1. In a city, streets run north and south, and avenues run east and west.

Streets and
avenues are 850 feet apart. The city plans to construct a straight freeway from the
intersection of 25th street and 8th avenue to the intersection of 115th street and 64th
avenue. How long will be the freeway be?
a. 13 miles c. 15 miles
b. 11 miles d. 17 miles

Solution:
1 Street = 1 Avenue = 850 feet
Streets are the y-axis (either North of South) while Avenue are the x-axis (either east or
west). Therefore the coordinate are (avenue, street) = (x, y)
Thus 25th street and 8th avenue has a coordinate of (8, 25)
And 115th street and 64th avenue has a coordinate of (64, 115)
Using distance formula

D =√(x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2

D = √(64 − 8)2 + (115 − 25)2

850 ft 1 mile
D = 106 street or avenue( ) ( 5280 ft)
1 street or avenue

D = 17.06 miles
2. An experienced roofer can roof a house in 26 hours. A beginning roofer needs 39 hours
to complete the same job. Find how long it takes for the two to do the job together.
a. 15.6 hours c. 14.6 hours
b. 12.6 hours d. 13.6 hours
Solution:
job
Work Rate = time taken
1 roof
Experienced roofer work rate = 26 hour
1 roof
Beginner roofer work rate = 39 hour

Let t the time it take for them to complete 1 job

1 1 1
+ =
26 39 t

t= 15.6 hours
3. a manufacturer custom window produces y windows per week x hours of labor per
week, where y=1.75√x. how many hours of labor are required to keep production of 28
windows per week?
a. 246 c. 226
b. 256 d. 236

Solution:
y = number of windows produces per week
x = number of hours of labor per week
y = 1.75√x
how many hours of labor are required t keep production of 28 windows per week
28=1.75√x
x = 256

4. The number of accidents for 6 yrs. Recorded in a certain section of a highway is 5432.
If the average daily traffic is 476, what is the accident rate per million entering vehicles?
a. 5211 c. 5002
b. 5106 d. 5010

Solution:
Accident Rate per million entering vehicles (MEV) for intersection
A( 1,000,000)
R= ADT(N)(365)

Where:
R = The accident rate for one million entering vehicles
A= Number of accident
ADT= Average Daily Traffic entering the intersection from all legs
N = Number of years
5432( 1,000,000)
R=
476(6)(365)

R = 5210.85
5. In still water, your small boat averages 8 miles per hour. It takes you the same amount
of time to travel 15 miles downstream, with the current, as 9 miles upstream, against the
current. What is the rate of water’s current?
a. 4 miles/hr c. 2 miles/ hr
b. 3 miles/hr d. 5 miles/hr
Solution:
d
t=v

let v = velocity of the current

let t1= time to travel with the current
let t2= time to travel against the current
15
t1=8+v
9
t2=8−v

t1 = t2
15 9
=
8+v 8−v

v = 2 miles/ hr

6. a coin is so unbalanced that you are likely to get two heads in two successive throws
as you are to get tails in one. What is the probability of getting heads in single throw?
a. 0.168 c. 0.681
b. 0.618 d. 0.816

Solution:
let x = probability to get head
1-x = probability to get tail
x2 = 1-x
x = 0.618
7. Four boys, Alan, Brian, Charles and Donald, and four girls, Eve, Fay, Gwen and Helen
are each in love with one of the others, and, sad to say, in no case is their love requited.
Alan loves the girl who loves the man who loves Eve. Fay is loved by the man who is
loved by the girl loved by Brian. Charles loves the girl who loves Donald. If Brian is not
loved by Gwen, and the boy who is loved by Helen does not love Gwen, who loves Alan?
a. Gwen loves alan c. Fay loves alan
b. Eve loves alan d. Helen loves alan

Solution:

By trial and error

Allan>Helen>Brian>Eve>Charles>Fay>Donald>Gwen>Allan
8. To stimulate his son in the pursuit of partial differential equations, a math professor
offered to pay him $8 for every equation correctly solved and to fine him $5 for every
incorrect solution. At the end of 26 problems, neither owed any money to the other. How
many did the boy solve correctly?
a. 8 c. 10
b. 9 d. 11

Solution:
let x = number of items solved correctly
26-x = number of items solved incorrectly
8x-5(26-x)=0
x = 10

9. An expert on transformer design relaxed one Saturday by going to the races. At the
end of the first race he had doubled his money. He bet $30 on the second race and tripled
his money. He bet $54 on the third race and quadrupled his money. He bet $72 on the
fourth race and lost it, but still had $48 left. With how much money did he start?
a.28 c.30
b.29 d.31
Solution:
let x = original amount of money
2x = amount of money after first race
3(2x-30) = amount of money after second race
4(3(2x-30)-54) = amount of money after third race
4(3(2x-30)-54)-72 = 48
x = 29
10. Three hares are standing in a triangular field which is exactly 100 yards on each side.
One hare stands at each corner; and simultaneously all three set off running. Each hare
runs after the hare in the adjacent corner on his left, thus following a curved course which
terminates in the middle of the field, all three hares arriving there together. The hares
obviously ran at the same speed, but just how far did they run?
a. 100 c. 120
b. 110 d. 130
Solution:
Exactly 100 yards. The reasoning is that at any moment the hares are at the vertices of
100
an equilateral triangle which diminishes at the velocity of the hares. Hence V the time it
takes for the triangle to become a point in the middle of the field. The distance the hares
100
travel during that time is V x V which equals exactly 100 yards.

11. A point on the rim of the wheel has a linear speed of 18 cm/ sec. if the radius if the
wheel is 20 cm, what is the angular speed of the wheel in rad/sec?
Hint v=rω
a. 0.9 c.9
b. 0.09 d. 90

Solution:
v=rw
18=20ω
ω = 0.9 rad/s
12. Peter borrows P1000 from a bank on the first days of the month. The interest is
computed at the end of every month on the amount he still owed at a rate of 1.5% per
month. Peter pays x pesos at the end of the first month. Peter pays x pesos at the end of
the 2nd month and x at the end f the 3rd month. Peter has completely paid off the debt
completely at the end of the 3rd month. Find the value of x
a. 3434 c. 3443
b. 4343 d. 4334
solution:
let x = A

P= ∑ref−start
ref−end A(1 + i)^x

10000= ∑0−1
0−3 A(1 + i)^x

A = 3434
13. the length of a summit vertical curve is 200 m. Tangent grades for the vertical curves
are+3 % and -2%. Compute the radius of the summit curve.
a.3000m c. 5000m
b. 4000m d. 6000m

Solution:
L
R=
Δg

Δg = 3%--2%= 5%
 200
R= = 4000m
5%

14. Three dart players threw simultaneously at a tic-tac-toe board, each hitting a different
square. What is the probability that the three hits constituted a win at tic-tac-toe?
a. 2/23 c. 2/21
b. 2/25 d. 2/19
solution:
number of winning outcome
probability of winning = total number of outcome

total number of outcome = 9C3

only the 3 rows, 3 columns, and 2 diagonals constitute a win = 8
8
probability of winning = 9C3

p = 2/21
15. The interior of a satellite TV antenna is a dish having a shape of a paraboloid that has
a diameter 12m and 2m deep. Find the distance from the center of the dish to focus
a. 4.5m c. 5.8m
b. 6m d. 3m
solution:
distance between vertex to focus = a
using equation of parabola y^2=4ax
at (2,6)
62 = 4a(2)
a = 4.5

16. A very thin surface applied over a bituminous pavement to make it impervious is
called?
a. seal coat c. tack coat
b. tack coat d. surface dressing

17. The time for mixing of ingredients for a concrete cement road should be done for at
least.
a. 1.5 minutes c. 2.5 minutes
b. 2 minutes d. 3 minutes

18. the number of days final curing for a concrete cement pavement is done for.
a. 28 days c. 7 days
b. 14 days d. 18 days
19. the measurement of the extent to which a road surface deviates from the plane is
called?
a. pavement deflection c. pavement roughness
b. pavement distress d. skid resistance
20. Refers to the condition of a pavement in terms of its general appearance
a. pavement deflection c. pavement roughness
b. pavement distress d. skid resistance
21. How many permutations can be made out of the letters of the word Philippines?
A. 1,108,800 C. 1,081,800
B. 2,266,589 D. 3,326,400
Solution:
“𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠”
𝑃−1
ℎ−1
𝑖−3
𝑙−2
𝑝−1
𝑛−1
𝑒−1
𝑠−1
11!
= = 3,326,400
1! 1! 3! 2! 1! 1! 1! 1!

Note: P is a different and unique element from p.

22. A particular iPod playlist contains 100 songs, 10 of which are by Elvis Presley.
Suppose the shuffle feature is used to play the songs in random order. What is the
probability that the first Elvis Presley song heard is the fifth song played?
a. 0.0796 b. 0.0769 c. 0.0679 d. 0.0976

SOLUTION:
P - Presley’s song
N - Not Presley’s

90 89 88 87 10
൬ ൰ 𝑥 ൬ ൰ 𝑥 ൬ ൰ 𝑥 ൬ ൰ 𝑥 (1 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 4 𝑁’𝑠)𝑥 ൬ ൰ 𝑥(1 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑦’𝑠)
100 99 98 97 96
= 0.0679

Note: a song cannot repeat once played already

23. The probability of getting a credit in an examination is 1/3. If three students are
selected at random, what is the probability that at least one of them get a credit?
a. 19/27 b.2/3 c. 8/27 d. 1/3

SOLUTION:
𝐶 − 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 = 1/3
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 = 2/3
𝑛 3
19
෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟(𝑝 )𝑟 ( 𝑞 )3−𝑟 = ෍ 3𝐶𝑥 (𝑝)𝑥 (𝑞)3−𝑥 =
27
𝑛1 1

24. The probability that the stock market goes up on Monday is 0.6. Given that it goes up
on Monday, the probability that it goes up on Tuesday is 0.3. Find the probability that the
market goes up on both days.
a. 0.42 b. 0.12 c. 0.18 d. 0.28

SOLUTION:

𝑃(𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 0.6

𝑃(𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦| 𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 0.3
𝑃( 𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) = 0.6𝑥0.3 = 0.18

25. Tom has an instructor who gives a midterm exam and a final exam. The probability
that a student passes the midterm exam is 0.6. Given that a student fails the midterm
exam, the probability that he or she passes the final exam is 0.80. What is the probability
that Tom fails the midterm and passes the final?
a. 0.32 b. 0.48 c. 0.12 d. 0.36

SOLUTION:

𝑃(𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) = 0.6

𝑃(𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙| 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚) = 0.8
𝑃(𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙) = (1 − 0.6)𝑥(0.8) = 0.32
26. A container contains a certain liquid with a unit weight of 7 kN/m3 to a depth of 4 m.
Water is poured into the container and the total depth is now 6 m. What is the gage
pressure at the interface of the two liquids?
a. 19.62 kPa b. 47.62 kPa c. 21 kPa d. 28 kPa
Solution:
Since water is denser, it will sink.
P=γh
P=7(4) = 28 kPa
27. A tank in an elevator with water at a depth of 0.40 m is accelerated at 2 m/s 2. What is
the pressure at the bottom of the tank if the elevator moves downward.
a. 3.12 kPa c. 4.72 kPa
b. 7.85 kPa d. 1.6 kPa
Solution:

P=ρh(g ± a)

P= 1000(0.4)(9.81-2)= 3124 Pa= 3.12 kPa

28. A cube has a side of 600 mm. What is the force required to completely submerge the
cube in water if its specific gravity is 0.80?
a. 706 N c. 424 N
b.1695 N d. 2119 N
Solution:
BF = W + F
9810(0.63) = 9810(0.8)(0.63) + F
F= 424 N
SITUATION. For a compacted soil, Gs= 2.72, water content= 18% and dry unit weight is
90% of the unit weight at zero air voids.
29. Determine the zero air void unit weight (kN/m3).
a. 16.50 c. 17.91
b. 17.45 d. 17.32

Solution:
𝐺𝑠ϒ𝑤
ϒzav =
1+𝐺𝑠𝑤
2.72(9.81)
ϒzav = 1+2.72(0.18)
ϒzav = 17.91

30. Determine the dry unit weight (kN/m3)

a. 14.85 c. 16.12
b. 15.72 d. 15.59

Solution:
ϒ𝑑𝑟𝑦 = ϒzav(90%)
ϒ𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 17.910(90%)
ϒ𝒅𝒓𝒚 = 16.12

31. Determine the bulk unit weight (kN/m3).

a. 17.52 c. 19.02
b.18.55 d.18.40

Solution:
ϒ𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 = ϒ𝑑𝑟𝑦(1+w)
ϒ𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 = 16.12(1+18%)
ϒ𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 = 19.02
32. According to USCS, a soil particle whose size is finer than the No. 200 sieve is called?
a. silt b. clay c. fines d. colloid

33. What test determines the in site shear strength of soft to medium clay?
a. Standard Penetration Test C. Tri-axial Test
b. Vane Shear Test D. Plate Bearing Test

34. The property of a soil which permits water to percolate through it, is called
a. moisture content
b. permeability

c. capillarity
d. none of these.

35. Pick up the correct statement from the following:

a. The phenomenon of quicksand generally occurs in the cohesionless soil

b. At critical hydraulic gradient, the saturated sand becomes quick

c. The critical gradient depends on the void ratio and the specific gravity
d. All the above.
36. Negative skin friction on piles
a. is caused due to relative settlement of the soil
b. is caused in soft clays
c. decreases the pile capacity
d. all of the above.

37. . The ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids in a given mass of soil, is
known
a. porosity
b. specific gravity
c. void ratio
d. water content.

38. Molecules of fluids get attracted due to

a. capillarity action
b. surface tension
c. adhesion

d. cohesion

39. Equation of continuity of flow is based on the principle of

a. conservation of mass
b. conservation of momentum
c. conservation of force
d. none of this
40. A floating body attains stable equilibrium if its metacenter is
a. at the centroid
b. above the centroid

c. below the centroid

d. anywhere.

41. Application of additional axial stress called deviator stress produces shear stress in
a. vertical plane
b. horizontal plane
c. vertical and horizontal plane
d. all plane except vertical and horizontal

42. what is the state of soil between liquid limit and plastic limit
a. liquid
b. plastic
c. semi-solid
d. solid

43. When a cohesionless soil attains quick condition, it looses

a. shear strength
b. bearing capacity
c. both (a) and (b)

d. neither (a) nor (b).

44. The minimum water content at which the soil just begins to crumble when rolled into
threads 3 mm in diameter, is known
a. liquid limit
b.plastic limit
c.shrinkage limit
d.permeability limit.

45. Atmospheric pressure varies with

a. altitude
b. temperature
c. weather conditions
d. all of the above.

46. Falling drops of water become spheres due to

a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. surface tension
d. viscosity.

46. Euler's equation for the motion of liquids assumes that

a. fluid is viscous
b. fluid is homogeneous and incompressible
c. velocity of flow is non-uniform over the section
d. flow is unsteady along the stream line.

47. The main assumption of Bernoulli's equation is :

a. The velocity of energy of liquid particle, across any cross-section of a pipe is uniform
b. No external force except the gravity acts on the liquid
c. There is no loss of energy of the liquid while flowing
d. All the above.
48. Due to decrease of diameter of the droplet, inside pressure intensity
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains unaffected
d. None of these.

49. Barometres are used to measure

a. pressure in water channels, pipes etc.
b. difference in pressure at two points
c. atmospheric pressure
d. very low pressure

50. In fluids, steady flow occurs when

a. conditions of flow change steadily with time
b. conditions of flow do not change with time at a point
c. conditions of flow remain the same at adjacent point
d. velocity vector remains constant at a point.
SITUATION: (See #65 additional comment)
Light-grade channel section is used as a purlin of a truss.
Given the following data:
Properties Channel section:
𝑁
𝑊 = 79
𝑚
𝑆𝑥 = 6.19 𝑥 104 𝑚𝑚3
𝑆𝑦 = 1.61 𝑥 104 𝑚𝑚3

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 6 𝑚
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 15°
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 1 𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛 = 950 𝑃𝑎

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑:
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 288 𝑃𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 864 𝑃𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠:
𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 195 𝑀𝑃𝑎
63. How much is the critical bending stress, fbx (MPa)
due to gravity loads and wind load.
a. 143.2 c. 93.2
b. 110.5 d. 126.3
SOLUTION:
Tabulate loads causing bending about strong axis and weak axis.
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑤𝑔 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑔𝑥 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠15° = 0.9176𝑥 𝑤𝑔𝑦 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛15° = 0.2459x

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑠𝑤 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑠𝑤𝑥 = 0.0790 𝑐𝑜𝑠15° = 0.07631 𝑠𝑤𝑦 = 0.0790 𝑠𝑖𝑛15° = 0.02045
𝑚 𝑚

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑤𝑤𝑤 = +0.288𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝑥)

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑤𝑙
𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑤𝑙𝑤 = − 0.864𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝑥)
About Strong- axis:

wt = wgx+ swx+ www

wgx
swx cg

www

L=6m

𝑤𝑡 (6)2
𝑀𝑥 𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
fbx = = 8 = 72.70𝑤𝑡
𝑆𝑥 6.19𝑥104 𝑚𝑚3

Solving for critical bending stress:

Note: Use windward side to produce critical bending stress
fbx = 72.70 𝑤𝑔𝑥 + 𝑠𝑤𝑥 + 𝑤𝑤𝑤
fbx = 72.70 0.9176𝑥 + 0.07631 + 0.288𝑥
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑥 = 1 𝑚
𝐟𝐛𝐱 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟕𝟎 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝟏𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟖(𝟏𝒎) = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
64. How much is the critical bending stress, fby (MPa)
due to gravity loads and wind load.
a. 126.3 c. 110.5
b. 143.2 d. 93.2
SOLUTION:
Tabulate loads causing bending about strong axis and weak axis.
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑤𝑔 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑔𝑥 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠15° = 0.9176𝑥 𝑤𝑔𝑦 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛15° = 0.2459x

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑠𝑤 = 0.950𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑠𝑤𝑥 = 0.0790 𝑐𝑜𝑠15° = 0.07631 𝑠𝑤𝑦 = 0.0790 𝑠𝑖𝑛15° = 0.02045
𝑚 𝑚

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑤𝑤𝑤 = +0.288𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝑥)

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑤𝑙
𝐿𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑, 𝑤𝑙𝑤 = − 0.864𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝑥)
About Weak- axis:
Note: there are no sagrods wgy
@top of purlin
wgy

cg

L=6m
𝑤𝑔𝑦 (6)2
𝑀𝑦 𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
fb𝑦1 = = 8 = 559.01𝑤𝑔𝑦
0.5𝑆𝑦 0.5(1.61𝑥104 𝑚𝑚3 )

Note: Sy must be reduced by 50% if applied at top of purlin

@centroid
swy
swy

cg
L=6m
𝑠𝑤𝑦 (6)2
𝑀𝑦 𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
fbx = = 8 = 279.503𝑠𝑤𝑦
𝑆𝑦 1.61𝑥104 𝑚𝑚3

Solving for critical bending stress fby:

fbx = 559.01𝑤𝑔𝑦 + 279.503𝑠𝑤𝑦
fbx = 559.01(0.2459𝑥) + 279.503(0.02045)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑥 = 1 𝑚
𝐟𝐛𝐱 = 𝟓𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝟏𝒎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
65. What is the maximum spacing (m) of purlins to prevent overstressing due to gravity loads and wind
load?
a. 0.50 c. 0.90
b. 0.70 d. 1.10
SOLUTION:
Solving for s:
fb𝑥 fb𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

72.70 0.9176𝑥 + 0.07631 + 0.288𝑥 559.01(0.2459𝑥) + 279.503(0.02045)

+ ≤ 1.0
(195) (195)
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝒎

Note: Due to the influence of wind load, 1/3 increase to allowable stresses is allowed.

fb𝑥 fb𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
4 4
𝐹 𝐹
3 𝑏𝑥 3 𝑏𝑦

72.70 0.9176𝑥 + 0.07631 + 0.288𝑥 559.01(0.2459𝑥) + 279.503(0.02045)

+ ≤ 1.0
4 4
(195) (195)
3 3
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 - ans