5th Edition Arnett

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Self-Conceptions Multiple Choice 13,15 9,12 10,11,14

Self-Esteem Multiple Choice 16,17,19,21,22,26 18,20,24,25,28,29 23,27

The Emotional Multiple Choice 35 30,31,32,33,34

Identity Multiple Choice 36,37,38,41,48,50, 39,40,42,44,49,54, 43,45,46,47,51,52,

The Self, Alone Multiple Choice 73 75 71,72,74

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.01 Page Reference: 149

6.1.02. Which of the following is associated with adolescent cognitive development?

a. Inability to see others' perspectives

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.02 Page Reference: 149

6.1.03. Which of the following is most true of identity development?

a. Middle childhood is the key life period for identity development.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.03 Page Reference: 149

6.1.04. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to __________

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.04 Page Reference: 150

6.1.05. The term self-esteem was invented by

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.05 Page Reference: 150

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.06 Page Reference: 150

a. Constantine grew up in an individualistic culture; Vera grew up in a collectivistic

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.07 Page Reference: 150

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.08 Page Reference: 150

6.1.09. Childhood is to concrete as adolescence is to

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.09 Page Reference: 150

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.10 Page Reference: 151

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.11 Page Reference: 151

a. false self and ideal self.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.12 Page Reference: 151

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.13 Page Reference: 151

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.14 Page Reference: 151-152

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.15 Page Reference: 152

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.16 Page Reference: 152

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.17 Page Reference: 153

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.18 Page Reference: 153

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.19 Page Reference: 153

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.20 Page Reference: 153-154

6.1.21. The Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents was developed by

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.22 Page Reference: 154

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.23 Page Reference: 154

6.1.24. Which of the following statements relate to girls' decline in self-esteem in

a. Normal physical development is at odds with a cultural ideal of thinness.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.24 Page Reference: 154

6.1.25. Most of Harter's research has been conducted with

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.25 Page Reference: 155

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 6.1.26 Page Reference: 156

a. Provide love and encouragement

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 6.1.27 Page Reference: 156

a. is a result of school success.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.28 Page Reference: 156

6.1.29. An increase in self-esteem in emerging adulthood may be associated with

a. comfort with one's physical appearance.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.29 Page Reference: 156-157

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.30 Page Reference: 157

6.1.31. According to most scholars, increased emotionality in adolescence can be attributed

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.31 Page Reference: 158

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.32 Page Reference: 158

a. sensitivity to the subtleties of relationships and emotions.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.33 Page Reference: 158-159

6.1.34. Critics of Carol Gilligan's work argue that

a. differences between boys and girls are exaggerated.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 6.1.34 Page Reference: 159

6.1.35. Recent research testing Gilligan's theory found that