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Applied Calculus 5Th Edition Hughes Hallett Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Applied Calculus 5Th Edition Hughes Hallett Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
CHAPTER SIX
Solutions for Section 6.1
1. Apply the Fundamental Theorem with F ′ (x) = 2x2 + 5 and a = 0 to get values for F (b). Since
Z b Z b
F (b) − F (0) = F ′ (x) dx = 2x2 + 5 dx
0 0
Table 6.1
b 0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0
F (b) 3 3.501 4.005 5.583 6.667
2. Apply the Fundamental Theorem with G′ (t) = (1.12)t and a = 5 to get values for G(b). Since
Z b Z b
G(b) − G(5) = G′ (t) dt = (1.12)t dt
5 5
Table 6.2
b 5 5.1 5.2 5.5 6.0
G(b) 1 1.177 1.356 1.907 2.866
3. Apply the Fundamental Theorem with f ′ (t) = (0.82)t and a = 2 to get values for f (b). Since
Z b Z b
f (b) − f (2) = ′
f (t) dt = (0.82)t dt
2 2
Table 6.3
b 2 4 6 10 20
f (b) 9 10.110 10.856 11.696 12.293
374 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
4. (a) The value of the integral is negative since the area below the x-axis is greater than the area above the x-axis. We
count boxes: The area below the x-axis includes approximately 11.5 boxes and each box has area (2)(1) = 2, so
Z 5
f (x)dx ≈ −23.
0
The area above the x-axis includes approximately 2 boxes, each of area 2, so
Z 7
f (x)dx ≈ 4.
5
So we have Z 7 Z 5 Z 7
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx ≈ −23 + 4 = −19.
0 0 5
(b) By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we have
Z 7
F (7) − F (0) = f (x)dx
0
so, Z 7
F (7) = F (0) + f (x)dx = 25 + (−19) = 6.
0
Rb
5. Since F (0) = 0, F (b) = 0 f (t) dt. For each b we determine F (b) graphically as follows:
F (0) = 0
F (1) = F (0) + Area of 1 × 1 rectangle = 0 + 1 = 1
F (2) = F (1) + Area of triangle ( 12 · 1 · 1) = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5
F (3) = F (2) + Negative of area of triangle = 1.5 − 0.5 = 1
F (4) = F (3) + Negative of area of rectangle = 1 − 1 = 0
F (5) = F (4) + Negative of area of rectangle = 0 − 1 = −1
F (6) = F (5) + Negative of area of triangle = −1 − 0.5 = −1.5
The graph of F (t), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6, is shown in Figure 6.1.
1.5 F (t)
1
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−1.5
Figure 6.1
Since g(0) = 0,
1
g(1) = .
2
6.1 SOLUTIONS 375
Similarly,
Z 2
g(2) − g(1) = g ′ (x) dx = 1
1
3
g(2) = g(1) + 1 = .
2
Continuing in this way gives the values of g in Table 6.5.
Table 6.4 Table 6.5
Z b
x g(x)
Interval Area Total change in g = g ′ (x)dx
a
0 0
0–1 1/2 1/2 1 1/2
1–2 1 1 2 3/2
2–3 1 1 3 5/2
3–4 1/2 1/2 4 3
4–5 1/2 −1/2 5 5/2
5–6 1/2 −1/2 6 2
Notice: the graph of g will be a straight line from 1 to 3 because g ′ is horizontal there. Furthermore, the tangent line
will be horizontal at x = 4, x = 0 and x = 6. The maximum is at (4, 3). See Figure 6.2.
y
3
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 6.2
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.3
x
1
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.4
1
F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.5
F (0) = 1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.6
6.1 SOLUTIONS 377
F (0) = 1
1
F (0) = 0
x
1
Figure 6.7
F (0) = 1
x
1
F (0) = 0
Figure 6.8
14. We know that F (x) increases for x < 50 because the derivative of F is positive for x < 50. Similarly, F (x) decreases
for x > 50 because F ′ (x) is negative for x > 50. Therefore, the graph of F rises until the point at which x = 50, and
then it begins to fall. So the highest point on the graph of F is at x = 50 and the maximum value attained by F is F (50).
By the Fundamental Theorem: Z 50
F (50) − F (20) = F ′ (x) dx.
20
Since F (20) = 150, we have
Z 50 Z 50
F (50) = F (20) + F ′ (x) dx = 150 + F ′ (x) dx.
20 20
The definite integral is the area of the shaded region under the graph of F ′ , which is roughly a triangle of base 30 and
height 20. Therefore, the shaded area is about 300 and the maximum value attained by F is F (50) ≈ 150 + 300 = 450.
15. The rate of change is negative for t < 5 and positive for t > 5, so the concentration of adrenaline decreases until t = 5
and then increases. Since the area under the t-axis is greater than the area over the t-axis, the concentration of adrenaline
goes down more than it goes up. Thus, the concentration at t = 8 is less than the concentration at t = 0. See Figure 6.9.
adrenaline
concentration (µg/ml)
t (minutes)
2 4 6 8
Figure 6.9
378 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
16. (a) The total volume emptied must increase with time and cannot decrease. The smooth graph (I) that is always increasing
is therefore the volume emptied from the bladder. The jagged graph (II) that increases then decreases to zero is the
flow rate.
(b) The total change in volume is the integral of the flow rate. Thus, the graph giving total change (I) shows an an-
tiderivative of the rate of change in graph (II). Alternatively, since (I) is always positive, any antiderivative of (I) will
always be increasing. Since (II) both increases and decreases, it is clearly not an antiderivative of (I), so (I) must be
an antiderivative of (II).
17. For every number b, the Fundamental Theorem tells us that
Z b
F ′ (x) dx = F (b) − F (0) = F (b) − 0 = F (b).
0
Therefore, the values of F (1), F (2), F (3), and F (4) are values of definite integrals. The definite integral is equal to the
area of the regions under the graph above the x-axis minus the area of the regions below the x-axis above the graph. Let
A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 be the areas shown in Figure 6.10. The region between x = 0 and x = 1 lies above the x-axis, so F (1)
is positive, and we have Z 1
F (1) = F ′ (x) dx = A1 .
0
The region between x = 0 and x = 2 also lies entirely above the x-axis, so F (2) is positive, and we have
Z 2
F (2) = F ′ (x) dx = A1 + A2 .
0
We see that F (2) > F (1). The region between x = 0 and x = 3 includes parts above and below the x-axis. We have
Z 3
F (3) = F ′ (x) dx = (A1 + A2 ) − A3 .
0
Since the area A3 is approximately the same as the area A2 , we have F (3) ≈ F (1). Finally, we see that
Z 4
F (4) = F ′ (x) dx = (A1 + A2 ) − (A3 + A4 ).
0
Since the area A1 + A2 appears to be larger than the area A3 + A4 , we see that F (4) is positive, but smaller than the
others.
The largest value is F (2) and the smallest value is F (4). None of the numbers are negative.
Area = A1
❄F (x)
′
✛ Area = A2
3
x
1 2 4
Area = A3 ✲ ✛ Area = A4
Figure 6.10
18. (a) f (x) is increasing when f ′ (x) is positive. f ′ (x) is positive when 2 < x < 5. So f (x) is increasing when 2 < x < 5.
f (x) is decreasing when f ′ (x) is negative. f ′ (x) is negative when x < 2 or x > 5. So f (x) is decreasing when
x < 2 or x > 5.
A function has a local minimum at a point x when its derivative is zero at that point, and when it decreases immedi-
ately before x and increases immediately after x. f ′ (2) = 0, f decreases to the left of 2, and f increases immediately
after 2, therefore f (x) has a local minimum at x = 2.
A function has a local maximum at a point x when its derivative is zero at that point, and when it increases immedi-
ately before x and decreases immediately after x. f ′ (5) = 0, f increases before 5, and f decreases after 5. Therefore
f (x) has a local maximum at x = 5.
6.1 SOLUTIONS 379
(b) Since we do not know any areas or vertical values, we can only sketch a rough graph. We start with the minimum
and the maximum, then connect the graph between them. The graph could be more or less steep and further above or
below the x-axis. See Figure 6.11.
f (x)
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
Figure 6.11
19. (a) The function f is increasing where f ′ is positive, so f is increasing for x < −1 or x > 1.
The function f is decreasing where f ′ is negative, so f is decreasing for −1 < x < 1.
The function f has critical points at x = −1, 0, 1. The point x = −1 is a local maximum (because f is increasing to
the left of x = −1 and decreasing to the right of x = −1). The point x = 1 is a local minimum (because f decreases
to the left of x = 1 and increases to the right). The point x = 0 is neither a local maximum nor a local minimum,
since f (x) is decreasing on both sides.
(b) See Figure 6.12.
f (x)
x
−2 −1 1 2
Figure 6.12
20. (a) The amount of oxygen, E(t), released by the leaf in an antiderivative of p(t). If we assume there is no oxygen
released by the leaf at zero days of age, that is E(0) = 0, we have:
t (days)
4 12 20
Figure 6.13
(b) The inflection point occurs at t = 4 days. This point tells us that the rate at which oxygen is released grows more and
more each day up to the 4th day of life, then slows more and more each day after the 4th day of life. During the 4th
day of life this leaf releases the most amount of oxygen per day.
380 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
(c) The total amount of oxygen released during the first ten days of life is given by the definite integral
Z 10
p(t) dt.
0
Alternatively, we can use the Fundamental theorem to describe this definite integral as:
(d) The leaf releases more oxygen during the first 10 days of its life. This is because the area under the graph of p(t) is
much larger over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, than over the interval 10 ≤ t ≤ 20:
Z 10 Z 20
p(t) dt > p(t) dt
0 10
21. The critical points are at (0, 5), (2, 21), (4, 13), and (5, 15). A graph is given in Figure 6.14.
y
(2, 21)
20
G(t)
15 (5, 15)
(4, 13)
10
5
(0, 5)
t
1 2 3 4 5
Figure 6.14
22. We can start by finding four points on the graph of F (x). The first one is given: F (2) = 3. By the Fundamental Theorem
R6
of Calculus, F (6) = F (2) + 2 F ′ (x)dx. The value of this integral is −7 (the area is 7, but the graph lies below the
x-axis), so F (6) = 3 − 7 = −4. Similarly, F (0) = F (2) − 2 = 1, and F (8) = F (6) + 4 = 0. We sketch a graph of
F (x) by connecting these points, as shown in Figure 6.15.
(2, 3)
F (x) (8, 0)
(0, 1) x
4 8
(6, −4)
Figure 6.15
Similarly
Z 4.67
F (4.67) = F (1.5) + F ′ (x) dx = −20 + 25 = 5.
1.5
Z 6
F (6) = F (4.67) + F ′ (x) dx = 5 − 5 = 0.
4.67
A graph of F is in Figure 6.16. The local maximum is (4.67, 5) and the local minimum is (1.5, −20).
14
10
F (x)
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−10
−20
Figure 6.16
24. The areas given enable us to calculate the changes in the function F as we move along the t-axis. Areas above the axis
count positively and areas below the axis count negatively. We know that F (0) = 3, so
Z 2
Area under F ′
F (2) − F (0) = F ′ (t) dt = =5
0
0≤t≤2
Thus,
F (2) = F (0) + 5 = 3 + 5 = 8.
Similarly, Z 5
F (5) − F (2) = F ′ (t) dt = −16
2
F (5) = F (2) − 16 = 8 − 16 = −8
and Z 6
F (6) = F (5) + F ′ (t) dt = −8 + 10 = 2.
5
A graph is shown in Figure 6.17.
(2, 8)
F (t)
(6, 2)
(0, 3)
t
(5, −8)
Figure 6.17
382 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
x
1 2 3 4
F (x)
Figure 6.18
Notice that the graph could also be above or below the x-axis at x = 3.
26. (a) Critical points of F (x) are x = −1, x = 1 and x = 3.
(b) F (x) has a local minimum at x = −1, a local maximum at x = 1, and a local minimum at x = 3.
(c) See Figure 6.19.
x
−2 2 4
F (x)
Figure 6.19
2 3 4
x
1
A1 A2
y = f ′ (x)
Figure 6.20
x
a b
Figure 6.21
x
a b
Figure 6.22
x
a b
Figure 6.23
32. See Figure 6.24. Note that we are using the interpretation of the definite integral as the length of the interval times the
average value of the function on that interval, which we developed in Section 5.6.
f (x)
✻
F (b)−F (a)
b−a
❄x
a b
Figure 6.24
384 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
22. We break the antiderivative into two terms. Since y 3 is an antiderivative of 3y 2 and −y 4 /4 is an antiderivative of −y 3 , an
antiderivative of 3y 2 − y 3 is
y4
y3 − .
4
x4
23. 10x + 8( ) = 10x + 2x4 .
4
24. P (r) = πr 2 + C
x2 x6 x−4
25. Antiderivative F (x) = + − +C
2 6 4
2 3
26. 3
z2
3
x x2 x3
27. − 6( ) + 17x = − 3x2 + 17x.
3 2 3
5 2 2 23
28. x − x
2 3
4
t t3 t2
29. − −
4 6 2
1
30. −
t
d
1 d 1
31. 3
= z −3 = − 2
dz z dz 2z
32. F (z) = ez + 3z + C
x7 1 x−5 x7 1 −5
33. F (x) = − ( )+C = + x +C
7 7 −5 7 35
1 1
34. ln |x| − − 2 + C
x 2x
√ √
35. Since ( z)3 = z 3/2 , an antiderivative of ( z)3 is
z (3/2)+1 2
= z 5/2 .
(3/2) + 1 5
e−3t −e−3t
36. = .
−3 3
37. sin t
38. G(t) = 5t + sin t + C
39. G(θ) = − cos θ − 2 sin θ + C
40. Since
d 1 1
2x1/2 = 2
g ′ (x) = x−1/2 = √ ,
dx 2 x
we have g ′ (x) = f (x). So g(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
41. Since
d
g ′ (x) = (cos x − sin x) = − sin x − cos x,
dx
we have g ′ (x) = f (x). So g(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
42. Since
d 2 3x 2
f ′ (x) = e = (3)e3x = 2e3x ,
dx 3 3
we have f ′ (x) = g(x). So f (x) is an antiderivative of g(x).
43. Since
d 1
g ′ (x) = x−1 + x = (−1)x−2 + 1 = 1 − 2 ,
dx x
we have g ′ (x) = f (x). So g(x) is an antiderivative of f (x).
44. f (x) = 3, so F (x) = 3x + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 3 · 0 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = 3x is the only possibility.
386 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
45. f (x) = 2 + 4x + 5x2 , so F (x) = 2x + 2x2 + 53 x3 + C. F (0) = 0 implies that C = 0. Thus F (x) = 2x + 2x2 + 35 x3
is the only possibility.
x2
46. f (x) = 14 x, so F (x) = 8
+ C. F (0) = 0 implies that 1
8
· 02 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = x2 /8 is the only
possibility.
47. f (x) = x1/2 , so F (x) = 2 3/2
3
x + C. F (0) = 0 implies that 2
3
· 03/2 + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = 2 3/2
3
x is the
only possibility.
x3 03 x3
48. f (x) = x2 , so F (x) = + C. F (0) = 0 implies that + C = 0, so C = 0. Thus F (x) = is the only possibility.
3 3 3
d x
49. Since (e ) = ex , we take F (x) = ex + C. Now
dx
F (0) = e0 + C = 1 + C = 0,
so
C = −1
and
F (x) = ex − 1.
5 2
50. 2
x + 7x + C
3
51. 3x + C.
−1 −0.05t
52. e + C = −20e−0.05t + C.
0.05
53. p + ln |p| + C
t13
54. + C.
Z13
x3 x−1 x3 1
55. (x2 + x−2 ) dx = + +C = − +C
3 −1 3 x
t3 t2
Z
56. (t2 + 5t + 1) dt = +5· +t+C
3 2
57. 5ez + C
2
58. 3 ln |t| + +C
t
t4 t3 t4
Z
59. (t3 + 6t2 ) dt = +6· +C = + 2t3 + C
4 3 4
w3/2
Z
60. 3w1/2 dw = 3 · + C = 2w3/2 + C
3/2
x3
61. + 2x2 − 5x + C
3
e2t
62. + C.
2
x2
63. + 2x1/2 + C
2
x4 5x3
Z
64. (x3 + 5x2 + 6)dx = + + 6x + C
4 3
65. ex + 5x + C
x3
66. + ln |x| + C.
3
x6
67. − 3x4 + C
Z6
1
68. e3r dr = e3r + C
3
6.2 SOLUTIONS 387
d
69. Since cos t = − sin t, we have
dt
Z
sin t dt = − cos t + C, where C is a constant.
Z
1
70. 25e−0.04q dq = 25 e−0.04q + C = −625e−0.04q + C
−0.04
71. 25e4x + C
72. sin θ + C
73. 2 ln |x| − π cos x + C
1
74. − cos(3x) + C
3
75. 3 sin x + 7 cos x + C
76. 2 sin(3x) + C
77. 10x − 4 cos(2x) + C
78. 2ex − 8 sin x + C
79. −6 cos(2x) + 3 sin(5x) + C
x2
80. 2 ln |x| +
4
√ √
81. Since x x = x(x1/2 ) = x3/2 , an antiderivative of x x is:
x(3/2)+1 2
= x5/2 .
(3/2) + 1 5
√ √ √ √
82. Since x/ x = x(x−1/2 ) = x1/2 , and similarly x/x = x1/2 (x−1 ) = x−1/2 , an antiderivative of x/ x + x/x is:
x(1/2)+1 x(−1/2)+1 2 √
+ = x3/2 + 2 x.
(1/2) + 1 (−1/2) + 1 3
= 20q − 2q 2 + C.
86. The marginal cost, M C, is given by differentiating the total cost function, C, with respect to q so
dC
= M C.
dq
Therefore,
Z
C= M C dq
Z
3q 2 + 4q + 6 dq
=
= q 3 + 2q 2 + 6q + D,
C = q 3 + 2q 2 + 6q + 200.
87. An antiderivative is F (x) = 3x2 − 5x + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = 0 + C, so C = 5. The answer is F (x) =
3x2 − 5x + 5.
x3
88. An antiderivative is F (x) = + x + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = 0 + C, so C = 5. The answer is F (x) =
3
x3 /3 + x + 5.
89. An antiderivative is F (x) = −4 cos(2x) + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = −4 cos 0 + C = −4 + C, so C = 9. The
answer is F (x) = −4 cos(2x) + 9.
90. An antiderivative is F (x) = 2e3x + C. Since F (0) = 5, we have 5 = 2e0 + C = 2 + C, so C = 3. The answer is
F (x) = 2e3x + 3.
91. Since C ′ (x) = 4000 + 10x we want to evaluate the indefinite integral
Z
(4000 + 10x) dx = 4000x + 5x2 + K
where K is a constant. Thus C(x) = 5x2 + 4000x + K, and the fixed cost of 1,000,000 riyal means that C(0) =
1,000,000 = K. Therefore, the total cost is
Since C(x) depends on x2 , the square of the depth drilled, costs will increase dramatically when x grows large.
92. (a) Integrating I, we have
C(t) = 1.3t + C0 .
Substituting t = 0 gives C0 = 311, so
C(t) = 1.3t + 311.
Integrating II, we have
t2
C(t) = 0.5t + 0.03 + C0 .
2
Substituting t = 0 gives C0 = 311, so
311 = 25e0.02(0) + C0
6.3 SOLUTIONS 389
311 = 25 + C0
C0 = 286.
Thus
C(t) = 25e0.02t + 286.
(b) In 2020, we have t = 70, so
I C(70) = 1.3 · 70 + 311 = 402 ppm.
II C(70) = 0.5 · 70 + 0.015 · 702 + 311 = 419.5 ppm.
III C(70) = 25e0.02(70) + 286 = 387.380 ppm.
1. Since F ′ (x) = 6x, we use F (x) = 3x2 . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 4 4
t4
3. If F ′ (t) = t3 , then F (t) = . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
4
3 3
t4 34
Z
0 81
t3 dt = F (3) − F (0) = = − = .
0
4 0
4 4 4
4. Since F ′ (x) = 12x2 + 1, we use F (x) = 4x3 + x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 2 2
(12x2 + 1)dx = (4x3 + x) = (4 · 23 + 2) − (4 · 03 + 0) = 34 − 0 = 34.
0 0
5. If f (t) = 3t2 + 4t + 3, then F (t) = t3 + 2t2 + 3t. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 2 2
d 1
6. If f (x) = 1/x, then F (x) = ln |x| (since ln |x| = ). By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
dx x
Z 2 2
1
dx = ln |x| = ln 2 − ln 1 = ln 2.
1
x 1
1 √
7. Since F ′ (x) = √ = x−1/2 , we use F (x) = 2x1/2 = 2 x. By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
x
4 4
√ √
Z
1 √
√ dx = 2 x = 2 4 − 2 1 = 4 − 2 = 2.
1
x 1
390 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
= 53 − 03
= 125.
Z 1 1
10. 2ex dx = 2ex = 2e − 2 ≈ 3.437.
0 0
11. Since F ′ (t) = 5t3 , we take F (t) = 45 t4 . Then
Z 2
5t3 dt = F (2) − F (1)
1
5 4 5 4
= (2 ) − (1 )
4 4
5 5
= · 16 −
4 4
75
=
4
12. If F ′ (x) = 6x2 , then F (x) = 2x3 . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 3 3
y3 y5
13. Since F ′ (y) = y 2 + y 4 , we take F (y) = + . Then
3 5
Z 1
(y 2 + y 4 ) dy = F (3) − F (0)
0
13 15 03 05
= + − +
3 5 3 5
1 1 8
= + = .
3 5 15
1 x−1 1
14. Since F ′ (x) = = x −2
, we use F (x) = = − . By the Fundamental Theorem, we have
x2 −1 x
Z 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
dx = − =− − − =− +1= .
1
x2 x 1
2 1 2 2
5 5
x4 3
Z
πx 609
15. (x3 − πx2 ) dx = − = − 39π ≈ 29.728.
2
4 3 2
4
d
16. If f (t) = e −0.2t
, then F (t) = −5e −0.2t
. (This can be verified by observing that (−5e−0.2t ) = e−0.2t .) By the
dt
Fundamental Theorem, we have
Z 1 1
e−0.2t dt = (−5e−0.2t ) = −5(e−0.2 ) − (−5)(1) = 5 − 5e−0.2 ≈ 0.906.
0 0
6.3 SOLUTIONS 391
Z π/4 π/4 √ √
2 2
18. (sin t + cos t) dt = (− cos t + sin t) = − + − (−1 + 0) = 1.
0 0
2 2
d
19. If f (t) = e 0.05t
, then F (t) = 20e 0.05t
(you can check this by observing that (20e0.05t ) = e0.05t ). By the Fundamental
dt
Theorem, we have
Z 3
√ x3/2 2
20. Since F ′ (x) = x, we take F (x) = = x3/2 . Then
3/2 3
Z 9
√
x dx = F (9) − F (4)
4
2 3/2 2 3/2
= ·9 − ·4
3 3
2 2
= · 27 − · 8
3 3
38
= .
3
21. Since y = x3 − x = x(x − 1)(x + 1), the graph crosses the axis at the three points shown in Figure 6.25. The two regions
have the same area (by symmetry). Since the graph is below the axis for 0 < x < 1, we have
1
Z
3
Area = 2 − x − x dx
0
1
x4 x2 1 1 1
= −2 − = −2 − = .
4 2 0
4 2 2
y = x3 − x
x
−1 1
Figure 6.25
392 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
22. One antiderivative of f (x) = e0.5x is F (x) = 2e0.5x . Thus, the definite integral of f (x) on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 is
Z 3 3
The average value of a function on a given interval is the definite integral over that interval divided by the length of the
interval: !
1 Z 3 3
1 1
Average value = · e0.5x dx = 2e0.5x = (2e1.5 − 2e0 ) ≈ 2.32.
3−0 0
3 0
3
From the graph of y = e0.5x in Figure 6.26 we see that an average value of 2.32 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 does make
sense.
y
5
y = e0.5x
2.32
x
3
Figure 6.26
23. We have
b b
x3 b3
Z
Area = x2 dx = = .
0
3 0
3
We find the value of b making the area equal to 100:
b3
100 =
3
300 = b3
b = (300)1/3 = 6.694.
24. We have Z b b
240 = 2b2 − 2
242 = 2b2
121 = b2
b = 11.
25. (a) Since r gives the rate of energy use, between 2005 and 2010 (where t = 0 and t = 5), we have
Z 5
Total energy used = 462e0.019t dt quadrillion BTUs.
0
6.3 SOLUTIONS 393
provided that F ′ (t) = f (t). To apply this theorem, we need to find F (t) such that F ′ (t) = 462e0.019t ; we take
462 0.019t
F (t) = e = 24,316e0.019t .
0.019
Thus,
Z 5
Total energy used = 462e0.019t dt = F (5) − F (0)
0
5
= 24,316e0.019t
0
Approximately 2423 quadrillion BTUs of energy were consumed between 2005 and 2010.
26. (a) At time t = 0, the rate of oil leakage = r(0) = 50 thousand liters/minute.
At t = 60, rate = r(60) = 15.06 thousand liters/minute.
(b) To find the amount of oil leaked during the first hour, we integrate the rate from t = 0 to t = 60:
Z 60 60
50 −0.02t
Oil leaked = 50e−0.02t dt = − e
0
0.02 0
27. (a) In the first case, we are given that R0 = 1000 widgets/year. So we have R = 1000e0.125t . To determine the total
number sold, we need to integrate this rate over the time period from 0 to 10. Therefore
Z 10
Total number of widgets sold = 1000e0.125t dt = 19,923 widgets.
0
The values of these integrals are getting closer to 0.5. A reasonable guess is that the improper integral converges to
0.5.
(b) Since − 21 e−2t is an antiderivative of e−2t , we have
Z b b
1 1 1 1 1
e−2t dt = − e−2t = − e−2b − − e0 = − e−2b + .
0
2 0
2 2 2 2
−2b 2b
(c) Since e = 1/e , we have
1
e2b → ∞ as b → ∞, so e−2b = → 0.
e2b
Therefore, Z b
1 1 1 1
lim e−2t dt = lim − e−2b + =0+ = .
b→∞
0
b→∞ 2 2 2 2
So the improper integral converges to 1/2 = 0.5:
Z ∞
1
e−2t dt = .
0
2
1 1 d
−1 1
29. (a) An antiderivative of F ′ (x) = is F (x) = − since = . So by the Fundamental Theorem we
x2 x dx x x2
have: Z b b
1 1 1
dx = − =− + 1.
1
x2 x 1
b
.
(b) Taking a limit, we have
1
lim − + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1.
b→∞ b
Since the limit is 1, we know that Z b
1
lim dx = 1.
b→∞
1
x2
So the improper integral converges to 1: Z ∞
1
dx = 1.
1
x2
Z ∞
2 2
30. (a) The graph of y = e−x is in Figure 6.27. The integral e−x dx represents the entire area under the curve, which
−∞
is shaded.
2
f (x) = e−x
x
−5 −3 3 5
Figure 6.27
(c) From part (b), we see that as we extend the limits of integration, the area appears to get closer and closer to about
1.772. We estimate that Z ∞
2
e−x dx = 1.772
−∞
.
R∞
31. Figure 6.28 shows the graphs of y = 1/x2 and y = 1/x3 . We see that 1
1
x2
dx is larger, since the area under 1/x2 is
larger than the area under 1/x3 .
1/x2
1/x3
✠
✠x
1
Figure 6.28
32. The original dose equals the quantity of drug eliminated. The quantity of drug eliminated is the definite integral of the
rate. Thus, letting t → ∞, we have the improper integral
Z ∞
Total quantity of drug eliminated = 50(e−0.1t − e−0.2t ) dt.
0
ekt dt = 1 kt
R
Using the fact that k
e + C, we have
b
1 −0.1t 1 −0.2t
Total quantity = lim 50 − e + e
b→∞ 0.1 0.2 0
−0.1b −0.2b
Since e → 0 and e → 0 as b → ∞, we have
33. (a) The total number of people that get sick is the integral of the rate. The epidemic starts at t = 0. Since the rate is
positive for all t, we use ∞ for the upper limit of integration.
Z ∞
Total number getting sick = 1000te−0.5t dt
0
−0.5t
(b) The graph of r = 1000te is shown in Figure 6.29. The shaded area represents the total number of people who
get sick.
Figure 6.29
396 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
√ ∞
Z
1
Since 2 b → ∞ as b → ∞, the integral √ dt does not converge to a finite value, which means that infinitely
1 t
many rabbits could be produced, and therefore 1 million is certainly reached.
1. (a) The equilibrium price is $30 per unit, and the equilibrium quantity is 6000.
(b) The region representing the consumer surplus is the shaded triangle in Figure 6.30 with area 12 · 6000 · 70 = 210,000.
The consumer surplus is $210,000.
The area representing the producer surplus, shaded in Figure 6.31, is about 7 grid squares, each of area 10,000.
The producer surplus is about $70,000.
6.4 SOLUTIONS 397
p ($/unit) p ($/unit)
100 100
S S
50 50
D D
q (quantity) q (quantity)
5000 10000 5000 10000
2. Looking at the graph we see that the supply and demand curves intersect at roughly the point (345, 8). Thus the equi-
librium price is $8 per unit and the equilibrium quantity is 345 units. Figures 6.32 and 6.33 show the shaded areas
corresponding to the consumer surplus and the producer surplus. Counting grid squares we see that the consumer surplus
is roughly $2000 while the producer surplus is roughly $1400.
p ($/unit) Supply
p ($/unit) Supply
20 20
10 10
Demand Demand
q (quantity) q (quantity)
500 1000 500 1000
= 100q − q 3
− 125
0
= 500 − 125 − 125
= 250.
4. To calculate the producer surplus we need to find the market equilibrium price, p∗ , and quantity q ∗ . In equilibrium,
when supply equals demand, 35 − q 2 = 3 + q 2 so q 2 = 16. We need only consider the positive solution q ∗ = 4. The
corresponding equilibrium price is p∗ = 35 − 42 = 19. From Figure 6.24 on page 308 of the text,
Z q∗ Z 4
2
Producer surplus = q p − ∗ ∗
(3 + q ) dq = 4 · 19 − (3 + q 2 ) dq.
0 0
= 100q − 2q 2
− 600
0
= 1000 − 200 − 600
= 200.
6. (a) Solving this system of linear equations we find that the equilibrium price is p = $10 and equilibrium quantity is
q = 15.
The consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the line p = 10. We have
1
Consumer surplus = · 7.5 · 15 = 56.25 dollars.
2
(b) The producer surplus is the area above the supply curve and below the line p = 10. We have
1
Producer surplus = · 2 · 15 = 15 dollars.
2
See Figure 6.34.
p ($/unit)
Consumer surplus
17.5
✠ S
p∗ = 10 ✛ Producer surplus
8
D
q (quantity in units)
q ∗ = 15 35
Figure 6.34
6.4 SOLUTIONS 399
7. (a) We find the equilibrium price by setting the supply equal to the demand. We have
100 − 2p = 3p − 50
5p = 150
p = 30
Hence the equilibrium price is $30. We can find the equilibrium quantity by substituting p = 30 into either of the
equations. So the equilibrium quantity is q = 100 − 2 · 30 = 40. The consumer surplus is the area under the demand
curve and above the line p = 30. We have
1
Consumer surplus = · 20 · 40 = 400 dollars.
2
(b) The producer surplus is the area above the supply curve and below the line p = 30. We have
1 40
Producer surplus = · · 40 = 266.7 dollars.
2 3
See Figure 6.35.
Figure 6.35
8. (a) The quantity demanded at a price of $50 is calculated by substituting p = 50 into the demand equation p =
100e−0.008q . Solving 50 = 100e−0.008q for q gives q ≈ 86.6. In other words, at a price of $50, consumer de-
mand is about 87 units. The quantity supplied at a price of $50 is calculated by substituting by p = 50 into the supply
√ √
equation p = 4 q + 10. Solving 50 = 4 q + 10 for q gives q = 100. So at a price of $50, producers supply about
100 units. At a price of $50, the supply is larger than the demand, so some goods remain unsold. We can expect prices
to be pushed down.
(b) The supply and demand curves are shown in Figure 6.36. The equilibrium price is about p∗ = $48 and the equilibrium
quantity is about q ∗ = 91 units. The market will push prices downward from $50 toward the equilibrium price of
$48. This agrees with the conclusion to part (a) that prices will drop.
p ($/unit)
S
p∗ = 48
D
q (quantity in units)
q∗ = 91
The demand curve has equation p = 100e0.008q . Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral, we
have Z 91
Consumer surplus = 100e−0.008q dq − p∗ q ∗ = 6464 − 48 · 91 = 2096.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the definite integral, we get:
Z 91 91
1
100e−0.008q dq = 100 e−0.008q = 6464.
0
−0.008 0
Consumers gain $2096 by buying goods at the equilibrium price instead of the price they would have been willing to
pay.
For producer surplus, see Figure 6.38. We have
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the integral, we get
Z 91
91
√ 1
(4 q + 10) dq = 4 q 3/2 + q = 3225.
0
3/2 0
Producers gain $1143 by supplying goods at the equilibrium price instead of the price at which they would have been
willing to provide the goods.
p ($/unit) p ($/unit)
Consumer S S
surplus
✠
p∗ p∗ ✛ Producer
surplus
D D
q (quantity) q (quantity)
q∗ q∗
price price
Supply
Consumer surplus ✲
p∗
Consumer surplus ✲ Supply Demand
Producer surplus ✲
p∗
Producer surplus ✲
Demand
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
10. (a) Looking at the figure in the problem we see that the equilibrium price is roughly $30 giving an equilibrium quantity
of 125 units.
(b) Consumer surplus is the area above p∗ and below the demand curve. Graphically this is represented by the shaded
area in Figure 6.41. From the graph we can estimate the shaded area to be roughly 14 squares where each square
represents ($25/unit)·(10 units). Thus the consumer surplus is approximately
14 · $250 = $3500.
p ($/unit) p ($/unit)
100 100
60 60
Consumer
surplus
✲
p∗ p∗
20 Producer 20✲
surplus
q (quantity) q (quantity)
100 200 100 200
Producer surplus is the area under p∗ and above the supply curve. Graphically this is represented by the shaded
area in Figure 6.42. From the graph we can estimate the shaded area to be roughly 8 squares where each square
represents ($25/unit)·(10 units). Thus the producer surplus is approximately
8 · $250 = $2000
(c) We have
Total gains from trade = Consumer surplus + producer surplus
= $3500 + $2000
= $5500.
11. (a) The consumer surplus is the area the between demand curve and the price $40—roughly 9 squares. See Figure 6.43.
Since each square represents ($25/unit)·(10 units), the total area is
9 · $250 = $2250.
At a price of $40, about 90 units are sold. The producer surplus is the area under $40, above the supply curve,
and to the left of q = 90. See Figure 6.43. The area is 10.5 squares or
10.5 · $250 = $2625.
The total gains from the trade is
Total gain = Consumer surplus + Producer surplus = $4875.
p (price/unit)
100
80
Consumer
surplus 60
✲
40
Producer
surplus
✲
20
q (quantity)
50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6.43
402 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
p ($/unit)
12 S
4
D
q (quantity)
200 400 600 800 1000
Figure 6.44
(b) To find the consumer surplus, we estimate the area shaded in Figure 6.45 by counting grid squares. There appear to
be about 5.5 grid squares in this shaded area, and each grid square has area 200, so the total area is about 1100. The
consumer surplus is about $1100.
Similarly, to find the producer surplus, we estimate the area shaded in Figure 6.46 to be about 4 grid squares, for a
total area of 800. The producer surplus is about $800.
Producer
p ($/unit) Consumer p ($/unit) surplus
surplus
12 S 12 S
✠
8 8
✠
4 4
D D
q (quantity) q (quantity)
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
(c) The consumer surplus is given by the area shaded in Figure 6.47. This area is about 6 grid squares, for a total area
of about 1200. The consumer surplus is about $1200, which is larger than the consumer surplus of $1100 at the
equilibrium price.
The producer surplus is the area shaded in Figure 6.48. This area is about 200, so the producer surplus is about
$200. This is less than the producer surplus of $800 at the equilibrium price. Notice that the sum of the consumer
surplus and the producer surplus is $1900 at the equilibrium price and is $1400 at the artificial price. The total gains
from trade are always lower at an artificial price.
p ($/unit) p ($/unit)
12 S 12 S
8 8
4 4
D D
q (quantity) q (quantity)
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
13. Figure 6.49 shows the consumer and producer surplus for the price, p− . For comparison, Figure 6.50 shows the consumer
and producer surplus at the equilibrium price.
price
price
Supply Supply
Consumer surplus ✲
Consumer
surplus
✲
p∗
p− Demand p∗
Producer surplus ✲
Producer
surplus
✲ Demand
quantity
q− q∗ quantity
(a) The producer surplus is the area on the graph between p− and the supply curve. Lowering the price also lowers the
producer surplus.
(b) The consumer surplus — the area between the supply curve and the line p− — may increase or decrease depends on
the functions describing the supply and demand, and the lowered price. (For example, the consumer surplus seems to
be increased in Figure 6.49 but if the price were brought down to $0 then the consumer surplus would be zero, and
hence clearly less than the consumer surplus at equilibrium.)
(c) Figure 6.49 shows that the total gains from the trade are decreased.
14. (a) In Table 6.2, the quantity q increases as the price p decreases, while in Table 6.3, q increases as p increases. Therefore,
the demand data is in Table 6.2 and the supply data is in Table 6.3.
(b) It appears that the equilibrium price is p∗ = 25 dollars per unit and the equilibrium quantity is q ∗ = 400 units sold
at this price.
(c) To estimate the consumer surplus, we use the demand data in Table 6.2. We use a Riemann sum using the price from
the demand data minus the equilibrium price of 25.
Left sum = (60 − 25) · 100 + (50 − 25) · 100 + (41 − 25) · 100 + (32 − 25) · 100 = 8300.
Right sum = (50 − 25) · 100 + (41 − 25) · 100 + (32 − 25) · 100 + (25 − 25) · 100 = 4800.
We average the two to estimate that
8300 + 4800
Consumer surplus ≈ = 6550.
2
To estimate the producer surplus, we use the supply data in Table 6.3. We use a Riemann sum using the equilib-
rium price of 25 minus the price from the supply data.
Left sum = (25 − 10) · 100 + (25 − 14) · 100 + (25 − 18) · 100 + (25 − 22) · 100 = 3600.
Right sum = (25 − 14) · 100 + (25 − 18) · 100 + (25 − 22) · 100 + (25 − 25) · 100 = 2100.
We average the two to estimate that
3600 + 2100
Producer surplus ≈ = 2850.
2
15. (a) If the price is artificially high, the consumer surplus at the artificial price is always less than the consumer surplus at
the equilibrium price, but the producer surplus may be larger or smaller. See Figure 6.51.
(b) If the price is artificially low, the producer surplus at the artificial price is always less than the producer surplus at the
equilibrium price, but the consumer surplus may be larger or smaller. See Figure 6.52.
404 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
Large Small
Consumer producer producer
p ($/unit) surplus p ($/unit) surplus p ($/unit) surplus
✠
✠ ✠
Figure 6.51
Small
Large consumer
p ($/unit) p ($/unit) consumer p ($/unit) surplus
surplus
✠
✠
✛ Producer
surplus
q (quantity) q (quantity) q (quantity)
Figure 6.52
16. The supply curve, S(q), represents the minimum price p per unit that the suppliers will be willing to supply some quantity
q of the good for. See Figure 6.53. If the suppliers have q ∗ of the good and q ∗ is divided into subintervals of size ∆q,
then if the consumers could offer the suppliers for each ∆q a price increase just sufficient to induce the suppliers to sell
an additional ∆q of the good, the consumers’ total expenditure on q ∗ goods would be
X
p1 ∆q + p2 ∆q + · · · = pi ∆q.
Z q∗ Z q∗
As ∆q → 0 the Riemann sum becomes the integral S(q) dq. Thus S(q) dq is the amount the consumers would
0 0
pay if suppliers could be forced to sell at the lowest price they would be willing to accept.
Price
S(q)
P2
P1
Quantity
∆q ∆q ∆q q∗
Figure 6.53
17.
Z q∗ Z q∗ Z q∗
(p∗ − S(q)) dq = p∗ dq − S(q) dq
0 0 0
Z q∗
= p∗ q ∗ − S(q) dq.
0
Using Problem 16, this integral is the extra amount consumers pay (i.e., suppliers earn over and above the minimum they
would be willing to accept for supplying the good). It results from charging the equilibrium price.
6.4 SOLUTIONS 405
18. (a) p∗ q ∗ = the total amount paid for q ∗ of the good at equilibrium. See Figure 6.54.
R q∗
(b) 0 D(q) dq = the maximum consumers would be willing to pay if they had to pay the highest price acceptable to
them for each additional unit of the good. See Figure 6.55.
price price
p∗ p∗
Demand : D(q) Demand : D(q)
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
R q∗
(c) 0
S(q) dq = the minimum suppliers would be willing to accept if they were paid the minimum price acceptable to
them for each additional unit of the good. See Figure 6.56.
R q∗
(d) 0 D(q) dq − p∗ q ∗ = consumer surplus. See Figure 6.57.
price price
p∗ p∗
Demand : D(q) Demand : D(q)
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
R q∗
(e) p∗ q ∗ − 0
S(q) dq = producer surplus. See Figure 6.58.
R q∗
(f) 0
(D(q) − S(q)) dq = producer surplus and consumer surplus. See Figure 6.59.
price price
p∗ p∗
Demand : D(q) Demand : D(q)
quantity quantity
q∗ q∗
1. $/year
The graph reaches a peak each summer, and a trough each winter. The graph shows sunscreen sales increasing from
cycle to cycle. This gradual increase may be due in part to inflation and to population growth.
2. Using a calculator or computer, we get:
Z 20
Present value = 12000e−0.06t dt = $139,761.16.
0
3. Using a calculator of computer to evaluate the definite integral, we find the present value:
Z 15
Present value = 2000e−0.05t dt = $21,105.
0
(c) Although we deposit the exact same amount in the two situations, the future value is larger for the lump sum. It is
always financially preferable to receive the money earlier rather than later, since it has more time to earn interest.
5. (a) The future value is
Future value = 12,000e0.05(6) = $16,198.31.
(b) We find the present value of the income stream first. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite integral,
we get Z 6
Present value = 2000e−0.05t dt = $10,367.27.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:
Z 6
Present value = 2000e−0.05t dt
0
6
1
= 2000 e−0.05t
−0.05 0
(c) Although we deposit the exact same amount in the two situations, the future value is larger for the lump sum. It is
always financially preferable to receive the money earlier rather than later, since it has more time to earn interest.
6. (a) We first compute the present value of this income stream, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite
integral: Z 15
Present value = 1000e−0.05t dt = $10,552.67.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:
Z 15
Present value = 1000e−0.05t dt
0
15
1
= 1000 e−0.05t
−0.05 0
7. (a) We first compute the present value of this income stream, using a calculator or computer to evaluate the definite
integral: Z 30
Present value = 1000e−0.06t dt = $13,911.69.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:
Z 30
Present value = 1000e−0.06t dt
0
30
1
= 1000 e−0.06t
−0.06
0
= −16666.67 e−1.8 − e0 = $13,911.69.
(b) The income stream contributed $6000 per year for 10 years, or $60,000. The interest earned was 77,846.55 −
60,000 = $17,846.55.
9. (a) (i) Using a calculator or computer with an interest rate of 3%, we have
Z 4
Present value = 5000e−0.03t dt = $18,846.59.
0
(b) At the end of the four-year period, if the interest rate is 3%,
Value = 18,846.59e0.03(4) = $21,249.47.
At 10%,
Value = 16,484.00e0.10(4) = $24,591.24.
10. (a) The present value of the net sales over this five-year time period is given by
Z 5
Present value = (4.8 + 0.1t)e−0.02t dt = 24.0 billion dollars.
0
We want the rate S so that the present value is 417,635.11. Evaluating the integral with a calculator, we get
417,635.11 = S(1.830330984).
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:
Z 2 2
1
e−0.09t dt = e−0.09t = 1.830330984
0
−0.09 0
15. We compute the present value of the company’s earnings over the next 8 years. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate
the integral, we get Z 8
Present value of earnings = 50,000e−0.07t dt = $306,279.24.
0
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:
Z 8
Present value of earnings = 50,000e−0.07t dt
0
7
1
= 50,000 e−0.07t
−0.07 0
If you buy the rights to the earnings of the company now for $350,000, you want the present value to be worth more
than $350,000. Since the present value of the earnings is less than this amount, you should not buy.
16. At any time t, the company receives income of s(t) = 50,000e−t dollars per year. Thus the present value is
Z 2
Present value = s(t)e−0.06t dt
0
Z 2
= (50,000e−t )e−0.06t dt
0
= $41,508,
where we used a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral. If we simplify the integrand and use instead the Funda-
mental Theorem of Calculus, we get
Z 2 Z 2
−t
−0.06t
50,000e e dt = 50,000e−1.06t dt
0 0
2
1
= −50,000 e−1.06t
1.06 0
17. (a) The income stream is $34.6 billion per year and the interest rate is 6%. Using a calculator or computer to evaluate
the integral, we get
Z 1
Present value = 34.6e−0.06t dt
0
= 33.58 billion dollars.
Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we get:
Z 1
Present value = 34.6e−0.06t dt
0
1
1
= 34.6 e−0.06t
−0.06 0
The present value of Intel’s profits over the one-year time period is about 33.38 billion dollars.
(b) The value at the end of the year is 33.58e0.06(1) = 35.66, or about 35.66 billion dollars.
18. (a) Net revenue in 2003, when t = 0, is 4.6 billion dollars. Net revenue in 2013, when t = 10, is projected to be
4.6 + 0.4(10) = 8.6 billion dollars.
(b) January 1, 2003 through January 1, 2013 is a ten-year time period, and t = 0 corresponds to January 1, 2003, so the
value on January 1, 2003 of the revenue over this ten-year time period is
Z 10
Value on Jan. 1, 2003 = (4.6 + 0.4t)e−0.035t dt = 54.7 billion dollars.
0
The value, on January 1, 2003, of Harley-Davidson revenue over the ten-year time period is about 54.7 billion dollars.
412 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
(c) We have
Value on Jan. 1, 2013 = 54.7e0.035(10) = 77.6 billion dollars.
19. (a) Since the rate at which revenue is generated is at least 17.9 and at most 22.8 billion dollars per year, the present value
of the revenue over a five-year time period is at least
Z 5
17.9e−0.045t dt
0
and at most Z 5
22.8e−0.045t dt.
0
Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral, the present value of McDonald’s revenue over a five year time
period is between 80.1 and 102.1 billion dollars. Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate the
integral, we get Z 5
1
e−0.225 − e0 = 4.476.
e−0.045t dt = −
0
0.045
Then the least is 17.9(4.476) = 80.1 and the most is 22.8(4.476) = 102.1, billions of dollars.
(b) The present value of the revenue over a twenty-five year time period is at least
Z 25
17.9e−0.045t dt
0
and at most Z 25
22.8e−0.045t dt.
0
Using a calculator or computer to evaluate the integral, the present value of McDonald’s revenue over a twenty-five
year time period is between 268.6 and 342.2 billion dollars. Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to
evaluate the integral, we get
Z 25
1
e−1.125 − e0 = 15.007.
e−0.045t dt = −
0
0.045
Then the least is 17.9(15.007) = 268.6 and the most 22.8(15.007) = 342.2, billions of dollars.
20. We want to find the value of T making the present value of income stream ($80,000/year) equal to $130,000. Thus we
want to find the time T at which Z T
130,000 = 80,000e−0.085t dt.
0
Trying a few values of T and evaluating the integral with a calculator or computer, we get T ≈ 1.75. It takes approxi-
mately one year and nine months for the present value of the profit generated by the new machinery to equal the cost of
the machinery. Using instead the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, to evaluate the integral, we get
1
e−0.085T − e0 .
130,000 = −80,000
0.085
Thus
130,000
0.085 = 0.138 = 1 − e−0.085T .
80,000
We get e−0.085T = 0.862, so
ln 0.862
T =− = 1.747 years.
0.085
21. (a) Suppose the oil extracted over the time period [0, M ] is S. (See Figure 6.60.) Since q(t) is the rate of oil extraction,
we have: Z M Z M Z M
S= q(t)dt = (a − bt)dt = (10 − 0.1t) dt.
0 0 0
To calculate the time at which the oil is exhausted, set S = 100 and try different values of M . We find M = 10.6
gives Z 10.6
(10 − 0.1t) dt = 100,
0
6.6 SOLUTIONS 413
Extraction Curve
✠
q(t)
Area below
the extraction curve ✲
is the total oil extracted
t
0 M
Figure 6.60
(b) Suppose p is the oil price, C is the extraction cost per barrel, and r is the interest rate. We have the present value of
the profit as
Z M
Present value of profit = (p − C)q(t)e−rt dt
0
Z 10.6
= (20 − 10)(10 − 0.1t)e−0.1t dt
0
= 624.9 million dollars.
√
22. Price in future = P (1 + 20 t). √
The present value V of price satisfies V = P (1 + 20 t)e−0.05t . √
We want to maximize V . To do so, we find the critical points of V (t) for t ≥ 0. (Recall that t is nondifferentiable at
t = 0.)
√
dV 20 −0.05t
=P √ e + (1 + 20 t)(−0.05e−0.05t )
dt 2 t
√
10
= P e−0.05t √ − 0.05 − t .
t
dV 10 √
Setting = 0 gives √ − 0.05 − t = 0. Using a calculator, we find t ≈ 10 years. Since V ′ (t) > 0 for 0 < t < 10
dt t
and V ′ (t) < 0 for t > 10, we confirm that this is a maximum. Thus, the best time to sell the wine is in 10 years.
d
1. (a) dx sin(x2 + 1) = 2x cos(x2 + 1); d
dx
sin(x3 + 1) = 3x2 cos(x3 + 1)
(b) (i) 21 sin(x2 + 1) + C (ii) 13 sin(x3 + 1) + C
(c) (i) − 12 cos(x2 + 1) + C (ii) − 31 cos(x3 + 1) + C
2. Setting w = 1 − 5x2 , we see that dw = −10x dx. Since the integrand has a factor of x that differs from dw by a constant
factor, substitution is appropriate and allows us to replace the integral by one that can be found directly using the power
rule: Z Z 1 Z
2 5 5 1
x(1 − 5x ) dx = w − dw = − w5 dw.
10 10
3. Setting w = ln x, we see that dw = (1/x) dx. Since the integrand has a factor of 1/x and no additional factors,
substitution is appropriate and allows us to replace the integrand by one we can integrate directly using the power rule:
Z √
√
Z Z
ln x 1
dx = ln x dx = w1/2 dw.
x x
414 Chapter Six /SOLUTIONS
4. Setting w = ln x, we see that dw = (1/x) dx. Since the integrand does not have a factor of 1/x, substitution is not
appropriate in this case. The integrand has a factor of x, but x and 1/x do not differ by a constant.
5. Setting w = sin t, we see that dw = cos t dt. Since the integrand has a factor of cos t and no additional factors, substitu-
tion is appropriate and allows us to replace the integrand by one we can integrate directly using the power rule:
Z Z
sin9 t (cos t dt) = w9 dw.
w6
Z Z
1
2x(x2 + 1)5 dx = w5 dw = + C = (x2 + 1)6 + C.
6 6
d 1 2
Check: ( (x + 1)6 + C) = 2x(x2 + 1)5 .
dx 6
7. We use the substitution w = x2 + 4, dw = 2xdx.
1 w1/2
Z Z
x 1 p
√ dx = w−1/2 dw = + C = x2 + 4 + C.
x2 + 4 2 2 1/2
1 w11
Z Z
1 1
(5x − 7)10 dx = w10 dw = +C = (5x − 7)11 + C.
5 5 11 55
d 1 2 1 3
p
Check: (x + 1)3/2 + C = · (x2 + 1)1/2 · 2x = x x2 + 1.
dx 3 3 2
10. We use the substitution w = q 2 + 1, dw = 2qdq.
Z Z
q 2 +1 2
2qe dq = ew dw = ew + C = eq +1
+ C.
d 5t+2
Check: (e + C) = 5e5t+2 .
dt
12. We use the substitution w = −x2 , dw = −2x dx.
Z Z Z
2 1 2 1
xe−x dx = − e−x (−2x dx) = − ew dw
2 2
1 w 1 −x2
= − e +C = − e + C.
2 2
2 2 2
d
Check: dx
(− 21 e−x + C) = (−2x)(− 21 e−x ) = xe−x .
13. We use the substitution w = −0.2t, dw = −0.2dt.
Z Z
100
100e−0.2t dt = ew dw = −500ew + C = −500e−0.2t + C.
−0.2
6.6 SOLUTIONS 415
Z Z Z
1 1
t2 (t3 − 3)10 dt = (t3 − 3)10 (3t2 dt) = w10 dw
3 3
1 w11 1 3
= +C = (t − 3)11 + C.
3 11 33
d 1 3 1
Check: [ (t − 3)11 + C] = (t3 − 3)10 (3t2 ) = t2 (t3 − 3)10 .
dt 33 3
15. We use the substitution w = x2 , dw = 2xdx.
Z Z
1 1 1
x sin(x2 )dx = sin w dw = − cos w + C = − cos(x2 ) + C.
2 2 2
d 1 1
Check: − cos(x2 ) + C = − (− sin(x2 )) · 2x = x sin(x2 ).
dx 2 2
2
16. We use the substitution w = x − 4, dw = 2x dx.
Z Z Z
1 1
x(x2 − 4)7/2 dx = (x2 − 4)7/2 (2xdx) = w7/2 dw
2 2
1 2 9/2 1
= w + C = (x2 − 4)9/2 + C.
2 9 9
d 1 2 1 9 2
Check: (x − 4)9/2 + C = (x − 4)7/2 2x = x(x2 − 4)7/2 .
dx 9 9 2
17. We use the substitution w = x2 + 3, dw = 2x dx.
1 w3
Z Z
1 1
x(x2 + 3)2 dx = w2 ( dw) = + C = (x2 + 3)3 + C.
2 2 3 6
d 1 2 1 2
h i
(x + 3)3 + C = 3(x + 3)2 (2x) = x(x2 + 3)2 .
Check:
dx 6 6
18. We use the substitution w = 3x + 1, dw = 3dx.
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 w−1 1
dx = dw = w−2 dw = +C =− + C.
(3x + 1)2 3 w2 3 3 −1 3(3x + 1)
4x3
Z Z
1
4
dx = dw = ln |w| + C = ln(x4 + 1) + C.
x +1 w
d 4x3
Check: (ln(x4 + 1) + C) = 4 .
dx x +1
20. We use the substitution w = x3 , dw = 3x2 dx.
Z Z
2 12
3
12 x cos(x )dx = cos(w)dw = 4 sin(w) + C = 4 sin(x3 ) + C.
3
x5
Z Z
(x2 + 3)2 dx = (x4 + 6x2 + 9) dx = + 2x3 + 9x + C.
5
d x5
Check: + 2x3 + 9x + C = x4 + 6x2 + 9 = (x2 + 3)2 .
dx 5
23. In this case, it seems easier not to substitute.
Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
y (1 + y) dy = y (y + 2y + 1) dy = (y 4 + 2y 3 + y 2 ) dy
y5 y4 y3
= + + + C.
5 2 3
d y5 y4 y3
Check: + + +C = y 4 + 2y 3 + y 2 = y 2 (y + 1)2 .
dy 5 2 3
24. We use the substitution w = cos θ + 5, dw = − sin θ dθ.
Z Z
1
sin θ(cos θ + 5)7 dθ = − w7 dw = − w8 + C
8
1
= − (cos θ + 5)8 + C.
8
Check:
d 1 1
h i
− (cos θ + 5)8 + C = − · 8(cos θ + 5)7 · (− sin θ)
dθ 8 8
= sin θ(cos θ + 5)7
w7 sin7 θ
Z Z
sin6 θ cos θ dθ = w6 dw = +C = + C.
7 7
d sin7 θ
Check: + C = sin6 θ cos θ.
dθ 7
26. We use the substitution w = cos 3t, dw = −3 sin 3t dt.
√
Z Z
1 √
cos 3t sin 3t dt = − w dw
3
1 2 3 2 3
= − · w 2 + C = − (cos 3t) 2 + C.
3 3 9
Check:
d 2 2 3
h 3
i1
− (cos 3t) 2 + C = − · (cos 3t) 2 · (− sin 3t) · 3
dt 9 9 2
√
= cos 3t sin 3t.
d
Check: dt
(cos(3 − t) + C) = − sin(3 − t)(−1) = sin(3 − t).
6.6 SOLUTIONS 417
d 1 x3 +1 1 3
3
Check: e + C = ex +1 · 3x2 = x2 ex +1 .
dx 3 3
30. We use the substitution w = sin α, dw = cos α dα.
w4 sin4 α
Z Z
sin3 α cos α dα = w3 dw = +C = + C.
4 4
d sin4 α 1
Check: +C = · 4 sin3 α · cos α = sin3 α cos α.
dα 4 4
31. We use the substitution w = 4x2 , dw = 8xdx.
Z Z
2 1 1 1
x sin(4x )dx = sin(w)dw = − cos(w) + C = − cos(4x2 ) + C.
8 8 8
w3 (sin x)3
Z Z
sin2 x cos xdx = w2 dw = +C = + C.
3 3
d 1 3x−4 1
Check: e + C = e3x−4 · 3 = e3x−4 .
dx 3 3
34. We use the substitution w = x + ex , dw = (1 + ex ) dx.
1 + ex √
Z Z
dw √
√ dx = √ = 2 w + C = 2 x + ex + C.
x + ex w
d √ 1 1 1 + ex
Check: (2 x + ex + C) = 2 · (x + ex )− 2 · (1 + ex ) = √ .
dx 2 x + ex
35. We use the substitution w = 3x2 , dw = 6xdx.
Z Z
2 1 1 w 1 2
xe3x dx = ew dw = e + C = e3x + C.
6 6 6
d 1 3x2 1 2
2
Check: e + C = e3x · 6x = xe3x .
dx 6 6
36. We use the substitution w = 3x2 + 4, dw = 6xdx.
1 w3/2
Z Z
p 1 1
x 3x2 + 4dx = w1/2 dw = + C = (3x2 + 4)3/2 + C.
6 6 3/2 9
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belle, garde-la ; je ne veux pas troubler la grande affection qui règne
entre vous deux. Vous êtes très bien accouplés ; je jurerais que tu es
aussi vaillant qu’elle est belle. — »
Marphise lui répliqua : « — Malgré toi, il faut que tu essaies de
me l’enlever. Je ne souffrirai pas que tu aies vu un aussi charmant
visage, et que tu ne tentes pas de le conquérir. — » Zerbin lui
répondit : « — Je ne vois pas pourquoi un homme s’exposerait au
péril ou à l’ennui pour remporter une victoire dont le vaincu se
réjouirait, tandis que le vainqueur en serait très fâché. — »
« — Si cette proposition ne te paraît pas bonne — dit alors
Marphise à Zerbin — je vais t’en faire une autre que tu ne dois pas
refuser : si je suis vaincue par toi, cette dame me restera ; mais si je
te renverse, force te sera de la prendre. Donc, voyons qui de nous
deux doit en être débarrassé. Si tu perds la partie, tu devras
l’accompagner partout où il lui plaira d’aller. — »
« — Qu’il en soit ainsi, — » répondit Zerbin ; et il fit aussitôt faire
volte-face à son cheval pour prendre du champ. Puis se soulevant
sur ses étriers, il s’affermit en selle, et pour ne point frapper à faux, il
dirige sa lance droit au milieu du bouclier de la damoiselle ; mais il
semble qu’il heurte une montagne de fer. Quant à la guerrière, elle
se borne à le toucher seulement au casque, et l’envoie étourdi hors
de selle.
Zerbin ressent un vif déplaisir de sa chute ; pareille chose ne lui
était encore arrivée en aucune rencontre ; il avait au contraire abattu
mille et mille adversaires. Il en éprouve une honte ineffaçable.
Longtemps il reste à terre, sans prononcer une parole. Son ennui est
encore augmenté, quand il se souvient de la promesse qu’il a faite
d’accompagner l’horrible vieille.
La triomphante Marphise, restée en selle, revient vers lui, et lui
dit en riant : « — Je te présente cette dame, et plus je considère sa
grâce et sa beauté, plus je me réjouis de ce qu’elle t’appartienne.
Remplace-moi donc comme son champion. Mais que le vent
n’emporte pas ton serment, et n’oublie pas de lui servir de guide et
d’escorte, comme tu l’as promis, partout où il lui plaira d’aller. — »
Puis, sans attendre de réponse, elle pousse son destrier à
travers la forêt où elle disparaît aussitôt. Zerbin, qui la prend pour un
chevalier, dit à la vieille : « — Fais-le-moi connaître. — » Et celle-ci,
qui sait qu’en lui disant la vérité, elle envenimera son dépit : « — Le
coup qui t’a fait vider la selle, lui dit-elle, a été porté par la main
d’une jeune fille.
« Par sa vaillance, celle-ci peut disputer avec avantage l’écu et la
lance à tous les chevaliers. Elle est depuis peu venue d’Orient pour
se mesurer avec les paladins de France. — » Zerbin éprouve de
cela une telle vergogne, qu’il devient plus rouge que la garance, et
qu’il est près de teindre de son propre sang les armes qu’il a sur le
dos.
Il remonte à cheval, s’accusant lui-même de n’avoir pas su serrer
les cuisses. La vieille sourit à part, et prend plaisir à l’exciter et à
irriter son chagrin. Elle lui rappelle qu’il doit venir avec elle, et Zerbin,
qui reconnaît qu’il s’y est obligé, baisse l’oreille comme un destrier
dompté et las qui a le frein à la bouche et les éperons au flanc.
Et soupirant : « — Hélas ! — disait-il — ô fortune félonne, quel
échange tu te plais à faire ! celle qui est la belle des belles, et qui
devrait être près de moi, tu me l’as enlevée. Crois-tu que celle que tu
me donnes maintenant puisse lui être comparée et m’en tenir lieu ?
Être privé complètement de compagne était un moindre mal qu’un
échange si inégal.
« Celle qui n’a jamais eu et n’aura jamais sa pareille en beauté et
en vertu gît submergée et brisée au milieu des rochers aigus, et tu
l’as donnée en pâture aux poissons et aux oiseaux de mer ; et celle-
ci, dont les vers auraient déjà dû se repaître sous terre, tu l’as
conservée dix ou vingt ans de plus que tu ne devais, pour rendre
mes maux plus poignants. — »
Ainsi parlait Zerbin, et il ne paraissait pas moins triste de cette
nouvelle et si odieuse conquête que de la perte de sa dame. La
vieille, bien qu’elle n’eût jamais plus vu Zerbin, comprit, par ce qu’il
disait, que c’était lui dont Isabelle de Galice lui avait jadis parlé.
Si vous vous souvenez de ce que je vous ai déjà dit, elle arrivait
de la caverne où Isabelle, éprise d’amour pour Zerbin, avait été
retenue captive pendant plusieurs jours. Elle lui avait entendu
plusieurs fois raconter comment elle avait abandonné le rivage
paternel, et comment, son navire ayant été brisé en mer par la
tempête, elle s’était sauvée sur la plage de la Rochelle.
Isabelle lui avait si souvent dépeint le beau visage et les hauts
faits de Zerbin, que maintenant, en l’entendant parler, et en le
regardant de plus près en plein visage, elle le reconnut pour celui au
sujet duquel Isabelle s’était tant désolée dans la caverne, car elle se
plaignait plus de sa perte que d’être esclave des malandrins.
La vieille, en écoutant les plaintes que Zerbin laissait tomber
dans son indignation et dans sa douleur, comprit qu’il croyait Isabelle
morte au fond de la mer, et bien qu’elle connût la vérité à cet égard,
et qu’elle pût d’un mot lui rendre le bonheur, elle se garda bien, la
perverse, de lui apprendre ce qui aurait pu le réjouir et s’empressa
de lui dire au contraire ce qu’elle pensait devoir lui déplaire.
« — Écoute — lui dit-elle — toi qui es si altier et qui me railles et
me méprises ; si tu savais ce que je sais au sujet de celle que tu
pleures comme morte, tu me comblerais de caresses. Mais, plutôt
que de te le dire, je me laisserais mettre en mille pièces par toi ;
tandis que, si tu avais été plus bienveillant pour moi, je t’aurais peut-
être appris ce secret. — »
De même que le mâtin, qui se précipite furieux contre un voleur,
est prompt à s’apaiser, si on lui présente du pain ou du fromage, ou
un autre appât de même nature, ainsi Zerbin devient soudain
humble et soumis, dans son désir de connaître ce que la vieille lui a
dit qu’elle savait sur celle qu’il pleure comme morte.
Tournant vers elle un visage plus bienveillant, il la supplie, il la
prie, il la conjure, au nom des hommes, au nom de Dieu, de ne rien
lui cacher de ce qu’elle sait, que la nouvelle soit bonne ou mauvaise.
« — Tu ne sauras rien qui puisse te satisfaire — lui dit la vieille dure
et tenace — Isabelle n’est pas morte, comme tu crois ; elle vit, mais
son sort est si cruel, qu’elle désire la mort.
« Elle est tombée, depuis ces derniers jours où tu n’en as plus
entendu parler, aux mains de plus de vingt bandits ; de sorte que,
quand bien même tu la retrouverais, vois, si tu peux encore espérer
d’en cueillir la fleur ? — » « — Ah ! vieille maudite — dit Zerbin —
comme tu sais bien inventer tes mensonges, car tu sais bien que tu
mens ! Quand bien même elle serait tombée aux mains de vingt
bandits, aucun d’eux n’aurait osé la violer. — »
Zerbin lui demande où et quand elle l’a vue ; mais c’est en vain ;
la vieille obstinée ne veut pas ajouter une parole à ce qu’elle a déjà
dit. D’abord Zerbin lui parle avec douceur, puis il la menace de lui
couper la gorge. Mais, menaces et prières, tout est vain ; il ne peut
faire parler l’infâme sorcière.
Enfin Zerbin laisse reposer sa langue, puisqu’il lui sert peu de
parler. Ce qu’elle lui a dit lui a tellement rempli le cœur de jalousie,
que, pour retrouver Isabelle ou seulement pour la voir, il aurait
traversé le feu. Mais il ne peut aller plus vite qu’il ne plaît à la vieille,
car il l’a promis à Marphise.
Aussi, elle conduit Zerbin où il lui plaît, à travers des chemins
solitaires et étranges. Mais tout en gravissant les montagnes ou en
descendant les vallées, ils ne se regardent jamais en face, ils ne se
disent pas un mot. Un jour, comme le soleil dans sa course venait de
dépasser le Zénith, leur silence fut rompu par un chevalier qu’ils
rencontrèrent sur leur chemin. Ce qui s’ensuivit est raconté dans
l’autre chant.
CHANT XXI.