3.

CHALLENGES

SI Engine (Spark Ignition Engine) CI Engine (Compression Ignition

Engine)

Spark Ignition (SI) Engine is a type of Compression Ignition (CI) Engine is an

engine in which the combustion takes place engine in which the combustion of fuel
by the spark generated by the spark plug. It takes place by the heat of the compressed
uses petrol as fuel and works on Otto air. It uses diesel as fuel and works on
cycle. In the spark ignition engine the air Diesel cycle. In the compressed ignition
fuel mixture is inserted into the cylinder engine, only air enters into the cylinder
with help of carburetor. The compression during suction stroke. It has high
of the fuel takes place but it has low compression ratio because of the high
compression ratio. The fuel is ignited by ignition temperature of the diesel fuel. The
the spark generated by the spark plug. SI fuel is ignited by the heat of the
engine produces less noise and vibration compressed air. Due to high compression
and their starting is very easy. They are ratio it produces more power. Due to
light in weight and have less maintenance incomplete combustion of the fuel, it
cost. They are mostly used in light produces more hydrocarbons which lead to
commercial vehicles such as scooters, air pollution. The noise and vibration
motorcycles cars and others. problem is there in the CI engines. The
maintenance cost of the CI engine is more
as compared with the SI engines. They are
mostly used in heavy duty vehicles such as
buses, trucks, railways, ships and others.
 These two types of engines (gasoline or petrol or otto cycle, diesel cycle) have
assumed an important role in modern technology because of their relative simplicity and
high efficiency. The challenges are to reduce the levels of atmospheric pollution resulting
from their operation encounter the obstacle that increased efficiency and reduction of all
pollutant species in exhaust tend to be mutually inconsistent. For example, in the standard
otto cycle engine, a high operating temperature favors efficiency but also increases nitrogen
oxides production; manipulation of the air–fuel mixture ratio to reduce nitrogen oxides
tends to augment hydrocarbon and carbon oxide level. The diesel engine has a longer
period of fuel burn than does the standard Otto cycle engine and hence is able to have
higher efficiency at a lower maximum operating temperature and produce relatively little
nitrogen oxides; for these reasons diesel-powered vehicles have been able to escape the
severe emission control regulations applied to gasoline-powered vehicles in the United
States. However, the slow fuel burning in diesel engines, which extends through much of
the expansion phase of the engine cycle, results in the formation of oxygen-poor zones in
which fuel pyrolysis occurs, generating large quantities of particulate carbon (soot) in the
exhaust. Because this soot has the capacity to adsorb carcinogenic molecules from the
exhaust and transport them into the human lung, it appears likely that stringent control of
diesel emissions will ultimately be undertaken.

4. SUGGESTION/OPINION

Considerable improvement in the amounts of nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide, and

hydrogen oxide released to the environment by gasoline-powered vehicles has been
achieved by improved engine design, modification of fuels (maintaining octane levels by
increasing the amount of branched aliphatic hydrocarbons, while eliminating lead tetraethyl
and reducing the amounts of olefin and aromatic compounds present), and the introduction
of catalyst devices in the exhaust pathway, which increase the oxidation of carbon oxide
and hydrogen oxide and promote the decomposition of nitrogen oxide back to dinitrogen
and dimer oxygen.

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