Essentials of Sociology A Down To Earth Approach 10Th Edition Henslin Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Essentials of Sociology A Down to
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Henslin, Essentials of Sociology, 10/e Testbank
Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control
6.1 True/False Questions
1) Sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) used the term stigma to refer to characteristics that discredit people, including
violations of norms of ability and violations of norms of appearance.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154
Skill: Knowledge
2) Sociologically, an act cannot be classified as deviance if it does not cause physical or emotional harm to another
individual.
Answer: FALSE
Skill: Application
3) Human sexuality illustrates how a group's definitions of an act, and not the act itself, determines whether or not it is
considered deviant.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
4) Shaming is MOST effective as a sanction when it is used by a formal organization such as a court of common pleas
or other public tribunal.
Answer: FALSE
Skill: Comprehension
5) The theory of differential association suggests that people who associate with certain groups receive an "excess of
definitions" about either deviance or conformity.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Application
6) Labeling theory, differential association theory, and control theory all represent the conflict perspective.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157-159
7) Control theory relies on attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief to explain the social bonds people
develop with their respective groups and society.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
8) Stripping an individual of his or her identity as a group member is an example of using a degradation ceremony to
brand someone as an outsider.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Application
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

9) By employing techniques of neutralization, even the most dedicated deviants can view themselves as conformists.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
10) Functionalists believe deviance has no useful purpose in society and only contributes to social chaos.
Answer: FALSE
Skill: Knowledge
11) Based on strain theory, there are four deviant models of adaptation and one mode considered to be socially
acceptable.
Answer: TRUE
12) Based on the research of Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, the reasons urban youth join gangs include recreation, leisure,
and to protect the community.
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
13) The text points out a number of high-profile examples of white-collar crime by large corporations for which
violators never went to jail.
Answer: TRUE
14) Crime "in the suites" (white-collar crime) actually costs the American taxpayer more in terms of dollars lost than
"crime in the streets."
Answer: TRUE
Skill: Knowledge
15) Violent crime in America is rather consistent from state to state in terms of the number of incidents and ratio of
incidents to the state's population.
Answer: FALSE
Skill: Knowledge
16) Functionalists would contend that the growing crime rates among women are the result of changing social classes
and gender roles giving women greater access to illegitimate opportunities.
Answer: TRUE
17) Although African Americans are disproportionately represented in the state prison population, the majority of
prisoners are white.
Answer: FALSE
Skill: Knowledge

18) The chances of receiving the death penalty are greatly affected by geography (where the murder took place), social
class, and gender.
Answer: TRUE
19) According to Thomas Szasz, the medicalization of deviance has led to more accurate understanding of the causes of
deviance.
Answer: FALSE
Skill: Knowledge
20) Because deviance is inevitable, the more important focus is to find ways to protect people from harmful deviant
acts, to find ways to tolerate behavior that is not harmful, and to develop a system of fair treatment for deviants.
Answer: TRUE
6.2 Multiple Choice Questions

1) Napoleon Chagnon's visit to the Yanomamö tribe, where he observed tribe members appearing naked in public,
using hallucinogenic drugs, and letting mucus hang from their noses, is a good example of ________.
A) nonconforming behavior
B) the need for social sanctions
C) the cultural relativity of deviance
D) the need for absolute standards in defining deviance
Answer: C
Skill: Application
2) Violations of norms and rules that are written into law are officially called ________.
A) ethics
B) values
C) folkways
D) crimes
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
3) The concept of the relativity of deviance is BEST illustrated by which of the following statements?
A) It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.
B) The nature of one's behavior is the most important aspect in determining deviance.
C) Deviance is most related to functionalism because it creates a dysfunction for society.
D) Deviance is analogous to mental illness.
Answer: A
Skill: Evaluation
4) The relativity of deviance is MOST aligned with which sociological perspective?

A) structural functionalism
B) symbolic interactionism
C) the conflict perspective
D) the neo-conflict perspective
Answer: B
5) Erving Goffman used the term ________ to refer to characteristics that discredit people.
A) master status
B) role
C) stigma
D) sanction
Answer: C
6) A group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their
lives, is called ________.
A) social control
B) sanction
C) social order
D) social guideline
Answer: C
Skill: Knowledge
7) What is a group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?

A) social solidarity
B) the social imperative
C) social control
D) social bond
Answer: C
8) Why did the "XYY" chromosome theory fall out of favor as an explanation for criminal behavior?
A) It was discovered there are no longer any XYY chromosome configurations among men.
B) Research did not support the theory.
C) The work of the theorist who proposed the theory was plagiarized.
D) The theory only explains deviant and criminal behavior among females.
Answer: B
Skill: Analysis
9) Suicide bombers in Iraq are accorded high praise by those who oppose an American presence in the Middle East
and are considered heroic warriors. Such honor and praise is an example of a ________.
A) positive sanction
B) negative sanction
C) degradation ceremony
D) shaming
Answer: A
Skill: Application
10) Explanations for deviance that focus on genetic predispositions to explain why individuals commit deviant acts are
MOST aligned with which discipline?
A) sociobiology
B) sociology
C) psychology
D) anthropology
Answer: A

11) Which of the following theories of deviance is LEAST associated with sociobiology?
A) intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior
B) social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers
C) XYY" theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior
D) body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals
Answer: B
Skill: Application
12) The two disciplines that would be MOST concerned with addressing qualities within the individual to explain
deviant behavior are ________ and ________.
A) anthropology; sociology
B) sociology, psychology
C) sociobiology; psychology
D) criminology; political science
Answer: C
13) The theory of behavior in which people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of
deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant is ________.
A) conflict theory
B) social control theory
C) strain theory
D) differential association theory
Answer: D
Skill: Application
14) Differential association theory was developed by sociologist ________.

A) Robert K. Merton
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Walter Reckless
D) Edwin Sutherland
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
15) Sociologists who believe we help to produce our own orientations to life by joining specific groups is MOST
aligned with which sociological perspective?
A) functional
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) neo-conflict
Answer: C
16) Based on differential association theory, what is the MOST likely background shared by juvenile delinquents?
A) They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities.
B) They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000.
C) They are common in families living in poverty.
D) They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.
Answer: D
Skill: Application

17) Inner and outer controls that work against our tendencies to deviate is known as what theory?
A) rationalization theory
B) judgment theory
C) self-control theory
D) control theory
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
18) The sociologist responsible for developing one of the first control theories that addressed the inner controls of the
individual and outer controls of society was ________.
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Jackson Toby
C) Walter Reckless
D) F. Ivan Nye
Answer: C
Skill: Knowledge
19) According to control theory, when are inner controls MOST effective in deterring deviant behavior?
A) When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system.
B) In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.
C) When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes.
D) In situations where there is a strong police presence.
Answer: B
Skill: Application
20) Susie is a first-year college student. Although she wants to be popular, she has refused invitations to attend underage
drinking parties. Susie has a strong respect for authority, even when it conflicts with a simple matter such as
attending a college party. Susie's decision in this situation demonstrates a quality of control theory called ________.
A) pushes
B) inner control
C) formal control
D) pulls
Answer: B
Skill: Application
21) The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus
of ________ theory.
A) strain
B) control
C) labeling
D) differential association
Answer: C

22) In which of the following settings would shaming be LEAST effective?
A) a family
B) a close knit society, such as the Amish
C) a small religious cult
D) a large inner-city neighborhood
Answer: D
Skill: Application
23) Ritualistic procedures intended to humiliate norm violators and mark them as being moral outcasts of the group to
which they once belonged are called ________.
A) sanctions
B) profiling
C) degradation ceremonies
D) stereotyping
Answer: C
Skill: Application
24) The term degradation ceremony was coined by sociologist ________.

A) Harold Garfinkel
B) Erving Goffman
C) Talcott Parsons
D) Herbert Spencer
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
25) In The Scarlet Letter, why was Hester Prynne required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress?
A) Sociologically, this served as a negative sanction and an example of shaming.
B) Psychologically, it provided her the opportunity to face what she had become.
C) It indicated she was at the head of her class in what she had done.
D) It was a "badge of honor" that many other women wished they could achieve.
Answer: A
Skill: Application
26) In an effort to resist the label of "deviant," most people will develop rationales to justify their deviant acts. Sykes
and Matza refer to these rationales as ________.
A) ideologies
B) techniques of neutralization
C) strategies of justification
D) labeling
Answer: B

27) Matthew and Ryan are devout Christian Fundamentalists and believe that homosexuality is against God's will and
that homosexuals deserve to be punished. They spend a couple of evenings each week in gay bashing activities that
include physical violence and verbal assaults. Based on their rationalization, which technique of neutralization is
MOST applicable for Matthew and Ryan to maintain positive self-images?
A) denial of a victim
B) denial of injury
C) denial of responsibility
D) condemn the condemner
Answer: A
Skill: Application
28) When Anthony worked as a prison counselor, he would often ask property offenders why they committed the crime.
The overwhelming response was, "I had to feed my family." How would Sykes and Matza classify this response?
A) denial of responsibility
B) appeal to higher loyalties
C) condemnation of the condemners
D) denial of injury
Answer: B
Skill: Application
29) The early sociologist who argued that deviance might be functional for society was ________.
A) Max Weber
B) Henri Saint Simon
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Karl Marx
Answer: C
Skill: Knowledge
30) Which type of sociologists would consider deviance to be a natural part of society?
A) functionalists
B) symbolic interactionists
C) conflict theorists
D) neo-conflict theorists
Answer: A
Skill: Application
31) All of the following theories follow the principles of symbolic interactionism EXCEPT for which one?
A) differential association theory
B) control theory
C) labeling theory
D) strain theory
Answer: D
Diff:3 Page Ref: 163
Skill: Application

32) The ________ theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural
goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them.
A) illegitimate opportunity
B) strain
C) labeling
D) control
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
33) According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This
sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.
A) anomie
B) latent dysfunction
C) mass hysteria
D) retreatism
Answer: A
Diff:2 Page Ref: 163
34) John desires the best things in life—a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than
work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the
inner city. How would Merton classify John?
A) a ritualist
B) a conformist
C) a rebel
D) an innovator
Answer: D
Skill: Application
35) Based on Merton's typologies, what do drug addicts, the homeless, nuns living in a convent, and monks living in a
monastery have in common?
A) They all conformists.
B) They are all retreatists.
C) They are all rebels.
D) They are all ritualists.
Answer: B
Skill: Application
36) According to Cloward and Ohlin, what is the underlying cause of deviance and delinquency in unstable slums of a
city?
A) illegitimate opportunity structures
B) the racial composition of the city
C) a rival struggle for power
D) unethical police behavior
Answer: A

37) Cloward and Ohlin addressed the street hustler as a role model for youth and the methods used to earn easy money
through a life of crime. What did they call this career path of delinquency?
A) containment theory
B) social bond theory
C) the theory of differential association
D) illegitimate opportunity structure
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
38) The term white-collar crime was coined by sociologist ________ to refer to crimes that people of respectable social
status commit in the course of their occupation.
A) Robert Merton
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Erving Goffman
D) Edwin Sutherland
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
39) All of the following acts qualify as white-collar crime EXCEPT ________.
A) a bank teller robbing the First National bank
B) bribing a police officer to refrain from writing a speeding ticket
C) an executive writing off the corporation's million-dollar fine as investment capital
D) a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return
Answer: A
40) According to sociologist Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, boys in urban areas are motivated to join gangs for a number
of reasons. Which of the following reasons LEAST qualifies as one of the reasons Jankowski discovered why urban
youth join gangs?
A) to escape broken homes
B) access to money
C) to help the community
D) recreational opportunity
Answer: A
Skill: Knowledge
41) Based on the 2011 edition of the Statistical Abstract in the United States, the state with the lowest rate of violent
crime in America is ________, while the state with the highest rate of violent crime is ________.
A) Wyoming; New York
B) Montana; New Jersey
C) Colorado; California
D) Maine; Nevada
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge

42) The crime with the highest increase among women between 1992 and 2009 was ________.
A) drug offenses
B) stolen property
C) bank robbery
D) murder
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
43) Sociologists who view law as an instrument of oppression used to control workers are aligned most with which
sociological perspective?
A) the functionalist perspective
B) the conflict perspective
C) the symbolic interactionist perspective
D) the structuralist perspective
Answer: B
Skill: Application
44) How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are
subject to layoffs?
A) bourgeoisie
B) proletariat
C) petty bourgeoisie
D) working poor
Answer: D
Skill: Application
45) What are the two MOST significant “anchors” that insulate a person from a life of crime and imprisonment?
A) a good lawyer and big expense account
B) neighborhood and income
C) race and ethnicity
D) marriage and education
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
46) What is the MOST common martial status found among inmates in U.S. state prisons?
A) married
B) divorced
C) widowed
D) never married
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
47) The percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested is known as ___________.
A) reimprisonment
B) recidivism
C) three-strike law
D) criminal justice
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge

48) Of the following, the crime with the highest recidivism rate within three years of release from prison is ________.
A) murder
B) rape
C) drug violations
D) car theft
Answer: D
Skill: Knowledge
49) A serial killer has recently been convicted of the charges brought against him. In which state is he MOST likely to
receive the death penalty?
A) New York
B) Michigan
C) Texas
D) North Dakota
Answer: C
Skill: Application
50) Because of ________, deviance is often seen as mental sickness rather than problematic behavior.
A) capital punishment
B) reactions to deviance
C) the symbolic interactionist approach
D) the medicalization of deviance
Answer: D
51) How did psychiatrist Thomas Szasz describe mental illness?

A) He believed mental illness and homelessness were two sides of the same coin.
B) He said mental illness was neither mental nor an illness.
C) He embraced Freudian psychology as being the best explanation for mental illness.
D) He believed mental illness was the cause of most deviance, delinquency, and crime.
Answer: B
Skill: Knowledge
52) How a society treats its deviants is one measure of how humane it is. What would an examination of prisons and
mental hospitals in the United States suggest regarding this standard?
A) The United States is the most humane society in the world.
B) Prisons are a last resort in dealing with deviants.
C) U.S. prisons emphasize prisoner rehabilitation and mental hospitals cure the mentally ill.
D) They are both used as warehouse for the unwanted.
Answer: D
Skill: Evaluation
6.3 Short Answer Questions

1) Why is the relativity of deviance MOST aligned with the symbolic interactionist perspective?
Answer: Deviant acts often take the form of symbols that convey meaning. This meaning is a matter of
interpretation, which is the fundamental basis of symbolic interactionism, that is, the symbols and the
meanings they convey. Whether the act is deviant or not is often a matter of small group interaction.
Skill: Knowledge

2) What is the relativity of deviance?
Answer: The relativity of deviance refers to the fact that different groups have different norms and what is deviant
in one group is not necessarily deviant in another.
3) What is the relationship between norms and social order?

Answer: Without norms there would be no social order, only chaos.
Skill: Application
4) What is the major difference between psychological and sociological theories in explaining deviance?
Answer: Psychological theories examine the cause of deviance originating within the individual. Sociological
theories examine the cause of deviance originating from outside the individual.
Skill: Application
5) In control theory, what is the difference between inner and outer controls?
Answer: Inner controls include our internalized morality, conscience, religious principles, ideas of right or wrong,
fear of punishment, and feelings of integrity. Outer controls include people and agencies that influence us
not to deviate such as family, friends, and the police.
Skill: Evaluation
6) Based on control theory, what are the four qualities that determine one's bond with society?
Answer: (1) attachment;
(2) commitment;
(3) involvement;
(4) belief
Skill: Knowledge
7) What is the purpose of a degradation ceremony?

Answer: It brands someone as an outsider, strips them of their personal identity, and forces them to account for
their behavior.
Skill: Knowledge
8) What was the single greatest difference that explains why members of their community perceived the "Roughnecks"
and "Saints" differently?
Answer: The social class of the two groups was the greatest difference, as the Saints were from "respectable"
middle-class families and the Roughnecks were from "less respectable" working-class families.
Skill: Application
9) Why is conformity considered the only nondeviant mode of adaptation?

Answer: Conformity is the only mode of adaptation that involves both an acceptance of cultural goals and an
acceptance of institutionalized means to achieve them.
Skill: Evaluation

10) According to Merton's strain theory, what are the four typologies of adaptation that qualify as being deviant?
Answer: (1) innovation;
(2) ritualism;
(3) retreatism;
(4) rebellion
Skill: Knowledge
11) Why does illegitimate opportunity structure qualify so well as an explanation of deviance in the urban slums?
Answer: lack of employment, perceptions of what is available for work being beneath the dignity of the individual,
"hustlers" (pimps, prostitutes, drug dealers, and others) becoming role models for youth, availability of
temptations of all kind, and lack of social structure and social control
Skill: Analysis
12) Based on the research of Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, what are the primary reasons urban male youth join gangs?
Answer: Urban male youth join gangs primarily to gain access to money, to have recreation including girls and
drugs, to maintain anonymity when committing crimes, for protection, and to protect their local
communities from outsiders.
Skill: Knowledge
13) How has criminal behavior among women changed in recent years, based on statistics from 1992 and 2009?
Answer: Rates of at least twelve types of crimes committed by women have increased in percentage; nine of those
crimes have had a double digit increase.
Skill: Evaluation
14) What are the three components that make up the criminal justice system?
Answer: (1) the police;
(2) the court system;
(3) the prison system
Skill: Knowledge
15) What are the three classifications of workers based on the conflict perspective?
Answer: (1) the capitalist class;
(2) the working class;
(3) the working poor
Skill: Knowledge
16) Define recidivism and identify the recidivism rate for violent offenders three years after they have been released
from prison.
Answer: The recidivism rate is the percentage of former inmates who are rearrested. For violent offenders three
years after their release from prison, two out of three (62 percent) are rearrested and about half (52
percent) are reincarcerated.
Skill: Knowledge
17) Since the new laws governing the death penalty were enacted following Furman v. Georgia, what is the breakdown
of the offenders executed based on race?
Answer: Since then, 65 percent of those put to death have been white and 35 percent African American.
Skill: Knowledge

18) What is the major difference between serial killers and mass murderers?
Answer: Both serial killers and mass murderers kill a number of people. Serial killers extend their killing spree
over a period of time while mass murderers do their killing at one time.
Skill: Analysis
19) How did Thomas Szasz characterize mental illness?

Answer: Szasz said that mental illness was neither mental nor illness but problem behaviors associated with poor
coping skills.
Skill: Application
20) How is homelessness related to mental illness?

Answer: Homelessness and mental illness are reciprocal. Mental illness can cause homelessness, and living on
cold, hostile streets can lead to unusual thinking and behaviors.
Skill: Knowledge
6.4 Essay Questions

1) How would a sociologist define deviance? How does the sociological definition of deviance differ from commonly
held assumptions about deviance?
Answer: Deviance is defined as a violation of a group's norms. Using this definition means that what people
consider deviant varies from one culture to another, and from group to group within a society. Because
deviance is relative, it is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act that make something deviant. People
can also be considered deviant because of their attributes that violate the norms of ability, norms of
appearance, and involuntary membership in some groups. Commonly held definitions of deviance attach
moral judgments to acts considered deviant. Sociologists only stress differences in behavior without
making such judgments.
Skill: Synthesis
2) Why are sanctions an important part of understanding deviance?

Answer: Sanctions are expressions of disapproval of deviance (negative sanctions) or rewards for conforming to
norms (positive sanctions). Both positive and negative sanctions can be formal or informal. In general, the
more seriously a society values a norm, the harsher the penalty for its violation and the more formal its
application. Positive sanctions are given for conformity to norms but because conformity is expected by
members of society, one must usually exceed expectations to achieve formal recognition. Society guides
the behavior of members of society by publicizing negative sanctions, through the media, by issuing fines,
various degradation ceremonies, and shaming. Society encourages conformity through public recognition
and formal and informal awards.
Skill: Application
3) Discuss three theories, either rejected or commonly accepted, that have used biological explanations to explain
deviance.
Answer: (1) Men are more likely to commit violent crimes than women are because of genetic selection over the
course of millennia. Men required little effort to pass on their genes compared to women, who had to
nurture the children they bore. For this reason, women with characteristics of empathy, self-control, and
less risk-taking were more likely to raise female children successfully, and these children carried on the
same characteristics. Such genetic selection led to the gender crime differences we see today.
(2) The "XYY" theory: An extra Y chromosome in males was believed to lead to violent behavior. This
theory was an early explanation for men more likely becoming criminals., but it fails to explain violent
behavior in women.
(3) It was believed that boys with "squarish, muscular" bodies were more likely to commit street crime,

such as muggings, rapes, and burglary. Today, it is understood that all types of crimes are committed by
offenders representing all body types.
4) How do biological and psychological theories of deviance differ from sociological theories? What are some of the
major theories aligned with these disciplines?
Answer: Biologists and psychologists explain deviance by looking at the characteristics within the individual.
Biologists focus on genetic dispositions, while psychologists focus on personality disorders. In contrast,
sociologists look for explanations outside the individual and focus on the social factors that influence
some people rather than others to break the norms. Biological explanations of crime include theories of
violent crime and gender, "XYY" chromosome theory, and body type theory. Psychological theories
include antisocial and personality disorder theories. Sociological theories include differential association
theory, labeling theory, strain theory, and others.
Skill: Evaluation
5) Briefly explain the focus of differential association, control, and labeling theories in the explanation of deviance.
Answer: Differential association theory is based on the idea that people learn to deviate through associating with
others who deviate from the norms. Control theory, in contrast, is based on the idea that everyone is
drawn to commit deviant acts, but most of us conform because of an effective system of inner and outer
controls. People who have less effective controls deviate. Labeling theory focuses on the significance of
reputations, how they help set us on paths that propel us into deviance or that divert us away from
it. All three theories are aligned with the symbolic interactionist perspective.
6) What are the five techniques of neutralization identified by Gresham Sykes and David Matza? Provide an example
of each.
Answer: (1) Denial of responsibility. Jennifer was encouraged by her roommate to attend a party. Jennifer really
didn't want to go, but finally consented. When she failed the sociology exam the next day because she did
not study, she blamed her roommate.
(2) Denial of injury. Alice just stole a laptop computer from someone living in her dorm. Alice believes
the victim can simply buy a new one after her insurance company reimburses her.
(3) Denial of a victim. Fundamentalist Christians occasionally go gay bashing and justify it because gays
are sinners and deserve to be punished.
(4) Condemn the condemners. When stopped for speeding, Patrick responded to the officer, "Weren't you
ever in a hurry to get somewhere? Did you get a ticket?"
(5) Appeal to higher loyalty. When Keith was asked why he committed the house burglaries, he said it
was "to feed my family."
Skill: Application
7) According to Durkheim, list three main functions that deviance provides for society. Provide an example or
illustration of each.
Answer: (1) Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms. When an offender is brought to justice it
reminds everyone of the law or moral code of a culture. Police officers remind us of the speed limit when
we are observed exceeding it excessively.
(2) Deviance promotes social unity. During a rally by the Ku Klux Klan in 1995, faculty, students, and
community members gathered together at the university to protest the speeches and sign a group statement
advocating multicultural unity.
(3) Deviance promotes social change. Homosexuality was once punishable by death in the colonies.
Today there are advocate organizations and special events for gays and lesbians.
Skill: Application
8) In terms of cultural goals and means to attain them, describe each of the five modes of adaptation that Merton
outlined in strain theory.
Answer: Merton identified five different modes of adaptation that individuals use in responding to society's
approved cultural goals and society's approved means to achieve them.
(1) The conformist is considered as the only non-deviant because he or she accepts society's goals and
society's means to achieve them. The other four modes of adaptation are considered as being deviant.
(2) The ritualist accepts the means to achieve goals and in many respects is a model citizen but rejects the
approved cultural goals. The goals may be out of reach or simply not the prime focus of the individual's
efforts.
(3) The retreatist rejects both the culturally approved goals and the culturally approved means to achieve
them.
(4) The rebel rejects either the approved goals or the means to achieve them (or both) but substitutes a
goal or means in their place.
(5)The innovator accepts culturally approved goals but rejects the approved means to achieve them.
Skill: Knowledge
9) Based on the research of Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, what are the primary reasons urban male youth join gangs?
Answer: According to sociologist Martín Sánchez-Jankowski, boys in urban areas are motivated to join gangs for a
number of reasons. After following gangs of all types for over ten years, Sánchez-Jankowski found that
the motive for boys joining a gang was not because of living in a broken home or seeking a substitute
family, but rather to gain access to money, to have recreation (girls and drugs), to maintain anonymity in
community crimes, to get protection, and to help the community. In some of the neighborhoods, gangs
protect residents from outsiders and the boys saw the gang as an alternative to the dead-end, which they
considered jobs held by their parents.
Skill: Application
10) Discuss how conflict theorists explain deviance.

Answer: Conflict theorists take the position that the group in power ensures that its definitions of deviance are
those that are accepted by mainstream society. Conflict theorists maintain that the law is an instrument of
oppression and exploitation. The law is used to maintain the privilege of the few over the many. Because
the marginal working class have little income and are desperate, they commit highly visible property
crimes. The elites manipulate the criminal justice system and use it to punish the crimes of the poor and
divert their own criminal activities away from this punitive system.
11) What are some common characteristics, outlined in the text, shared by the American prison population?
Answer: (1) Most prisoner inmates are young men, under age 35.
(2) Almost 40 percent of all prison inmates are African Americans.
(3) Most prison inmates are single.
(4) More than 90 percent of all prison inmates are male.
(5) Most prison inmates do not have a college education.
Skill: Knowledge
12) What are the similarities and differences between serial killers and mass murderers? Why do each of these groups
present such a potential danger to society?
Answer: Serial killer and mass murderers both kill multiple victims. Serial killers commit independent acts where
they kill one or two victims at a time over an extended period and often do so for some ritualistic purpose,
such as to rid the world of prostitutes. Mass murderers kill multiple victims but do so at the same time.
Both types of killers pose unique threats to the public. Serial killers may be very charming and
charismatic and show no visible sign of their potential as victimizers. Ted Bundy is an example of such an
individual. Mass murderers often "snap" and react in a violent rage of killing coworkers, family members,
or others with whom they regularly interact. They do so without warning and the ultimate cause of their
provocation may be distantly removed from the actual act.
Skill: Evaluation

13) Discuss capital punishment and bias. Who is most commonly sentenced to the death penalty? How do factors such
as geography, social class, gender, and race or ethnicity affect the likelihood that a defendant will be given the death
penalty?
Answer: Since 1977, 65 percent of those who received the death penalty were white or Latino, and 35 percent were
African American. African Americans and Latinos who killed whites are more likely to receive the death
penalty, as are people with little education. Those who commit murder in Texas, Virginia, or Oklahoma
are more likely to be executed. Rich people and women are sentenced to death at significantly lower rates
than poor people and men.
14) Discuss the medicalization of deviance and how Thomas Szasz would respond to this concept.
Answer: The medicalization of deviance is transforming all deviance to a medical matter to be treated by
physicians. By doing so, the deviant can assume the sick role and not be held accountable for his or her
actions. They will also be excused from their normal responsibilities and can use medical insurance to
find a "cure." Szasz would oppose the medicalization of deviance. He criticizes mental illness, something
that most people would agree is a medical condition, being classified as a medical problem. Szasz argues
that mental illnesses are neither mental nor an illness. Rather, they are simply problem behaviors. Some
problem behaviors have organic causes and can be treated with drugs. Other forms are the result of people
failing to cope well with the challenges of daily life. In other words, individuals may use inappropriate
ways to cope with their problems without being deviant in their behavior. His ideas highlight the
importance of social experiences as a basis for bizarre behaviors and deviance in general.
15) Given Durkheim's theory that deviance is inevitable, why is there a need for a more humane approach to dealing
with deviance in the United States?
Answer: If, as Durkheim suggests, that deviance is inevitable, then one way to measure whether we live in a
"good" society is to examine how the society treats its deviants. This treatment includes how we protect
people from deviant behaviors that are harmful to themselves and others, how we tolerate deviance that is
not harmful, and how we establish fairer systems of treatment for deviants. Based on how the U.S. treats
people who are deviant, we can conclude that the United States needs to develop a more humane way of
treating people who do not conform to the norms of the society. This is evident by a review of the
spiraling prison population, the use of the death penalty, biased reactions to crime by the police and
courts, and how people who engage in deviant but harmless behaviors are treated by society.
Skill: Synthesis
6.5 Open Book Questions

1) In Cultural Diversity around the World: "Human Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspective," the differences between
the Zapotec Indians’s ideal and real sexual norms are described. Give an example of the difference between ideal
and real sexual norms in American society. How would people in American culture react if the couple did not have
mutual orgasm or if one party was actually unfaithful to the other?
Answer: Ideally, people are supposed to refrain from sexual intercourse until they marry, and then engage in
intimate sexual behavior only with their spouse. In reality, the majority of people have sex before
marrying, and many, after marrying, have relationships with partners other than their spouse. In American
society not reaching mutual orgasm is not unusual. Satisfying the other party, even if not at the same time,
is acceptable in most relationships. There is also therapy for problems such as these. Infidelity presents a
more serious issue. In some cases, the "victim" will seek out another lover when he or she discovers the
unfaithfulness of their spouse. This usually doesn't solve anything and without professional help and a
great deal of forgiveness, the relationship is doomed for divorce. Fortunately, the scorned woman won't
solicit the assistance of her girlfriends to tie up the cheating husband, urinate on him, and then slaughter
and eat his favorite hunting dog!
Skill: Synthesis

2) Why are negative and positive sanctions an important part of understanding deviance?
Answer: Sanctions are expressions of disapproval of deviance (a negative sanction) or rewards conforming to
norms (positive sanction). Both positive and negative sanctions can be either formal or informal. In
general, the more seriously a society values a norm, the harsher the penalty for its violation and the more
formal its application. Positive sanctions are given for conformity to norms but because conformity is
expected by members of society, one must usually exceed expectations to achieve formal recognition.
Society guides the behavior of members of society by publicizing negative sanctions, through the media,
by issuing fines, various degradation ceremonies, and shaming. Society encourages conformity through
public recognition and formal and informal awards.
Skill: Application
3) Why are shaming and degradation ceremonies less effective in urban societies rather than smaller, preindustrial
societies?
Answer: Shaming is more likely to be successful in preindustrial societies and close-knit ones in which the totality
of social likeness is what holds the group together. Shaming then is more effective because it is necessary
that the person being shamed cares what other people think of him or her. In preindustrial societies, most
people are closely connected with all the people around them. Relationships are lifelong and intimate and
there are more open lines of communication. Groups are small and everyone has knowledge of other
people's reputations. In industrial societies many people live anonymously, so they could not care less
what the strangers around them think about them. There is less emphasis on personal relationships, and
society is anonymous and mobile.
Skill: Application
4) List and discuss the five techniques of neutralization identified by Gresham Sykes and David Matza. Why do people
utilize these techniques? Provide an example of each.
Answer: Techniques of neutralization are used by people who engage in deviant acts to maintain a positive self-
image and to compensate against the labeling of others. The five techniques of neutralization and an
example of each are as follows:
(1) Denial of responsibility: "I only sold drugs because I couldn't get a regular job. If someone would have
hired me, I would have been a model citizen."
(2) Denial of injury: Denies that anyone was harmed by the act. "I may have stolen social security checks,
but I only took checks from rich people. They'll never miss it."
(3) Denial of a victim: Asserts that the victim of deviance "had it coming." Examples of denial of a victim
are employed by individuals engaged in gay bashing, people who commit hate crimes, and when
individuals commit acts of violence or theft against others who they feel have offended them (or others),
such as a shop owner overcharging the public or an exceptionally insensitive professor.
(4) Condemnation of the condemner: The deviant points to the behavior of the individual sitting in
judgment of them and asks who holds them accountable for their behavior. A motorist receiving a
speeding ticket asks the trooper if he or she was ever in a hurry to get home or a person being audited by
the IRS asks the auditor who reviewed his or her taxes.
(5) Appeal to higher loyalty: The deviant received nothing personal from the act, but committed it for the
benefit of others. "I sold drugs so I could feed my family." "I take part in drive-by shootings because the
gang needs me."
Skill: Synthesis
5) A few years ago President Bill Clinton was accused (several times) for "womanizing" that included a well-
publicized tryst with a young White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. How might the president use
techniques of neutralization to justify or at least excuse his behavior?
Answer: The president could rationalize his behavior a number of ways, employing these techniques of
neutralization.
(1) Denial of responsibility: "The women accusing me made the first move. They wanted to be with me
because of my status." (It was reported that Miss Lewinsky showed the president her thong when she
passed him in the office one day, which started the escalating events.)
(2) Denial of injury: "No one was hurt. It wasn't as though I forced myself on these women."

(3) Denial of a victim: This technique is a little more difficult to visualize but someone with an
exceptionally powerful ego would argue that these women were not victimized but privileged to have
known the president in such an intimate manner.
(4) Condemnation of the condemners: "What middle-aged American male doesn't want to be popular with
the ladies, especially one less than half his age?" In addition, many of the Republicans pointing fingers at
the president were documented to have had affairs of their own.
(5) Appeal to higher loyalty: This technique is a bit hard to visualize. I couldn't possibly think he "did it
for the country" or "because Hillary wanted me to." But at least three of the techniques would have given
President Clinton reasons to consider himself a victim of circumstance and not responsible for his
behavior.
Skill: Synthesis
6) Symbolic interactionists emphasize the importance of the meanings attributed to behaviors by the actors. What
meanings did the "Saints" and the "Roughnecks" give to being apologetic to teachers and police? How did these
different meanings result in very different outcomes when members of each group were caught committing crimes?
Answer: For the Saints, being apologetic was an acceptable form of manipulation of people in authority. Even if
their apologies may have been viewed as insincere, their willingness to appear contrite granted them
lenient treatment. For the Roughnecks, apologizing, even insincerely, would have been unmanly. Their
norms would have required them to confront any authority figure who challenged them. Their hostile
reactions to being accused of crimes provoked harsh responses from teachers and the police.
Skill: Evaluation
7) After reading “The Naked Pumpkin Runners and the Naked Bike Riders: Deviance or Freedom of Self-
Expression?” develop reasons why it is illegal for the runners and riders to appear naked in public. Discuss reasons
why the runners and riders are compelled to display their deviant behavior.
Answer: The cultural context of 21st-century North America sets the public decency standards to which people in
Boulder, Colorado are expected to adhere. The law states that it is illegal to expose genitalia, and
“genitalia” has been defined to encompass specific regions of the body that are expected to be covered in
public. The runners and riders may be participating in this deviant behavior for a number of reasons.
Some of the possibilities include a declaration of freedom, a celebration of youth, an expression of the joy
of being alive, a statement of free speech, and a desire to alter public decency standards to embrace a
more tolerant level of bodily exposure.
Skill: Evaluation
8) In Down-to-Earth Sociology, "Islands in the Street: Urban Gangs in the United States," the reasons for joining street
gangs are described. How do these reasons apply to strain theory and illegitimate opportunity theory?
Answer: The reasons for joining gangs identified by Sánchez-Jankowski apply to both strain and illegitimate
opportunity theories. Gang membership can be considered a version of innovation (from strain theory).
Through gang membership, important advantages are received (e.g., money, recreation, protection, an
opportunity to help their community) that are not available to them from conventional sources. Similarly,
gang membership provides members illegitimate opportunities to get what they want and need through
criminal activities that include drug sales, theft, fencing, and even contract murder.
Skill: Application
9) Figure 6.1 "How Safe Is Your State? Violent Crime in the United States" shows a very diverse crime rate in
America by region and state. How does the state rank where your university is located? What are some reasons
some states are prone to crime while others are relatively crime free?
Answer: To find the crime rate of a state, the general category can be found by examining Figure 6.1. A more
specific crime rate can be found doing an Internet search of the Uniform Crime Report. Some reasons one
state may have a lower crime rate than others:
(1) geographic location;
(2) cultural standards within the region where the state is located;
(3) population density;

(4) population makeup, being more homogeneous or heterogeneous;
(5) and weather.
Skill: Evaluation
10) After reading Cultural Diversity around the World: “Dogging” in England, provide reasons why this behavior is
treated lightly in England and would probably be totally unacceptable to the public in the United States.
Answer:
(1) The U.S. and Britain have different cultural beliefs on how sexual relations are to be treated.
(2) No one is being directly harmed or financially burdened by the “dogging field.”
(3) Some in England believe that the participants would have nowhere else to go and could suffer
emotionally as a result.

Skill: Evaluation
6.6 Line Art Questions
1) In Table 6.1, "How People Match Their Goals to Their Means," under the column "Do They Feel the Strain That
Leads to Anomie?" the table lists "No" under conformity. What is inherently wrong with this assumption? Provide
at least one publicized real-life example to back up your answer.
Answer: As one's material possessions become greater in number, expense, and complexity, so do the
responsibilities of maintaining them. A Jaguar, for example, is more expensive and complicated than
maintaining an economy-priced Ford or Chevrolet. Summer homes along the shore and a ski lodge in the
mountains are great for recreational purposes, but these add considerable expense for upkeep, taxes, and
use. As our material possessions increase, we don't just own them, they own us. When these possessions
are out of service or in need of maintenance it can be expensive and cause a sense of chaos. A good
argument can be made on how the ritualist would actually suffer less strain because the ritualist has
abandoned the money motive and an obsession with materialism that has been common among
conformists. Real-life examples of "conformists" who became criminals include Ken Lay of Enron and
Martha Stewart for insider trading. Any news article addressing police corruption or bribery of a public
official would also serve as an example.
Skill: Synthesis

2) Examine Table 6.2, "Women and Crime: What a Difference a Few Years Make." What is the problem with using
only percentage changes for the crimes? Why would including the actual rate of the crimes specified for women be
more descriptive?
Answer: Car theft is rated as a 65 percent increase. However, for every 100 car thefts in 1992, if two were
committed by women, and in 2009 five were committed by women, this would represent a 150 percent
increase. Illegal drug use is up only 14 percent. If 40 of every 100 drug offenders were women in 1992, a
14 percent increase would now mean 45 out of 100 drug offenses were committed by women. Looking at
the raw numbers also conveys an understanding of the seriousness the change actually presents.
Skill: Analysis

3) Based on Table 6.3, "Inmates in U.S. State and Federal Prisons," what is the profile of the LEAST likely individual
to be a prison inmate?
Answer: White females over 44 years of age who are married and have some college education are the least likely
prison inmates. As the level of education and age increases the probability of being an inmate decreases
considerably. The same potential not to be an inmate applies to a white male over 44 years of age who is
married with some college as well, but not as significantly.
Skill: Analysis
4) Figure 6.2, "How Much Is Enough? The Explosion in the Number of U.S. Prisoners," shows the U.S. prison
population has increased nearly tenfold since 1970. What are some reasons for this massive increase in the prison
population and what are some alternatives to building more prisons?

Answer: Many analysts believe the massive increase in the prison industry is a "neo-conservative" movement to
provide means for industrialists and entrepreneurs to amass greater wealth. If there is any truth to this, it
would open a number of viable options to reduce the prison population. Attacking some of the reasons for
criminal behavior would be a beginning. Providing opportunities for the homeless, increasing
opportunities for minorities, and cleaning up inner city slums may be ways to begin. These efforts would
not see immediate results. Adding more prison cells is very expensive and takes resources away from
health, education, and other programs needed by all Americans. One question Americans who remember
the 1970s can ask themselves is, "Do I feel nine or ten times safer today than I did then?" With nearly ten
times more people locked up, they should.
Skill: Analysis
5) Based on Figure 6.3, "Recidivism of U.S. Prisoners," what are some reasons offenders convicted of car theft have
the highest recidivism rate and those convicted of murder have the lowest?
Answer: The number of cars in America is one reason. Car theft is also a low risk offense for the offender in regard
to any danger of being harmed during the theft. Car theft also rates as one of the least cleared crimes.
Individuals convicted of car theft are likely to receive shorter jail sentences, placing them back in
circulation at an early age when they are still in their crime prone years. Offenders convicted of murder
receive the longest sentences, which takes them out of society for long periods and, quite often, for life.
Those who are released are released later in life when they are past their crime-prone years. In addition,
unlike car theft, which has a profit motive, there is seldom a clear, premeditated reason for homicide that
would justify its reoccurrence.
Skill: Synthesis

6.7 Matching Questions
Skill: Knowledge
Match the term with the definition.
1) deviance A) an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm,

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154 ranging from a mild, informal reaction to a formal
one
2) social order
B) Robert Merton's theory based on cultural goals and
the institutionalized means to achieve them
3) social control
C) an extreme form of shaming, the individual is
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 stripped of his or her identity as a group member
4) negative sanction
D) inborn tendencies to commit deviant acts
E) the percentage of released convicts who are
5) positive sanction rearrested
F) the killing of three or more victims in separate events
6) genetic predisposition
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 156 G) ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people
deflect society's rules
7) personality disorder
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157 H) the violation of rules or norms
8) degradation ceremony I) a group's usual and customary social arrangements

on which its members depend and which they base
their lives
9) techniques of neutralization
J) to make deviance a medical matter; a symptom of
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 161 some underlying illness that needs to be treated by
physicians
10) strain theory
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 163 K) crimes committed by people of respectable and high
social status in the course of their occupations
11) white-collar crime
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 166 L) another term for the death penalty
12) recidivism rate M) a group's formal and informal means of enforcing

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 173 norms
13) capital punishment N) reward or positive reaction for following norms

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 174 ranging from a smile to a prize
14) serial murder O) the view that a personality disturbance of some sort
causes an individual to violate social norms
15) medicalization of deviance

1) H; 2) I; 3) M; 4) A; 5) N; 6) D; 7) O; 8) C; 9) G;
10) B; 11) K; 12) E; 13) L; 14) F; 15) J

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Any boy can easily convert a toy rubber balloon into a real flier by
constructing the simple device shown in the illustration for filling it
with hydrogen. Procure a clay pipe and break off the stem near the
bowl. Bore a hole in a cork, or preferably a rubber stopper, selected
to fit some bottle and insert the smaller end of the pipestem in the
hole. As the stem tapers, if the hole has been made for the smaller
end, a tight fit is assured by simply pressing the stem well into the
cork. Tie the open end of the stem on the balloon tightly over the
larger end of the pipestem, and have ready a thread to tie the stem
of the balloon when it is filled.
Procure from a local drug store 1 oz. of hydrochloric acid. Place
some nails, or better still, a few strips of zinc, in the bottle and cover
them with a little water, then pour a small quantity of the hydrochloric
acid into the bottle and assemble as shown in the illustration. In a
few minutes hydrogen gas will be given off, and if the joints are tight,
the balloon will begin to fill. After it has expanded as much as it will
stand without breaking, tie the end with the thread, and cut off any
parts of the mouthpiece that may weigh it down. If sufficient gas has
been passed into the balloon it will rise to the ceiling. Balloons filled
in this manner have risen to a height of several hundred feet.
Caution: Do not allow the hydrochloric acid to come in contact with
the skin or clothing, as it may cause frightful burns. Do not under any
circumstance fill the balloon near a flame or allow fire to come near
the bottle.—Contributed by Ralph C. Jenkins, Manchester, Vt.
How to Polish Instrument Bases
There seems to be a feeling among mechanical and electrical
experimenters that there is something mysterious about the process
of wood finishing, and often one may see a really fine piece of
apparatus spoiled by mounting it on a shellacked baseboard. I have
found that it is a very simple matter to produce almost a piano finish
on all woods, even those as soft as poplar, in the following manner.
Quick-drying wood dyes should be avoided. Simply rub down a piece
of ordinary water-color cake into some plain water and apply freely
with a rag, rubbing it in well. Any color may be obtained in this way,
but if this is not convenient, use an oil stain made quite thin with
turpentine. Next apply a thin coat of shellac, which should be
sandpapered when it is dry. A coat of ordinary varnish is then
applied, and when this is thoroughly dried, rub lightly with fine steel
wool. One coat of varnish may be sufficient, although several coats
will produce a richer finish. Rub the last coats down well with an oily
rag dipped in some abrasive material, such as tooth powder or metal
polish, and finish with a simple oil rub. A beautiful, soft, transparent
effect may be obtained in this way on very ordinary woods. Any
open-grained woods, such as oak, must be filled with a paste filler
after staining.—Contributed by John D. Adams, Phoenix, Ariz.
Locating Droplight in the Dark
The Cord Fastened to the Door Casing is Easily Located and Followed to the
Lamp
A simple device for locating a droplight can be had by putting a

nail or screw eye into the side of the door casing, high enough to
clear persons passing under it, but within easy reach of an uplifted
hand, and running a cord from it to the light. It is not difficult to locate
the cord attached to the casing and to follow it to the light.—
Contributed by H. S. Craig, Rushford, Minnesota.
¶If kerosene oil is used when drilling, reaming, or turning malleable

iron, it will make the work much smoother.
How to Make an Experimental Lead Screw
A Copper Wire Wrapped around and Soldered to a Straight Rod for a Lead
Screw
Often in experimental work a long, narrow, parallel screw is

desired for regulating, or moving, some part of the apparatus in a
straight line. A simple way of making such a screw is to tin
thoroughly a small straight rod of the required length and diameter.
After wiping off all the surplus solder while it is yet hot, wrap it with a
sufficient length of bright copper wire and fasten the ends. This wire
is then securely soldered in place by running the solder on while
holding the screw over a blue gas flame. To make the solder run
freely, brush frequently during the heating with a small mucilage
brush dipped into the soldering acid. An even pitch can be secured
by winding on two wires side by side at the same time, the second
one being unwound before soldering.
Self-Setting Rat Trap
The Paper Stretched over the Barrel Top was Cut after Feeding the Rats on It
for Some Time
A suburbanite successfully trapped a bunch of rats by stretching a

piece of stout elastic paper on the top of an open barrel. Spreading
food on this paper he allowed it to remain until the suspicions of the
rats were allayed, then he cut two right-angled slashes in the paper
with a razor. Next morning he found seven of the pests in the barrel.
Smoker’s Cabinet or Cellarette
The Smoker’s Cabinet Makes an Attractive Addition to the Furniture of a

Den, and should be Made Up and Finished to Match Other Pieces of the
Room
This design, when completed, takes up a wall space 20 in. wide by

31 in. high, and extends out 14 in. The material necessary for it is as
follows:
2 sides, ⁷⁄₈ by 14 by 31 in.
1 back, ³⁄₄ by 14 by 28¹⁄₈ in.
1 bottom, ⁷⁄₈ by 14 by 20 in.
1 top, ⁷⁄₈ by 10¹⁄₄ by 18³⁄₄ in.
1 bottom shelf, ⁷⁄₈ by 10¹⁄₄ by 14 in.
Door:
2 stiles, ³⁄₄ by 2 by 14¹⁄₂ in.
2 rails, ³⁄₄ by 2 by 10 in. (not including tenons, if such are desired).
1
panel, ³⁄₈ by 10³⁄₄ by 11¹⁄₄ in.
Upper drawer:
1 front, ³⁄₄ by 4 by 14 in.
1 back, ³⁄₈ by 3¹⁄₄ by 13¹⁄₂ in.
2 sides, ¹⁄₂ by 4 by 9⁷⁄₈ in.
1 bottom, ³⁄₈ by 9⁵⁄₈ by 13¹⁄₂ in.
Lower drawer:
1 front, ³⁄₄ by 5 by 14 in.
1 back, ³⁄₈ by 4¹⁄₄ by 13¹⁄₂ in.
2 sides, ¹⁄₂ by 5 by 12⁷⁄₈ in.
1 bottom, ³⁄₈ by 12⁵⁄₈ by 13¹⁄₂ in.
1 piece for keys, ³⁄₄ by 2¹⁄₄ by 6¹⁄₄ in.
1 pair hinges.
2 drawer pulls.
Screws and nails.
In constructing the cabinet, the outer frame should first be made.

The sides can be laid out and cut to the desired design. The top and
bottom crosspieces should then be squared up, and the tenons cut
as shown, the bottom tenons extending farther, to balance the
design. The top is set in ³⁄₄ in. from the back edge. Holes should be
marked and cut for the ³⁄₄-in. keys, after which the four parts may be
assembled, and suitable keys driven in place. The back for the
cabinet is made from ³⁄₄-in. material, squared up to fit between the
sides, and be flush with their top edges while resting on the bottom
crosspiece. It can be fastened in place with nails. The top and
bottom pieces of the cabinet proper can then be made, and secured
in place with round-head screws, after which the door may be made
and fitted. The stiles and rails of the door should be rabbeted for a
³⁄₈-in. square groove, to hold the panel in place. The frame can be
made sufficiently strong, if properly glued and held together with
dowel pins passing through the stiles into the rails. If it is desired to
fasten the frame with tenons, an extra amount must be added to the
length of the rails given in the stock list. The panel should not be
glued in place, as the shrinkage of the wood will cause it to crack.
In making the drawers, the front should be rabbeted for a groove
to fit the drawer bottom, and sidepieces can be fitted and nailed in
place. These should be rabbeted for grooves, into which the bottom
and end pieces fit.
If the cabinet is finished in mission style, or fumed oak, hammered
copper or brass hinges and drawer pulls will go well with the general
appearance of the design.
Skis and Ski-running
Running, Jumping and Climbing
By Stillman Taylor
Part II
Before the beginner makes the attempt to ski, he should see that his
complete outfit is perfectly suited to his purpose. The shoes
should be nicely adjusted to fit snugly between the metal toe plates
of the binding, and new holes should be punched in the straps
wherever needed to adjust the harness snugly and comfortably to
the feet. Many of the positions required in executing the various
turns and swings may be practiced at home, that the novice may get
some idea of the correct position of the feet and body assumed by
expert skiers. For the initial practice outside, it is a good plan to
select a frosty day when the snow is old and settled by the wind.
This will introduce the novice to the sport under favorable conditions,
while if the first trials are made shortly after a heavy snowfall, or
upon a mild day when the snow is thawing, only discouragement will
be experienced. Begin with one stick—or two if timid—and pick out
an easy-sloping hill with a gradual run to the level ground. A few
scattered trees and rocks will do no harm, for it is a good plan to
learn how to avoid them from the beginning.
How to Turn on Skis
This and the correct manner of standing on skis are easily

mastered if the beginner will but remember that the weight of the
body should rest largely upon the advanced foot without bending the
body at the ankle too much, or raising the heel from the ski. This is
the correct position to assume when standing for a rest and for
sliding, and this as well as turning should be practiced on the level.
To make the kick turn, simply raise the point of the ski until the heel
rests on the snow, as shown in Fig. 1. Swing the ski around by
turning the point out and back until the two skis are point to heel, as
shown in Fig. 2. When this, the most difficult position of the three, is
assumed, raise the point of the other ski as high as convenient to
avoid tripping, keep the heel down and swing the ski around over the
heel of the other until both are facing in the same direction, as shown
in Fig. 3. A little practice will make it possible for the novice to turn
quickly, and if all turns are made with the advanced foot, when
practicing on the level, no trouble will be experienced later on in
attempting to turn on a steep slope. The stick is really indispensable
for this practice, and while two may be used, the single stick will be
found assistance enough for any active person.
When skiing on level ground the correct movement is rather more
of a slide than the motion used in walking or skating. The body is
thrown forward on one ski and the slide is made with both feet, most
of the body weight being thrown on the advanced ski, while the rear
foot is slid forward without stopping the forward travel, as shown in
Fig. 4. The expert skier moves forward in long gliding steps without
raising the ski, but bending the knees slightly to slide the ski ahead.
The feet should be kept as close together as possible to make a
narrow track and the stick used to lengthen the slide. At the
beginning it is a good plan to endeavor to make a long slide with
each advancement of the foot, rather than strive to take long steps.
The speed of level running depends, of course, upon the condition of
the snow. On hard, well-packed snow, sliding is easiest and greater
speed obtained, while in deep and soft snow less speed is the rule.
When skiing on the hard snow of a road, four miles an hour is the
average speed, and for average level running, the skier will cover
about the same distance as when walking along a good path.
Fig. 9
Fig. 1 The Skier
Raise the Runs
Point of the Straight
Ski until the Downhill on
Heel Rests One Ski and
on the Uses the
Snow Other as a
Brake
Fig. 2 Fig. 8
Swing the On Hard
Ski Around Snow the
by Turning Edges of
the Point the Skis
Out and may be
Back Used to
Check the
Speed
Fig. 7
Fig. 3
When
Raise the
Running
Point of the
Downhill
Other Ski as
One Ski
High as
should Be in
Convenient
Advance of
to Avoid
the Other a
Tripping
Few Inches
Fig. 4
The Body is
Thrown
Forward on
One Ski and Fig. 6
the Slide is The
Made with Herringbone
Both Feet is Much
Fig. 5 Used When
The Skier the Skier
Naturally Wishes to
Places His Travel up a
Skis at Short and
Right Steep
Angles Incline
Rather than
Permit the
Slipping
Backward
When traveling uphill, the regular sliding gait will suffice if the
slope is gradual, but when a steep grade is encountered and the ski
slips backward, the skier stands quite erect, raises the point of his
ski about 3 in., and slaps it down smartly, without pulling it backward
or making any attempt to push his body forward with the stick. This
slap of the ski makes the smooth surface of the runner adhere better
than when the runner is slid forward in the usual manner. If the hill is
very steep, the skier will naturally place his skis at right angles rather
than permit the slipping backward. This is known as “side-stepping,”
and is shown in Fig. 5. In doing this, the heel of the ski must be
raised clear of the snow and the upper foot lifted uphill, then the
lower foot brought up to the last step of the upper foot, hence it is
extremely tiring for other than a short distance.
A variation of this movement, which is known to skiers as the “half
side step.” and which is made by advancing the foot with the legs
somewhat wider apart, and the skis placed at not quite so acute an
angle with the hill, is more useful when climbing the ordinary steep
grade and is far less laborious. If the skier knows how to handle his
implements, side-stepping may be done backward when necessary.
The “herringbone” is another step which is much used when the
skier wishes to travel up a short and steep incline. This step is made
by stretching the legs rather wide apart and pointing the toes out, as
shown in Fig. 6, at a decided angle, so that the knees are bent
inward and the inside edges of the skis cut into the snow. A variation
of this is the “half herringbone,” the skis being turned out at a less
acute angle. These special steps for special purposes are all useful
now and then in mountain climbing, but when a long distance is to be
covered, the skier will conserve his energy by mounting the hill in a
zigzag fashion rather than attempting to climb straight up. The track
of the skier will then resemble the course of a boat tacking through a
narrow inlet against a head of wind, and while more ground is
covered than when going straight up the steepest part of the hill,
progress is faster and much hard work is avoided.
When running straight downhill, one ski should be in advance of
the other a few inches, and the skis must be held quite close
together so that they touch, or nearly so, as shown in Fig. 7. To
make a narrow track, most expert skiers hold the knees together with
the back knee slightly bent. However, the body should be perfectly
and easily balanced. This is done, more or less, intuitively, by
beginning the run with the body thrown on the advanced foot, and
when full speed is attained the weight automatically shifts to the rear
foot. The novice will find it difficult at first to keep the skis together,
there being an almost uncontrollable desire to separate them to gain
a better balance. A good track will come with a little practice, but if
the skis are too short, or made without a groove, even an expert
would be compelled to keep his feet a trifle apart and make a double
track in order to keep from falling.
Fig. 10
The Christiania Swing is Accomplished by Pressing with Both Heels at the
Same Time While the Stick Digs Well into the Snow Above
When making the start preparatory for coasting downhill, the

novice may, if the slope is moderately steep, face in the desired
direction and assume the proper position by supporting himself with
the stick. On most very steep slopes, where the best coasting is to
be had, this is quite out of the question, and the skier must step
around quickly by moving the lower ski first. This will be somewhat
difficult to do until the novice gains more confidence, which will
quickly come after a little practice, and it is a good plan to practice
starting from the slope without the aid of the stick to anchor the body.
Owing to the fact that the skis do not reach much speed at the start
of the coast, even the slow novice will have plenty of time to make
the turn and face in the right direction before much speed is attained.
A comparatively crouching position, secured by bending the knees
and the body at the waist, will much lessen the liability of a fall
forward. This position enables the skier to control the balance of his
body with more certainty, and especially when coasting on a hill
where patches of ice, or crusted snow, and soft spots of unpacked
snow are encountered, a condition usually found wherever skiing is
enjoyed. When coasting, the stick, or sticks, should be firmly
grasped at the upper end with the looped thong, or strap, over the
wrist, and the end dragging behind. Balancing is done entirely at the
waist, and for straightaway running, the weight of the body will rest
largely upon the rear ski. The long running surface of the ski will
carry the skier over many bumps and hollows without disturbing the
balance of the body or causing a fall, providing the novice does not
lose his nerve. It is necessary to practice on rough and uneven
ground if the skier desires ever to attain much expertness, and
plenty of falls must be expected, but not dreaded by the beginner. A
fall on skis is by no means fraught with danger, and one may fall with
impunity providing all muscles are relaxed. Many beginners find
falling the easiest manner of stopping, but this should not be
necessary, providing the hints given are well understood and
practiced. However, the novice should have no fear of falling if he
wants to become proficient on skis, and to offset any timidity, which
so very often causes the novice to lean backward and fall in this
direction, it is a good plan to lean well forward to check this natural
tendency. Getting up after a fall is easily enough managed if the
head is pointing up the slope, but when the position is reversed
much floundering is necessitated. It would seem that this would be
obvious to all, yet the majority of beginners often forget it altogether.
Braking with the stick is only effective when the body is properly
balanced, and the stick is kept well forward and as nearly vertical as
possible. Straddling the stick, sitting upon it, or leaning backward on
it held at an angle, are slovenly methods which every novice should
avoid.
The “snowplow” is most largely used by all good skiers for braking,
stopping, and turning. This is accomplished by stretching the legs
wide apart and at the same time turning the toes in as much as
possible, thus presenting the side of the ski to the snow and
retarding the speed. Aside from straddling the legs wide apart, the
novice will have no trouble in learning this useful knack. For the first
practice, pick out a fairly steep hill road, or a hillside where the snow
is old and not soft. Begin the run as for coasting, and when good
speed has been attained, spread the legs wide apart, turn the toes in
and endeavor to control the speed with the skis rather than depend
upon the stick. On hard snow the edges of the ski may be used to
check the speed, but on ordinary soft and well-packed snow, the
runner may be kept quite flat. This is well shown in Fig. 8.
The knack of “stemming” is a variation of the snowplow, inasmuch
as the skier runs straight downhill on one ski, and turns the heel of
the other ski outward and downward and uses it as a brake, as in
Fig. 9. This is a very useful movement, and is largely used when
coasting down steep slopes, and when one has learned the knack of
it, stemming will serve for braking and steering, and is useful for
stopping by turning the skiing course uphill. To earn it, select a steep
hillside, coast down at an angle, with the feet a trifle part, and
endeavor to retard the speed with the stick and turn the heel of the
lower ski outward. This makes the turn and the skier faces uphill and
comes to a stop. By turning the heel of the lower ski outward and the
heel of the upper ski inward, the skis will travel downhill with a sort of
snowplow movement. When practicing these movements, the
beginner should endeavor to use the stick as little as possible and
learn to depend upon the skis for controlling the speed.
The “side slip” is useful on steep slopes, and is done by turning
the skis so that the runners are at a decided angle to the course
traveled. This affords the maximum braking by the skis alone, and is
especially effective when combined with the braking done with the
stick. Side-slipping may, of course, be done while the skier is
traveling forward, by keeping the skis close together so that the
edges almost touch. While this movement checks the speed in much
the same manner as stemming, side-slipping is less tiresome, since
the weight of the body gives the required braking effect, while, in
stemming, the muscles are called upon to keep the heel pressing
outward.

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Essentials of Sociology A Down to

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Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control

6.1 True/False Questions

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6.2 Multiple Choice Questions

4) The relativity of deviance is MOST aligned with which sociological perspective?

7) What is a group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms called?

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14) Differential association theory was developed by sociologist ________.

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24) The term degradation ceremony was coined by sociologist ________.

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51) How did psychiatrist Thomas Szasz describe mental illness?

6.3 Short Answer Questions

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3) What is the relationship between norms and social order?

7) What is the purpose of a degradation ceremony?

9) Why is conformity considered the only nondeviant mode of adaptation?

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19) How did Thomas Szasz characterize mental illness?

20) How is homelessness related to mental illness?

6.4 Essay Questions

2) Why are sanctions an important part of understanding deviance?

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10) Discuss how conflict theorists explain deviance.

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6.5 Open Book Questions

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Diff: 6 Page Ref: 173

6.6 Line Art Questions

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Match the term with the definition.

1) deviance A) an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm,

8) degradation ceremony I) a group's usual and customary social arrangements

12) recidivism rate M) a group's formal and informal means of enforcing

13) capital punishment N) reward or positive reaction for following norms

15) medicalization of deviance

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A simple device for locating a droplight can be had by putting a

¶If kerosene oil is used when drilling, reaming, or turning malleable

Often in experimental work a long, narrow, parallel screw is

A suburbanite successfully trapped a bunch of rats by stretching a

The Smoker’s Cabinet Makes an Attractive Addition to the Furniture of a

This design, when completed, takes up a wall space 20 in. wide by

In constructing the cabinet, the outer frame should first be made.

How to Turn on Skis

This and the correct manner of standing on skis are easily

When making the start preparatory for coasting downhill, the

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