BASIC

MATERIALS,
TOOLS AND
PROCESSES
FOR ARTS AND
DESIGN FORM
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you should be able
to:
• Identify the basic materials, tools and
processes for Arts and Design.
• Understand the use of basic materials, tools
and equipment for Arts and Design.
• Appreciate the suitability of use of proper
equipment for making arts and design.
 ACTIVITY: OH, WAIT A
MINUTE!
Directions:
Arrange the scrambled words to unlock
the correct words. Write the functions
based on your own prior knowledge on
using the materials and tools.
1.ENLICP

2.OARACLCH
3.DAINI KIN
4.RYACCSLI
5.SBSRHUE
6.TILLRONOTS
5.PSRWIENNT
6.SELAE
7.PSRWIENNT
8.SELAE
9.YSRAOCN
10.KAMERSR
11.NTAISP
12.TWARE
LROSUCO
13.OLELRRS
14.LEPETAT
15.SIRTBLO
1. PENCIL 9. CRAYONS
2. CHARCOAL 10. MARKERS
3. INDIA INK 11. PAINTS
4. ACRYLICS
12. WATER COLOURS
5. BRUSHES
13. ROLLERS
6. TORTILLONS
14. PALETTE
7. NEWSPRINT
8. EASEL 15. BRISTOL
 BASIC
MATERIALS,
TOOLS AND
PROCESSES FOR
ARTS AND
DESIGN FORM
 SPECIFICATION OF BASIC
MATERIALS, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT
AND PROCESSES
DRY MATERIALS IN MAKING
MARKS
 DRY MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

PENCIL
Pencils are made of a graphite or plastic lead stick, surrounded by a wood casing.
 DRY MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

PENCIL CRAYONS
Coloured pencils may be used to draw fine, coloured lines or to shade areas
in colour. A variety of coloured pencils are available and the craftsperson or
artistcan be creative in mixing and matching different colours, blending two or
more colours or using coloured pencils with other drawing or painting materials..
 DRY MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

CHARCOAL
Charcoal is the oldest drawing tool. It is a dry and dusty medium made from
burnt wood. Charcoal for craft and art purposes is found in many forms; e.g.,
pencil, compressed sticks or natural sticks.
 DRY MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

CHALK, CHALK PASTELS, OIL PASTELS

Oil pastels are a form of chalk that has been compressed with oil. All chalks
and oil pastels come in a wide range of colours. A variety of soft, blended effects can
be obtained by layering several colours and using brushes, cloth or paper to blend
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

FELT PENS AND MARKERS

Felt pens or markers are excellent for layout and design and can be used in
some poster work. They come in a wide range of colours and line thicknesses. They
have the disadvantage of being transparent and are difficult to use when large, flat
areas of colour are needed.
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

INK AND INDIA INK

India ink is a simple black ink commonly
used for drawing, especially comics and
comic strips. Other inks are found in a
variety of colours. All inks can be used
full strength or diluted for wash
drawings. A variety of tools are used to
apply ink; e.g., nib pens, fountain pens,
brushes, feathers, rollers and sticks and
twigs.
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS

PAINTS
There are different types of paint and have specific properties. Artists may choose a
particular type of paint based on the colours and effects it produces, its drying time,
the painting surface they want to use and other factors.
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS
Paint Description Advantages Disadvantages
Type

Acrylics water-based dry quickly and

permanently into a
very fast drying time
when undiluted, may make it harder to
create rich colours water resistant, flexible, mix colours
plastic like finish can
like oil paint when dried paint on brushes
create transparent or
thinned with water, or clothes is difficult to
opaque colours by
create soft effects varying the amount of remove
like water colours water added may require several
available in tubes, brushes and tools can coats to achieve the
bottles, large be cleaned with warm desired colours
containers or cans water
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS
Paint Type Description Advantages Disadvantages

quick drying, can be used freely fast drying time

Water transparent medium can create soft designs
reas of diluted
Colours come in a wide variety and colour tones, while
of colours can be also allowing for detail water colour—
opaque or transparent, can create opaque, some artists use
depending on how translucent and
much water is added transparent colours this effect while
allow the colour and dried paint can be others avoid it)
texture of the painting reused by adding water
surface to show brushes and tools can
through available in be cleaned easily with
tablets or tubes water
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS
Paint Type Description Advantages Disadvantages

Oils produce rich

colours can
easy blending take a long time to
dry require the
of colours
create lighter or use of chemical
softer colours easy to cover solvents for
when mixed errors thinning paints
with special and for clean up
solvents
available in
tubes
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS
Paint Description Advantages Disadvantages
Type
Tempera/ water-based can produce very mix or soften
can be bright and
Poster bright, vibrant
colours
Paints opaque or softer, colours and effects
depending on how brushes and
much water is
tools can be
added available
cleaned easily
in powder ore
premixed liquid with water
paints
 WET MATERIALS IN MAKING MARKS
Paint Type Description Advantages Disadvantages

Sign usually oil-based

used on cloth
good quality require special
paints chemicals for
Paint for banners
thinning and
and signs that
weatherproof
are usually clean up
displayed opaque for
outdoors solid colour
coverage often
expensive
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
PEN • B a l l p o i n t Pe n s
Sare used for drawing and shading, but care must be taken to control the pressure
Are the regular ink pens that we normally use for day-today writing. Ballpoint pens

used.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
PENS 2 . Fe l t - t i p p e d p e n s
Are commonly used by artists. A wide range of colours is available and the artist
can blend colours to create different effects. By controlling the pressure used, the
artist can create shading and hard or soft lines.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
PENS 3 . Fo u n ta i n p e n s a n d
L e tt e r i n g p e n s
Are used for general drawing, sketching
or calligraphy. Fountain pens contain a
reservoir of ink that must be replaced or
refilled periodically. Lettering pens are
used with a bottle of ink—the artist dips
the pen nib into the ink whenever
necessary.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
PENS 4 . Te c h n i c a l p e n s
Are similar to fountain pens. They
have a tube-like, hard nib that can be
used both for sketching and for
producing detailed drawings.
Technical pens are available in a
variety of line widths and have
refillable or replaceable reservoirs.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
PENS 5 . N i b s fo r p e n s
Come in various sizes and shapes, from small and thin to wide and
flat. The nib can be filled by dipping about one half of the point into a
bottle of ink, or the ink can be applied to the nib with a liquid dropper.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
BRUSHES
Good paintbrushes can be the artist’s and craftsperson’s most
important tools. Brushes come in a wide variety of materials in terms
of shapes and sizes. They are made of a fibrous tip, connector called a
ferrule and wooden or plastic handle.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS

BRUSHES
Ferrule
Handle

Fibres
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
BRUSHES
• Animal hair fibres have tiny scales that hold water and
paint. Each hair has a tapered shape which makes for a
better tip. Sable is considered to be the best natural hair
paintbrush.

• Natural bristle fibers are made of soft or stiff animal

hair.

• Synthetic fibers are man-made hairs, often made out of

nylon.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
ROLLERS
Large paint and small printing rollers (brayers) are used for
commercial purposes and to make marks for artistic purposes.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
STOMPS AND TORTILLONS
Stomps and tortillons are sticks used for blending charcoal,
conte crayons, oil pastels and chalk. They are usually made of
paper that has been wrapped or twisted into the shape of a
pencil or a stick. Q-tips, wadded pieces of tissue or paper can
also be used.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
AIRBRUSH
An airbrush is an artist’s tool used for spraying paint by
means of compressed air. Proper ventilation in the working
area and appropriate breathing masks must be worn when
using an airbrush.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
PALETTE KNIFE
A palette knife is used both to mix oil and acrylic
paints and to apply paints to a painting surface.
 TOOLS USED TO APPLY WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
FOUND OBJECTS
A wide variety of found
objects can be used to
apply materials to
make marks. Look for
unique or unusual
man-made and natural
objects.
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
Surface Material Wash and Thinner

Paper or acrylic paint

felt marker
water

Card watercolour
poster paint
all dry materials

Metal sign painter’s oil-based

colours
water
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
Surface Material Wash and Thinner

Wood sign painter’s oil-based

colours
mineral spirits
water
acrylic

Glass sign painter’s oil-based

colours
mineral spirits
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
Surface Material Wash and Thinner

Cloth sign painter’s oil-based mineral spirits

colours water
acrylic

Oil Cloth sign painter’s oil-

based colours
mineral spirits
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER
Paper is an important material for craftspeople and
artists.

Different types of paper; e.g., weight, surface,

colour, create different artistic effects.
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER WEIGHT
Craftspeople and artists must consider the
thickness or weight of the paper. Paper is
weighed based on a ream, is a bundle of 500,
65 cm x 72 cm sheets. If the ream weighs 65 kg,
we know that each of the 500 sheets is fairly
thick and heavy. If the ream weighs 35 kg, each
sheet is thinner.
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
RAG PAPER
is still considered the best surface for
painting with water colours. It lasts
longer and stays whiter than cheaper
grades of paper made from wood pulp.
In modern papermaking, various
ingredients may be added
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER TYPES

Construction Cartridge
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER TYPES

Manila Paper Newsprint

MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER TYPES

Velour Oatmeal
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER TYPES

Kraft Watercolour
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
PAPER TYPES

Tissue Paper Ingres

MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
BOARD
Board is very heavy, stiff paper.
Board weight is described by the
number of plies (thin layers) that
make up the board.
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
BOARD TYPES

Bristol Poster
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
BOARD TYPES

Railroad Illustration
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
BOARD TYPES

Mayfair Mat
MATERIALS USED AS SURFACE ON WHICH
TO MAKE MARKS
BOARD TYPES

Conservation
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
FOR WORKING WITH WET
AND DRY MATERIALS
DRAFTING TABLE
Drafting tables or art tables have a top
that can be lifted up or tilted to
various angles. This allows the artist’s
eye level to be more directly in line
with the working surface.
DRAFTING TABLE
EASEL
Artist’s easels are standing frames
that are used to support artwork. A
combination of both desk and floor
easels are helpful in the classroom.
EASEL
DRAWING BOARD
Any flat, square-edged surface can be
used as a drawing board. The best
boards are made of white pine with
carefully squared corners and edges.
Boards come in various sizes.
DRAWING BOARD
T-SQUARE
A T-square is made of wood and
plastic or metal. It has a head that
butts against the edge of the drawing
board and a blade that rests across
the drawing board at 90 degrees to
the head.
T-SQUARE
PALET TE

A palette is used as a holding and

mixing surface for paints. The artist
may use a hand-held palette or a
simple plastic or porcelain plate on
which to blend paints.
PALET TE
 Tools, Equipment and
Materials Used for Sculpture
and 3-D Products
Sculpture and 3-D Materials
Any material or combination of
materials can be used to create
3-D products; e.g.,

• clay • stone
• wood • wire
• paper • cement
• plaster • metal
• alloy • papier-
mâché.
Sculpture and 3 -D Materials
Materials can be shaped or
attached in various ways.
Materials can be:

• sewn • glued
• modelled • bolted
• welded • chiselled
• riveted • hammered
• stamped • fastened
• moulded.
Sculpture and 3 -D Materials
Clay Modelling Tools Clay Kiln
Sculpture and 3 -D Materials
Wood Carving
Carving Tools
Tools
Sculpture and 3 -D Materials
Welding and Metal
Construction Tools
Tools
 Computer and Digital
Equipment for Capturing,
Creating,
Manipulating and
Displaying Images
1. PROJECTOR
It is an object that is
used to project rays
of light, especially
an apparatus with a
system of lenses for
projecting slides or
film onto a screen.
2. VIDEO CAMERA
It is a camera for
recording images
on videotape or
for transmitting
them to a monitor
screen.
3. DIGITAL CAMERA
It is a camera that
records and
stores digital
images.
4. L APTOP
It is a computer
that is portable
and suitable for
use while
traveling.
ACTIVITY
TIME!!!!
Activity 1:
Make your own concept of visual arts
(Drawing) using and applying the
different specification of basic
materials, tools and equipment.
Activity 1.1:
―Applying and using the Dry
Materials in Making Marks.
Activity 1.2:
―Applying and using the Wet Materials
in Making Marks.
Activity 1.3:
―Applying and using both Dry & Wet
Materials in Making Marks.
Activity 2: Build it!
This art project will give you the
opportunity to build your own artwork
using the available materials at home.
You can choose your own motifs for this
Performance task.
Draw or create an art applying the
different specification of basic material,
tools and equipment..