Implement Maintenance Proceder

Training, Teaching and Learning Materials Development Lo1
Under
Ethiopian TVET-System
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SUPPORT SERVICE
Level II
LEARNING GUIDE # 9
Unit of Competence : Implement Maintenance
Procedure
Module Title : Implementing Maintenance
Procedure
LG Code : ICT ITS2 M03 L01 09
TTLM Code : ICT ITS2 TTLM03 0817
LO 1: Determine best practices for equipment and

software maintenance
Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 1 of 84
Author: IT Experts
\
INTRODUCTION Learning Guide # 9
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage and topics –
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Identify equipment and software to be maintained and implemented processes to ensure future acquisitions of equipment and
software.
 Identify vendor documentation, peer organizations or research information detailing best practices in equipment and
software maintenance to improve system performance and reliability.
 Obtain requirements from user in the area of equipment maintenance and reliability.
 Document procedures for maintenance based upon best practices.
Learning Activities
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1” in pages 3-6.
3. Accomplish the “Self-check” in pages 7.
4. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if your rating is
unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to Learning Activity # 1.
5. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2” in pages 8-11.
6. Accomplish the “Self-check” in page 12.
7. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Lap Test”. However, if your rating is
8. Do the “LAP test” on page 13 (if you are ready) and show your output to your teacher. Your teacher
will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall
advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to Learning Guide 7.
 Your teacher will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on
additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to the next topic.

Author: IT Experts
Understanding Electricity, Electronic devices, and Technician tools
Information Sheet 1
1. Determine hardware and software maintenance

1.1. Understanding Electricity, Electronic devices, and Technician tools
The four basic units of electricity are

 Voltage (V)
 Current (I)
 Power (P)
 Resistance (R)
Voltage, current, power, and resistance are electronics terms that a computer technician must know:
Voltage is a measure of the force required to push electrons through a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts (V).
A computer power supply usually produces several different voltages.
Current is a measure of the number of electrons going through a circuit. Current is measured in amperes, or
amps (A). Computer power supplies deliver different amperages for each output voltage.
Power is a measure of the pressure required to push electrons through a circuit, called voltage, multiplied by the
number of electrons going through that circuit, called cur-rent. The measurement is called watts (W). Computer
power supplies are rated in watts.
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lower
resistance allows more current, and therefore more power, to flow through a circuit. A good fuse has low
resistance or a measurement of almost 0 ohms.
Transistor A transistor regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals.
Diode a diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most
diodes are made with semiconductor materials. The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to conduct
electric current in only one direction.
General Safety Guidelines:

Follow the basic safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns, electrical shock, and damage to eyesight. As a best
practice here are some general safety guidelines:
 Remove your watch or any other jewelry and secure loose clothing.
 Turn off the power and unplug equipment before opening the case and performing service.
 Cover any sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.
 Never open a power supply or a monitor.
 Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or use high voltage.

Author: IT Experts
 Know where the fire extinguisher is located and how to use it.
 Know where the first aid kit is located.
 Keep food and drinks out of your workspace.
 Keep your workspace clean and free of clutter.
 Lift heavy objects with your legs to avoid back injury.
Warning
Power supplies and monitors contain very high voltage. Do not wear the antistatic wrist strap when replacing
power supplies or monitors.
1.2. Identify Safety Procedures to Protect Equipment from Damage and Data from Loss
Static electricity is the buildup of an electric charge resting on a surface. This buildup and sudden release of
energy, called electrostatic discharge (ESD), can be destructive to the electronics in a computer system.
ESD Protection Recommendations
ESD can cause permanent damage to electrical components. Follow these recommendations to help prevent
ESD damage:
 Keep all components in antistatic bags until you are ready to install them.
 Use grounded mats on workbenches and on the work area floor.
 Use antistatic wrist straps when working on computers.
 Avoid working on carpeted areas if possible.
 Climate also affects risks when working with computer equipment. Consider the following
 recommendations:
 If the environment temperature is too high, equipment can overheat.
 If the humidity level is too low, the chance of ESD increases.
 If the humidity level is too high, equipment can suffer from moisture damage.
1.3. Identify Tools and Software Used with Personal Computer Components and Know Their
Purpose
For every tool there is the right job, and for every job there is the right tool. Ensure that you are familiar with
the correct use of each tool and that the right tool is used for the current task.
This will reduce the chances of damage or injury. Skilled use of tools and software makes the job less difficult
and ensures that tasks are performed properly and safely. The Figure shows a sample tool kit used to install,
connect, remove, and repair PC components.

Author: IT Experts
In addition to hardware tools, software tools are also available that help diagnose problems and determine
which computer device is not functioning correctly.
1.3.1. Identify Hardware Tools and Their Purpose
A tool kit should contain all the tools necessary to complete hardware repairs. Hardware tools are grouped into
the following four categories:
 ESD tools
 Hand tools
 Cleaning tools
 Diagnostic tools
ESD tools
There are also devices that enable us to protect ESD. These devices include:
A. Anti-static wristband: these devices have a strap that you wrap around your wrist or ankle on one end. The
other end of the strap is attached computer case to keep ground between the computer and you.
B. Anti-static mats: these are mats that you place on the work surface
and on the floor in front of work area. They make an excellent place to place your tools and components
when you work on a system.
C. Anti-static bags (pouches): they have special coating or filament that prevents ESD. They are used to store
any sensitive electronic device like cards, RAM, drives, etc when they are not installed in a computer.
Hand Tools
Most tools used in the computer assembly process are small hand tools. The list that follows describes the small
hand tools that you will most commonly use:
 Flat head screwdriver: Used to loosen or tighten slotted screws.
Author: IT Experts
 Phillips head screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen cross-head screws.
 Torx screwdriver: Used to tighten or loosen screws that have a star-like depression on the top, a feature
that is mainly found on laptops.
 Hex driver: Sometimes called a nut driver, this tool is used to tighten nuts in the same way that a
screwdriver tightens screws.
 Needle-nose pliers: Used to hold small parts.

 Wire cutters: Used to strip and cut wires.
 Tweezers: Used to manipulate small parts.
 Part retriever: Used to retrieve parts from locations that are too small for your hand tofit in.
 Flashlight: Used to illuminate areas that you cannot see well.
Cleaning Tools
The appropriate cleaning tools are essential when maintaining or repairing computers. The list that follows
describes the cleaning tools that you will most commonly use:
 Soft sloth: Used to clean different computer components without scratching or leaving debris.
 Compressed air: Used to blow away dust and debris from different computer parts without touching the
components.
 Cable ties: Used to bundle cables neatly inside and outside of a computer.
 Parts organizer: Used to hold screws, jumpers, fasteners, and other small parts to prevent them from
getting mixed together.
Diagnostic Tools

Author: IT Experts
To test hardware, you will use the following diagnostic tools:
 Digital multimeter: Used to test the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer
components.
 Loopback adapter: Used to test the basic functionality of computer ports.
1.3.2. Identify Software Tools and Their Purpose
A technician must be able to use a range of software tools to help diagnose problems, maintain hardware, and
protect the data stored on a computer. The sections that follow describe the various disk management tools and
protection software tools that you will encounter.
Disk Management Tools
You must be able to identify which software to use in different situations.
Disk management tools help detect and correct disk errors, prepare a disk for data storage, and remove
unwanted files. Disk management software includes the following:
Fdisk: A command-line tool used to create and delete partitions on a hard drive and setactive, or boot, partitions
Format: Used to prepare a hard drive to store information
Scandisk or Chkdsk: Used to check the integrity of files and folders on a hard driveby scanning the disk
surface for physical errors
Defrag: Used to optimize space on a hard drive to allow faster access to programs anddata
Disk Cleanup: Used to clear space on a hard drive by searching for files that can besafely deleted
Disk Management: Used to manage hard drives and partitions, initialize disks, create partitions, and format
partitions
Use the Windows XP boot disk for troubleshooting and repairing corrupted files. The Windows XP boot disk is
designed to repair Windows system files, restore damaged or lost files, and reinstall the operating system.
Protection Software Tools
Each year, viruses, spyware, and other types of malicious attacks infect millions of computers. These malicious
attacks can damage an operating system, application, and data. Computers that have been infected can
experience hardware performance problems or component failure.. Examples of protection software tools
include the following:
Windows XP Security Center: Allows you to check the status of essential security settings on the computer.
The Security Center continuously checks to make sure that the software firewall and antivirus programs are
running.
Antivirus software: Protects a computer against virus attacks that can infect other computers.
Spyware remover: Protects against software that sends information about web surfing habits to an attacker.
Spyware can be installed without the knowledge or consent of the user.
Firewall: A program that runs continuously to protect against unauthorized communications to and from your
computer.

Author: IT Experts
Under
SUPPORT SERVICE
Level II
LEARNING GUIDE # 10
Procedure
Procedure
LO 2: Revise practices’ where appropriate

Author: IT Experts
 Monitor and review maintenance operation where appropriate.

 Identify problem areas including failures to meet service-level agreements, and consider changes to maintenance procedures.
 Assess changes in consultation with user, support staff and third party suppliers.
 Design and implement improvements to maintenance procedures.
Learning Activities


Author: IT Experts
2. Hardware basics
Information Sheet 1
2.1. Describe a Computer System

A computer system consists of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical equipment such as
the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and printers. The term software includes the
operating system and programs. The operating system instructs the computer how to operate.
2.2. Computer Cases
Computer case is an enclosure that holds all the primary electronics of the PC. It is also called chassis.
Computer cases:
 house all the internal components
 offers access to the external world through ports and connectors
 prevent delicate circuits from damage and EMI
 prevent EMI from pc from affecting surrounding devices such as TV, telephone, etc
EMI-is a radio frequency that is emitted from electronic or electrical device.
There are different types of cases:
 Full-sized tower
 Mid-size tower
 Mini-tower
 Desktop
 Slim desktop
SD
d i g i t a l ALPHAS ERVER O
8400
SD
SD SD
REMOTEACCESS SERVER
5408
SD
P1 1 0
MultiSync5FGe
.........
pentium
Power Macintosh
8500
Professional Workstation 5000
Full-size Mid-size Mini-tower Desktop

tower tower

Author: IT Experts
2.3. Motherboard
The motherboard accommodates the central processing unit (CPU), RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan
assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components. Sockets,
internal and external connectors, and various ports are also placed on the motherboard.
2.3.1. Mother board

Form factors
The form factor of motherboards pertains to the board’s size and shape. It also describes the physical layout of
the different components and devices on the motherboard. Motherboards have various form factors:
 Advanced Technology (AT)
 Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)
 Smaller footprint than Advanced Technology Extended (Mini-ATX)
 Smaller footprint than Advanced Technology Extended (Micro-ATX)
 Low-Profile Extended (LPX)
 New Low-Profile Extended (NLX)
 Balanced technology Extended (BTX)
2.3.1.1. Advanced Technology (AT)
 They are distinguished by their shape and usually by the presence of single full sized keyboard connector
soldered onto the motherboard.
 All other devices are connected to the motherboard via cards and expansion slots or cables.
 The serial and parallel ports are attached using cables that go between the physical connectors mounted on
the case and pin headers located on the motherboard.
 AT motherboards get power through P8 and P9 connectors.

Author: IT Experts

Author: IT Experts
2.3.1.2. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)
 The ATX motherboard is rotated 90 degrees; the processor sits near the back of the board.
 In ATX motherboards, the connectors COM1, COM2, LPT, keyboard, mouse, and USB are directly
mounted on the motherboard. This motherboard requires a specifically designed chassis with an I/O access
opening.
Some of the advantages of ATX over AT are:

1) Soft power support: the ATX power supply is turned on and off using signaling from the motherboard, not a
physical toggle switch. This allows the PC to be turned on or off under software control, allowing improved
power management.
2) Reduced expansion card interference: the CPU and memory modules are relocated so they can’t interfere
with any bus expansion cards. This makes upgrade easy because removing any installed cards is not necessary.
3)Reduced drive bay interference: since the board is essentially 90 degrees form AT style, there is much less
overlap between the board and drive bays. This means easier to access the motherboard and fewer cooling
problem.
4) Better Power Connector: ATX uses a single 20-pin connector instead of two confusing connectors. You
don’t have the risk of blowing up your pc motherboard by connecting the power cable backwards.
5) Better air flow(cooling effect): The ATX power is intended to blow air into the case rather than out of it.
This cuts down dust. Furthermore, processor sockets and RAM are located next to power supply. Because of
this the power supply fan can cool CPU heat sink. Current power supply fans blow air into or out of the case.
6) Integrated I/O connectors: AT motherboard uses pins and cables. In ATX, the port is directly mounted on
the motherboard. This improvement saves cost, installation time, and improved reliability.
2.3.1.3. Balanced technology Extended (BTX)
 The BTX, or Balanced Technology Extended form factor.
 BTX was developed to take advantage of technologies such as Serial ATA, USB 2.0, and PCI Express.

Author: IT Experts
Changes to the layout with the BTX form factor include better component placement for back panel I/O
controllers and it is smaller than microATX systems.
 The BTX form factor provides the industry push to tower size systems with an increased number of system
slots.
 One of the most talked about features of the BTX form factor is that it uses in-line airflow.
 In the BTX form factor the memory slots and expansion slots have switched places, allowing the main
components (processor, chipset, and graphics controller) to use the same airflow which reduces the number
of fans needed in the system; thereby reducing noise.
Common Motherboard
Layout (INTEL Socket
T (LGA775))

Author: IT Experts
1 CPU Socket
2 CPU_FAN - CPU cooling fan connector
3 DIMM1~2 - 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM slots
4 IRDA - Infrared header
5 FDD - Floppy diskette drive connector
6 ATX1 - Standard 24-pin ATX power connector
7 IDE1 - Primary IDE channel
8 CLR_CMOS - Clear CMOS jumper
9 SATA1~4 - Serial ATA connectors
10 PANEL1 - Panel connector for case switches and LEDs
11 USB1-2 - Front Panel USB headers
12 1394a - IEEE 1394a header
13 BIOS_WP - BIOS flash protect jumper
14 COM2 - Onboard Serial port hider
15 WOL1 - Wake On LAN connector
16 S/PDIF - SPDIF out header
17 F_AUDIO - Front panel audio header
18 AUX_IN - Auxiliary In connector

Author: IT Experts
19 PCI1~2 - 32-bit add-on card slots
20 PCIE1 - PCI Express x1 slot
21 PCIEX16 - PCI Express slot for graphics interface
22 SYS_FAN - System cooling fan connector
23 ATX12V - Auxiliary 4-pin power connector
Integrated I/Os
 Rear panel on of a motherboard with many integrated inputs and outputs (I/O's).
PS2 Mouse Used to connect a PS/2 pointing device.
PS2 Keyboard Used to connect a PS/2 keyboard.
Parallel Port (LPT1) Used to connect printers or other parallel communications devices.
Serial Port Used to connect serial devices such as mice or (COM1) fax/modems.
VGA Port Connect your monitor to the VGA port.
1394a Port Use the 1394a port to connect to any firewire device.

Author: IT Experts
LAN Port Used to connect an RJ-45 cable to a Network hub or router.
USB Ports Used to connect USB devices such as printers, scanners cameras et...
Audio Ports Used to connect audio devices.
2.3.2. Chipsets
An important set of components on the motherboard is the chip set. The chip set is composed of various
integrated circuits attached to the motherboard that control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and
motherboard. The CPU is installed into a slot or socket on the motherboard. The socket on the motherboard
determines the type of CPU that can be installed.
The video card is sometimes integrated into the North Bridge. The South Bridge, in most cases, allows the CPU
to communicate with the hard drives, sound card, USB ports, and other input/output (I/O) ports.
 The motherboard is the board that contains the logic circuits that tie all parts of your PC together. It provides
the connectors for the CPU, the memory, BIOS, CMOS, Video devices, sound devices, storage devices, chip
sets, etc. in order to form an integrated set of components.
Some of the key components found on a motherboard include:
 The CPU (microprocessor

 Microchips that provide support for the CPU.
 Random Access Memory (RAM) chips.
 The system Bus
 A Keyboard controller and connector.
 A mouse connector.
 Power connectors.
 Serial and parallel communications ports.

Author: IT Experts
Some of the most recent boards also contain:
 Integrated IDE disk controller circuits.

 USB Bus controller circuits.
 Built in video controller/adapters.
 Built in sound card circuits.
Speed - The processor clock speed, size of the internal and external data bus, and the processors design all
determine the systems overall speed.
Configuration - The way the individual parts of the board are layered out and connected.
Memory - How much memory is on the board? What type of memory is being used?
Bus Type - Does the system support ISA, or PCI buses? The actual speed of the bus makes a difference.
There are two different types of motherboards used in computers today: the AT and ATX. Each one uses
different design techniques depending on the CPU chip and bus type and size used.
Each of the components on a motherboard serves specific functions:
BUS- The bus is actually a set of circuits that run throughout the board and connect all the expansion slots,
memory, and CPU, etc. together.
Expansion Slots - Used for connecting other devices/controller cards to the motherboard bus.
Memory Slots - provides receptacles for adding additional memory chips (SIMMs, DIMMs, or other types of
memory).
ZIF Socket -The processor slot on modern boards is a grid of tiny holes in which the CPU is inserted. Older
model boards required a considerable amount of force to install or remove the CPU chip. The Zero Insertion
Force (ZIF) socket required a minimal force to insert and remove the chip.
BIOS Chips - The method used in DOS to communicate with any device on the system such as disks,
keyboard, monitor, etc. Directs only system hardware, not network hardware.
USB Port - some newer machines will have a port for the Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection. The USB
port will support up to 127 devices and runs at a speed of about 1.544MB.
Chip Set The "Chipset" is the set of integrated circuits that control most of the activities that take place on the
motherboard. They also interface with most of the circuits of the motherboard.
2.3. The Power Supply
A box-shaped device that converts wall-outlet AC power to low-voltage DC used to power the devices in the
computer. DC power is required for all the components inside the computer.
Standard power supplies turn the incoming 110V or 230V AC (Alternating Current) into various DC (Direct
Current) voltages suitable for powering the computer's components.
Power supplies are quoted as having a certain power output specified in Watts, a standard power supply would
typically be able to deliver around 250-350 Watts.

Author: IT Experts
The quality of Power supply unit can be assured by their wattage. Power supply having around 250 watt is
good.
2.3.1 Power Connectors
Most power connectors today are keyed connectors. Keyed connectors are designed to be inserted in only one
direction. Each part of the connector has a colored wire with a different voltage running through it; Different
connectors are used to connect specific components and various locations on the motherboard:
AT-Style Connections to the Motherboard
A pair of almost identical connectors, designated P8 and P9, links the power supply to the motherboard
ATX-Style Motherboard
Connections (P1)
A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard. The 24-pinslotted connector has two
rows of 12 pins each, and the 20-pin slotted connector has two rows of 10 pins each.
Molex connector
This is the most commonly used
power connector. It
provides both 12-volt and 5-volt power. Hard disk drives, internal tape drives, CD-ROM
drives, DVD (digital video disc) drives, and older.
Mini connector.
Most power supplies provide one or more mini connectors. The mini is used primarily for 3.5-inch floppy disk
drives. It has four pin-outs and, usually, four wires. Most are fitted with keys that make it.
Serial ATA Power Connector:

Author: IT Experts
Molex offers power connectors for Serial ATA Solutions Designed for Serial ATA disk drive power
applications, Molex's power connectors a variety of configurations to meet various power supply requirements.
Power adapter
These SATA Power Adapters convert your existing molex power connector into two Serial ATA power
connectors
2.4. Adapter cards
Adapter card is a printed circuit card required to allow a computer to support a new device or enable a
computer to communicate with a peripheral; also called controller card
2.4.1. Types of adapter card
PCI
A specification introduced by Intel that defines a local bus system that allows up to 10 PCI-compliant
expansion cards to be installed in the computer. PCI video cards were replaced by the newer AGP
(Accelerated Graphics Port) Specifications:
PCIe
PCI Express is a computer system bus that allows expansion cards with various capabilities to be added to a
system.
PCIe 1.1 transfers data at 250 MB/s in each direction per lane.
AGP (Advanced Graphics Port)
The Accelerated Graphics Port (also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed
point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Some motherboards have been built with multiple independent AGP
slots. AGP is currently being phased out in favor of PCI Express.
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data
between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, and electrical
and optical interfaces.
Author: IT Experts
Serial Port
A serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time.
Data transferred through serial ports connected the computer to devices such as terminals or modems. Mice, keyboards,
and other peripheral devices.
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Universal Serial Bus, or USB, is a computer standard designed to eliminate the guesswork in connecting peripherals to a
PC. It is expected to replace serial and parallel ports
 USB 1.1 standard supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps.

 USB 2.0 (Also referred to as Hi-Speed USB) specification defines a new High-speed transfer rate of 480
Mb/sec.
Parallel
A parallel port is a type of socket found on personal computers for interfacing with various peripherals. It is also known as
a printer port.
Network Interface Adapters
A hardware device that provides a computer with access to a LAN. Network interface adapters can be integrated into a
computer's motherboard or take the form of an expansion card, in which case they are called network interface cards or
NICs.
Modem
Short for modulator/demodulator, a hardware device that converts the digital signals generated by computers into analog
signals suitable for transmission over a telephone line and back again.
2.5. Processor/CPU
The processor or CPU (central processing unit) is the brain of the computer and also the most important component on the
motherboard.
The most important parts (components) of a CPU are:
1. Control unit (CU): which controls the processor in that it instructs other parts of the processor telling them what to
do, what data to work on, where to find it and where to put the results.

Author: IT Experts
2. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): does all the simple calculation addition, subtraction, division and so on. It also use
comparative logic to give a true or false decision for a given criteria.
3. Register: is the small memory units found in the CPU that are used to store data and instruction before and after
execution.
CPU packages
1. Dual in-line pin package (DIPP)
 Some books call it DIP

 The earliest chips with pins down two long sides of the chip.
 Pressured was needed to push these into place, and pins could easily be damaged.
2. Pin Grid Array (PGA)
 The pins are arranged in concentric squares on the underside of the chip.
 CPGA (ceramic) and PPGA (plastic) versions were developed.
 Early Pentiums adopted the SPGA (staggered PGA) which fitted more.
 Pin damage became less common but could still happen, but then the ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets solved this
problem.
 Another alternative to PGA is the PBGA (plastic ball grid array) which doesn’t have mounting pins under near the
chip.
3. Single-Edge Contact
(SEC)

Author: IT Experts
 Has a continuous edge of connection and is mounted vertically on the motherboard (as with expansion cards and
memory modules)
 Apart from the lack of pins that could not be bent or damaged.
Sockets and slots
Two general types of mountings are used to mount processors to the motherboard: sockets and slots. Most processors are
available in only one mounting style, disregarding ceramic versus plastic. Other processors, such as the Celeron, are
available in either a PGA-type or an SEC-type package
Slots type:
Slot type connections use a single slot mounting on the motherboard that mounts the processor in the same manner that is
used for memory modules or expansion cards.
Common CPU manufacturers
 Intel
 AMD
 Cyrix
Intel Products
1. Pentium: This processor features 32-bit multitasking and superscalar architecture that executes two instructions in the
same clock cycle. The Pentium expanded the internal bus to 64 bits and high-speed internal cache.
2. Pentium Pro: The Pentium Pro was developed as a network server processor. It was specially designed to support 32-
bit network operating systems, such as Windows NT, and to be used in configurations of one, two, or four processors,
with 1 megabyte of advanced Level 2 (L2) cache
3. Pentium II: The Pentium II is the Pentium Pro processor with MMX technology added. And it is excellent for
multimedia work that requires support for full-motion video and 3D images

Author: IT Experts
4. Celeron: Developed for use in desktop and portable computers, the Celeron is a low-cost version of the Pentium II
processor.
5. Pentium III: Although recently surpassed by the Pentium 4, the Pentium III has been the highest-powered processor
in the Intel arsenal. It features 9.5 million transistors, a 32K L1 cache, 512K of L2 cache, and clock speeds of 450
MHz to 1 GHz.
6. Xeon: The Xeon processors, both Pentium II and Pentium III, are successors to the Pentium Pro processors. The Xeon
is a network server processor that is capable of addressing and caching up to 64GB of memory with its 36-bit memory
address bus.
7. Pentium 4: Using the first totally new processor design since the Pentium Pro, the Pentium 4 (P4) processor has clock
speeds that exceed 2 GHz, or about twice the speed of the Pentium III.
AMD processors
 American Micro Devices (AMD) is the manufacturer of the K6, Athlon, and Duron processors, which
compete with the Intel Pentium processors.
CPU speed and Multipliers
All modern CPUs are clock multiplies. So in reality, every CPU now has two clock speeds: the speed that it runs
internally and the speed that it runs when talking to the address bus and the external data bus. Multipliers run from 2X up
to almost 30X multipliers don’t expect always whole numbers, you may find a CPU with a multiplier like 6.5x
Note: the processor get its speed from the motherboard speed by multiplier.
CPU speed=MB speed × Multiplier
Example:
1). what will be the processor speed, if the external speed of your motherboard is 133MHZ and the multiplier is 23X?
CPU speed =MB speed × Multipliers
Given: MB speed=133MHz and Multipliers=23X
CPU speed =133MHz × 23
=3059MHZ (to change to Mega Hz divide the result to 1000)
=3.059GHz

Author: IT Experts
=3.06GHZ
Front Side Bus
Front side bus or system bus is a data bus that carries all information between CPU and all other devices within the
system: RAM, AGP Video Card, PCI Expansion Cards, hard disk, etc. It is also called data bus. All devices are connected
to the bus.
Fig 2 Front side Bus
They operate at a speed of 66MHZ, 100,133,200,266,400,533,800MHZ or 1066MHZ. The speed of CPU is

specified as:
CPU Cooling
Specialized cooling system became serious starting from 486. Earlier chips ran at alow speed and contained
relatively few transistors. Because of this they needed no specialized cooling. Heat sinks conduct heat from
CPU to heat sink and then radiate it to air. Good cooling depends on the transfer of heat between the CPU and
heat sink. There are two
Passive Heat Sink
Passive heat sinks have no moving parts. They are made up of aluminum. An aluminum extrusion creates fins.
They cool the CPU by using thermal conduction and radiation. Active Heat Sink
Active heat sink adds a small fan that blows directly onto the heat sink metal to ensured direct air flow.
Overheated CPU causes:
 System crash
 Random reboot
 Memory errors
 Disk problems
 Application errors

Author: IT Experts
2.6. Random Access Memory
What is RAM?
Simply stated, Random Access Memory is a name applied to microchips designed to store and address information while
a computer is actually using it.
Professionals refer to individual RAM modules as "sticks." So should you, if you want to be taken seriously at your local
computer store or geek hangout.
RAM is volatile, which means that it needs a constant current in order for it to retain information. When you hit "save,"
the document is transferred from the RAM (temporary storage), to permanent storage (hard drive, floppy disk, CD-RW,
etc.).
Memory Module Types
1. SIMM
30 Pin SIMM
The 30 Pin SIMM was the first generation of the SIMM memory family.
They are typically found in older Intel 286 and 386 desktop computer systems. They come in both 8 bit and 9
bit (parity) configurations, with memory ranges of 256K to 8 megabyte, 60ns to 80ns and are 5 Volts only. The
DRAM types supported are mostly Page Mode and Nibble Mode DRAM which comes in both DIP, PLCC and
SOJ packages.
72 Pin SIMM
The 72 Pin SIMM was the second generation of the SIMM family.
They are typically found in the Intel 486, 486DX, 586 and some early Pentium desktop computer systems. They
come in both 32 bit and 36 bit (parity) configurations, with memory ranges of 4, 8, 16 and 32 megabytes. These
were normally produced in two voltage, 5V and 3.3V, and theirs speeds ranged from 60ns to 70ns.

Author: IT Experts
Both Fast Page Mode (FPM) and Extended Data Out (EDO) were standard DRAM types offered in 72 pin
configurations.
2. DIMM
168 Pin DIMM
The 168 PIN DIMM is what is found in most desktop computers today.
Early on there were three memory types offered in the 168 Pin DIMM form factor, FPM, EDO and
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM). Their configurations include 64bit, 72bit and 80Bit, ECC and Non-ECC, and
memory sizes included 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 and 1,024 megabytes. Available voltages included 3.3v and 5v
for FPM and EDO, and 3.3v for SDRAM.
72 Pin SODIMM
72 Pin SODIMM's are typically found in Pentium II Laptop computer. They come in 64 bit configurations, with
memory ranges of 8, 16 and 32 megabyte. These modules are designed around lower power consumption and
only one voltage is offered, FPM and EDO at 3.3v.
144 Pin SODIMM
144 Pin SODIMM's are typically used in PC 66 and PC 100 SDRAM Laptop compatible computers. It comes in
both 64 bit and 72bit ECC versions and the memory ranges were 16 to 256 megabyte. The SDRAM chips used
in 144 Pin SODIMM's are typically SDRAM in the form of TSOP packaging and available in 3.3v only.

Author: IT Experts
100 Pin DIMM
100 Pin DIMMs are primarily used in printers. It comes in both 64 bit and 72bit ECC configurations, and is
available in memory ranges of 16 to 128 megabytes. The SDRAM chips used on the 100 Pin DIMM are
typically SDRAM in TSOP packaging. Both FPM and EDO were/are used in 100 Pin DIMM.
184 Pin DIMM
DDR SDRAM is the newest of the memory types under development that will be available in the 184 Pin
DIMM form factor. The principle difference between conventional SDRAM and DDR SDRAM is its ability to
read/write data on both edges of a clock, therefore resulting in faster data transfer. DDR SDRAM will be
available in two frequencies, 200 MHz and 266 MHz, and operational voltage is 2.5v.
200 Pin SODIMM
The 200 Pin SODIMM modules come in both 64 bit and 72bit ECC configurations, with memory ranges of 64
megabyte through 512 megabyte. DDR SODIMM modules are slated for use in next-generation DDR Laptop
applications.
3. RIMM

Author: IT Experts
184 Pin RIMM
The 184 pin RIMM is used on motherboards using the latest Intel i820/i840 chipsets and is referred to as
Rambus. The 184 pin RIMM module comes in both 16bit and 18bit ECC configurations, operating frequencies
of 600MHz, 700MHz and 800 MHz and are available with memory ranges of 64 through 512 megabytes.
Types of RAM
RAM comes in different types and flavors to suit different needs and budgets. There are many specialized types
of RAM, but some of the more common types are: SRAM. Static Random Access Memory is very fast and very
expensive. It is primarily used for memory caching (such as on processor chips). Architecturally, it has multiple
transistors for each memory cell. It does not need to be refreshed. It is rarely encountered except as a
component of other devices. DRAM. Dynamic Random Access Memory is slower than SRAM and needs to be
refreshed many times every second. Each memory cell consists of a capacitor and a transistor. DRAM is much
less expensive than SRAM.
 SDRAM. Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory is a special type of DRAM that is synchronized to the
system clock. Each chip contains internal registers that accept requests from the CPU, thus freeing the cpu to do
other things while the data is assembled. Since SDRAM is synchronized to the CPU, it "knows" when the next cycle
is coming, and has the data ready when the CPU requests it. This increases efficiency by reducing CPU waits states.
SDRAM is available at speeds as high as 133 MHz.
168-pin SDRAM
 DDR-SDRAM. Double-Data Rate SDRAM works the same way as does ordinary SDRAM, except it works twice as
quickly by synchronizing to both the rising and falling of the clock pulse (which makes it twice as fast as ordinary
SDRAM). DDR-SDRAM can also be installed in dual-channels if the motherboard supports this arrangement. There

Author: IT Experts
is no difference in the actual RAM modules used for dual-channel DDR, but the two sticks of RAM in each channel
must be a matched pair (same size and speed). DDR3 is the latest evolution in DDR RAM.
184-pin DDR SDRAM(DDR1)
DDR2 RAM
Stands for double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory interface. Every motherboard in a PC can work
with either SDR, DDR or DDR2 RAM memory systems. DDR and.
240-pin DDR2
. 240-pin DDR3
The difference between DDR2 and DDR3
On the appearance, both DDR3 and DDR2 use 240 pins and you can hardly see any differences between them. The only
difference is the position of the key notch that prevents users from inserting the wrong type of RAM into their
motherboards

Author: IT Experts
 RDRAM. RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory is a very fast type of RAM in which the chips work in
parallel to produce very fast speeds. However, because it is proprietary and very expensive, RDRAM has been slow in
catching on.
RDRAM
Cache Memory
SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used data. SRAM gives the processor faster access
to the data than retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main memory. The three types of cache memory are as
follows:
 L1 is internal cache integrated into the CPU.
 L2 is external cache originally mounted on the motherboard near the CPU. L2 cache is now integrated into
the CPU.
 L3 is used on some high-end workstations and server CPUs.
2.7. Identify the Names, Purposes, and Characteristics of Storage Drives
A storage drive reads or writes information to magnetic or optical storage media. It can be used to store data
permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk. Storage drives can be installed inside the computer
case, such as a hard drive. For portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a
FireWire port, or a SCSI port.
These portable storage drives are sometimes called removable drives and can be used on multiple computers.
 Floppy drive
 Hard drive

Author: IT Experts
 Optical drive
 Flash drive
 Network drive
The following sections describe these storage drives in greater detail.
Floppy Drives
 A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks.
 These magnetic floppy disks can store 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data.
 In a computer, the floppy drive is usually configured as the A: drive.
 The floppy drive can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk.
Hard Drives
Hard disk is the data center of PC. It is here that all your programs and data are stored. A hard disk drive
contains rigid, disk-shaped platters. The platters are usually constructed of aluminum or glass; so they can’t
bend or flex unlike floppy disk. The platters are coated by magnetic substance on both sides. Data is written to
hard disk by magnetizing and demagnetizing the surface of the platters. Data is stored on both sides of the
platter.
fig 2 Hard disk platters with read-write head
The stack of platters forms a hard disk. There is one head per platter side i.e. two head per
During rest, the read-write head rests on the platters. It is during spinning that they should not touch.
Hard disk is also divided into tracks and sectors like floppy disk.

Author: IT Experts
Fig 3 hard disk sectors and track
Most hard disk spin at 3,600 RPM-approximately 10 times faster than floppy disk. Some hard disks spin faster
than this. Spinning rate affects data transfer rate.
Types of Hard Disks

Based on the connectors used to connect hard disks to motherboard, there are three types of hard disks:
 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
 SATA (Serial ATA)
 IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) or ATA or PATA(Parallel ATA)
1) IDE
It is also called ATA (AT Attachment). In IDE, the interface electronics or controller is built into the drive
itself; why it is called Integrated Drive Electronics. IDE is an evolutionary version of earlier interfaces that used
separate drives and controllers.
Today, IDE is used to connect not only hard disk, but also CD-ROM drives, tape drives, and high capacity
super Disk floppy drives.
2) SCSI
Stands for "Small Computer System Interface," and is pronounced "scuzzy." SCSI is a computer interface used
primarily for high-speed hard drives.
3) SATA
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer bus
interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and
optical drives.
Optical Drives
An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. Two types of optical
drives exist:
 Compact disc (CD)
 Digital versatile disc (DVD)
CD and DVD media can be prerecorded (read-only), recordable (write once), or rerecord able (read and write
multiple times). CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately700 MB. DVDs have a data storage capacity

Author: IT Experts
of approximately 8.5 GB on one side of the disc. Several types of optical media exist:
 CD-ROM is CD read-only memory media that is prerecorded.
 CD-R is CD recordable media that can be recorded once.
 CD-RW is CD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
 DVD-ROM is DVD read-only memory media that is prerecorded.
 DVD-RAM is DVD random-access memory media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
 DVD+/-R is DVD recordable media that can be recorded once.
 DVD+/-RW is DVD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
Flash Drives
 A flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port.
 A flash drive uses a special type of memory that requires no power to maintain the data.
 These drives can be accessed by the operating system in the same way other types of drives are accessed.
 The storage capacity of a flash drive varies from a couple of megabytes to 16 gigabytes.
Network Drives
A network drive is a connection to a remote computer’s storage for access to files, directories, and applications.
Network connections are covered in more detail in later chapters.

Author: IT Experts
Figure Storage Drives
Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to connect the drive to
the computer. When you install a storage drive in a computer, the connection interface on the drive must be the
same as the controller on the motherboard. Some common drive interfaces are as follows:
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), also called Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), is an early drive
controller interface that connects computers and hard-disk drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), also called ATA-2, is an updated version of the IDE drive
controller interface. An EIDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 Parallel ATA (PATA) refers to the parallel version of the ATA drive controller interface.
 Serial ATA (SATA) refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface. ASATA interface uses
a seven-pin connector.
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a drive controller interface that can connect up to 15 drives.
SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. A SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin
connector.

Author: IT Experts
Under
SUPPORT SERVICE
Level II
LEARNING GUIDE # 12
Procedure
Procedure

Author: IT Experts
LO 3: Identify and analyze IT system components to be

maintained
\
 Determine and document warranty status of components and/or software according to vendor, project or organizational
requirements.
 Review system architecture and configuration documentation for currency status.
 Identify critical components and/or software and document recommendations regarding possible service arrangements.
Learning Activities


Author: IT Experts
Information Sheet 1 Identify the Names, Purposes, and components
2.7. Identify the Names, Purposes, and Characteristics of Storage Drives
A storage drive reads or writes information to magnetic or optical storage media. It can be used to store data
permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk. Storage drives can be installed inside the computer
case, such as a hard drive. For portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a
FireWire port, or a SCSI port.
These portable storage drives are sometimes called removable drives and can be used on multiple computers.
 Floppy drive
 Hard drive
 Optical drive
 Flash drive
 Network drive
The following sections describe these storage drives in greater detail.
Floppy Drives
 A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks.
 These magnetic floppy disks can store 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data.
 In a computer, the floppy drive is usually configured as the A: drive.
 The floppy drive can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk.
Hard Drives
Hard disk is the data center of PC. It is here that all your programs and data are stored. A hard disk drive
contains rigid, disk-shaped platters. The platters are usually constructed of aluminum or glass; so they can’t
bend or flex unlike floppy disk. The platters are coated by magnetic substance on both sides. Data is written to
hard disk by magnetizing and demagnetizing the surface of the platters. Data is stored on both sides of the
platter.

Author: IT Experts
fig 2 Hard disk platters with read-write head
The stack of platters forms a hard disk. There is one head per platter side i.e. two head per
During rest, the read-write head rests on the platters. It is during spinning that they should not touch.
Hard disk is also divided into tracks and sectors like floppy disk.
Fig 3 hard disk sectors and track

Most hard disk spin at 3,600 RPM-approximately 10 times faster than floppy disk. Some hard disks spin faster
than this. Spinning rate affects data transfer rate.
Types of Hard Disks

Based on the connectors used to connect hard disks to motherboard, there are three types of hard disks:
 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
 SATA (Serial ATA)
 IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) or ATA or PATA(Parallel ATA)
1) IDE
It is also called ATA (AT Attachment). In IDE, the interface electronics or controller is built into the drive
itself; why it is called Integrated Drive Electronics. IDE is an evolutionary version of earlier interfaces that used
separate drives and controllers.
Today, IDE is used to connect not only hard disk, but also CD-ROM drives, tape drives, and high capacity
super Disk floppy drives.
2) SCSI
Stands for "Small Computer System Interface," and is pronounced "scuzzy." SCSI is a computer interface used
primarily for high-speed hard drives.
3) SATA

Author: IT Experts
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer bus
interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and
optical drives.
Optical Drives
An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. Two types of optical
drives exist:
 Compact disc (CD)
 Digital versatile disc (DVD)
CD and DVD media can be prerecorded (read-only), recordable (write once), or rerecord able (read and write
multiple times). CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately700 MB. DVDs have a data storage capacity
of approximately 8.5 GB on one side of the disc. Several types of optical media exist:
 CD-ROM is CD read-only memory media that is prerecorded.
 CD-R is CD recordable media that can be recorded once.
 CD-RW is CD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
 DVD-ROM is DVD read-only memory media that is prerecorded.
 DVD-RAM is DVD random-access memory media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
 DVD+/-R is DVD recordable media that can be recorded once.
 DVD+/-RW is DVD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and rerecorded.
Flash Drives
 A flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port.
 A flash drive uses a special type of memory that requires no power to maintain the data.
 These drives can be accessed by the operating system in the same way other types of drives are accessed.
 The storage capacity of a flash drive varies from a couple of megabytes to 16 gigabytes.
Network Drives
A network drive is a connection to a remote computer’s storage for access to files, directories, and applications.
Network connections are covered in more detail in later chapters.

Author: IT Experts
Figure Storage Drives
Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to connect the drive to
the computer. When you install a storage drive in a computer, the connection interface on the drive must be the
same as the controller on the motherboard. Some common drive interfaces are as follows:
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), also called Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), is an early drive
controller interface that connects computers and hard-disk drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), also called ATA-2, is an updated version of the IDE drive
controller interface. An EIDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
 Parallel ATA (PATA) refers to the parallel version of the ATA drive controller interface.
 Serial ATA (SATA) refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface. ASATA interface uses
a seven-pin connector.
 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a drive controller interface that can connect up to 15 drives.
SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. A SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin
connector.
2.8. Identify the Names, Purposes, and Characteristics of Internal Cables
Drives require both a power cable and a data cable. A power supply has a SATA power connector for SATA
drives, a Molex power connector for PATA drives, and a Berg four-pin connector for floppy drives. The buttons and the
LED lights on the front of the case connector the motherboard with the front panel cables. Data cables connect drives
to the drive controller, which is located on an adapter card or the motherboard. Some common types of data
cables are as follows:

Author: IT Experts
 Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable has up to two 34-pin drive connectors and one 34- pin connector for
the drive controller.
 PATA (IDE) data cable has 40 conductors, up to two 40-pin connectors for drives, and one 40-pin
connector for the drive controller.
 PATA (EIDE) data cable has 80 conductors, up to two 40-pin connectors for drives, and one 40-pin connector for the
drive controller.
 SATA data cable has seven conductors, one keyed connector for the drive, and one keyed connector the
drive controller.
2.9. Identify the Names, Purposes, and Characteristics of Ports and Cables
I/O ports on a computer connect peripheral devices, such as printers, scanners, and portable drives. The
following ports and cables are commonly used:
 Serial
 USB
 FireWire
 Parallel
 SCSI
 Network
 PS/2
 Audio
 Video
Serial Ports and Cables
A serial port can be either a DB-9, as shown in Figure 1-11, or a DB-25 male connector. Serial ports transmit 1
bit of data at a time. To connect a serial device, such as a modem or printer, a serial cable must be used. A serial
cable has a maximum length of 50 feet (15.2 m).
USB Ports and Cables

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a standard interface that connects peripheral devices to a computer.
 USB devices are hot-swappable, which means that users can connect and disconnect the devices while the
computer is powered on.
 USB connections can be found on computers, cameras, printers, scanners, storage devices, and many other
electronic devices.

Author: IT Experts
 A USB hub is used to connect multiple USB devices. A single USB port in a computer can support up to
127 separate devices with the use of multiple USB hubs.
 USB 1.1 allowed transmission rates of up to 12 Mbps in full-speed mode and 1.5 Mbps in low-speed
mode. USB 2.0 allows transmission speeds up to 480 Mbps.
 USB devices can only transfer data up to the maximum speed allowed by the specific port.
FireWire Ports and Cables

FireWireis a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that connects peripheral devices to computer. A single
FireWire port in a computer can support up to 63 devices.
Parallel Ports and Cables

A parallel port on a computer is a standard Type A DB-25 female connector. The parallel connector on a printer
is a standard Type B 36-pin Getronics connector length of 15 feet (4.5 m).
Network Ports and Cables

 A network port, also called an RJ-45 port, connects a computer to a network.
 The connection speed depends on the type of network port. Standard Ethernet can transmit up to 10Mbps,
Fast Ethernet can transmit up to 100 Mbps, and Gigabit Ethernet can transmit up to1000 Mbps.
 The maximum length of network cable is 328 feet (100 m). Figure 1-16 shows a network connector.
PS/2 Ports
 A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or mouse to a computer.
 The PS/2 port is a six-pin mini DIN female connector.
Author: IT Experts
 The connectors for the keyboard and mouse are often colored differently
Audio Ports
An audio port connects audio devices to the computer. The following audio ports are commonly used, as shown
in Figure
 Line In connects to an external source, such as a stereo system.
 Microphone In connects to a microphone.
 Line Out connects to speakers or headphones.
 Auxiliary In is an additional line in.
 Game port/MIDI connects to a joystick or MIDI-interfaced device.
Video Ports and Connectors

A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer. Several video port and connector types exist:
Video Graphics Array (VGA) has a three-row 15-pin female connector and provides analog output to a monitor.
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) has a 24-pin female connector or a 29-pin female connector and provides
compressed digital output to a monitor. DVI-I provides both analog and digital signals. DVI-D provides digital
signals only.
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) has a 19-pin connector and provides digital video and digital
audio signals.
S-Video has a four-pin connector and provides analog video signals.
Component/RGB has three shielded cables (red, green, and blue) with RCA jacks and provides analog video
signals.
2.10. BIOS
BIOS stand for Basic Input Output System. It is the lowest level software that acts between the hardware and
software (operating system). Your Pc can be described as series of layers that interface with each other.

Author: IT Experts
When you power on your PC, electricity flows into the pc and it wakes up.
 First, the power good wire wakes up the CPU.
 The CPU then starts a set of essential programs called the Basic Input/output Services (BIOS).
The beep codes for each PC vary according to the BIOS manufacturer, although you’ll find certain codes on
most PCs.
 A single beep at boot up signals all is well and the system is ready to load the operating system.
 A long, repeating beep often signals a problem with RAM.
 A series of beeps one long and three short usually point t a problem with the video card or connection.
BIOS perform the following four functions:
1. POST (power on self test): The POST tests your computer’s processor, memory, chipset, video Adapter,
disk controllers, disk drives, keyboard, and other crucial components.
2. Setup: System configuration and setup program. This is usually a menu-driven program activated by
pressing a special key during the POST, which allows you to configure the motherboard and chipset settings
along with the date and time, passwords, disk drives, and other basic system settings? You also can control
the power-management settings and boot-drive
3. Bootstrap loader: a routine that reads the disk drives looking for a valid master boot sector
4. BIOS (basic input/output system): this refers to the collection of actual drivers used to act as a basic
interface between the operating system and your hardware when the system is booted and running. When
running DOS or Windows in safe mode, you are running almost solely on ROM-based BIOS drivers
because none are loaded from disk.
The Booting Process
Booting is the process of starting a computer. When you turn on the computer, it passes through many steps
before becoming ready for use. All these processes are performed one after the other. This process is termed as
booting (boot process).
Most computers execute what is found in the ROM/ROM. But operating systems are stored on hard disk. Who
loads the OS from hard disk? This is what happens during starting your computer.
1) Electric power is turned on
2) The CPU starts executing ROM BIOS
3) The BIOS performs tests to verify basic system functionality. This test is called POST. Any error during this
stage is reported using “beep” sound because video is not initialized yet.
4) Any new device is installed and configured if they are plug and play compliant.
5) The BIOS performs Video ROM scan. BIOS look for video adapter BIOS found in video adapters. If
successful, video is initialized.

Author: IT Experts
6) The ROM searches for boot records at cylinder 0, head 0, sector1. The BIOS loads Master Boot Record form
the specified location. MBR is part of the OS that loads the OS. The MBR in turn loads the OS.
CMOS
CMOS is a memory area with battery backup used to store system configuration settings. The CMOS chip
retains configuration information such as the date and time, and specifics about components common to all PCs,
such as serial and parallel ports, keyboard settings, and more.
Interrupt Requests
 Computer components use interrupt requests (IRQ) to request information from the CPU.
 The IRQ travels along a wire on the motherboard to the CPU.
 When the CPU receives an interrupt request, it determines how to fulfill this request.
 Today, most IRQ numbers are assigned automatically with “plug-and-play” operating systems and the
implementation of PCI slots, USB ports, and FireWire ports.
Input/output (I/O) Port Addresses
 Input/output (I/O) port addresses are used to communicate between devices and software.
 The I/O port address is used to send and receive data for a component.
 As with IRQs, each component has a unique I/O port assigned.
Direct Memory Access

 High-speed devices use Direct Memory Access (DMA) channels to communicate directly with the main
memory.
 These channels allow the device to bypass interaction with the CPU and directly store information in
memory and retrieve it.
2.11. Expansion Bus and Cards
The components inside the computer talk to each other using a path that carries data. Most internal components
including the processor, memory, expansion cards, storage devices, talk to each other over a bus. Bus is simply
a channel over which information flows between two or more devices. There are different types of bus:
 memory bus
 cache bus
 processor bus
 I/o bus(expansion bus)
Memory Bus
Used to connect chipset to RAM
Is second level bus
Cache Bus
This is the bus that connects the processor (CPU) with the cache memory. It is also called Back Side Bus unlike
Front Side Bus. It is high level bus.
Processor Bus
It is the highest level bus. It is used to send information to and from the processor.

Author: IT Experts
Expansion Bus
Expansion bus provides connection between internally connected peripherals and system board (motherboard).
There are different types of I/O buses. These are:

 ISA(Industry standard architecture)
 EISA(Extended ISA)
 MCA(Micro Channel Architecture)
 PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect)
 VESA(Video electronics Standard Association)
 USB(Universal Serial Bus)
Most modern PCs all have basic peripheral devices built into the motherboard. Still, we want to add additional
devices to our PC like sound card, network card, modem, video adapter, SCSI card, etc. These cards are
installed on expansion buses on the motherboard.
i) ISA
ISA stands for Industry Standard Architecture. It was introduced in 1981 with the IBM PC. There are two types
of ISA bus:
 8 bit ISA bus
 16 bit ISA bus
8 bit ISA Bus:
 Provides eight data lines
 Runs at 4.77 MHZ
 Introduced with the first IBM PC
16 bit ISA Bus:
 Provides 16 bit data bus
 Runs at 8MHZ (8.33 MHZ)
 Introduced by IBM in 1984
 ISA bus is black in color.

 In general, ISA buses have problems:
 Slow in terms of speed
 Configuration of cards is difficult-setting IRQ and other resources
 No intelligence like plug and play-manual set up, not automatic
ii) MCA
 Was introduced by IBM in 1986. The aim was to replace the ISA bus with something bigger and better.
Author: IT Experts
 32 bits wide
 It is proprietary
 It offers several significant improvements over ISA
 It is intelligent and self configuring (plug and play)
 Supports speeds of up to 10.33MHZ
 Incompatible with ISA. This affected its acceptance in the market
iii) EISA
Stands for extended ISA. It was introduced by Compaq as a response to the introduction of MCA by IBM-
because of the proprietary nature of MCA. It was introduced in 1988-89. Provides 32 bit bus width and
8.33MHZ speed
It is intelligent and self configuring
It is compatible with ISA and it is non proprietary. You can install ISA card on EISA bus (compatible).
fig EISA bus
iv) Local Buses

The I/O buses discussed so far are relatively slow in speed. As the need better speed GUI operating system and
graphics applications arises, the need for better speed bus was unquestionable.
To solve the problem of speed, engineers developed the local bus. Local bus connects special peripherals to the
system board through expansion slot and enables the peripherals to work at the speed close to the
microprocessor.
The major local buses are:
 VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)
 PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect)
 AGP(Advanced Graphics Port)
1) VESA
Introduced in 1992 by a group called VESA
It was introduced to improve video performance. It was developed for video adapters (cards).
It moves data 32 bits at a time, 33 MHZ speed
It worked best in 486 processors. It is obsolete today.
2) PCI
Introduced in 1992 by Intel. It has the same goals as VESA, solving speed bottlenecks. It is the most popular
today.
It has a lot of benefits:
Author: IT Experts
 high performance (the highest performance I/O bus)
 low cost
 automatic configuration (plug and play)
 It runs at the speed of 33MHZ. Its advantage over VESA lies in the chipset that controls it. It has a special
chipset in the circuitry that is designed to control it.
 It supports a wide variety of cards compared to VLB (VESA). It supports video cards, SCSI adapters, high
speed network cards, etc. Hard disk drives are also connected to PCI bus on the motherboard.
 PCI slots are white in color.
3) AGP
 Created by Intel as new bus specifically for high performance graphics and video support.
 It is based on PCI but contains a number of improvements over PCI. It is brown in color.
 Was developed in response to greater and greater performance requirements for video.
 runs at speed of 66MHZ (double that of PCI) base clock rate
 AGP will allow the speed of video card to pace the requirements of high speed 3D graphics rendering and full
motion video on the screen.
4) USB
 stands for Universal Serial Bus
 Used to connect external peripheral devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner, etc.
 You can connect any device to USB port and it supports it.
2.12. System resources
 System resources are the communications channels, addresses, and other signals hardware devices use to
communicate on the bus.
 They include
 Memory addresses
 IRQ (interrupt request) channels
 DMA (direct memory access) channels
 I/O port addresses
I/O Address
Bus system establishes a connection between CPU and expansion devices (cards). They provide a path for flow
of data. But the CPU has to know which device is sending data and which device should receive data. This is
done using I/O address.
I/O address is a unique ID given to devices for identification purpose. Everything in computer, hardware or
software, requires a unique name and address for the CPU to be able to identify what is going on.
The CPU must identify the device before any data is placed on the bus. CPU uses two wires (bus wires) to
notify the devices that the address bus is not being used to specify memory address, but rather to read or write to
a particular device:
 Input/output Read(IOR)
 Input/output Write(IOW)
Though address bus has more than 20 wires (20 bits), when IOW or IOR has voltage, only 16 wires (16 bits) are
relevant (monitored). These 16 wires are used to send the ID of the device that is involved in the

Author: IT Experts
communication. These wires carry I/O addresses of a device in another word. No two devices can have the same
I/O address
 I/O addresses are written in the form of hexadecimal number
 I/O address is written in capital letters(case sensitive
 0 is the first number in I/O addresses and it is ignored(you don’t have to write it) On AT
motherboard, the following input output addresses are available:
 220h-26Fh
 320h-32Fh
You can use these addresses for configuring expansion cards.
Configuration:
 using jumpers
 using switches
 using BIOS
IRQ (Interrupt Request)
The CPU does a lot of activities like running application programs, running the operating system, etc. It has no
time to give full attention to devices all the time. So when a device needs CPU attention, it sends a request to
the CPU. Then the CPU stops what it does and pays attention to Every CPU has a wire called interrupt (INT). If
voltage is applied to this wire, the CPU interrupts what it is doing and attends to the device. E.g. mouse click
causes interruption of what CPU does and listen to it. But CPU has only one INT wire, but it handles many
peripheral devices. A CPU is helped by a chipset to identify which device is interrupting. This chipset is called
8259 chip. Every device that needs to interrupt CPU is provided with a wire called IRQ.
Fig interrupt number

The process of interrupt is:
1) Device applies voltage to 8259 chip through IRQ wire
2) 8259 informs the CPU that interrupt is pending through INT wire.
3) CPU uses wire called INTA to signal 8259 chip to send the I/O address of the device. This enables the CPU
know what device wants to talk to him.
4) The CPU runs BIOS related to the device
8088-one 8259 chip
80286-two 8259 chip

Author: IT Experts
The cascading removes IRQ 2. IRQ 9 is directed to the old IRQ 2 wire. Because of this IRQ 2 and IRQ 9 are the
same.
IRQs 2/9, 10, 11, and 12 are available for you to use for configuration. The rest are preoccupied though some of
them can still be used. IRQs 3, 4, 5, 7, and 15 could be changed and used for other devices listed above.
IRQ 3- COM2, COM4
IRQ 4-COM1, COM3
IRQ5-LPT2
IRQ 7-LPT1
IRQ 15-secondary IDE
 No two devices can have the same IRQ like I/O address. To avoid conflict, document the IRQs you set for
each device you install. This works for I/O address also.
Configuration:
 using jumpers
 using switches
 using BIOs
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
CPU has to move a lot of data using considerable CPU time and power for what is a simple task. This is
wastage of CPU resource. To reduce this wastage, a chip called DMA was installed to work with CPU. The
purpose of this chip is to move data. It handles data movement from peripherals to RAM and from RAM to
peripherals. It is numbered as 8237 chip.
Not all devices use DMA. The following devices use DMA:
 few SCSI controllers
 Sound Cards
 Network Cards
 Some CD-ROM drives
 No two devices can use the same DMA channel. DMA conflicts cause problem in the PC.
DMA Channel Function
0 available
1 available
2 Floppy disk controller
3 ECP parallel/available
4 First DMA controller
Author: IT Experts
5 second sound card
6 SCSI/available
7 available
Configuration:
 use jumpers
 use switches
 use BIOS
To install any non-plug and play card:
 First read device manual
 Assign unique DMA, I/O address, and IRQ
 Document these configurations for future use
 To install plug and play card:
 Install the device (insert it into the motherboard)
 Turn on the PC and use it

Author: IT Experts
Operation Sheet 1 Identify install different motherboard components
Module Title: Identify install different motherboard components

Objective: the trainee will have the right skill and attitude on how to identify, assemble and disassemble a pc
component
EQUIPMENT, TOOLS AND MATERIALS: computer with basic hardware components, Philips screw
driver, Antistatic rest strap, paper and pen
Activity
1: Examining inside the computer’s system unit
The following operation sheet will identify the internal components of a PC by removing the case and looking inside it.
You will then re-assemble the case.
Remove the case of the system unit.
1. Identify internal components inside the system unit.

2. Re-assemble the case of the system unit.
Examining inside the computer’s system unit

Part 1: Remove the case of the system unit
1. Turn off the computer.

2. Unplug the power cord from the wall outlet.
3. Disconnect the power cord from your computer.
4. Remove the screws from the sides and back of the system unit.
5. Remove the case of the system unit.
6. Put on your anti-static wrist strap and connect it to the chassis of the PC.
Part 2: Identify internal components inside the system unit
Sketch the inside of the system case. Your sketch should note the location of the following components:
 Memory chips (RAM).

 Floppy disk drive
 Hard disk drive
 Motherboard
 CD ROM
 Power supply unit
 Graphics card
 Sound card
 Network interface card
 Power cable for the motherboard
 Signal cable of the hard disk drive
 Signal cable of the floppy disk drive
 Signal cable of the CD ROM drive.
Part 3: Re-assemble the case of the system unit

Author: IT Experts
1. Place the case over the system unit.
2. Secure all screws on the side and back of the system unit.
3. Connect the power cord to the system unit.
4. Plug the power cord into the wall outlet.
5. Turn on the computer and test to make sure that it is working.
Install, configure and test internal hardware components

Activity 2: Disassembling and reassembling a PC
This activity involves disconnecting internal peripherals from the motherboard, as well as removing the CPU and memory
module. The PC is then re-assembled. Specifically you will:
1. Disassemble the PC
2. Reassemble the PC
3. Install a power supply
4. Install a new motherboard
5. Install storage media
6. Install a range of controller cards (into bus slots).
Firstly, organize your tools and work area..
Then click on each of the above steps to get your instructions. Follow the steps in the order given.
Disassembling the PC
You should label all components as they come out of the PC. This is in case you forget where they go. Try
placing a number on a sticky note on each component and on its corresponding connections for easy recall.
1. Boot up the PC and check that the PC is operational. This is fundamental; otherwise you won’t know
whether the PC worked in the first place when you reassemble it!
2. Disconnect power from your PC.
3. Disconnect all cables at the back of the PC (use sticky notes if needed to remember where they go).
4. Identify how the PC case comes off. If you have a manual that came with the PC, this will tell you. If not,
many cases are secured with screws, thumbscrews and others are simply secured using latches.
5. Remove the PC case.
6. Disconnect all cables that go to the motherboard including hard disk drive (HDD) and floppy disk drive
(FDD), power, etc. Remember to label everything.
7. Remove the HDD, CD ROM, and FDD and any other storage device.
8. Remove all jumper-connected wires from the motherboard. For instance, HDD activity LED, Reset switch,
power switches and so on. Remember to label everything.
9. Undo any screws securing the main board. Some boards will have around six or more small screws. Be
careful not to damage any delicate components or to exert too much pressure on the board.
10. Remove the actual main board from the chassis. Be very careful when doing this. Try not to rub the board
against any other metallic components or edges as this could scratch the system board causing damage to
tiny printed circuitry. Place the board on a large anti-static bag (the bags motherboards come in) or a soft,
packing foam sheet.
11. Remove the memory module from the main board.
12. Remove the CPU from the main board. Some CPUs are easily removed by simply lifting a lever and pulling
the CPU out. However, some are held in place using very tight fittings.
13. Inspect all the components and identify each of them.

Author: IT Experts
Re-assembling the PC
Now you are going to carry out the previous procedure in reverse.
1. Mount the CPU (take great care!).
2. Mount the RAM.
3. Mount the main board on the case’s chassis. Use the same precautions as you did when removing it.
4. Secure the board using screws. Make sure that the board aligns perfectly. Otherwise you could be
shorting out the board and potentially damaging it.
5. Install the HDD, FDD, CD ROM, other storage devices, etc.
6. Reconnect all jumper-connected wires to the board (eg HDD LED, Reset, etc).
7. Reconnect the power cable(s) to the main board.
8. Reconnect the data ribbons (cables) to the HDD and FDD controllers. You might also need to reconnect
serial and parallel data connections if using an older system.
9. Reconnect storage devices to their data and power connection.
10. Check that everything is connected correctly.
11. Check again.
12. Replace the case top but do not secure yet.
13. Re-connect cables and connections at the back of the PC.
14. Reconnect the power and turn on the computer.
15. Does it work? If it does, turn off the computer, disconnect the power, and secure the top with screws.
16. If it does not work, revisit all of your steps. Pay attention to the POST screen. This screen will give you
valuable information.
Installing a power supply

These instructions include:
1. Removing the power supply unit

2. Installing the power supply unit.
PRECAUTIONS
 Disconnect the power source.

 Wear an anti-static strip.
 Don’t use force to connect and disconnect any cables.
1 Remove the power supply unit

2. Unplug the power cord from the wall socket.
3. Disconnect the power cord from your computer.
Author: IT Experts
4. Remove screws from the sides and back of the system unit.
6. Disconnect all power cables gently from each internal component inside the system unit such as:
a. motherboard (connector P8 and P9)
b. cooling fan of the CPU if present
c. hard disk drive
d. floppy disk drive
e. CD-ROM drive
f. tape drive and/or other devices.
7. Disconnect the power cable from the power-on/off switch on the front panel.
8. Remove the screws of the power supply unit at the rear of the system unit.
9. Remove the power supply unit from the system unit.
2 Install the power supply unit
1. Place the power supply unit on the tab and align all screw-holes in the system unit.
2. Secure the screws of the power supply unit at the back of the system unit.
3. Connect power cable to the power-on/off switch on the front panel.
4. Replace the case to the system unit.
Installing a new motherboard

PRECAUTIONS

 Place the new motherboard on an anti-static mat.
Install the new motherboard
1. Take the new motherboard out of the anti-static bag and set it on the anti-static mat.
2. Set jumpers on the motherboard to match the installed CPU according to the motherboard manufacturer’s manual.
3. Find the holes in the motherboard for the metal spacers and plastic standoffs and then screw any metal spacers into the
computer case in the proper positions to align with the screw holes on the motherboard.
4. Install the plastic standoffs into the motherboard from underneath until they are firmly snapped into place.
5. Mount the motherboard into the computer case by placing it to ensure that all standoffs engage the case.
6. Secure the screws and any plastic washers to fix the motherboard on the case.
7. Connect the power cable into both connectors P8 and P9.
8. Connect the power cable to the cooling fan of the CPU.
It is assumed that the motherboard has onboard I/O card, video adapter card and sound card. The following steps show the
connection of the signal cables of the floppy disk drive, the hard disk drive and indicators in the front panel.
1. Connect the 34-pin floppy cable between the connector (marked FDD) on the motherboard and the back of the floppy disk
drive.
2. Connect the 40-pin IDE cable between the primary IDE connector on the motherboard and the rear of the hard disk drive.
3. Connect the 40-pin IDE cable between the secondary IDE connector on the motherboard and the back of the CD-ROM drive.

Author: IT Experts
4. Connect the audio cable between the sound card and the back of the CD-ROM drive.
5. Connect the power cables to all internal components such as the floppy disk, the hard drive and the CD-ROM drive.
6. Connect the power indicator LED cable from the front panel to the power LED connector on the motherboard.
7. Connect RESET switch cable from the front panel to the RESET connector on the motherboard.
8. Connect hard disk drive access indicator cable to the connector on the motherboard.
Install storage media

In this step you will install a:
1. floppy disk drive

2. hard disk drive
3. CD-ROM drive.
PRECAUTIONS

 Place the new motherboard on an anti-static map.
 Be aware of the sharp edge of the metal drive bay in the computer case.
1 Install a floppy disk drive
3. Disconnect the power cord from the computer
4. Remove the screws form the sides and the back of the system unit.
6. Slide the floppy disk drive into any available open drive bay in the system unit.
7. Secure the floppy disk drive with 2 screws on each side of the bay.
8. Connect the floppy disk signal cable to the floppy drive.
9. Connect the power cable to the floppy drive.
2 Install a hard disk drive

Author: IT Experts
3. Disconnect the power cord from the computer.
6. Slide the hard disk drive into any available open drive bay in the system unit.
7. Secure the hard disk drive with two screws on each side of the bay.
8. Connect the hard disk signal cable to the hard drive.
9. Connect the power cable to the hard drive.
14. Turn on the computer and reconfigure the BIOS updating the information for the new hard disk drive.
15. Test the hard disk drive.
3 Install a CD-ROM drive
4. Remove the screws form the sides and the back of the system unit
6. Slide the CD-ROM drive into any available open drive bay in the system unit.
7. Secure the CD-ROM drive with 2 screws on each side of the bay.
8. Connect the CD-ROM drive signal cable to the CD-ROM drive.
9. Connect the power cable to the CD-ROM drive.
10. Connect the audio signal cable between the connector on a sound card and the CD-ROM drive.
15. Turn on the computer and reconfigure the BIOS updating the information of the new hard disk drive.
16. Test the CD-ROM drive.
Install a range of controller cards (into bus slots)
In this step you will install a:
1. sound card
2. video adapter card
3. Network interface card.
PRECAUTIONS

 Place the new motherboard on an anti-static map.
Part 1: Install a sound card
Author: IT Experts
6. Set jumpers on the sound card if it is not plug and play according to component documentation.
7. Insert the sound card into available bus slop on the motherboard.
8. Secure a screw to fix the sound card on the motherboard.
9. Connect an audio cable between the audio-out-connector of the CD-ROM and the audio-in connector of the sound card.
14. Turn on the computer.
15. Install the device driver of the sound card.
16. Test the sound card.
Part 2: Install a video adapter card
6. Set jumpers on the video card if it is not plug_and_play according to component documentation.
7. Insert the video card into an available bus slot on the motherboard.
8. Secure a screw to fix the video card on the motherboard.
14. Install and configure the device driver of the video card.
15. Test the video card.
Part 3: Install a network interface card (NIC)
6. Set jumpers on the NIC if it is not plug and play according to component documentation.
7. Insert the NIC into available bus slop on the motherboard.
8. Secure a screw to fix the NIC on the motherboard.
9. Connect a network cable to the NIC.
15. Install a device driver for the NIC.
16. Configure the computer to connect to the network.
17. Test the NIC card.

Author: IT Experts
Under
SUPPORT SERVICE
Level II
LEARNING GUIDE # 12
Procedure
Procedure
Author: IT Experts
LO 4: Apply maintenance procedures

\
 Create preventative maintenance schedule based on cost, business and service-level agreements requirements
 Identify and apply specific and appropriate maintenance procedure based on cost, business and service-level agreements
requirements
 Document and submit recommended procedures for approval in accordance with organizational requirements and service-
level agreement
 Orient implementing staff on the procedures and ensured to follow the maintenance schedule
 Observe OHS throughout the process
Learning Activities


Author: IT Experts
Identify tools, diagnostic procedures and troubleshooting techniques

Information Sheet 1 for personal computer components
2.13. Identify best practice

Troubleshooting requires an organized and logical approach to problems with computers and other components.
The troubleshooting process consists of the following steps:
1. Gather data from the customer.
2. Verify the obvious.
3. Try quick or less intensive solutions first.
4. Gather data from the computer.
5. Evaluate the problem and implement the solution.
6. Close with the customer.
Explain the Purpose of Data Protection

Before you begin troubleshooting problems, always follow the necessary precautions to protect data on a
computer. A backup is a copy of the data on a computer hard drive that is saved to media such as a CD, DVD,
or tape drive. In an organization, backups are routinely done on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis.
Gather Data from the Customer

During the troubleshooting process, gather as much information from the customer as possible. The customer
will provide you with the basic facts about the problem.
Here is a list of some of the important information to gather from the customer:
 Customer information
 Computer configuration
 Manufacturer and model
 Operating system information
 Network environment
 Connection type
 Description of problem
 Open-ended questions
 Closed-ended questions
When you are talking to the customer, you should follow these guidelines:

Author: IT Experts
 Ask direct questions to gather information.
 Do not use industry jargon when talking to customers.
 Do not talk down to the customer.
 Do not insult the customer.
 Do not accuse the customer of causing the problem.
When gathering information from customers, use both open-ended and closed-ended questions. Start with open-
ended questions to obtain general information. Open-ended questions allow customers to explain the details of
the problem in their own words. Some examples of open-ended questions are
 What problems are you experiencing with your computer or network?
 What software has been installed on your computer recently?
 What were you doing when the problem was identified?
 What hardware changes have recently been made to your computer?
Based on the information from the customer, you can proceed with closed-ended questions. Closed-ended
questions generally require a yes or no answer. These questions are intended to get the most relevant
information in the shortest time possible. Some examples of closed ended questions are
 Has anyone else used your computer recently?
 Can you reproduce the problem?
 Have you changed your password recently?
 Have you received any error messages on your computer?
 Are you currently logged in to the network?
The information obtained from the customer should be documented in the work order and in the repair journal
Verify the Obvious Issues
The second step in the troubleshooting process is to verify the obvious issues. Start with the obvious issues
before moving to more complex diagnoses. Verify the following obvious issues:
 Loose external cable connections.
 Incorrect boot order in BIOS.
 No bootable disk in floppy drive.
 Power switch for an outlet is turned off.
 Surge protector is turned off.
 Device is powered off.
If you find an obvious issue that fixes the problem, you can go to the last step and close with the customer.
These steps are simply a guideline to help you solve problems in an effi- cient manner.
Try Quick Solutions First

Author: IT Experts
The next step in the troubleshooting process is to try quick solutions first. Document each solution that you try.
Some common quick solutions include
 Check that all cables are connected to the proper ports.
 Remove and reconnect cables.
 Reboot the computer or network device.
 Log in as a different user.
 Check computer for the latest OS patches and updates.
If a quick solution does not resolve the problem, document your results and try the next most likely solution.
Continue this process until you have solved the problem or have tried all the quick solutions. Document the
resolution for future reference.
Gather Data from the Computer
The next step in the troubleshooting process is to gather data from the computer. You have tried all the quick
solutions, but the problem is still not resolved. It is now time to verify the customer’s description of the problem
by gathering data from the computer.
Event Viewer
When system, user, or software errors occur on a computer, the Event Viewer is updated with information about
the errors. The Event Viewer application, shown in Figure records the following information about the problem:
 The problem that occurred
 The date and time of the problem
 The severity of the problem
 The source of the problem
 Event ID number
 The user who was logged in when the problem occurred

Author: IT Experts
Although this utility lists details about the error, you might still need to research the solution.
Device Manager
The Device Manager, shown in Figure 4-2, displays all the devices that are configured on a computer. Any device that the operating
system determines to be acting incorrectly will be flagged with an error icon. This type of error is denoted as a yellow circle with an
exclamation point (!). If a device is disabled, it will be flagged with a red circle and an X.
Beep Codes
Each BIOS manufacturer has a unique beep sequence for hardware failures. When troubleshooting, power on
the computer and then listen. As the system proceeds through the power-on self test (POST), most computers
will emit one beep to indicate that the system is booting properly. If there is an error, you might hear multiple
beeps. Document the beep code sequence, and research the code to determine the specific hardware failure.
BIOS Information
If the computer boots and stops after the POST, you should investigate the BIOS settings to determine where to
find the problem.
Diagnostic Tools
There are many programs available that can help you troubleshoot hardware. Often, manufacturers of system
hardware provide their own diagnostic tools. A hard drive manufacturer
Evaluate the Problem and Implement the Solution
The next step in the troubleshooting process is to evaluate the problem and implement the solution. When
researching possible solutions for a problem, use the following sources of information:
 Your own problem-solving experience
 Other technicians
 Internet search
 Newsgroups
 Manufacturer FAQs

Author: IT Experts
 Computer manuals
 Device manuals
 Online forums
 Technical websites
 Divide larger problems into smaller problems that you can analyze and solve individually.
 You should prioritize solutions, starting with the easiest and fastest to implement.
 Create a list of possible solutions and implement them one at a time.
 If you implement a possible solution and it does not work, reverse the solution and try another.
Close with the Customer
After the repairs to the computer have been completed, finish the troubleshooting process by closing with the
customer. Communicate the problem and the solution to the customer verbally and in all documentation. The
steps to be taken when you have finished a repair and are closing with the customer include
 Discuss the solution implemented with the customer.
 Have the customer verify that the problem has been solved.
 Provide the customer with all paperwork.
 Document the steps taken to solve the problem in the work order and in the technician’s journal.
 Document any components used in the repair.
 Document the amount of time spent to resolve the problem.
Verify the solution with the customer. If the customer is available, demonstrate how the solution has corrected
the computer problem. Have the customer test the solution and try to reproduce the problem. When the
customer can verify that the problem has been resolved, you can complete the documentation for the repair in
the work order and in your journal.
The documentation should include the following information:
 The description of the problem
 The steps to resolve the problem
 The components used in the repair
Identify tools, diagnostic procedures and troubleshooting techniques for personal computer components
Assess a problem systematically and divide large problems into smaller components to be analyzed individually
You can usually divide common PC problems into four categories hardware, software, user and environment. Each of
these problem areas can be broken down further.
Hardware

Author: IT Experts
 Failure - One or more components fail inside the computer.
 Compatibility - A component is not compatible with another component.
 Configuration - The hardware has not been installed or configured properly.
Software
 Configuration - Software (Operating System or Application Software) is not installed or configured

properly.
 Failure - Software glitch. (This can range from corrupted data to a flaw in the programming)
 Compatibility - Software may not be compatible with some hardware or other software.
Environment
 The location of the computer and its environment (temperature, air flow, dust, electromagnetic
interference ect).
User Error
 User hits the wrong keys. (sometimes as simple as the user hitting the zero (0) key rather than the letter
O)
 Is not familiar with the computer
 Is not familiar with the software.
Before replacing any components, you should do the following:
 Confirm that all cables and connectors are connected properly and securely
 Verify CMOS setup programs
 Update the BIOS
 Verify that all drivers are installed properly and that you have loaded the newest drivers
 Look for updated device drivers
After you fixed the problem, you should always thoroughly test the computer before returning it to the customer or client.
This will make sure that the problem did go away and that you did not cause another problem when fixing the first
problem.
Apply basic troubleshooting techniques to check for problems with components:
Use Windows XP Help and Support
If running Windows XP, there's a simple system health monitoring tool available. The tool can be found in the Help and
Support Center.
To monitor system health using Help and Support

Author: IT Experts
1. Log on as a local administrator on your computer, click Start, and then click Help and Support.
2. Under the Pick a task, click Use Tools to view your computer information and diagnose problems.
3. In the Task pane, click My Computer Information, and then click View the status of my system
hardware and software.
You can check what programs and hardware are installed on this computer, the amount of memory available, or review
diagnostic information about the health of the computer system.
2.14. Troubleshoot
2.14.1. Troubleshooting Motherboard
Author: IT Experts
Major cause of Motherboard failure
Motherboard is the life line of pc. It controls virtually every component and handles the input and output of data
to and from each part. When a motherboard begins to fail it can be a serious problem that can be expensive to
fix and severely affect the usability of the machine. Here, we will look at some common causes of computer’s
motherboard failure.
 Extreme heat: extreme heat is usually caused by poor ventilation, which could be blocked vents on the laptop or even a fan
which is failing to cool the laptop correctly. Excessive heat can cause the motherboard to warp, which can make components on
the board fail. It can also loosen repair points on the board, causing components to lose contact or short, causing main board
failure. In nearly all of these cases, a replacement of the main board is the required fix.
 Electrical problem: an electrical problem such as a short or a static discharge. Computer components are very sensitive to over-
voltage or under-voltage problems. They are also very sensitive to static electricity. Either of these issues can cause an electrical
problem with the motherboard that may lead to failure.
 Physical damage: motherboard can be damaged from improper disassembly/reassembly during repairs or improper handling of
the pc.
 ESD: This is the major cause of motherboard failure because most of the time users/Technicians do not take care of pc
components. Means they touch by their hand or put the motherboard with dust.
Motherboard troubleshooting
The motherboard must often be checked to ensure it is working properly, even if it is not to be the cause of
whatever is happening.
Usually, the problem is that the motherboard has been misconfigured or there is a failure with one or more of
the components that connect to it. Getting system disconnected cable is very common. In fact, though, there are
large possible causes for what may appear to be a motherboard failure.
1. First of all, if you have just recently installed this motherboard, or performed upgrades or additions to the
PC of any sort, may cause problems
2. Check the power supply power cord
3. Check the motherboard power interface
4. Plugged the system board power correctly
5. Plugged the PSU power supply power cord correctly
6. If the PC isn't booting at all, make sure you have at least the minimums in the machine required to make it
work: processor, memory, video card, and a drive. Make sure that all of these are inserted correctly into the
motherboard
7. Remove all optional devices from the motherboard, including expansion cards, external peripherals, etc. and
see if the problem can be resolved.
8. Double-check all the motherboard jumper settings, carefully. Make sure they are all correct. In particular,
check the processor type, bus speed, clock multiplier and voltage jumpers. Also make sure the CMOS clear
and flash BIOS jumpers are in their normal, default operating positions.
9. Reset all BIOS settings to default
10. Check the inside of the case to see if any components seem to be overheating.
11. Check the motherboard physically. Check to make sure the board itself isn't cracked; if it is look here. Make
sure there are no broken pins or components on the board; if there are, you will have problems with
Author: IT Experts
whatever component of the PC uses that connection. Check for any socket components that may be loose in
their sockets, and push them gently
12. An overheated processor can cause system problems. Try troubleshooting the processor.
13. Troubleshoot the system memory. Memory problems are often mistaken for motherboard faults,
14. Try troubleshooting the video card or replacing it with another one, preferably a simple straight VGA card
that is known to work from being in another system that functioned properly.
15. Check the power supply you may have a power supply problem.
16. Try swapping/change the motherboard with another one and see if the problem resolves itself.
Malfunctioning Motherboards
Your motherboard routes power and data to components, such as the CPU (central processing unit) and disc
drives, which make your PC a useful device. That's why the very life of your system is at stake when
motherboard problems arise.
Typical Problems
Here's a list of common motherboard problems that you may encounter, followed by steps you can take to get
your PC running again.
Problem: Every time you shut down your PC it loses date, time, and BIOS (Basic Input/output System) settings.
Solution: Motherboards use a small battery that provides just enough power to retain hardware configuration
data, as well as the date and time. Many newer motherboards use a small battery that looks much like the ones
you'd find in a calculator or watch, and if you research the specifications on your motherboard, you can
determine the battery model and find a replacement. You may have to open your PC to find out what kind of
battery your motherboard uses.
You can open the case and look at the motherboard battery after you follow a few basic safety precautions,
which you'll want to use every time you open your computer. Remove the case, and before you go poking
around inside, touch a doorknob or other grounded metal to prevent static electricity discharge, which can
render your PC's sensitive parts useless.
Different motherboards use different types of retaining clips, but these are pretty basic. Just undo the clip,
remove the old battery, and pop in the new one.
Replace the case, reconnect the power cable, and start up your PC.
Problem: Your mouse or keyboard won't work, even after you disconnect and reconnect (or even replace) them.
Solution: The PS/2 (Personal System/ 2) ports that let you connect your mouse and keyboard to the motherboard
aren't built to withstand many repeated insertions, and after months of heavy use, the device connectors may
actually come loose from the board. Attempting to resolver these connectors may void your motherboard's
warranty. Have a professional resolver loose PS/2 ports for you.
Problem: irregular problems occur after replacing motherboard components.

Solution: Experienced technical support personnel often attribute strangemotherboard problems to damage
caused during component replacement. Usually this damage occurs when the tip of a screwdriver or other tool
slips and strikes part of the motherboard. Depending on the extent of the harm, it may be necessary to buy a
new board. To minimize the chances of damage, use a broad, flathead screwdriver and a gentle touch when
working inside your PC.
Author: IT Experts
Problem: You install a new motherboard or modify settings on your old one and the board doesn't work.
Solution: It's common for user error to cause motherboard malfunctions. If you installed a newprocessor,
double-check to make sure the processor is seated and aligned correctly. Check to make sure your CPU fan and
case fans are installed properly and also plugged into the power supply. Verify that your power supply is
connected to the motherboard and remember that newer Pentium 4 power supplies have two power cables that
must be connected to Pentium 4 motherboards.
If you installed new RAM, check the slot location of the chips and make sure that each chip is seated all the
way into the slot. Read the specifications for your motherboard and RAM to make sure your new memory
modules are made for use with your board.
One of the trickiest aspects of installing a new motherboard is connecting the panel cables, including the power
switch cable, LED (light-emitting diode), reset switch, and other cables. Check these cables to make sure
they're positioned correctly. Make sure the cables are firmly attached because loose cables may perform their
functions intermittently or not at all.
Compare the placement of your motherboard's standoffs (the insulating spacers that go between a motherboard
and the case) with the motherboard documentation; omitting a standoff can cause a number of odd
motherboard problems. Be sure to use the same number of standoffs as your new motherboard has holes. Your
board needs standoffs to spread out the physical pressure you apply during RAM chip and other device
installation. Without the appropriate number of standoffs, your board may develop tiny cracks that can cause
irregular problems.
Problem: The PC sounds as if it's starting normally but nothing shows on your monitor.
Solution: If your PC's LEDs look normal, the hard drive spins up, and the fans arerunning, you may have a
video card problem. If you recently installed a new expansion card, you may have unintentionally loosened the
video card or a video cable. Make sure the card is firmly seated and wiggle your cables to make sure they're
connected tightly. If that doesn't work, try a working monitor from another PC. If the second monitor works,
you know the first one has a problem.
Problem: Your computer randomly crashes or restarts.
Solution: A number of factors can cause such problems, and a loose motherboard is one potential culprit. Open
the case and make sure the motherboard is securely fastened, and that each standoff hole is filled.
Random restarts and crashes may also be a byproduct of excess heat. Your PC's case is filled with a lot of data
cables and power cables, and these cables may slow heat dissipation. Make sure your cables aren't snagging
any fans inside the case. Tie those cables together and put them out of the way to prevent problems. You can
also replace flat, breeze-killing cables with rounded IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) cables, which allow for
better air movement inside your case.
For more on random reboots, see the article "What To Do When . . . Your System Keeps Rebooting" on page
41.
Problem: Nothing happens when you push the PC's power button.
Solution: Work through this checklist to narrow the list of potential
power problems. Take notes as you
diagnose the problem-notes will be helpful if you wind up needing technical assistance from a pro.
• Examine the board for signs of overheating. You may see scorch marks that are the hallmark of a power surge
Author: IT Experts
or blown power components.
• Make sure the PSU (power supply unit) is providing power to the board. Most motherboards have LEDs that
show the board is receiving power.
• Verify the CPU fan is working. If it isn't, the PC may not start properly.
• Remove your system's expansion cards, such as the modem card and sound card, especially if you just
installed a new card. Leave the video card in place. On some motherboards, the components for sound and
modem functions may be integrated and thus unremovable. If your PC starts up without the cards, replace the
cards one by one until you determine which card is causing the problem.
• Swap the CPU and the memory chips with components you know work OK in another machine.
2.14.2. Troubleshooting power supply unit

Power Supply problems
Common power supply problems are spikes, surge, sags, and brownouts and black out affect the stability and
operation of the main power supply.
Power supply Problem symptoms
 No Power supply fan sound (No fan rotation)
 The power supply case is unusually hot to touch
 Fan sounds rough or louder than usual
 Has a burning smell coming from it. Discard the power supply immediately if there is a burning scent; it
will need to be replaced entirely.
Power supply Trouble shooting

 If the computer is not powering up, it doesn’t mean the power supply is not doing its job
 First make sure the correct voltage set on the PSU.
 The red switch that can be set on 230V or 215V
 You must make sure all necessary power supply connectors are attached.
 Be sure to try plugging the power cable directly into a working properly grounded wall outlet.
 Is the fan on the power supply rotating?
 Use multi meter to check the PSU
 If voltage is seriously out of range or doesn’t exit the PSU is bad
 See if the power supply fan is clogged with dust. Spray the fan with canned air to remove the debris.
Reattach the power supply to the motherboard. Reassemble the computer and see if the problem persists.
2.14.3. Troubleshooting RAM
When good RAM goes bad?
As it consists only of a handful of Silicon memory chips (called DRAM) soldered to a small circuit board, computer memory is
actually much more resistant to failure than most other computer parts. Having said that, it is also produced and distributed in more
volume than any other computer part so it sort of evens out.
Memory DRAM chips are tested by their manufacturers before they are shipped and these weeds out virtually all the 'defect' chips
prior to sale. However, computer memory is also vulnerable to a variety of situations that can turn your working sticks of DDR or
SDRAM memory sour.
Electrostatic shock from improper handling can damage memory. Likewise, power surges or poor power supplies can also damage
your computer's memory, sometimes gradually.

Author: IT Experts
If your computer is excessively dusty, or is located in a humid environment the contacts between the memory module and the memory
slot can be interfered with or corroded. Heat, either from other components or the RAM itself can also cause gradual damage.
Signs of bad memory
The indicators of faulty memory are legion, but let's start with a few common ones. From the top:
1. Blue screens during the install procedure of Windows 2000 or XP. This is one of the surest signs of faulty memory.
2. Random crashes or blue screens during the running of 2000 or XP. Note that heat can also be a culprit in the case of general
flakiness like this, so you should test for that possibility too.
3. Crashes during memory intensive operations. 3D games, benchmarks, compiling, Photoshop, etc.
4. Distorted graphics on screen. This can also be related to the video card.
5. Failure to boot. This can be accompanied by repeated long beeps, which is the accepted BIOS beep code for a memory
problem. In this circumstance, you cannot test the memory with diagnostic software, so your only option is testing by
replacement, either at home or at your computer dealer.
Step by Step Troubleshooting RAM
Step 1: Start simple and analyze the problem.

* Have you added or replaced RAM? Is it installed properly?
* Have you moved the computer? RAM modules can come loose.
* Is it a new computer? RAM modules might not have been inserted properly.
* Have you installed any new hardware upgrades?
* Have you installed new software or might there be a virus problem?
* Have you changed or installed patches for your operating system?
* Do you have the correct RAM type?
* Is the RAM module connectors tin or gold?
* When your computer starts (boots) does it report the correct amount of RAM?
* Does your system properties report the correct amount of RAM?
* Are there any POST messages that indicate RAM problems?
* Does the system report Parity errors or address failures whilst the system is running?
* Do you get a Windows error message "exception error OE at>>0137:BFF9z5d0" or something similar?
* You've tried everything else!!!
Any one of these can indicate a problem with the RAM module or something connected with it.
WARNING: Before you start troubleshooting remember that you are dealing with electricity that can KILL. Only work inside the
computer case when the power has been switched off and disconnected. Never open the power source.
Step 2: Start by reading through this article to establish some ideas about what the problem might be and how to resolve it. There is no
absolute order for diagnosing problems it's equal parts science and magic. If its hardware then you is probably going to have to open
the computer case (steps 5 - 10 & 13). You may prefer to eliminate other problems first (steps 11-12).
Step 3: Gather all the documentation that came with your computer, memory modules or MOBO (motherboard). You need
information on make and model numbers, together with installation guides. If you are missing anything visit the PC or MOBO
manufacturer’s web site. Most have excellent online documentation.
Step 4: Do you have the correct RAM? Check the MOBO or computer documentation for the type of memory module you should be
using. Compare this with the memory module you have purchased. Look at the memory module; does the information on the module
match with the sales invoice (have they sent you the correct product)? If you bought a name brand computer has the RAM purchased
been tested on that particular computer? This can be an issue with Dell and other computers. You can check compatibility issues
online through useful tools on www.kingston.com, www.crucial.com or the MOBO manufacturers own web site.
NOTE: Before the computer case is opened make sure that power is switched off and disconnected, press and hold the power button
for 30 seconds to ensure residual power is lost and make sure that you are grounded to avoid damage due to static electricity. Use a
grounding wrist strap or touch the metal case to discharge static electricity.
Now open the computer case to check the following.
Step 5: Is the RAM installed correctly? Some MOBOs must have their slots filled in a special sequence. Sometimes DIMMs must be
in a specific sequence.
Step 6: Remove the memory modules from their slots. Take the opportunity to clean the slots on the motherboards and the memory
Author: IT Experts
module connectors. Use compressed air to blow dust away and clean contacts with a soft cloth. Don't use a vacuum cleaner if it
touches any component it may create a short and cause damage to the motherboard or other components. Don't use solvent that may
attract dust and never poke things like cotton buds in to slots. Check the memory module and memory slot contacts. They are either tin
or gold. The color will tell you which they are. Mixing tin and gold can result in corrosion that prevents proper contact. Look for any
sign of physical damage to the memory module, memory slots or the motherboard. With the last two you are looking at replacing the
motherboard.
Step 7: Reseat the memory modules. You should hear an audible click when they are in place. Do not use too much force to reseat the
memory module in to the slot this can cause damage to the module , slot or motherboard.
If you are still experiencing trouble try the following.
Step 8: Swap modules in to different slots. If you have more than one memory module try different combinations or one at a time.
This might identify a faulty component.
Step 9: If you have changed or upgraded the memory modules try taking your system back to its original configuration. Does it still
work? If yes then suspect a fault or compatibility problem. If no!! Sorry but you may have damaged the motherboard.
Step 10: If your compute isn't recognizing your entire RAM it might be a problem with the BIOS. Check with the motherboard or PC
manufacturer’s web site for possible BIOS upgrades. Word of WARNING - BIOS upgrades can seriously damage your wealth. Make
double sure that you have the correct BIOS update for your motherboard. Flash the wrong upgrade can result in needing a new
motherboard.
Step 11: Check for viruses with an up to date virus checker. Some viruses cause problems that look like memory errors.
Step 12: Try removing recently installed hardware or software. Sometimes operating systems misinterpret problems as memory
related.
Step 13: If you have tried everything a still suspect a faulty RAM module there are several good programs that will test your
computer. Typically you must create a boot disk to use when restarting your computer. This helps eliminate the possibility that it's
operating system or other software problems.
2.14.4. Troubleshooting CPU
Diagnosing CPU Problems
CPUs are generally trouble-free. The most likely problem is heat damage that can happen when the fan wears out. The
most common symptom of heat damage is a computer that starts out working normally, but after awhile performs
erratically. Eventually, the computer will lock up. When hearing a report like this, with the power disconnected, open the
case and check to make sure that the fan and heat sink are in place put them in place if they aren't. Attempt to spin the
processor fan by hand. The fan should spin freely and continue spinning when you let go, and not make any noise. If you
encounter resistance and/or hear noise, replace the fan.
If the fan blades spin freely, the next step is to power on the computer and sees if the fan actually spins. Some BIOS setup
programs have CPU temperature gauges, and some motherboard manufacturers provide Windows programs to monitor
the CPU temperature, among other things. If the fan does spin, you can check these gauges, if present, to determine if the
processor's temperature is in the safe zone, which will be indicated on the gauge. Another way to measure the processor
temperature is to use a laser temperature gauge. While the computer is running, aim the laser at the space between the
processor and heat. Compare your result to the processor documentation's temperature specifications. If the temperature is
too high, the processor isn't being cooled properly.
.If the power supply fan spins, but the computer won't otherwise power on, the problem could be a dead or disconnected
CPU or motherboard. If everything is connected, the only way to diagnose the problem, after ruling out a bad power
supply, is to swap a known good CPU or motherboard, one at a time, with the original items. If the replacement device
causes the system to work, then you have found the problem.
How to Test a Faulty CPU
Identifying a defective, overheating or dead CPU can be difficult. Here is a guide on how to identify symptoms of a faulty
cpu. Without the CPU working there is no hope of much else happening on a computer. While some of the symptoms of a

Author: IT Experts
faulty CPU can be caused by the failure of other components, the symptoms that we outline below are good indicators that
the CPU is malfunctioning, failing or dead.
1. Unusual Fan Sounds and CPU Overheating
Moving parts are usually the first to fail on a computer. This is usually true of computer fans, of which there are usually
two in most machines: one for the power supply and another for the CPU. A sign that your computer’s CPU fan is failing
is a change in the sounds that it normally makes.
If the fan starts to make wining, clunking or groaning sounds, it is a sign that the fan is coming to the end of its days. Once
the fan stops working properly the CPU will not get the cooling it needs and will start to malfunction. So, we can say that
a dying fan is a sign that your CPU will soon start malfunctioning.
2. Blue Screens & OS Error Messages
Another sign of a defective or overheating CPU are constant blue screens and Windows error messages. If the CPU is not
being cooled properly the computer may still boot-up, but soon after will start having problems. The computer will
usually freeze and then display a blue screen or some other Windows error message. Fortunately, fixing the overheating
problem may be as easy as reapplying thermal gel or replacing the CPU fan.
3. The PC Randomly Shuts Itself off or Freezes Randomly
A CPU may work normally until more processor intensive tasks are undertaken such as intense game play, photo editing
and video editing. While this could also be a sign that the CPU is overheating, a computer that restarts randomly when it
is put through its paces could indicate that something is wrong with the CPU.
4. Signs of a Dead CPU – The Computer Fails to Power-up
Owing to the fact that the CPU is the brain of the computer, scarcely anything will work if the CPU is dead. Signs that the
central processing unit is dead or dying is a computer that doesn’t respond when the power button is pressed. The fans
may spin up, but the computer won't boot.
5. High Frequency Beeps – Beep Codes
Another sign that something is wrong with the CPU is the sounding, by the computer, of sequenced beep codes or audio
alerts. If the computer makes repeated high/low beeps as well as high frequency beeps while the computer is running or
just when it is turned, the CPU may need to be checked. BIOS or motherboard beep codes are designed to diagnose
hardware or configuration faults. Check the motherboard’s manual or the manufacturer’s website to decipher what the
beep codes mean in order to determine what is actually wrong.
While a failing CPU is not the only thing that can cause a computer to randomly restart, given blue screen error messages
or even high frequency beep codes, these are usually a symptom that something is wrong with the central processing unit.
2.14.5. Hard Disk troubleshooting

Hard Disk Failure
Broadly speaking a hard disk can fail in four ways that will lead to a potential loss of data:
 Firmware Corruption / Damage to the firmware zone

Author: IT Experts
 Electronic Failure
 Mechanical Failure
 Logical Corruption
Combinations of these four types of failure are also possible. Whether the data on the hard disk is recoverable
or not depends on exactly what has happened to the disk and how bad the damage is. Please note that over time,
all hard disks will develop bad sectors which can lead to data loss and drive inaccessibility.
Firmware Corruption / Damage to the firmware zone
Hard disk firmware is the software code that controls, and is embedded in, the physical hard drive hardware. If
the firmware of a hard disk becomes corrupted or unreadable the computer is often unable to correctly interact
with the hard disk. Frequently the data on the disk is fully recoverable once the drive has been repaired and
reprogrammed.
Firmware failures - How to diagnose: Common Symptoms
 The hard disk will spin up when powered on, but be incorrectly recognized / not recognized at all by the
computer
 The hard disk will spin up & be recognized correctly by the computer but the system will then hang
during the boot process
Actions to take
 Recovering data from hard drives with firmware failure requires low level reprogramming /
manipulation of the hard drive. Data Clinic has specialist equipment that allows us to successfully
recover data from hard drives with firmware faults.
Electronic Failure
Electronic failure usually relates to problems on the controller board of the actual hard disk. The computer may
suffer a power spike or electrical surge that knocks out the controller board on the hard disk making it
undetectable to the BIOS.
Electrical failures - How to diagnose: Common Symptom
 The hard disk will not spin up when the drive is powered on - it will appear dead & not be recognized by
the computer
Actions to take
 Data Clinic can recover data from all types of electrical hard drive failure.
Mechanical Failure
Mechanical hard disk failures are those which develop on components internal to the hard disk itself. Often as
soon as an internal component goes faulty the data on the hard disk will become inaccessible.
Mechanical failures - How to diagnose: Common Symptoms
 When powered on, the hard drive will immediately begin to make a regular ticking or clicking sound
Actions to take

Author: IT Experts
 Recovering data from hard drives with mechanical failure requires the drive to be worked on in a clean
room as the drive has to be taken apart and investigated in lab conditions. Data Clinic have a fully
equipped Class 100 clean room which we use to recover drives with mechanical problems.
Logical Errors
Often the easiest and the most difficult problems to deal with, logical errors can range from simple things such
as an invalid entry in a file allocation table to truly horrific problems such as the corruption and loss of the file
system on a severely fragmented drive.
Logical errors are different to the electrical and mechanical problems above as there is usually nothing
'physically' wrong with the disk, just the information on it.
How do I find out when it’s going to fail before it fails?
That’s not always possible, and sometimes a hard drive will just die—but it’s still important to keep an eye on
the symptoms of an imminent hard drive so you have the chance to back-up your data and get professional help.
Hard drives are incredibly sensitive bits of hardware, so don’t try to crack it open and have a look inside unless
you know what you’re doing. And most definitely ensure that if you do crack it open, the platters don’t get
exposed to the open air—hard drives can only be opened in Class 100 clean rooms or they’re pretty much
instantly destroyed by dust.
It’s a lot easier to back-up than to get your data recovered. Once you detect any of the signs of failure you need
to ensure that you have a back-up and if not, make one. Then when the drive dies, you can claim your warranty
if you still have it, or buy a new drive, and be on your way.
Recovery can cost thousands and thousands of dollars; it sure is a ridiculous amount to pay, but there’s not
much you can do but shop around and find the best price. The cost of transferring a back-up onto a brand new
drive is much cheaper than having a recovery specialist do the same for you.
Strange Noises
Sometimes hearing strange grinding and thrashing noises means your drive is beyond repair—for instance, if
you’ve had a head crash, it very often is. Or it could just be that the motor has failed or your hard drive is
grinding away because of noisy bearings. If you’re hearing strange noises then act very, very quickly—you
probably don’t have much time.
2.14.6. Troubleshooting Display
General display problem
 Incorrect configuration. [check the brightness and contrast control]
 Adapter might not be seated properly in the expansion slot.
 Cable between the CPU and monitor may loose or fail.
 Software related problems.
 Failure in monitor’s display electronics and in monitor’s power supply.
 Incompatibility between software and display adapter.
Common symptom: NO display
Troubleshooting
 Check the power to monitor.
 Check the brightness control on the monitor.
 Check the data cable between the monitor and the video port on the system unit.
Problem

Author: IT Experts
 When the system turns on, it sounds a single beep and shows the disk activity (light flashes) but the
display is blank.
Methods
1. Shutdown the PC [unplug the power cable] and press down the video cards firmly, restart the PC.
2. Is the monitor turned no? If not, check the monitor power Connector.
3. If the problem is on the monitor, use the replacement method.
4. Also check the connection (data cable) between the video card and the monitor.
5. Your adapter hardware may not work, so use the replacement method.
Problem
 The monitor shows only one bright vertical line in the center of the screen
Solution
 The monitor is unable to drag the ray (beam) to the horizontal side.
 There is a problem on the horizontal section of the monitor circuit board
 This symptom may also be the horizontal deflection coil or its connection opened. However, unsolder the
horizontal transistor from its board and measure it by using a multi-meter.
Problem
 The monitor shows only one bright horizontal line in the center of the screen.
Solution
 The monitor is unable to pull the beam to the vertical side.
 There is a problem in the vertical section [vertical IC]
 Cable between the CPU and monitor might fail or disconnected.
 Display adapter fault.
 Supply to vertical section is missing.
 Vertical deflection coil or its connection is opened.
Problem
 The monitor shows only one bright point in the center of the screen
Solution
 The monitor is unable to pull the beam to horizontal and vertical side of the monitor.
 Check the horizontal transistor and vertical IC.
Monitor’s software related problems
1. Distorted or unreadable text appears on the screen.
2. The display corruption error.
3. The display shows “display problem. The program can’t continue…”
4. The computer redraws underlying areas of the screen incorrectly when you move or size windows.
5. Windows does not start due to video driver problem.
General Troubleshooting Method
Use the replacement method. If the other monitor shows the same symptom that you have before, restart
your computer in safe mode, re-install the drivers and adjust the display setting.
2.14.7. CD or DVD drive troubleshooting
Common symptom

Author: IT Experts
 Your CD or DVD Drive does not read or write and is shown as disabled
 The media in your CD or DVD drive cannot be read
 The media cannot be written to by your CD or DVD drive
 You receive one of the following errors:
o A class specific or device specific driver is missing or corrupt
o A CD or DVD drive cannot be found or is not connected
o The CD or DVD drive is experiencing a problem that prevents it from working properly
o The CD or DVD drive is not accessible via an assigned drive letter
When you try to open a file or a program on a CD or on a DVD, you receive an error message that notifies you
that there is a problem with the disc, with the CD drive, or with the DVD drive.
Additionally, one or more of the following symptoms may occur:
 The disc label does not appear in Windows Explorer.
 The contents of the disc do not appear in Windows Explorer.
 When you insert the disc in the drive or when your computer tries to read the disc, the computer stops
responding.
 You cannot eject the disc from the drive.
 The computer takes a long time to read the disc.
You can follow these methods to try to isolate and resolve the problem. Use these methods in the order in
which they are presented.
Method 1: Clean the disc
When you have problems with a CD or DVD drive, always check the disc first to see whether it is damaged or
dirty. To clean the disc, follow these steps:
1. Remove the disc from the drive.
2. Clean the disc with a disc cleaning kit or by gently wiping the silver side of the disc from the center
outward with a dry, soft, lint-free, cotton cloth.
Note Do not use a paper cloth, and do not use a circular motion to clean the disc. These can scratch the
disc.
3. Reinsert the disc in the CD or DVD drive.
If the computer can read the disc, you are finished.
If the computer still cannot read the disc, go to step 4.
4. Try again to clean the disc by using a cloth dampened with water, or dampened with a commercial CD
or DVD cleaning solution.
5. Dry the disc thoroughly, and then reinsert it in the CD or DVD drive.
6. If the computer can read the disc, you are finished.
7. If the computer still cannot read the disc, go to method 2.
Method 2: Check the disc for damage
If the disc is clean, check whether it is damaged. To do this, follow these steps:
1. Remove the disc from the drive, and then examine the disc for scratches or cracks.
2. If the disc is damaged, try another disc to see whether the CD or DVD drive can read it.
3. If the computer still cannot read a disc, there may be a problem with the drive. Go to method 3 to
troubleshoot the CD or DVD drive.
If the computer can read the other disc, there is a problem with original CD or DVD. Contact the
manufacturer of the damaged disc to obtain a replacement.
Method 3: Try a different disc drive
If the disc is clean and undamaged, check whether there is a problem with the drive. To do this, follow
these steps:
1. If the computer has more than one disc drive, insert the disc in a different CD or DVD drive to
see whether it can read the disc.
Author: IT Experts
If your computer does not have more than one disc drive, you can insert the disc in a different
computer.
2. If the other CD or DVD drive can read the disc, there may be a problem with your CD or DVD
drive. Go to method 5.
If the other CD or DVD drive cannot read the disc, the disc may not be compatible with the
drive. Go to method 4.
Method 4: Make sure that the disc is compatible with the drive
Check the following list to make sure that the disc that you are trying to use is compatible with your CD or
DVD drive.
 A DVD disc is incompatible with a standard CD drive.
 A CD-RW disc is incompatible with a CD drive that does not support CD-RW discs.
 A DVD disc is incompatible with a drive that does not have a DVD logo on the front.
If the disc is compatible, go to method 5.
If the disc is incompatible, use a compatible disc or contact the vendor for a compatible replacement.
Method 5: Use Windows Update to check for updated drivers
If the disc is compatible with your CD or DVD drive, check for updated drivers that the CD or DVD drive may
be missing. To check for driver updates that you can install, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://update.microsoft.com
If these methods do not resolve your issue, try the advanced troubleshooting steps in this article. If you are not
comfortable with advanced troubleshooting, you might want to ask someone for help, or you might want to
contact Support. For information about how to do this, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/
If methods 1 through 5 did not resolve the issue, you can follow these methods to try to isolate and resolve
the problem.
Method 1: Test the disc by using the command prompt to copy files
Try to copy files from the disc to the hard disk. If the hard disk cannot copy files, the disc might be damaged. If
the files are copied successfully, there may be file types on the disc that the hard disk cannot read, or there may
be a problem with the CD or DVD drive.
To test the disc by using a command prompt to copy files, follow these steps:
1. Create a test folder on the hard disk, and then give the folder a folder name such as "cdtest." This is the
folder to which you will try to copy files.
2. Click Start, and then click Run.
3. Copy and paste (or type) cmd in the Open box, and then press ENTER.
4. Copy the files from the CD or DVD drive to the test folder on the hard disk. To do this, type xcopy
DiscDrive:\*.* HardDiskDrive:\cdtest /v /e at the command prompt, and then press ENTER. Make sure
that you replace “cdtest” with the name of your test folder.
5. Note In this step, DiscDrive is the drive letter of the CD or DVD drive with which you have problems.
HardDiskDrive is the drive letter of the hard disk drive to which you want to copy these files.
6. If you are asked whether cdtest specifies a file name or a directory name, press F.
If you successfully copied the files from the disc to the hard disk, the disc is not damaged. To remove
the copied files, type rd /s cdtest at the command prompt, and then press ENTER.
If you cannot copy the files, the disc may be damaged. Contact the manufacturer of the damaged disc to
obtain a replacement.

Author: IT Experts
To continue trying to isolate the problem and test the CD or DVD drive, go to method 2.
Method 2: Test the CD or DVD drive in a "clean boot" state
If the disc is readable and undamaged, there may be some hardware or software that is interfering with the CD
or DVD drive. You can test this by inserting the disc into the drive after restarting your computer in a clean boot
state. This helps you determine whether any hardware or software is interfering with the CD or DVD drive. To
test this, follow these steps:
1. Restart the computer in a clean boot state.
2. After the computer is restarted, exit all programs and applications that may be using the CD or DVD
drive.
a) First, right-click each icon in the notification area, and then click Exit.
b) Note The notification area is located at the far right of the taskbar, near the clock. Some
programs that are listed in the notification area do not have an Exit command. Therefore, you
may have to click Quit, Close, or Disable, depending on the commands that are available for that
program.
c) Click Start, and then click Run.
d) Copy and paste (or type) taskmgr in the Open box, and then press ENTER. Windows Task
Manager opens.
e) Click the Applications tab.
f) If any programs appear in the Task list, click the name of the program to select it, and then click
End Task.
g) Repeat the previous step until the Task list is empty.
h) Close Windows Task Manager.
3. Reinsert the disc in the CD or DVD drive. If the CD or DVD drive can read the disc, there may be other
programs preventing the drive from reading the disc. Go to method 3. If the CD or DVD drive still
cannot read the disc, go to method 4. Or, if you are not specifically using a DVD drive, you may want to
contact Support. For information about how to contact Support, go to the "Next Steps" section.
Method 3: Change the CD or DVD drive configuration
If there are programs that are preventing the drive from reading the disc, you can try to resolve this issue by
configuring the drive to run in direct memory access (DMA) mode. DMA mode is a high performance mode
for transferring data to and from devices. These include CD and DVD drives. To configure the CD or DVD
drive to run in DMA mode, follow these steps:
1. Configure the CD or DVD drive to run in DMA mode. For more information about how to switch your
computer's disc drive controller to DMA mode, click the following article number to view the article in
the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
310751 Device settings are hard to find in Windows XP
2. Reinsert the disc in the CD or DVD drive.
3. If the CD or DVD drive can read the disc, you are finished.
If the CD or DVD drive still cannot read the disc, try to troubleshoot DVD components by using method 4.
Or, if you are not specifically using a DVD drive, you may want to contact Support. For information about
how to contact Support, go to the “Next Steps” section.
Method 4: Troubleshoot DVD problems

Author: IT Experts
If the advanced troubleshooting methods 1 through 3 do not resolve the issue, and you have problems
specifically with a DVD drive, follow these steps to try to isolate and resolve the problem.
Prerequisite
You must use a DVD drive with a DVD logo on the front, not a standard CD drive.
Step 1: Unplug any cables that are connected
a) Unplug any cables that are connected to the video outputs of the computer.
b) Reinsert the disc in the DVD drive.
c) If the DVD drive can read the disc, you may have problems with the video hardware installed on your
computer. Contact the manufacturer of the video hardware for support or for a replacement.
If the DVD drive still cannot read the disc, go to step 2.
Step 2: Update the DVD driver
a) Contact the manufacturer of the DVD drive to obtain an updated driver for the DVD drive, and then
follow the manufacturer's instructions to install the driver.
c) If the DVD drive can read the disc, the problem was caused by an outdated driver. You are finished.
If the DVD drive still cannot read the disc, go to step 3.
Step 3: Obtain a hardware-based DVD decoder or software-based DVD decoder
a) Contact the manufacturer of the DVD drive to obtain a hardware-based DVD decoder or software-based
DVD decoder, and then follow the manufacturer's instructions to install the decoder.
Note Many video adapters help decode DVD discs. However, the video adapter may not fully decode a
DVD movie.
c) If the DVD drive can read the disc, the problem was caused by an outdated DVD decoder. You are
finished.
If the DVD drive still cannot read the disc, make sure that the sound card in the computer is compatible
with the DVD drive. To do this, contact the manufacturer of the sound card.
d) Reinsert the disc in the DVD drive.
e) If you still have problems with the disc, contact the manufacturer to obtain a new disc.
2.14.8. Adapter Card Troubleshooting
Modems:
No dial tone for modem:
 If it is a modem built into the motherboard, check the CMOS setup program to ensure that the modem is
enabled.
 Ensure that the appropriate drivers are loaded and working correctly.
 If it is an external modem, make sure the modem has power and is connected properly to the PC.
 Check that the phone line is active.
 Replace the phone cable.
 Replace the modem.
Receive an error message such as “Could not open port.”:
 Check for resource conflicts such as I/O addresses and IRQs.

Author: IT Experts
 A program is loading in the Windows Startup folder that opens a COM port for some other use other
than the modem.
 Try rebooting to see if the port was opened by another program. Rebooting may correct the problem.
PC or communication software refuses to recognize the modem.
 If it is an external modem, make sure the modem has power and it is turned on. In addition, make sure
the cables are connected to the serial port.
 If it is an internal modem, make sure the modem is seated properly in the slot.
 Check in the BIOS setup program that the modem and/or serial port is enabled.
 Check for resource conflicts such as I/O addresses and IRQs.
 Try the modem in another system.
 Try the modem in another system.
 Replace the modem.
Sound Problems:
Speakers do not produce any sound
 Check the volume control in Windows and the volume control in the application to see if the sound has
been muted or has been adjusted low.
 Check the volume control on speakers.
 Make sure the speakers are turned on and have power.
 Check the speaker cable is installed into the correct port on the back of the sound card.
 Check that the sound drivers are installed and functioning properly.
 Swap the speaker cables and power cable one at a time.
No audio when playing an Audio CD
 Check the volume control (specifically Master Volume and CD Player) in Windows and the volume
control in the application to see if the sound has been muted or low.
 Check the volume control on speakers.
 Make sure the speakers are turned on and have power.
 Check to see if the four-wire CD audio cable is connected between the CD drive and the sound card.
When trying to play a high-quality audio file through a USB speaker system, you get an error message saying
“Out of bandwidth”
 Disconnect extraneous USB devices such as joysticks, scanners, and others.
 Purchase an additional USB controller and attach the speakers to it so that they can have sole access to
all of its bandwidth.
 Play the audio file at a lower playback quality or use a lower-quality version of the file.
When an expansion card is inserted into a system, it must be configured to use the proper resources. The resources include
I/O addresses (including COMx/LTPx), IRQs, DMAs and Memory addresses. When configuring a card, one general rule
should apply. No two devices can use the same resource. Therefore, two expansion cards should not be set to use the same
DMA channel or the same I/O address. If two devices are using the same setting, the devices will not work properly or not
work at all.

Author: IT Experts
To determine what the available resources are, use utilities, which come with the operating system such as Windows
Device Manager located within the control panel.
2.14.9. Trouble Shooting Input Devices

Keyboards
Keyboard fails to be recognized during boot up or the keyboard is completely dead and no keys appear to function.
 Swap the keyboard; reboot the system when a keyboard is replaced.

 Use a multimeter to check the +5 V supply at the keyboard connector.
 Check to see if the motherboard has a fuse to protect the +5 V supply feeding the keyboard connector.

Author: IT Experts

Implement Maintenance Proceder

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Implement Maintenance Proceder

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Implement Maintenance Proceder

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Training, Teaching and Learning Materials Development Lo1

LO 1: Determine best practices for equipment and

INTRODUCTION Learning Guide # 9

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 2 of 84

1. Determine hardware and software maintenance

The four basic units of electricity are

General Safety Guidelines:

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 3 of 84

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 4 of 84

1.3.1. Identify Hardware Tools and Their Purpose

 Needle-nose pliers: Used to hold small parts.

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 6 of 84

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 7 of 84

LO 2: Revise practices’ where appropriate

INTRODUCTION Learning Guide # 10

 Monitor and review maintenance operation where appropriate.

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 9 of 84

2.1. Describe a Computer System

Professional Workstation 5000

Full-size Mid-size Mini-tower Desktop

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 10 of 84

2.3.1. Mother board

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 11 of 84

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 12 of 84

Some of the advantages of ATX over AT are:

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 13 of 84

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 14 of 84

2 CPU_FAN - CPU cooling fan connector

3 DIMM1~2 - 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM slots

4 IRDA - Infrared header

5 FDD - Floppy diskette drive connector

6 ATX1 - Standard 24-pin ATX power connector

7 IDE1 - Primary IDE channel

8 CLR_CMOS - Clear CMOS jumper

9 SATA1~4 - Serial ATA connectors

10 PANEL1 - Panel connector for case switches and LEDs

11 USB1-2 - Front Panel USB headers

12 1394a - IEEE 1394a header

13 BIOS_WP - BIOS flash protect jumper

14 COM2 - Onboard Serial port hider

15 WOL1 - Wake On LAN connector

16 S/PDIF - SPDIF out header

17 F_AUDIO - Front panel audio header

18 AUX_IN - Auxiliary In connector

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 15 of 84

20 PCIE1 - PCI Express x1 slot

21 PCIEX16 - PCI Express slot for graphics interface

22 SYS_FAN - System cooling fan connector

23 ATX12V - Auxiliary 4-pin power connector

PS2 Mouse Used to connect a PS/2 pointing device.

PS2 Keyboard Used to connect a PS/2 keyboard.

VGA Port Connect your monitor to the VGA port.

Learning guide 09 Date 08-2017 Page 16 of 84

Audio Ports Used to connect audio devices.

 The CPU (microprocessor