Techno-Economic Feasibility of Large-

Scale Cattle Farming in Bangladesh

Abu Rayhan1
1
Abu Rayhan, Head of R&D, CBECL, Dhaka, Bangladesh
rayhan@cbecl.com

Figure 1: Cattle farm in Bangladesh

Abstract:
Cattle farming plays a crucial role in Bangladesh's agricultural landscape, contributing
significantly to the country's economy and food security. This research aims to assess the
techno-economic feasibility of large-scale cattle farming in Bangladesh, exploring its potential
for sustainable and profitable operations. The study analyzes the total cost of establishing a
cattle farm, including land development, building and civil works, machinery, equipment, and
other essential expenses. Additionally, it examines the working capital requirements to ensure
smooth operations during the initial phase. The research delves into the products generated by
the cattle farm, primarily focusing on bull sales and composed fertilizer production. It presents
the capacity, unit price, and corresponding revenue generated from each product. The cost of
goods sold and gross profit analysis provide valuable insights into the farm's profitability.
Furthermore, the financial performance of the cattle farm over a five-year period is meticulously
evaluated. This includes detailed calculations of sales revenue, cost of goods sold, gross profit,
administration and selling expenses, operating profit, and net profit. Essential profitability ratios,
such as gross profit to sales, operating profit to sales, and net profit to sales, are analyzed to
gauge the farm's financial health and efficiency.
The break-even analysis aids in understanding the minimum level of sales required to cover
costs and achieve profitability. Additionally, the pay-back period is calculated to assess the
farm's investment recovery timeline. The research also investigates the internal rate of return
(IRR) to determine the project's potential returns over time.

Based on the findings, the research concludes with an in-depth discussion of the cattle farm's
financial performance and overall feasibility. The study highlights the potential challenges and
opportunities in cattle farming in Bangladesh, providing valuable insights for potential investors
and stakeholders.

Keywords: Cattle Farming, Techno-Economic Feasibility, Bangladesh, Total Cost, Working

Capital, Bull Sales, Composed Fertilizer, Financial Performance, Profitability Ratios, Break-Even
Analysis, Pay-Back Period, Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

I. Introduction
Cattle farming plays a significant role in Bangladesh's agricultural sector, contributing to the
country's economy and providing livelihoods to many rural communities. This research aims to
assess the techno-economic feasibility of cattle farming in Bangladesh, exploring its potential to
be a viable and sustainable venture. The study delves into the intricacies of this industry, taking
into account the various factors that impact its success and profitability.

A. Overview of the Research

In this research, we focus on the comprehensive analysis of the techno-economic aspects of

cattle farming in Bangladesh. Our investigation involves a detailed examination of the costs
associated with establishing and operating a cattle farm, as well as the projected revenue from
cattle and by-products sales. We also evaluate the efficiency of the farm's operations,
identifying key performance indicators to gauge its financial viability.

B. Importance of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh

Cattle farming holds immense significance in the Bangladeshi agricultural landscape. It serves
as a crucial source of meat production, milk, and dairy products for the nation's growing
population. Additionally, cattle farming provides employment opportunities, especially in rural
areas, contributing to poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development.

C. Objectives of the Research

The primary objectives of this research are as follows:

1. Cost Analysis: To assess the total investment required for setting up a cattle farm, including
costs related to land acquisition, infrastructure development, machinery, and equipment.

2. Working Capital Evaluation: To determine the necessary working capital for the daily
operations of the cattle farm, taking into account the initial daily cost of production (IDCP) for the
first 18 months.

3. Sales and Revenue Projection: To estimate the potential sales revenue from cattle and by-
products sales, considering the capacity and prevailing market prices.

4. Profitability Analysis: To evaluate the profitability of the cattle farm over a five-year period,
analyzing gross profit, operating profit, and net profit.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 1

5. Feasibility Assessment: To ascertain the feasibility of cattle farming in Bangladesh based on
the financial performance indicators, including break-even analysis, pay-back period, and
internal rate of return (IRR).

By achieving these objectives, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the techno-
economic feasibility of cattle farming in Bangladesh. The findings will aid potential investors,
policymakers, and stakeholders in making informed decisions and developing strategies to
promote the growth and sustainability of this vital agricultural sector.

II. Methodology
A. Data Collection:

The methodology employed in this research paper involves a systematic approach to gather
relevant data pertaining to the techno-economic feasibility of cattle farming in Bangladesh.
Multiple data sources were utilized to ensure comprehensive and accurate information for the
analysis.

1. Primary Data:
To obtain primary data, field surveys were conducted at various cattle farms across different
regions of Bangladesh. Direct interactions with cattle farmers, experts, and stakeholders
provided valuable insights into the practical aspects of cattle farming, including production
processes, costs, and revenue generation.

2. Secondary Data:
Extensive research was conducted using scholarly articles, academic journals, government
reports, and industry publications. This secondary data offered valuable statistics and trends
related to the cattle farming sector in Bangladesh, including market demand, production
dynamics, and financial indicators.

B. Cost Analysis:

The cost analysis segment aimed to determine the investment required for setting up and
operating a cattle farm in Bangladesh. The following cost components were considered in detail:

1. Cost of Land with Land Development:

The expenses associated with procuring suitable land for cattle farming, including land
development for infrastructure and grazing areas, were thoroughly evaluated.

2. Building & Other Civil Works:

Construction costs for cattle sheds, storage facilities, and other essential infrastructure were
meticulously assessed to determine the overall capital expenditure.

3. Machinery and Equipment:

The costs of procuring necessary machinery and equipment for cattle farming operations,
such as feeding systems, milking machines, and waste management tools, were examined.

4. Vehicle:
The investment required for acquiring vehicles to facilitate transportation of cattle and
agricultural produce was taken into account.

5. Furniture, Fixture & Office Equipment:

The expenses related to furnishing and equipping the administrative and office areas of the
cattle farm were analyzed.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 2

6. Preliminary Expenses:
Additional preliminary costs, including legal and licensing fees, were considered to ensure
comprehensive financial assessment.

C. Financial Performance Evaluation:

The financial performance evaluation section focused on analyzing the projected sales revenue,
cost of goods sold, gross profit, operating profit, and net profit for the cattle farming venture over
a five-year period.

1. Sales Revenue:
The estimated revenue generated from the sale of bulls and composed fertilizer was projected
for each of the five years based on market demand and pricing.

2. Cost of Goods Sold (COGS):

The direct costs associated with the production of bulls and composed fertilizer, including
feed, labor, veterinary care, and other operational expenses, were computed.

3. Gross Profit:
The difference between the sales revenue and the COGS provided the gross profit figures,
representing the profitability of the cattle farming venture.

4. Operating Profit:
After accounting for administration and selling expenses, the operating profit was determined,
offering insights into the farm's financial performance.

5. Net Profit:
The net profit was calculated by considering all expenses, including fixed costs, operating
costs, and taxes, to ascertain the overall profitability of the cattle farming project.

To ensure comprehensive analysis, key financial ratios, such as gross profit to sales, operating
profit to sales, and net profit to sales, were computed. Additionally, the break-even analysis,
pay-back period, and internal rate of return (IRR) were determined to assess the project's
financial viability and sustainability over the projected years.

III. Investment Costs

In this section, we will explore the various investment costs associated with establishing and
operating a cattle farming venture in Bangladesh. A comprehensive assessment of these
expenses is crucial for evaluating the techno-economic feasibility of the project. Note that, we
have considered here a sample project of 1000 cattle, in two cycles round the year for
evaluation.

A. Cost of Land with Land Development

The first significant investment is acquiring the land for the cattle farm. The cost of suitable land
and necessary land development activities, such as leveling, fencing, and irrigation, must be
considered. The total cost for acquiring and developing the land amounts to Tk. 142,410,000.00,
considering 1 acre of land nearby Dhaka City.

B. Building & other Civil Works

Constructing essential buildings and infrastructure for the cattle farm, including barns, sheds,
and other facilities, is another critical expense. These structures provide shelter for the cattle,
storage for fodder, and administrative offices. The cost for building and other civil works totals
Tk. 51,015,550.00.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 3

C. Machinery and Equipment

Cattle farming requires various machinery and equipment for efficient operations. These include
milking machines, feeding equipment, water supply systems, and waste management tools. The
investment in machinery and equipment amounts to Tk. 6,775,000.00.

D. Vehicle

To facilitate transportation and movement within the farm, a dedicated vehicle is essential. The
cost of acquiring a suitable vehicle for farm activities is Tk. 6,000,000.00.

E. Furniture, Fixture & Office Equipment

Administrative tasks and record-keeping demand office equipment and furniture. This includes
desks, chairs, cabinets, and other necessary fixtures. The total investment for furniture, fixture,
and office equipment is Tk. 941,200.00.

F. Preliminary Expenses

Certain initial expenses, such as permits, legal fees, and other administrative costs, constitute
the preliminary expenses. These expenses amount to Tk. 800,000.00.

G. Total Fixed Cost

The sum of all the aforementioned investment costs results in the total fixed cost for setting up
the cattle farm, which is Tk. 207,941,750.00.

Table 1
Sl. No. Particulars Total Cost
Tk. In “000”
1 Cost of Land with Land Development 142,410.00
2 Building & other Civil works 51,015.55
3 Machinery and Equipment 6,775.00
4 Vehicle 6,000.00
5 Furniture, Fixture & Office Equipment 941.20
6 Preliminary Expenses 800.00
Total Fixed Cost 207,941.75
7 IDCP (18 Months) 9,829.76
8 Working Capital 55,446.00
Total Cost 273,217.51

Cost of Land with

Land Development
300,000.00
Building & other
250,000.00 Civil works
200,000.00 Machinery and
150,000.00 Equipment
Vehicle
100,000.00
50,000.00 Furniture, Fixture &
0.00 Office Equipment
Total Cost Tk. In “000” Preliminary
Expenses

Figure 2
Total Fixed Cost

IDCP (18Page:
Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Months)4
In conclusion, the investment costs associated with cattle farming in Bangladesh encompass
expenses related to land acquisition, land development, construction of buildings and
infrastructure, procurement of machinery and equipment, a dedicated vehicle, office furniture,
and preliminary administrative expenses. Evaluating these investment costs is essential in
determining the techno-economic feasibility of the cattle farming project. The total fixed cost of
Tk. 207,941,750.00 must be carefully analyzed in conjunction with other financial aspects to
assess the overall viability of the venture.

IV. Working Capital

A. Initial Daily Cost of Production (IDCP) for 18 Months:

The initial daily cost of production (IDCP) plays a crucial role in determining the viability of cattle
farming in Bangladesh. It encompasses the expenses required to run the farm efficiently during
the initial 18 months. These expenses cover various aspects, including animal feed, labor,
veterinary services, utilities, and other operational costs.

Table 2
Srl. Items Tied-up period Amount (Tk. in '000)
1 Yearling Bull purchase 4 months 33,000
2 Feeding and Transport cost 4 months 20,258
3 Salary and wages 4 months 439
4 Utilities 4 months 371
5 Repair and maintenance 4 months 856
6 Stores & Spares 4 months 23
7 Admin. and selling expenses 4 months 501
Total working capital 55,446

To calculate the IDCP, we consider the following components:

1. Animal Feed: The cost of high-quality and nutritious feed for the cattle is a significant part of
the IDCP. A balanced diet is essential for the well-being and productivity of the livestock.

2. Labor: Skilled and reliable labor is required for day-to-day tasks such as feeding, cleaning,
and healthcare of the cattle.

3. Veterinary Services: Regular health check-ups and prompt medical attention are essential to
maintain the health and productivity of the herd.

4. Utilities: Expenses related to electricity, water, and other utilities used in the farm operations.

5. Miscellaneous Costs: Other incidental costs that arise during daily operations.

B. Working Capital Requirements:

Apart from the IDCP, working capital is essential to sustain the cattle farming venture during its
early stages. It serves as a buffer to cover unforeseen expenses and ensures smooth
operations. The working capital requirements are calculated based on the IDCP and other
operational expenses.

To ascertain the working capital needs, we consider factors such as:

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 5

1. Fluctuations in Market Prices: The prices of cattle and cattle products might vary over time,
and having adequate working capital helps absorb the impact of such fluctuations.

2. Emergency Funds: Setting aside funds for emergencies, such as disease outbreaks or
adverse weather conditions, is prudent in cattle farming.

3. Expansion and Diversification: Working capital can also be utilized to explore opportunities for
expansion or diversification of the cattle farm.

V. Total Project Cost:

The total project cost comprises both the fixed costs and the working capital requirements. It
represents the initial investment necessary to establish and operate the cattle farming enterprise
for the targeted period.

The calculation includes:

1. Fixed Costs: These are the one-time costs incurred to acquire land, construct buildings,
purchase machinery, equipment, and other assets essential for the farm.

2. Working Capital: As previously discussed, working capital is the amount required to keep the
farm running smoothly during the initial 18 months.

VI. Production and Sales Analysis

A. Product Capacity:

The production capacity of the cattle farm refers to the maximum number of heads of cattle that
can be raised and maintained on the farm at any given time. It is vital to determine the optimal
number of cattle to ensure efficient resource utilization and maximum productivity.

B. Price of Products:

The price of cattle and cattle products significantly impacts the overall revenue of the farm.
Determining appropriate pricing strategies for products like bull sales and composed fertilizer is
crucial to strike a balance between profitability and market competitiveness.

C. Projected Sales Revenue:

Based on the product capacity and pricing, we project the sales revenue for the cattle farming
enterprise. This estimation considers market demand, historical sales data, and future growth
prospects.

Table 3
Amount
Item Qnty Unit Rate in Tk.
(in Tk. '000)
Bull Sale 891 Heads 260,000 231,660
Composed
Fertilizer* 3,285 MT 15,000 49,275
#REF! Total Tk: 280,935

The analysis of working capital requirements, total project cost, and production and sales
forecasts provides valuable insights into the feasibility of cattle farming in Bangladesh. It
enables us to assess the potential profitability and sustainability of the venture, contributing to
informed decision-making for potential investors and stakeholders.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 6

 Figure 3

VII. Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

A. Yearly Cost of Goods Sold:

In order to determine the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) for the cattle farming project in
Bangladesh, we considered various factors associated with cattle rearing and product
manufacturing. The COGS comprises expenses related to animal feed, veterinary care, labor,
raw materials for composing fertilizer, and other production costs.

Upon detailed calculations, the yearly COGS for the cattle farming project is as follows:

Table 4 (Amounts in Tk. “000”)

Particulars Year - 1 Year - 2 Year - 3 Year - 4 Year - 5 Year - 6 Year - 7
Raw and feeding
materials 162,811 162,811 162,811 162,811 162,811 162,811 162,811
Salary & wages
1,316 1,382 1,451 1,523 1,600 1,680 1,764
Stores & spares
68 102 136 169 203 237 271
Water, power, fuel
1,112 1,112 1,112 1,112 1,112 1,112 1,112
Repair & maintenance
2,568 2,602 2,636 2,670 2,704 2,737 2,771
Rent, tax, insurance
449 449 449 449 449 449 449
Depreciation
3,922 3,922 3,922 3,922 3,922 3,922 3,922
Total cost of production
172,247 172,380 172,517 172,658 172,801 172,949 173,101
Add: Opening WIP (2
days) - 1,498 1,508 1,602 1,603 1,696 1,791
Total stock of WIP
172,247 173,879 174,026 174,260 174,404 174,645 174,891
Less: Closing stock
WIP (2 days) 1,498 1,508 1,602 1,603 1,696 1,791 1,885
Cost of goods
manufactured 170,749 172,370 172,424 172,657 172,708 172,855 173,007

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 7

Particulars Year - 1 Year - 2 Year - 3 Year - 4 Year - 5 Year - 6 Year - 7
Add: Opening FG (7
days) - 5,209 5,365 5,695 5,705 6,031 6,366
Total goods av. For
sales 170,749 177,580 177,789 178,352 178,413 178,885 179,373
Less: Closing FG (7
days) 5,209 5,365 5,695 5,705 6,031 6,366 6,701
Cost of goods sold
165,539 172,214 172,094 172,647 172,382 172,520 172,671

Figure 4 : Year wise Cost of Goods Sold

B. Gross Profit Analysis:

Gross profit is a crucial indicator of the project's profitability, representing the difference between
total sales revenue and COGS. A higher gross profit signifies better efficiency in production and
cost management.

The gross profit for each year is as follows:

Year 1: Tk. 52,743,000

Year 2: Tk. 52,609,000
Year 3: Tk. 66,519,000
Year 4: Tk. 66,379,000
Year 5: Tk. 80,281,000

VIII. Operating Profit and Net Profit

A. Yearly Operating Profit:

Operating profit is the surplus left after deducting both COGS and administrative expenses from
the total sales revenue. It provides insights into the company's core business profitability.

The yearly operating profit for the cattle farming project is as follows:

Year 1: Tk. 49,897,000

Year 2: Tk. 49,539,000
Year 3: Tk. 63,290,000
Year 4: Tk. 62,984,000
Year 5: Tk. 76,716,000

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 8

B. Yearly Net Profit:

Net profit reflects the final financial performance of the cattle farming project after accounting for
all expenses, including taxes, interest, and other non-operating costs.

The yearly net profit for the cattle farming project is as follows:

Year 1: Tk. 40,913,000

Year 2: Tk. 40,555,000
Year 3: Tk. 54,306,000
Year 4: Tk. 54,000,000
Year 5: Tk. 67,732,000

Figure 5 : Year wise Net Profit in Amount

C. Profitability Ratios Analysis:

Profitability ratios help assess the project's financial performance in relation to its revenues,
expenses, and investments. The key ratios analyzed are:

1. Gross profit to sales (%):

- Year 1: 24.19%
- Year 2: 23.43%
- Year 3: 27.91%
- Year 4: 27.80%
- Year 5: 31.80%

2. Operating profit to sales (%):

- Year 1: 22.88%
- Year 2: 22.06%
- Year 3: 26.55%
- Year 4: 26.38%
- Year 5: 30.39%

3. Net profit to sales (%):

- Year 1: 18.76%
- Year 2: 18.06%
- Year 3: 22.78%
- Year 4: 22.61%
- Year 5: 26.83%

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 9

 Figure 6: Year wise net profit in %

IX. Break-Even Analysis

A. Break-Even Point Calculation:

The Break-Even Analysis is an essential tool to determine the minimum level of sales needed to
cover all costs, both fixed and variable, and achieve a net profit of zero. The break-even point
for the cattle farming project is determined as follows:

Break-Even Point: 14.86% of total sales revenue (See Annexure-1).

The Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit analysis reveals a clear picture of the project's
production costs and efficiency. Moreover, the Operating Profit and Net Profit analysis
demonstrate the financial performance and sustainability of the cattle farming venture. Lastly,
the Break-Even Analysis highlights the critical threshold for the project's viability.

X. Pay-Back Period

A. Pay-Back Period Calculation

The pay-back period is a crucial financial metric used to determine the length of time required
for a project to recover its initial investment cost. In the context of the cattle farming project in
Bangladesh, we calculated the pay-back period by analyzing the cash flows from the project's
operations.

To calculate the pay-back period (See Annexure-2), we considered the total project cost,
including both the fixed and working capital costs, which amounted to Tk. 273,217.51 thousand.
Next, we examined the yearly net cash flows generated by the cattle farming project, which
were as follows:

Year 1: Tk. 40,913 thousand

Year 2: Tk. 40,555 thousand
Year 3: Tk. 54,306 thousand
Year 4: Tk. 54,000 thousand
Year 5: Tk. 67,732 thousand

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 10

The cumulative net cash flows for each year were calculated by adding the net cash flow of the
current year to the net cash flow of the previous year. The pay-back period is determined when
the cumulative net cash flows become equal to or exceed the total project cost.

After performing the calculations, we found that the cattle farming project achieved a pay-back
period of 4 years and 11 months. This indicates that within this period, the project is expected to
recover the entire initial investment cost of Tk. 273,217.51 thousand.

XI. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

A. IRR Calculation

The internal rate of return (IRR) is a critical financial metric used to assess the profitability of an
investment. It represents the discount rate at which the present value of future cash flows
equals the initial investment cost. In the context of the cattle farming project in Bangladesh, we
computed the IRR to evaluate the project's financial viability.

To calculate the IRR (See Annexure- 3), we considered the yearly net cash flows generated by
the cattle farming project, as mentioned earlier:

Year 1: Tk. 40,913 thousand

Year 2: Tk. 40,555 thousand
Year 3: Tk. 54,306 thousand
Year 4: Tk. 54,000 thousand
Year 5: Tk. 67,732 thousand

Using a financial calculator or software, we found that the internal rate of return for the cattle
farming project is approximately 16.90%. This IRR value indicates the expected annualized rate
of return on the investment over the project's life.

XII. Discussion of Findings

A. Analysis of Financial Performance

The financial performance analysis of the cattle farming project in Bangladesh reveals promising
results. The gross profit to sales ratio ranged from 24.19% to 31.80%, showcasing a
consistently positive trend. Moreover, the operating profit to sales ratio varied from 22.88% to
30.39%, indicating robust operational efficiency over the years. The net profit to sales ratio
ranged from 18.76% to 26.83%, highlighting the project's ability to generate considerable profits.
B. Feasibility Assessment

Based on the pay-back period calculation, the cattle farming project is expected to recoup its
initial investment within 4 years and 11 months, indicating a relatively short pay-back duration.
Additionally, the internal rate of return (IRR) of approximately 16.90% surpasses the project's
required rate of return, demonstrating its profitability.

XIII. Conclusion

A. Summary of Research

The research paper assessed the techno-economic feasibility of cattle farming in Bangladesh.
Through a comprehensive analysis, we evaluated the project's financial performance, including
the pay-back period and internal rate of return.

B. Recommendations

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 11

Based on the findings, it is evident that cattle farming in Bangladesh is economically viable and
financially rewarding. As such, we recommend potential investors and stakeholders consider
this venture as a lucrative opportunity for agricultural and economic growth.

XIV. Annexures

A. Break-Even Analysis Details (Annexure-1)

Table 5 (Amounts in Tk. “000”)

01. Sales Revenue on 7th year 280,505

02. Total cost of operation, admin & selling and financial expenses 185,425

Analysis of total cost Total Cost Fixed Cost Variable

Raw materials 162,811 - 162,811
Salary and wages 1,764 - 1,764
Repairs & maintenance 2,771 2,000 771
Tax, Insurance, etc. 449 - 449
Water, power, fuel 1,112 1,000 112
Stores and spares 271 200 71
Administrative salary 2,096 2,096 -
Postage, telegram, telephone 120 35 85
Printing & Stationery 135 100 35
Conveyance & travelling 304 300 4
Depreciation & write off 4,082 1,500 2,582
Miscellaneous expenses 240 200 40
Legal & audit fee 115 100 15
Ad & sales promotion 170 120 50
Financial expenses 8,984 8,984 -
Total: 185,425 16,635 168,790
03. Break even point (BEP)
PV Ratio = (Sales - variable cost) / sales Sales 280,505
Variable cost 168,790
111,715
Divided by Sales = 0.398
BEP (Sales) = Fixed cost / PV ratio = 16,635 41,769.48
Assumed Capacity : 0.1486
Say: 14.86%

B. Pay-Back Period Calculation (Annexure-2)

Table 6 (Amounts in Tk. “000”)

Cash Flow (273218) 44834.971 44477.05 58228.416 57922.0738 71654.38 85368.3493

Regular Payback N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.95 N/A

Period (years)

In Months N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 59.3 N/A

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 12

C. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Calculation (Annexure-3)

Table 7 (Amounts in Tk. “000”)

Srl. Capital Operating profit Non-cash Operating Net inflow Present value
Outlay charges inflow /(Outflow)
20% 40%

0 273,218 - - - (273,218) (273,218) (273,218)

1 49,897 3,922 53,819 53,819 44,850 38,442

2 49,539 3,922 53,462 53,462 37,126 27,276

3 63,290 3,922 67,213 67,213 38,896 24,494

4 62,984 3,922 66,907 66,907 32,266 17,416

5 76,716 3,922 80,639 80,639 32,407 14,994

6 90,430 3,922 94,353 94,353 31,599 12,531

7 104,136 3,922 108,058 108,058 30,157 10,251

Total: (25,917) (127,813)

IRR = 16.90%

XV. References
1. Datta, A. K., Haider, M. Z., & Ghosh, S. K. (2019). Economic analysis of dairy farming in
Bangladesh. Tropical animal health and production, 51, 55-64.
2. Khan, M. J., Peters, K. J., & Uddin, M. M. (2009). Feeding strategy for improving dairy
cattle productivity in small holder farm in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal
Science, 38(1-2), 67-85.
3. Baset, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. S., Ara, A., & Kabir, A. S. M. (2003). Beef cattle
production in Bangladesh-A Review. Online Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(1), 8-25.
4. Kamal, M. M. (2010). A review on cattle reproduction in Bangladesh. International Journal
of Dairy Science, 5(4), 245-252.
5. Hamid, M. A., Siddiky, M. N. A., Rahman, M. A., & Hossain, K. M. (2016). Scopes and
opportunities of buffalo farming in Bangladesh: A review. SAARC Journal of Agriculture,
14(2), 63-77.
6. Hossain, M. E., Khatun, M. M., Islam, M. M., & Miazi, O. F. (2012). Semen characteristics
of breeding bulls at the Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 41(1), 1-5.
7. Kamal, M. T., Hashem, M. A., Al Mamun, M., Hossain, M. M., & Razzaque, M. A. (2019).
Study of cattle fattening system in selected region of Bangladesh. SAARC Journal of
Agriculture, 17(1), 105-118.
8. Khan, M. K. I., Blair, H. T., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Johnson, P. L. (2005). Productive,
reproductive and economic performance of dairy cattle in Bangladesh. In Proc. Assoc.
Advmt. Anim. Breed. Genet (Vol. 16, pp. 124-127).
9. Shamsuddin, M., Goodger, W. J., Hossein, M. S., Azizunnesa, Bennett, T., & Nordlund, K.
(2006). A survey to identify economic opportunities for smallholder dairy farms in
Bangladesh. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 38, 131-140.
10. Ahmed, T., Hashem, M. A., Khan, M., Rahman, M. F., & Hossain, M. M. (2010). Factors
related to small scale cattle fattening in rural areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal
of Animal Science, 39(1-2), 116-124.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 13

 11. Saadullah, M. (2002). Smallholder dairy production and marketing in Bangladesh.
Smallholder dairy production and marketing-Opportunities and constraints. Nairobi,
Kenya: NDDB (National Dairy Development Board) and ILRI (International Livestock
Research Institute), 7-21.
12. Hasan, M. M., Hashem, M. A., Azad, M. A. K., Billah, M. M., & Rahman, M. M. (2022).
Fattening practices of beef cattle for quality meat production at Rangpur district of
Bangladesh. Meat Research, 2(2).
13. Uddin, M. N., Uddin, M. B., Al Mamun, M., Hassan, M. M., & Khan, M. M. H. (2012).
Small scale dairy farming for livelihoods of rural farmers: Constraint and prospect in
Bangladesh. Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2(6), 543-550.
14. Hossain, M. M., Alam, M. M., Rashid, M. M., Asaduzzaman, M., & Rahman, M. M.
(2005). Small scale dairy farming practice in a selective area of Bangladesh. Pakistan
Journal of Nutrition, 4(4), 215-221.
15. Sarma, P. K., & Raha, S. K. (2015). Strategies of beef cattle development enterprise in
selected areas of Bangladesh. Advances in Economics And Business, 3(4), 124-132.
16. Uddin, M. M., Sultana, M. N., Ndambi, O. A., Hemme, T., & Peters, K. J. (2010). A farm
economic analysis in different dairy production systems in Bangladesh. Livestock
Research for Rural Development, 22(7), 2010.
17. Quddus, A. (2018). Smallholder dairy farming in Bangladesh: A socioeconomic analysis.
Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 37.
18. Udo, H. M. J., Hermans, C., & Dawood, F. (1990). Comparison of two cattle production
systems in Pabna district Bangladesh. Trop. Anim. Heal. Prod, 22, 247-259.
19. Ali, M. Z., Sultana, S., Rahman, M. T., & Islam, M. S. (2013). Economics of fertility
management of small holding dairy farms in Bangladesh. Iranian Journal of Applied
Animal Science, 3(3), 509-512.
20. Hossain, M. D., Hossain, M. M., Hashem, M. A., & Bhuiyan, K. J. (2016). Organic beef
cattle production pattern at Shahjadpur upazilla of Sirajgonj district in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 45(1), 25-30.
21. Talukder, M. A. S., Khandoker, M. A. M. Y., Rahman, M. G. M., Islam, M. R., & Khan, M.
A. A. (2005). Reproductive problems of cow at Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy
Farm and possible remedies. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(11), 1561-1567.
22. Khan, A. B. M. K. I., Baset, M. A., & Fouzder, S. K. (2010). Study of management and
production system of small scale dairy farm in a selective rural area of Bangladesh.
Journal of Science Foundation, 8(1-2), 13-21.
23. Tanzin, R., Ghosh, K. C., Jahan, R., Khatun, A., & Rahmatullah, M. (2010). An
ethnoveterinary survey of medicinal plants used to treat cattle diseases in Birishiri area,
Netrakona district, Bangladesh. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 10-14.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Cattle Farming in Bangladesh Page: 14