Essentials of American Government Roots and Reform 2011 10th Edition Oconnor Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Essentials of American Government
Roots and Reform 2011 10th Edition

OConnor Test Bank
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Chapter 9: The Judiciary
Reading Comprehension Quiz
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Supreme Court justices and federal judges serve for

A) four-year terms.
B) eight-year terms.
C) life.
D) life with good behavior.
E) twelve-year terms.
Answer: D
Reference: LO 9.1, pgs. 246-251
Skill: Understanding
2) In ________, the U.S. Supreme Court held that it had the power to review the
constitutionality of acts of the national government.
A) Marbury v. Madison
B) Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
C) McCulloch v. Maryland
D) Gibbons v. Ogden
E) Hamilton v. Jefferson
Answer: A
3) State courts of original jurisdiction where cases begin are called

A) first courts.
B) appellate courts.
C) trial courts.
D) select courts.
E) district courts.
Answer: C
215
Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4) The main role of the jury is to
A) arbitrate judicial proceedings.
B) be the ultimate finder of fact.
C) listen to the judge to see if he or she appears to lean toward one side or the other.
D) make interpretations of law.
E) directly interrogate witnesses when so ordered by the judge or attorneys.
Answer: B
5) There are ________ federal district courts.

A) forty-seven
B) fifty-six
C) eighty-seven
D) ninety-four
E) 104
Answer: D
6) The number of judges of the various U.S. Court of Appeals

A) is thirty per circuit.
B) varies at the president’s discretion.
C) varies from circuit to circuit.
D) is set after recommendations by the U.S. attorneys in each circuit.
E) is approximately sixty per circuit.
Answer: C
7) Since 1869, the Supreme Court has consisted of ________ associate justices.
A) six
B) seven
C) eight
D) nine
E) ten
Answer: C
216
8) The justices of the Supreme Court are
A) elected in a nonpartisan election.
B) confirmed by the president.
C) nominated by the Senate.
D) nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
E) nominated by the president and confirmed by both the House and Senate.
Answer: D
9) As of 2010, the Supreme Court has had ________ African American members.
A) one
B) two
C) five
D) nine
E) fifteen
Answer: B
10) The proceedings of the U.S. Supreme Court are

A) not open to the public.
B) open to journalists and television cameras.
C) not televised because the justices refuse to allow cameras in the Court.
D) televised on C-SPAN only.
E) regularly televised on both network and cable channels.
Answer: C
11) The Supreme Court will hear a case if ________ justices vote to do so.
A) three
B) four
C) five
D) six
E) seven
Answer: B
217
12) The strategic model of judicial behavior
A) accurately predicts Supreme Court votes.
B) accounts for a range of factors that affect judicial behavior.
C) has been replaced by the legal model of judicial behavior.
D) only explains justices’ votes in constitutional cases.
E) ignores interbranch relations.
Answer: B
13) Among the ________ examined by political scientists trying to explain Supreme Court
decision making are childhood experiences, religious values, and political party.
A) cultural experiences
B) attitudes
C) policy-making characteristics
D) strategic strategies
E) behavioral characteristics
Answer: E
14) When Andrew Jackson opined, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce
it," he was referring to
A) the inability of the Supreme Court to enforce or implement its decisions.
B) the constitutional requirement that only Congress can implement Court decisions.
C) the president's constitutional right to refuse to implement decisions of the Supreme Court.
D) the long-standing feud between himself and Marshall.
E) Marshall's powerful allies in both the executive and legislative branches.
Answer: A
True/False Questions
1) Congress may not reduce the salaries of federal judges to penalize them for decisions that
Congress does not like.
Answer: TRUE
2) The Judiciary Act of 1789 gives form and substance to the federal courts.
Answer: TRUE
218
3) The bulk of the judicial work in the federal system takes place in the Supreme Court.
Answer: FALSE
4) Both legislative and constitutional courts are staffed by judges with life tenure.
Answer: FALSE
5) The U.S. courts of appeals have no original jurisdiction.

Answer: TRUE
6) Justice Elena Kagan served as solicitor general before she became an associate justice.
Answer: TRUE
7) The U.S. solicitor general's petitions to the Supreme Court are accepted more frequently than
those of any other party.
Answer: TRUE
8) Interest groups often submit amicus curiae briefs to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Answer: TRUE
9) Judicial restraint was evident in Roe v. Wade.

Answer: FALSE
10) The justices’ behavioral characteristics are unlikely to influence how they evaluate the facts
and legal issues in a debate.
Answer: FALSE
219
11) The Supreme Court has had little difficulty getting the executive branch to implement the
decisions it hands down.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter Exam
Multiple Choice Questions
1) When President George W. Bush appointed __________ and ___________ to the Court, most
people expected major changes.
A) John G. Roberts Jr./John Paul Stevens
B) John G. Roberts Jr./Robert Bork
C) John G. Roberts Jr./Samuel A. Alito Jr.
D) Samuel A. Alito Jr./Ruth Bader Ginsburg
E) Samuel A. Alito Jr./Sonia Sotomayor
Answer: C
Reference: Chapter Opener, pgs. 244-246
2) The judiciary was called the "least dangerous branch" by

A) Alexander Hamilton.
B) James Madison.
C) George Washington.
D) Thomas Jefferson.
E) John Adams.
Answer: A
3) Among the powers of the judiciary specified in Article III are all of the following EXCEPT
A) all cases involving maritime law.
B) controversies between two states.
C) controversies between citizens of two states.
D) controversies between Congress and the president.
E) all cases affecting ambassadors or other public ministers.
Answer: D
4) Why did the Framers include life tenure for federal judges?
220
A) To attract candidates for the positions
B) To make it more difficult for the president and Congress to agree on good candidates
C) To make judges less likely to be moved by political pressures
D) To ensure that judges would remain ethical while in office
E) To make the judiciary more powerful than Congress or the president
Answer: C
5) Judicial review of state actions was claimed by the U.S. Supreme Court in
A) Marbury v. Madison.
B) Martin v. Hunter's Lessee.
C) McCulloch v. Maryland.
D) Gibbons v. Ogden.
E) Brown v. Board of Education.
Answer: B
6) According to Article III, the salaries of federal judges

A) must be greater than the salaries of their former clerks working in private law firms.
B) must be the same as members of the Senate.
C) cannot be reduced while they are serving on the bench.
D) must remain competitive with lawyers in private practice.
E) can only be raised once during their tenure on the bench.
Answer: C
7) The value of a clerkship on the U.S. Supreme Court is BEST demonstrated by

A) the close relationship clerks have with their justices.
B) the high salaries and bonuses paid to clerks by big law firms.
C) the indisputable influence clerks have on their justices.
D) the Court's insistence that clerks be representative of the pool of law school graduates.
E) the fact that the majority of clerks stay with the Court for decades.
Answer: B
Skill: Analysis
221
8) The federal judiciary was given form and substance by
A) Article IV.
B) the Judiciary Act of 1789.
C) the Alien and Sedition Acts.
D) the Supreme Court.
E) the president.
Answer: B
9) The Judiciary Act of 1789

A) created the Supreme Court and its jurisdiction.
B) established the state court systems.
C) established the basic structure of the federal court system.
D) granted the Supreme Court the power of judicial review.
E) established local court systems within the thirteen states.
Answer: C
10) Federal circuit courts originally were created by Congress to

A) function as trial courts.
B) hear appeals from federal district courts.
C) lessen the load of the Supreme Court.
D) create more opportunities to appoint their Federalist cronies to lifetime jobs.
E) function exclusively as appellate courts.
Answer: A
11) In 1789, there were ________ justices sitting on the Supreme Court.
A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) nine
E) eleven
Answer: B
222
12) In ________, Congress set the size of the Supreme Court at nine.
A) the Constitution
B) 1789
C) 1869
D) 1937
E) 1981
Answer: C
13) The first session of the U.S. Supreme Court took place in
A) Philadelphia Hall.
B) the current Supreme Court building.
C) the Senate.
D) Boston.
E) New York City.
Answer: E
14) The first chief justice of the Supreme Court was

A) Thomas Jefferson.
B) James Wilson.
C) John Jay.
D) John Marshall.
E) James Madison.
Answer: C
15) If the U.S. Supreme Court decided to share its view on the constitutionality of the recently
passed health care reform law, it would be
A) following the practice of seriatim decision making.
B) fulfilling a constitutional mandate.
C) following a pattern used by the Canadian Supreme Court.
D) applying stare decisis.
E) acting consistently with its appreciation of international norms.
Answer: C
Skill: Application
223
16) Chief Justice John Marshall tried to transform the Court into a coequal branch of
government through key decisions such as McCulloch v. Maryland that
A) outlawed seriatim opinions.
B) made the Court the final arbiter of constitutionality.
C) declared federal laws invalid.
D) broadly interpreted the necessary and proper clause.
E) applied the Bill of Rights to both the federal and state governments.
Answer: B
17) If the Supreme Court decided to rule that an Arizona immigration law is unconstitutional, it
would be practicing what is called
A) stare decisis.
B) a seriatim opinion.
C) judicial review.
D) a partial en banc opinion.
E) a summary decision.
Answer: C
Skill: Application
18) ________ is generally considered to have been the most influential chief justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States.
A) William H. Rehnquist
B) Earl Warren
C) Roger Taney
D) John Marshall
E) John G. Roberts Jr.
Answer: D
19) As chief justice, John Marshall initiated several reforms to strengthen the Court and the
power of the chief justice. These included all of the following EXCEPT
A) meeting with his cousin Thomas Jefferson to avert conflict between the two branches of
government.
B) ending the use of seriatim opinions.
C) instituting the writing of a single opinion of the Court.
D) claiming the authority of judicial review.
E) authoring more than 500 opinions.
Answer: A
Skill: Analysis
224
20) Although judicial review was not mentioned in the Constitution, ________ publicly
endorsed the idea in Federalist No. ________.
A) John Jay/10
B) John Jay/50
C) James Madison/50
D) Alexander Hamilton/78
E) John Marshall/51
Answer: D
21) In Marbury v. Madison, the opinion of the Court stressed that

A) the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.
B) John Marshall was not to be outdone by his cousin, Thomas Jefferson.
C) it is the authority of the Court to say what the law is.
D) Marbury could not become a justice of peace in the state of New York.
E) Marbury could receive his commission.
Answer: C
22) Before any state or federal court can hear a case, it must have ________, the authority to
hear the case as defined by law or constitution.
A) jurisdiction
B) legal approval
C) controversy
D) legitimacy
E) standing
Answer: A
23) The jurisdiction of the federal courts is controlled by

A) the vice president.
B) the president in consultation with the Department of Justice.
C) the Constitution and statutes passed by Congress under its Article III authority.
D) the Constitution alone.
E) the House of Representatives exclusively.
Answer: C
225
24) Civil suits by citizens from two different states must show that their dispute is worth at least
________ or more before they can file their claim in federal court.
A) $25,000
B) $50,000
C) $75,000
D) $100,000
E) $125,000
Answer: C
Reference: LO 9.2, pgs. 252-253; LO 9.3, pgs. 254-255
25) Appellate courts usually

A) hear only criminal cases.
B) hear only civil cases.
C) determine the facts of a case.
D) review the legal procedures of a case.
E) hear bankruptcy cases.
Answer: D
26) Under U.S. criminal law, the victim is considered to be

A) the perpetrator.
B) society in general.
C) those who were hurt directly by the conduct of someone else.
D) the state or federal attorney prosecuting the case.
E) the individual who is entitled to final compensation for his or her injuries.
Answer: B
27) Suppose you are injured on the job and decide to sue your employer for negligence. In that
case, you will be referred to as the ____ in court.
A) defendant
B) plaintiff
C) appellant
D) attorney general
E) accused
Answer: B
Skill: Application
226
28) Legislative courts are
A) Article III courts.
B) courts created by Congress for special purposes.
C) courts of appellate jurisdiction.
D) Article II courts.
E) Article IV courts.
Answer: B
29) ________ each have four district courts.

A) California and Texas
B) New York, California, and Texas
C) Texas, New York, and Florida
D) California, Texas, New York, and Florida
E) California, Texas, New York, and Pennsylvania
Answer: B
30) Cases heard in federal district courts generally fall into one of three categories, including
I. those involving the federal government as a party.
II. those involving decisions remanded by the Supreme Court.
III. those that have a federal question.
IV. those that involve disputes between citizens from two different states.
A) III only
B) I and II
C) I, II, and IV
D) I, III, and IV
E) I, II, III, and IV
Answer: D
Skill: Analysis
31) Each judicial district has a U.S. attorney whose main job it is to
A) be the chief enforcer of civil law.
B) be the chief federal law enforcement officer.
C) be the chief investigator.
D) be the major representative of the president.
E) represent the federal government before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Answer: B
227
32) The major purpose of the federal circuit courts of appeals is to
A) allow for the use of senatorial courtesy.
B) review the decisions of district court judges concerning the facts of a case.
C) correct errors of law and procedure.
D) hear new testimony if necessary.
E) specifically recommend cases to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Answer: C
33) A document containing the collected legal arguments in a case that is filed with a court prior
to trial is called
A) a petition for a writ of certiorari.
B) a petition of habeas corpus.
C) a writ of mandamus.
D) an amicus curiae brief.
E) a brief.
Answer: E
34) The U.S. Supreme Court decided that a certain film was not obscene because it failed to
meet the criteria for obscenity established by Miller v. California. This is an example of
A) precedent.
B) being overruled.
C) a constitutional mandate.
D) appellate jurisdiction.
E) a seriatim decision.
Answer: A
Skill: Application
35) Senatorial courtesy

A) refers to the norm in the Senate to be cordial to other senators.
B) describes the historical deference of the president to senators of the same political party to
approve the nomination of federal district court judges within their states.
C) refers to the right of senators to bar the nominations of any federal judge from their home
state.
D) refers to the Senate’s refusal to confirm Supreme Court nominees who do not meet the
approval of their home state Senators.
E) describes a process used during the filibuster.
Answer: B
228
36) The number of women and minorities on the federal bench went up most dramatically
during the ________ administration.
A) Ronald Reagan
B) George H.W. Bush
C) Jimmy Carter
D) George W. Bush
E) Bill Clinton
Answer: E
Skill: Analysis
37) ________ make up a majority of the members of the U.S. Supreme Court in 2010.
A) Protestants
B) Fundamentalist Christians
C) Roman Catholics
D) Jews
E) Episcopalians
Answer: C
38) In general, the justices serving on the Roberts Court in 2010 share all of the following
characteristics EXCEPT
A) they all graduated from Ivy League or other prestigious law schools.
B) they are all Protestant or Catholic.
C) they all served on the U.S. Court of Appeals.
D) they have been appointed to the Court between 1975 and 2010.
E) they share all of the above characteristics.
Answer: B
39) As of 2010, the Supreme Court has had ________ female members in its history.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) seven
E) eight
Answer: C
229
40) The two closest votes in the Senate for successful U.S. Supreme Court nominees were those
of
A) Samuel A. Alito Jr. and Clarence Thomas
B) Clarence Thomas and Ruth Bader Ginsburg
C) John G. Roberts Jr. and Stephen Breyer
D) Sandra Day O’Connor and Samuel A. Alito Jr.
E) Sonia Sotomayor and Antonin Scalia
Answer: A
41) About ________ percent of the U.S. Supreme Court's docket comes from the state supreme
courts.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 33
D) 50
E) 73
Answer: C
42) Since the 1960s, questions involving ________ have made up about one-half of the U.S.
Supreme Court's docket.
A) criminal law
B) the Bill of Rights
C) presidential powers
D) congressional authority
E) civil law
Answer: B
43) During the 2009-2010 term, over ________ cases were filed with the Supreme Court.
A) 8,000
B) 6,600
C) 5,700
D) 4,200
E) 2,000
Answer: A
230
44) During its 2009-2010 term, the Supreme Court decided about ________ cases.
A) 50
B) 70
C) 80
D) 100
E) 150
Answer: C
45) Since 1988, nearly all appellate cases that have arrived at the Court have been through
A) writs of certiorari.
B) stare decisis.
C) in forma pauperis petitions.
D) original jurisdiction.
E) the state supreme courts.
Answer: A
46) The U.S. Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in all cases EXCEPT
A) cases affecting ambassadors.
B) cases involving public ministers.
C) citizens seeking writs of mandamus.
D) cases where two states are the parties.
E) cases involving public consuls.
Answer: C
47) All of the following are the result of the increased number of clerks that each justice now
has EXCEPT
A) longer opinions.
B) more footnotes.
C) shorter terms.
D) more cases decided annually.
E) fewer opinions.
Answer: C
231
48) ________ has been referred to as the Court's "ninth and a half" member.
A) The U.S. solicitor general
B) The U.S. attorney general
C) The U.S. surgeon general
D) The U.S. Department of Justice
E) The chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee
Answer: A
49) The member of the Justice Department who handles all Supreme Court appeals for the U.S.
government is the
A) attorney general.
B) solicitor general.
C) special master.
D) secretary of justice.
E) deputy attorney general.
Answer: B
50) Interest groups most often participate in Supreme Court cases through the use of
A) amicus curiae briefs.
B) monetary donations.
C) direct mail campaigns.
D) marches, protests, and petitions.
E) case sponsorship.
Answer: A
51) Research by political scientists finds that

A) interest groups play no significant role in the judicial process.
B) federal courts never listen to arguments made by interest groups.
C) the more interest groups that file petitions in support of certiorari, the more likely the Court is
to accept the case for review.
D) only conservative interest groups can influence the Court.
E) only liberal interest groups can influence the Court.
Answer: C
232
52) During conference, Supreme Court justices speak in order by
A) age.
B) interest.
C) ideology.
D) choice.
E) seniority.
Answer: E
53) A Supreme Court justice who agrees with the outcome reached by the majority but not with
the legal reasoning behind the decision may issue a
A) minority opinion.
B) per curiam opinion.
C) seriatim opinion.
D) concurring opinion.
E) dissenting opinion.
Answer: D
54) The idea that judges should use their power broadly to further justice is called
A) stare decisis.
B) original intent.
C) judicial restraint.
D) judicial activism.
E) judicial moderation.
Answer: D
55) The attitudinal model of Supreme Court decision making posits that
A) attitudes give us little insight into how justices make decisions.
B) as justices grow older, they become more conservative.
C) a conservative justice appointed by a conservative president would be more likely to vote in a
conservative way.
D) the facts of the case influence judicial outcomes.
E) the positions of Congress and the president on political issues affect judicial outcomes.
Answer: C
233
True/False Questions
1) Most Supreme Court observers thought that the addition of John G. Roberts Jr. and Samuel A.
Alito Jr. to the Court would pull it in a conservative direction.
Answer: TRUE
2) The judicial branch was so inconsequential that the architects of Washington D.C.
consciously decided not to provide office space for the Supreme Court.
Answer: FALSE
3) The U.S. Supreme Court is referred to by the name of the oldest judge serving on the Court.
Answer: FALSE
4) The Framers paid very little attention to the writing of Article III compared to other Articles.
Answer: TRUE
5) Judicial review is mentioned in Article IV of the Constitution.

Answer: FALSE
6) Article III sets out the structure of the federal court system.
Answer: FALSE
7) A state passes a controversial law, and a group sues, saying the law is in violation of its
rights. The case goes all the way to the Supreme Court for review. Judging the constitutionality
of this law is a power the Court claimed in Marbury v. Madison.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Application
234
8) In Canada, the government may ask its Supreme Court to dispense an opinion about the
legality of potential laws.
Answer: TRUE
9) U.S. Supreme Court decisions can be appealed to state supreme courts.

Answer: FALSE
10) Courts of original jurisdiction primarily determine matters of law.

Answer: FALSE
Skill: Analysis
11) The Constitution sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court at nine.
Answer: FALSE
12) The U.S. courts of appeals used to be known as circuit courts of appeals.
Answer: TRUE
13) Suppose President Barack Obama needs to appoint a judge to the U.S. District Court for the
Eastern District of North Carolina. To fill this position, he seeks advice from Senator Kay
Hagan (D-NC). This practice is called senatorial courtesy.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Application
14) President Jimmy Carter appointed three Supreme Court justices.

Answer: FALSE
15) President George W. Bush appointed a higher proportion of Hispanic judges to the federal
courts than any other president.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Analysis
235
16) In 2010, three of the nine U.S. Supreme Court justices were Protestant.
Answer: FALSE
17) Less than one-third of the American public can name a single justice of the Supreme Court.
Answer: TRUE
18) About one-half of the cases decided by the Supreme Court involve economic issues.
Answer: FALSE
19) The Supreme Court has generally decided an increasing number of cases in every term since
1950.
Answer: FALSE
20) The Supreme Court grants a writ of certiorari only if a majority of judges vote in favor.
Answer: FALSE
21) A former clerk for Justice Harry Blackmun has complained that the clerks of the Court are
too ideological and have too much power.
Answer: TRUE
22) Supreme Court clerks often write first drafts of opinions.

Answer: TRUE
23) The U.S. solicitor general is the second-ranking member of the Department of Justice.
Answer: FALSE
236
24) Researchers find that the more amicus curiae briefs filed in support of a cause, the more
likely that party will win.
Answer: TRUE
25) The U.S. solicitor general appears to orally argue every case decided by the Supreme Court.
Answer: FALSE
26) Most Court watchers agree that oral argument is a useful way to predict the outcome of a
decision.
Answer: FALSE
27) The Roberts Court is much more informal than the Rehnquist Court was.
Answer: TRUE
28) The Supreme Court consistently monitors public opinion.

Answer: TRUE
29) The Warren Court was a key policy maker in the area of civil rights.
Answer: TRUE
30) The Warren Court had little difficulty implementing the decision it handed down in Brown
v. Board of Education.
Answer: FALSE
31) The consumer population of a court decision refers to the interest groups who buy
advertising time to increase visibility of cases.
Answer: FALSE
237
Short Answer Questions
1) Why did Alexander Hamilton claim that the Supreme Court was "the least dangerous branch?
Explain why or why not this characterization is correct today.
Skill: Analysis
2) What kinds of cases can the Supreme Court hear under its original and appellate jurisdiction?
3) What is an advisory opinion, and how is it used by the Canadian Supreme Court?
4) Compare and contrast original and appellate jurisdiction.

Skill: Analysis
5) What is the role of the jury in criminal law? How would the composition of a jury from the
1950s differ from the composition of a jury today?
Skill: Application
6) What requirements must a case meet to be heard by a federal district court?

Skill: Analysis
7) What is meant by judges sitting en banc? In what court do judges most frequently sit en
banc?
Skill: Understanding, Application
8) What is senatorial courtesy? Should presidents continue to adopt this practice? Why or why
not?
Skill: Understanding, Evaluation
9) Compare and contrast the demographic characteristics of the federal judicial appointees of
Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama.
Skill: Analysis
238
10) What is the rule of four?
11) How has the number of cases both filed in and decided by the Supreme Court changed over
time?
Skill: Analysis
12) What are two conditions a case must meet before it is granted a writ of certiorari?
13) What are some of the duties of U.S. Supreme Court clerks?
14) Compare and contrast judicial activism and restraint.

15) What is the attitudinal model of judicial decision making? Give a modern-day example.
Skill: Understanding, Application
16) How did the Warren Court expand the Supreme Court’s role in policy making?
17) What are some of the obstacles that the Supreme Court faces in implementing its decisions?
Give an example.
Skill: Analysis, Application
Essay Questions
1) How did John Marshall and Marbury v. Madison (1803) alter the role and authority of the
Supreme Court?
Skill: Analysis
2) How do cases move through the federal judicial system?

Skill: Analysis
239
3) Should stare decisis affect Supreme Court decision making? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of this process?
Skill: Analysis
4) What are the demographic characteristics of federal court judges? Do race, gender, or
ethnicity have any role in judicial decision-making? Provide examples to support your position.
5) Should judges be elected? Be sure to explain the advantages and disadvantages of your
opinion.
Skill: Evaluation
6) What are the criteria used by presidents to appoint justices to the Supreme Court?
Skill: Analysis
7) How does a case get to the U.S. Supreme Court? What kinds of cases are most likely to be
accepted by the Supreme Court for review?
Skill: Analysis
8) How does the chief justice affect judicial decision making? Use examples to illustrate your
argument.
9) What models do scholars use to explain how the Court makes its decisions? Give an example
of each.
10) What are implementing and consumer populations? How do they affect judicial policy
making?
Skill: Analysis
11) As the world becomes more globalized, is it rational, reasonable, or wrong for Supreme
Court justices to look to international law for guidance about international norms of justice?
Skill: Evaluation
240
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Patagonia it is gathered from the coast sands after a heavy sea
storm. In Neuquen and Catamarca are workings of fair size. The
copper deposits of the Andes are difficult of access but may be
developed later. Silver was mined formerly, but the ore was of
moderate grade and the work was discontinued. A reverberatory
smelter has recently been installed for the mines in Rioja.
Coal deposits exist in Mendoza, San Juan, Neuquen, Chubut, and
Tierra del Fuego. The coal is not very good but will help in view of
the shortage and high prices. Work is being done in San Juan and
Mendoza. It is proposed to open mines among large deposits in
Chubut, though the coal will have to be carried 180 miles to a
railway.
The tungsten industry is active; 900 tons have been mined in one
year, about one-seventh of the world production. Exploitation of
marble, wolfram, and mica in Córdoba and San Luis is showing good
results.
Manganese is exported in increasing quantity chiefly from the
desert section of Santiago del Estero.
Large saline deposits exist, some in basins with no outlet, in the
central Provinces, some of volcanic type on the Puna of Atacama,
others near the ocean not far from Bahia Blanca. Some of them have
been exploited. Importation of salt has diminished and home
production is expected shortly to suffice for local needs.
Petroleum is now exciting the greatest interest. Oil is known to
exist in four regions with others reported, but only one has been
thoroughly tested, that at Comodoro Rivadavia. Borings carried on
here by the Government struck oil at a depth of about 1800 feet in
1907. In 1910, 12,000 acres were reserved for Government
exploitation which has since been carried on. The place is near the
coast about 850 miles south of Buenos Aires. Development has
been rather slow, but in 1916, 25 wells had been sunk and 21 were
in active production of about 14 tons each per day. There were four
steel tanks and other storage space, in all about 26,000 cubic
meters, one such of this oil equalling .93 metric ton. In 1917, 36
wells were in production and 19 being bored. In 1918 about
1,250,000 barrels were produced. Tank steamers are provided, and
storage tanks in Buenos Aires. An oil tank is begun in Rosario.
Others are to be constructed in Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca, Puerto
Militar, Santa Fé, and Mar del Plata. The oil is heavy with an asphalt
base; distilled, it yields 1.5-3.5 per cent of naphtha and gasoline, 15-
19 per cent of illuminating oils, and 77-85 per cent of lubricating oils,
fuel, and coke. Heavier than the better grades of United States oil, it
has been used almost entirely as fuel, though it is said that it will
distil readily. This will undoubtedly be its chief usefulness, to serve
instead of coal. It is employed by a number of factories. A new
Government well, 1921, was producing 34,000 barrels a day, and
prospects are of the best. Millions have been appropriated for tank
steamers, machinery, and for intensive development of the oil fields.
The price rose from about $10 a ton in 1916 to $40 in December,
1917. Government control will probably continue, especially because
the oil is likely to be used by the navy.
A few private companies are operating outside the restricted area,
using 12-inch tubes, while the Government has used smaller. One
Company with a capital of $2,000,000 has with other equipment 4.3
miles of railway connecting with the Government railway to the port,
also two miles of pipe line. Many of the frigorificos use oil, mostly
Mexican. The West India Oil Company imports from the United
States or Mexico, mainly for refining.
The other fields are the Salta-Jujuy, the Cacheuta, a few miles
south of Mendoza, and the Mendoza-Neuquen field, 700 miles
southwest of Buenos Aires. In these fields the oil has a paraffine
base, a sample from Jujuy showing 5 per cent of light oil, 30 per cent
of kerosene, and 52 of lubricating oil; a grade equal to that of
Pennsylvania or Ohio. One such field in Neuquen justifying
immediate development is favorably located 824 miles from Buenos
Aires near the Ferrocarril del Sud, which will provide special cars
and tariff, so that speedy results are hoped for.
Industries including Manufactures
While Argentina is primarily an agricultural and pastoral country

and is likely so to continue, a fair amount of capital is invested in
manufacturing and in other commercial projects, some of the capital
European. The largest sum is invested in Light and Power
Companies; for all cities of any size have electric lighting and many,
electric traction. About $128,000,000 have been thus invested; in
packing houses 40 millions, flour mills 7; in sugar refineries 50, wine
making 78, foundries and metal works 25, dairies, etc., 43, tannin
extract, etc., 33, lithographing and printing 12, breweries 14,
construction companies 11, these all millions. Other companies with
investments of 5-10 millions are shoes, saw mills, jute and cotton
sacks, carpentry, painting and horse-shoeing together; liquors,
tanneries, cotton and woolen mills, furniture, trunks and tapestries,
leather goods, brick kilns, clothing, wagons and carriages, ice and
aërated waters, ore smelting, grain elevators; many more with
investment of 1-5 millions, besides a total of 47 million in still smaller
companies.
Of other lines, in 1916 there were 71 telephone companies, capital
$15,000,000; 143 banks, capital about $500,000,000, employing
10,000 persons; 85 insurance companies. The companies of all
kinds generally are on a sound and paying basis, in spite of high cost
of fuel and power. The two leading department stores in Buenos
Aires, equal to our best in character, are both British owned; there
are many other shops of every kind of the highest class.
The tramways and subway of Buenos Aires are noteworthy. The
tramway system has been called the best in the world. There are
500 miles of lines, carrying about 400,000,000 passengers yearly.
Packing like cattle is not allowed, the number of persons per car
being strictly limited. The subway 8.7 miles long carries 2,500,000
with a splendid system and fine service including one for freight.
Extensions were postponed on account of the War. The water
supply, taken from the river, and the drainage system are of the
highest character. A revenue of $7,000,000 is received by the
Government.
Dairy Products. The dairy industry is of quite recent development;
butter formerly imported in quantity is now becoming an article of
export. From 1914 to 1918 the production of cheese increased 277
per cent, of butter 162 per cent. Three thousand existing creameries,
most of which are in the Provinces near the Capital, in 1918 made
50,000,000 pounds of butter, 40 million of cheese, and 15 of casein.
More than half the butter and some cheese was exported.
The growth of other industries has caused a great falling off in
many imports; of preserves 62 per cent, of ham 96, preserved
vegetables 87, beer 98, cider 55, common wine 85. Other things as
chocolate, macaroni, fruit crackers, shoes, and cloth have decreased
50 per cent. Of fideos enough is produced for home use, and to
export in 1918 over 2,000,000 pounds.
Furniture. The construction of furniture has attained large
proportions, a great part of what is sold in the country being made in
Buenos Aires though often bearing foreign names. Wood is
imported, even $25,000,000 worth in one year, while the finest
woods grow in the country. Of 305 saw mills, 134, the most
important, are in the City and Province of Buenos Aires far from the
forests. The small mills near the woods merely chop off the branches
for transport or prepare firewood. Cut wood from Buenos Aires is
returned to Misiones and Corrientes for construction, a terrible
waste. A change has begun; the mills near the forests are being
enlarged and equipped with machinery, so an evolution of the
industry is under way.
Paper. Eight paper factories with capital of $8,000,000 employing
1500 persons produce 40,000,000 pounds of paper, 28,000,000 for
packing, the rest for newspapers, books, and other things. A great
quantity is still imported, formerly from Germany, lately much from
the United States. The paper is made of rags, shreds of paper, and
pasteboard, the consumption of pulp being small, hardly 200,000
pounds. One factory at Barranqueras, on the Paraná River in the
Chaco, employs a kind of bog grass to make three tons of straw
board a day.
Flour. The flour mills are of great importance, supplying in 1919,
850,000 tons of flour for home use and some for export. In 1918,
176,445 tons were exported. With fewer mills than formerly, the 400
existing are more productive. The 79 in Buenos Aires, 47 in Santa
Fé, 44 in Entre Rios, and 26 in Córdoba produce 95 per cent of the
total. Sixty-one per cent of the mills are Argentine owned. One
hundred and fifty two are steam mills, 156 hydraulic. They have
25,000-30,000 horse power and employ 10,000 persons. About
$34,000,000 are invested in the industry while the production is
$100,000,000. However the farmers have trouble, as the fee for
hauling grain has increased 60 per cent, and cartage 25 miles to a
station is as much as the freight from Buenos Aires to New York. A
flour mill in Mendoza and in other western cities of the wheat belt
would undoubtedly pay handsomely, saving expensive transport. A
new flour mill at La Plata to cost $500,000 is to turn out a quantity
sufficient to fill 1000 bags a day.
Beer is made in 25 factories for the consumption of the entire
country, a quantity of 80,000,000 litres worth $12,000,000. To
produce the 7000 horse power needed, thousands of tons of coal,
wood, and petroleum are consumed.
Other Manufactures. Factories making shoes, said to be of the
best quality, underwear, umbrellas, acids, perfume, and many other
articles are found. Vegetable oils are extracted from peanuts,
linseed, rape, cotton seed, and other articles, in establishments in
Buenos Aires and Santa Fé.
Altogether there are about 50,000 industrial establishments with a
capital of $800,000,000 using 678,000 horse power, employing
500,000 persons, consuming nearly $500,000,000 worth of material,
and producing nearly $1,000,000,000 worth of goods. About half of
these are extractive or manufacturing. One-third belong to the
Argentines who supply 18.67 per cent of the capital.
Developing Industries. The Government is interested in the
establishment of other factories and construction work; a cement
factory in Buenos Aires to make 300,000 tons per annum is
considered, the Government now using 700,000 tons a year. Ship
building is encouraged; a steel ship of 1250 tons was launched at
Riachuelo; yards are to be constructed at the port of Carmen de
Patagones on the Rio Negro by an Argentine company with capital of
50,000,000 pesos. Some armored cement oil-tanks of 6000 tons
capacity are to be made for Comodoro Rivadavia, and a depot for
petroleum and naphtha at the port of Mar del Plata. Also for the
former, port works, a breakwater, a mole for loading, and houses for
workmen at a cost of 17,000,000 pesos. Sanitary works for 16 towns
at a cost of 9,800,000 pesos are provided for, 22,000,000 pesos are
to be spent in three years for machinery and tank steamers to
develop the Government oil wells, the exploitation of which will cost
45,000,000 pesos; present production is yet insufficient.
A Spanish Argentine Corporation with a capital of $10,000,000 is
to build two large frigorificos at Buenos Aires and Santa Fé, with
steamers to transport beef to Spain. Another frigorifico is designed
for Puerto Deseado in the south to coöperate with local ranchmen.
The lack of combustibles has for many years been a great and
embarrassing problem, an early solution of which is now hoped for.
Importation of coal from England and of petroleum from the United
States has been carried on at great cost. In five years, 1912-16,
$190,000,000 was spent for such articles, while as they say
petroleum ran into the sea and wood rotted at the railway stations. In
1919 coal was $26 a ton. The forests of the north have an
inexhaustible supply of wood; the charcoal industry is quite well
developed in the Chaco, north Santa Fé, Tucumán, and Santiago.
Many woods are appropriate, but high freights have impeded their
use. A large deposit of coal is recently reported in Tucumán. A new
railway to the firewood region of Santiago del Estero will save a 100
mile haul. A splendid source of electric power are the Iguassú Falls
with 275 cascades, the greatest with a height of 213 feet.
Investigation shows that 500,000 horse power is easily available,
one half each for Brazil and Argentina. Ten thousand horse power
would be sent 800 miles to Buenos Aires, the rest used in Misiones,
Corrientes, and Entre Rios. From the Salto Grande Falls on the
Uruguay 50,000 horse power might be available for Argentina and
Uruguay each.
Investments
The opportunity for investments for persons with capital is

evidently large. A great deal of money is necessary for stock raising,
though less in the far south. Agriculture, especially the raising of
cotton, rice, or tobacco might be attractive; the sugar industry may
be extended. Factories of various kind may be established by
experts. Persons speaking Spanish fluently, capable of acting as
foremen or superintendents of establishments of various kinds, might
find employment. The minerals with the exception of petroleum are
less accessible than in some other countries. An American
department store in Buenos Aires is desirable, and one might
succeed in Rosario.
CHAPTER XXXVIII
PARAGUAY: AREA, HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, POPULATION, ETC.
Paraguay has been called the most romantic of all the South
American countries, from the point of view of nature and history both.
It is a land of “dolce far niente” so far as agreeableness is
concerned, a land where nature is lavish and necessities are few; on
the other hand a region where the climate is not enervating, where
energetic action and enterprise are not altogether lacking, and where
these find ample reward. One of the two inland countries of the
continent, having always been such, she has no grievance on this
account. In fact, being in the heart of South America and almost
surrounded by rivers, Paraguay has in many ways a most favorable
location for inland commerce, which will surely bring her prosperity.
Area, Population, Boundary
Area. Paraguay, generally called eighth in size of the South

American Republics, has an area of about 165,000 square miles,
more or less, according to the determination of the boundary dispute
with Bolivia. One hundred and ninety-six thousand miles is claimed
by the Paraguay Government. The more settled part of the country
east of the Paraguay River covers about 65,000 square miles; the
section west, which on most maps is given to Paraguay, though
claimed by Bolivia, is more uncertain in area, but may have 100,000
or more square miles. With the other neighboring countries the
boundaries have been definitely determined.
Population. As in several other countries, the population of
Paraguay can be estimated only, since no exact census has ever
been taken. Approximate figures given by different writers are
800,000-1,100,000.
Boundary. Paraguay has Brazil on the north and east; Argentina,
too, is east, is exclusively on the south, and partly on the west; while
Bolivia is west and north of the Chaco, the dividing line being
uncertain.
The greater part of the way rivers form the boundary line. The
Paraná separates Paraguay proper from Argentina on the south, and
on the east as far as the Iguassú River; north of the latter river Brazil
is on the opposite shore of the Paraná to beyond the Sete Quedas,
or Falls of La Guayra (higher up the Paraná is wholly in Brazil); the
boundary line then goes west and north along the watershed to the
source of a branch of the Rio Apá, which with that river it follows
west down to the Paraguay. Above the point of junction the Paraguay
River has Brazil on the east bank and for some distance the
Paraguayan Chaco on the west. Below the Apá, the Paraguay
divides the country into sections, as far as the Pilcomayo River, on
the southwest of which is Argentina. Below, along the Paraguay
River to the Alto Paraná, Argentina is on the west. The Chaco
section may be said at present to be in the practical possession of
Paraguay, so far as it is occupied by any one except savages.
History
It seems extraordinary that here in the centre of the South

American continent, 1000 miles from the sea, is one of the oldest
cities, the capital of the Republic, Asunción, founded a full century
earlier than Providence (1636), and 85 years before the landing of
the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Juan de Ayolas, sent by Pedro de
Mendoza after the first settlement at Buenos Aires (not long after
destroyed), in 1536 established here a colony; then sailing up the
river to a place he called Candelaria, with a few followers he boldly
struck off through the forest towards Peru. Irala, left behind to await
his return, proved faithful; but after long waiting in vain, being obliged
twice to go to Asunción for provisions, he learned at last that Ayolas,
after a successful journey to Alto Peru, had arrived in his absence
and had then been slaughtered by savages: a tragic sequel of
heroism, fitly to be compared to that of Captain Scott, his
achievement of the South Pole, followed by the disastrous return
journey.
Irala, later becoming Governor, was one of the few
Conquistadores, after many vicissitudes, to die peacefully in 1557.
Until 1776, Asunción was the chief Spanish city of the eastern slope
of South America. Buenos Aires then became the seat of a Viceroy,
in that year appointed.
In 1810, after expelling the Viceroy, the Argentines sent up a small
army, expecting Paraguay also to revolt, but she declined. However,
in 1811 the Paraguayans expelled the Spanish Governor; in 1814 a
despotism under Dr. J. G. R. Francia came into being. At his death in
1840, his nephew, Carlos Antonio Lopez, succeeded to power,
followed in 1862 by his son, Francisco Lopez. This young man, who
had visited Europe, soon organized a well drilled army with the idea
of becoming a second Napoleon, in South America. His opportunity
came when Uruguay appealed for his assistance against the
Portuguese of Brazil. Crossing Argentine territory to invade Brazil, in
spite of the refusal of Argentina to give permission, Lopez became
involved in war with both of the larger countries and later with
Uruguay. Although so small, Paraguay might have held her own
against one of the larger Republics, but after making a desperate
struggle for nearly six years, during which most of the male citizens
were killed, boys of 12-15 forced to fight, women compelled to work
in the fields and to act as supply bearers, with cruel persecution from
the Dictator, the army was utterly wiped out, and Lopez killed in
1870. Three-fourths of the population had perished.
Not yet has the country recovered its previous condition and
numbers, several revolutions having interrupted its growth; the last in
1911-12. Curiously, the people pride themselves on being one of the
most homogeneous of the South American Republics and the best
fighters.
Government
The Government organized in 1870 is of the usual form with three

branches. The President, elected for four years, is not again eligible
for eight years. There are two Houses of Congress, a Senate of 13
members and a Chamber of 26 Deputies. A Permanent Committee
of Congress sits during the interval between sessions, both to
provide for emergencies and to prevent usurpation by the Executive.
The Judiciary has a Supreme Court, two Superior Courts of Appeal,
Civil and Criminal Courts with Lower Courts and Justices.
The section west of the River is under military command; the part
east has 23 electoral districts with subdivisions. As in Argentina, all
persons born in the Republic are deemed citizens.
There are said to be 20 Districts, some of which along the
Paraguay from the north are Concepción, San Pedro, Villeta, Pilar;
farther east Caraguatay, Yhú, Paraguarí, Guaira, Guindí, Caazapá,
San Ignacio, and Encarnación. All have capitals of the same name
except Guaira, the capital of which is Villa Rica. Data as to area and
population of these is lacking.
An unusual official is a Defender General of the Poor, of Minors,
and of Absentees.
Population
The Paraguayans claim that their people are nearly pure Spanish,
with slight admixture of Guaraní, this being the most numerous,
intelligent, and peaceful of the Indian tribes of that region. Preserving
the spirit of the invaders, they are an unusually hardy race for one on
the edge of the tropics. While Spanish blood and culture largely
predominate in the capital, the population of the rural districts is
more primitive in character.
The number of the people is uncertain, but may reach 1,000,000,
including 50,000, some say 100,000 wild Indians belonging to
several tribes, chiefly in the Chaco. In the eastern section of
Paraguay proper there are probably not over 25,000 persons, most
of the population being east and south of the mountainous section
and especially near the Paraguay River. They say that there are no
idle or poor in the country, although many may be seen barefoot in
Asunción; as the simple life is popular, little clothing is needed, and
food is abundant. (Of late the standard of living has been rising.) For
this reason the country people generally lack energy and ambition.
Most of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture, some also in
pastoral pursuits. The native women are called superior to the men.
Burdens thrown upon them during their great war made them
resourceful and independent. The men as a rule are peaceful unless
they have been drinking caña, which is now forbidden by some large
employers of labor. In the section east of the mountains are
uncivilized Indians of the principal tribes, one timid and retiring.
Some of the Cainguaes at times work in the yerbales. The Indians in
the Chaco are of a number of different tribes of a low order of
civilization, who are mostly nomads, and live by the chase and
fishing. A few work at estancias spasmodically, never for long.
Education
Education is backward, though the percentage of illiteracy, if about

60 as is said, may be less than in some of the other Republics. With
the scattered population, chiefly in the country and in small towns, to
provide educational facilities for all is impossible. There is a
University in Asunción with five Faculties; secondary schools in
Asunción, Pilar, and Villa Rica; and six Normal Schools. A School of
Commerce with night and day classes does good work in the capital,
where the Instituto Paraguayo is of important cultural value, recently
receiving a library of 2000 volumes in English from the Carnegie
Peace Foundation. The Banco Agricola has done much for the
diffusion of general education as well as more specifically in
agriculture. As in other countries, some young men go abroad to
study, either on Government scholarships or with private means.
Press, Religion, etc.
Press. The capital is well supplied with newspapers and

periodicals; little journalism exists elsewhere.
Religion. The religion is Roman Catholic, but there is complete
toleration for other creeds. An important work has been carried on in
the Chaco by W. Barbrooke Grubb and others of the English Church.
Schools have been established, with an industrial and intellectual as
well as a religious centre. Civil marriage alone is legal.
Telegraphic communication with the outside world is carried on by
way of Posadas and Corrientes, but frequent interruptions in service
have made it unsatisfactory. There are over 2000 miles of wire in the
interior. Wireless is used by the Government to communicate with
the garrison towns. There are stations at the Capital, Concepción,
and Encarnación. In 1919 there was no Telephone service in
Asunción, as the station had been destroyed by fire; but such service
existed in Concepción, Villa Rica, and Paraguarí.
Money. The Money in use is paper, the standard, a gold peso
equal to the Argentine, 96.5 cents. The paper peso varies in value, in
1920 being worth five cents. The value of exports and imports is
declared in gold, an Exchange Bureau supplying local money at the
actual rate. Thus fluctuations affecting commerce have ceased and
business has improved.
The Metric System of weights and measures is usual.
CHAPTER XXXIX
PARAGUAY: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Highlands. The physical features of the country are simple, the

Paraguay River dividing it into sections: the Gran Chaco, to some
extent unexplored in detail, and the Oriental. The latter, Paraguay
proper, is traversed from north to south by a broad irregular belt of
highlands, nowhere much above 2200 feet. The angle of the ridges
is sharper on the west, the country undulating in gradual slopes from
the foot. On the east, spurs run out enclosing deep valleys, and the
country has more of an upland character. The streams flowing west
to the Paraguay are smoother and to some extent navigable, while
those flowing east and southeast to the Alto Paraná are interrupted
by rapids and falls.
Plains. In the southwest section between the Paraguay and the
Paraná there is considerable marshy country, part draining into the
Ypoa lagoon; other marshy lowlands occur along the Paraguay
River. All these could be drained at moderate expense, thus
providing much rich and accessible land. The western section,
containing most of the inhabitants, has an average altitude of about
600 feet. In the more settled parts of the west and south are
extensive grassy and open lands, and hills covered with forests,
while clumps of trees are frequent in the lowlands. The soil of the
western part is rather dry and sandy except near the rivers and
marshes. It is extremely rich, of a reddish color due to impregnated
iron. Above is a thick layer of humus, formed by centuries of
decaying vegetation. In places the soil is clayey, or has a substratum
of clay beneath. This is true of most of the forest region, and of the
swampy section. Of Paraguay proper the western part is 25 per cent
forest, the middle 66, the eastern 95 per cent.
The Gran Chaco, though called a plain, and flat near the rivers, is
somewhat hilly. Rarely, a freshet on the Paraguay or the Pilcomayo
transforms the neighboring country into great lakes, these
sometimes extending 20 or 30 miles back from the river. Along the
river banks is usually a narrow strip of forest, from which the soil and
trees occasionally crumble into the stream, especially along the
Pilcomayo, thus impeding navigation on that river. Farther back are
open plains dotted with groups of palms, and some stretches of
forest. The average altitude is 426 feet. Little is known of the country
north of 22°.
Rivers. The country is greatly favored with rivers. The Paraguay,
1800 miles long, rises in Matto Grosso, Brazil, near the source of the
Tapajós, a branch of the Amazon. From the east the Paraguay
receives several important streams. Below the Apá, the northern
boundary, two tributaries, the Aquidabán and the Ipané, are nearly
200 miles long. More important is the navigable Jejui (all these north
of Asunción); still more the Tebicuary, entering the Paraguay far
south of Asunción by two mouths, one over one-half, the other over
one-third of a mile in width. The Alto Paraná is different, a more
rocky and a shallower stream than the Paraguay. From that country
it has many affluents, the Monday over 100 miles long with great
cataracts in the lower part but navigable above. The Paraná River,
2000 miles long to the mouth of the Uruguay, rises in Goyaz, 665
miles above the Sete Quedas. It is 100 miles more to the Iguassú,
then 492 to Corrientes, and 676 beyond to the beginning of the La
Plata.
The rivers of the Chaco are more sluggish. Even the Pilcomayo is
untraced in its middle course where vast swamps impede passage
by land or water. The river is navigable in its lower reaches for a
considerable distance, and the upper part is well known. The River
Confuso is a smaller stream of similar character. Paraguay has few
lakes save those swampy in character, but one, Lake Ipacaraí, east
of Asunción, is a popular beauty spot, with pleasure and health
resorts. Lake Ypoa is larger and both are navigable by boats of slight
draft.
Climate
The climate of the country is called ideal, that of course depending

on one’s taste. In general it is subtropical with two seasons, the
summer temperature averaging 81°, the winter 71° or less. The
rainfall is fairly distributed, the most in the hot months, December to
February. Sudden changes of weather occur; from hot, humid north
winds, or cooling south winds from the Argentine plains. In places
the winter temperature may fall to 33°-42°, even with frost, but not
near the Paraná River where there are fogs. In summer the
maximum temperature at Asunción occasionally reaches 100° or
more, and there are 60 inches of rain; more farther east, but less in
the Chaco.
CHAPTER XL
PARAGUAY: THE CAPITAL AND OTHER CITIES
The Capital
Asunción, the population of which is variously given as 80, 90,

100, 120, and 125 thousand, is a quiet town on the Paraguay at a
point where the bank rises to a considerable height, affording good
drainage, and from the palace a pleasing view. An English writer
calls the city the nicest, cleanest town above Buenos Aires. Although
1000 miles from the ocean, it has an altitude of but 203 feet above
sea level. The classical building of the Custom House stands by the
river side. The palace above, built by the Dictator, Francisco Lopez,
as a residence, is used for the offices of the President and his
Cabinet. Other important buildings are a House of Congress, a
Cathedral, a Museum of Fine Arts containing a Murillo, and a
National Library with many priceless documents.
The several hotels are fairly comfortable if not exactly modern in
character. There are electric lights and electric car service. The
streets at last accounts were poorly paved with rough cobble stones,
but some automobiles are in use. The city is steadily advancing in
commercial importance, 80 per cent of the imports and 40 of the
exports passing through its Custom House.
Other Cities
From the meagre information available, to describe individually the

various States or Districts of Paraguay is impossible, as also
unimportant, the sparse settlements having little marked variation.
Mention will be made instead of the principal towns, few of which
have a population of 15,000.
Villa Rica, population perhaps 30,000, 40 hours from Buenos
Aires and 93 miles from Asunción, is the second city of Paraguay.
Situated in a rich agricultural district, it is destined to a sound if not
rapid development. It will become important later as a railway
junction; for the railway designed to cross the Paraná River into
Brazil just above the entrance of the Iguassú, passing the great
Falls, will connect with the São Paulo-Rio Grande Railway at União
de Victoria and go on to São Francisco, called the best port in Brazil
south of Santos. However, the date of this road’s completion is
uncertain. The actual railway junction is at Borja, a little south of Villa
Rica, but the latter place will receive the benefit. All of the towns are
what we might call large country villages.
Villa Concepción, 130 miles up the river from Asunción, the third
if not the second city of commercial importance, with a population
given as 16, 25, also 30 thousand, is a port for yerba, cattle,
quebracho, and sugar. The town of one story houses has better
streets than those of the Capital, and a comfortable inn. It may now
boast of 50 automobiles, instead of the one stylish turnout noted
years ago by Colonel Roosevelt.
Villa Encarnación, population 15,000 or less, opposite Posadas,
is another city of commercial importance, as the junction of the
railway ferry and of river transportation. Here there is a change of
river boats, those of lighter draft being required for the Upper
Paraná.
Other towns are Paraguarí on the railway between Asunción and
Villa Rica, Carapeguá near by, San Pedro north of Asunción, half
way to Concepción, Luque, nine miles south of the Capital, and Pilar,
well down the river. Villa Hayes is one of several centres of
commercial importance in the Chaco.
San Bernadino on Lake Ipacaraí, two hours from Asunción, is a
pleasure resort favored in winter by citizens of Buenos Aires. A large
modern hotel caters both to fashionables and to sufferers from
tuberculosis.
Transportation
River transportation in Paraguay is of the greatest importance.

Large comfortable steamers give good service three times a week
between Buenos Aires and Asunción, making the trip upward in four
or five days, down stream in three. Above Asunción boats of suitable
size and draft give poorer service on the Paraguay. Several lines run
up 765 miles to Corumbá in Brazil, a three or four days journey,
calling on the way at several Paraguayan ports, Concepción, 250
miles, San Salvador, Puerto Max, and others. Fares are high,
especially down stream, apparently because one is obliged to go.
Some ports on the Paraguay and on a few branches above and
below the capital are visited by local steamers. Barges can be
floated on over 2000 miles of internal rivers. Chatas (which are poled
along) drawing 2-4 feet of water carry 10-100 tons; such boats on
the Paraguay may carry 600 tons.
On the Alto Paraná, as previously stated, there is semi-weekly
service from Corrientes to Encarnación and Posadas. Above, three
times a week steamers, with many calls on both sides of the river,
make a four days’ journey to the Iguassú and beyond to Puerto
Mendez, from which point a short railway in Brazil passes around La
Guayra Falls.
Railway facilities are increasing, construction though not so easy
as on the Argentine plains being less difficult than in general in the
other Republics. Nearly 475 miles of track are in operation, 200 of
them privately owned. The main line of the Central Paraguay,
Encarnación to Asunción, 230 miles, has first class equipment with
through sleepers to Buenos Aires, 966 miles from Asunción. Several
short lines of very narrow gauge, about 30 inches, transport
quebracho and timber from the interior to river ports, 152 miles of
these in the Chaco. A railway of 40 miles serves sugar mills back of
Concepción. If the cross lines proposed to Brazil and Bolivia (of one
of the former some miles are in operation) are constructed within the
decade, a rapid development will ensue. Cart roads are few and very
poor. In wet weather six or eight oxen are required for a cart. Two-
wheeled vehicles are much employed.

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Essentials of American Government

Roots and Reform 2011 10th Edition

Reading Comprehension Quiz

Multiple Choice Questions

1) Supreme Court justices and federal judges serve for

3) State courts of original jurisdiction where cases begin are called

5) There are ________ federal district courts.

6) The number of judges of the various U.S. Court of Appeals

10) The proceedings of the U.S. Supreme Court are

5) The U.S. courts of appeals have no original jurisdiction.

9) Judicial restraint was evident in Roe v. Wade.

Multiple Choice Questions

2) The judiciary was called the "least dangerous branch" by

6) According to Article III, the salaries of federal judges

7) The value of a clerkship on the U.S. Supreme Court is BEST demonstrated by

9) The Judiciary Act of 1789

10) Federal circuit courts originally were created by Congress to

14) The first chief justice of the Supreme Court was

21) In Marbury v. Madison, the opinion of the Court stressed that

23) The jurisdiction of the federal courts is controlled by

25) Appellate courts usually

26) Under U.S. criminal law, the victim is considered to be

29) ________ each have four district courts.

35) Senatorial courtesy

51) Research by political scientists finds that

5) Judicial review is mentioned in Article IV of the Constitution.

9) U.S. Supreme Court decisions can be appealed to state supreme courts.

10) Courts of original jurisdiction primarily determine matters of law.

14) President Jimmy Carter appointed three Supreme Court justices.

22) Supreme Court clerks often write first drafts of opinions.

28) The Supreme Court consistently monitors public opinion.

4) Compare and contrast original and appellate jurisdiction.

6) What requirements must a case meet to be heard by a federal district court?

14) Compare and contrast judicial activism and restraint.

2) How do cases move through the federal judicial system?

In the description of the Provinces, mention has been made of the

Industries including Manufactures

While Argentina is primarily an agricultural and pastoral country

The opportunity for investments for persons with capital is

Area, Population, Boundary

Area. Paraguay, generally called eighth in size of the South

It seems extraordinary that here in the centre of the South

The Government organized in 1870 is of the usual form with three

Education is backward, though the percentage of illiteracy, if about

Press, Religion, etc.

Press. The capital is well supplied with newspapers and

Highlands. The physical features of the country are simple, the

The climate of the country is called ideal, that of course depending

Asunción, the population of which is variously given as 80, 90,

From the meagre information available, to describe individually the

River transportation in Paraguay is of the greatest importance.

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