Diplomacy Arabic

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Diplomacy Arabic

Elisabeth Kendall &

Yehia A. Mohamed

Georgetown University Press /

Washington, DC
© 2020 Elisabeth Kendall and Yehia A. Mohamed

First published in the United Kingdom by Edinburgh

University Press.

ISBN 978-1-62616-761-2 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-62616-762-9 (ebook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019952381

∞ This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the

requirements of the American National Standard for
Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.

21 20 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 First printing
CONTENTS

User Guide vii

Introduction 1

1. General 5

2. Concepts & Practices 11

3. Diplomatic Service & Protocol 21

4. Organisations 27

5. Elections & Government 37

6. Negotiations 47

7. Treaties & Agreements 57

8. Conflict Resolution & Defence 63

9. Civil Society & Human Rights 79

10. Globalisation & Economic Development 83

Index 87
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USER GUIDE

To enhance your ability to recall the vocabulary and

to pronounce it correctly, this book is accompanied
by audio recordings of the entire contents of each
chapter, recorded in both English and Arabic. The
audio recordings can be downloaded from our web-
site and listened to with any MP3-compatible device.
To access the audio files, please visit the Diplomacy
Arabic book page at: press.georgetown.edu.

Audio recordings
Main features
 Each Arabic term is recorded with authentic
native pronunciation at normal speed.
 Each Arabic term is preceded by its equivalent in
English.
 Each chapter is recorded as a single MP3 track
(the track numbers correspond to the chapter
numbers, e.g. Track 01 = Chapter 1).
 The audio files can be played on any MP3-
compatible device, enabling you to study on the
move.

Tips
 Make sure that you engage actively with the
audio recordings by repeating each Arabic term
during the pause.
 Pause the recording and challenge yourself to
produce the Arabic word before it is announced.
This page intentionally left blank
INTRODUCTION

Diplomacy in and on the Arabic-speaking world is

now more urgent than ever, following an upsurge in
conflict over the past decade. This book aims to
provide not only diplomats and others in the
diplomatic corps, but also students of international
relations and diplomacy with an up-to-date list of the
most common terminology and expressions
required to communicate and succeed in the field. It
does not claim to be exhaustive. Rather, it provides
a ‘quick-fix’ of diplomacy-related vocabulary that
includes many recent expressions not found in
standard Arabic dictionaries. It contains the key
terms essential to anyone seeking to practise, follow
or analyse diplomatic efforts between Arabic and
English.
The book has ten thematically organised
chapters: General; Concepts & Practices;
Diplomatic Service & Protocol; Organisations;
Elections & Government; Negotiations; Treaties &
Agreements; Conflict Resolution & Defence; Civil
Society & Human Rights; and Globalisation &
Economic Development. Each chapter is internally
ordered according to semantic field. For example,
the chapter on ‘Negotiations’ includes sections on
types of negotiations, the players involved in
negotiations, and the process of negotiating. The
book also includes an alphabetised English index
to help readers locate relevant vocabulary with
ease.
2 ● INTRODUCTION

The vocabulary is derived primarily from

authentic materials in the field of diplomacy and
international relations. The terms were then cross-
checked for frequency using ArabiCorpus, a
creation of Dilworth Parkinson, Professor of Arabic
at Brigham Young University, and by using
‘advanced search’ options in Arabic on internet
search engines.
The book can be utilised by readers as either a
comprehensive vocabulary reference guide or an
active study tool to develop their discipline-specific
vocabulary. Readers can choose to work through the
whole book or to focus only on the topics closest to
their specific needs.
Repetition has for the most part been avoided.
Occasionally, however, the same term appears more
than once in the book, where it was deemed germane
to more than one chapter.

Notes on the formal presentation

The Arabic is vocalised to ensure correct
pronunciation and entrench in the mind the
vocalisation patterns of certain structures. However,
short vowels are not supplied where
 a fatha precedes a long alif or a ta’ marbuta
 a kasra precedes a long ya
 a damma precedes a long waw
End vowels have not been supplied.
Except in compound expressions, most definite
articles have been omitted for purposes of simplicity.
 INTRODUCTION ● 3

However, note that definite articles are required in

Arabic in many instances where they are omitted in
English (e.g. generic nouns).
In general, Arabic nouns are supplied in both the
singular and plural; the plural is printed after the
comma. For masculine and feminine sound plurals,
the stem word is not repeated; only the plural suffix
is noted after a dash.

First form verbs

These have been supplied in the form of the basic
stem (past tense masculine singular) followed by the
present tense (masculine singular with the middle
vowel marked) and the masdar (verbal noun). The
middle vowel of the past tense has only been
supplied where this is not a fatha. Where two short
vowels are marked with the same letter, this
indicates that both are possible.

Derived forms of the verb

These have been supplied only in the form of the
basic stem (past tense masculine singular), since
present tense vocalisation and masdars are
predictable for derived forms of the verb. The
present tense and masdars have been supplied only
where the spelling of the verb changes significantly
(for example, the present tense of second form first
radical hamza verbs), where a separate vocabulary
item is intended, or where the word is commonly
misvocalised.
This page intentionally left blank
1. GENERAL

‫ ال ِّدّبْلوماسيّة \ َمجال‬diplomacy
‫ال ِّدّبْلوماسيّة‬
‫ي‬ّ ‫ ِّدبْلوماس‬diplomat/diplomatic
ّ ‫س ِّْلك الدِّّبلوماس‬
‫ي‬ ّ ‫ ال‬the diplomatic corps
‫ ال َهيْئة ال ِّدّبْلوماسيّة‬the diplomatic service

ُ ُ ‫بروتُوكول (األ‬
‫صول‬ ُ protocol
‫واألَعْراف‬
)‫ال ِّدّبْلوماسيّة‬
ّ‫ َعالقات ِّدبْلوماسيّة‬diplomatic relations/ties

‫ ُجهود ِّدبْلوما ِّسيّة‬diplomatic efforts

‫ َحصانة ِّدبْلوماسيّة‬diplomatic immunity

ّ ‫ ت َْم ِّثيْل ِّدبْلوما ِّس‬diplomatic representation

‫ي‬

َ ‫ ُمرا‬correspondence
‫سالت‬
‫ اِّ ْعتِّماد‬accreditation
‫سفَراء‬ َ ambassador
ُ ،‫س ِّفير‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ ِّسفارة‬embassy

ُ ‫ قُ ْن‬consul
ِّ َ‫ ق‬،‫صل‬
‫ناصلة‬

ُ ‫ قُ ْن‬consulate
‫ات‬- ،‫صليّة‬
6 ● GENERAL

‫ ون‬- ،‫ َم ْندوب‬delegate
‫ العَالقات الدّ َو ِّليّة‬international relations (IR)
ُّ ‫ ال‬international/foreign affairs
‫شؤُون الدّ َو ِّليّة‬
‫ السّياسة الدّ َو ِّليّة‬international/global policy
‫الخارجيّة‬
ِّ ‫ السّياسة‬foreign policy

ّ ‫ ال ُمجْ ت َمع الدّ َو ِّل‬the international

‫ي‬
community

َّ ‫ على ال‬at the international level

ّ ‫ص ِّعيد الدّ َول‬
‫ي‬

َ ‫ ُم َؤسَّسات‬international institutions
‫دو ِّليّة‬
\‫ي‬ّ ‫ النِّّظام العالَم‬the international order
ّ ‫الدّ َول‬
‫ي‬
ّ ‫ القانون الدّ َول‬international law
‫ي‬
‫ي‬
ّ ‫دول‬ ُ ‫ ت‬international
َ ‫َعاون‬
cooperation/collaboration

‫ َمواقِّف‬،‫ي‬ َ ‫ َم ْوقِّف‬international position

ّ ‫دول‬
‫دو ِّليّة‬
َ
‫دوليّة‬
َ ‫ات‬- ،‫ي‬ َ ‫ قَرار‬international resolution
ّ ‫دول‬
َ ‫ َمساع‬international endeavours
‫دوليّة‬
‫ َمبادِّئ‬،‫ َمبْدأ‬principle/doctrine
‫ َمبْدأ مونرو‬Monroe Doctrine
 GENERAL ● 7

‫الخار ِّجيّة‬
ِّ ‫ ِّوزارة‬State Department
ُ ‫ ِّوزارة ال‬Ministry of Foreign Affairs
‫شؤُون‬
‫الخار ِّجيّة‬
ِّ
‫ات‬- ،‫صراع‬ ِّ conflict
‫ات‬- ،‫ نِّزاع‬dispute
ُ ُ‫ ن‬outbreak of war
‫شوب \ اِّ ْندِّالع ال َحرب‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ ت ََوتُّر‬tension
‫ اِّ ْستِّ ْعمار‬colonisation
‫ اِّ ْس ِّت ْعماريّة‬colonialism
‫ اِّحْ ِّتالل‬occupation
‫ ِّحصار‬blockade/embargo

ُ international sanctions
َ ‫عقُ َوبات‬
‫دوليّة‬
‫ي‬ َ ‫ تَحْ ِّكيم‬international arbitration
ّ ‫دول‬
‫ ت َْط ِّبيع‬naturalisation/normalisation
‫ ُهدْنة‬truce
‫الجئُون‬
ِّ ،‫الجئ‬
ِّ refugee

ّ ‫ لُ ُجوء ِّسياس‬political asylum

‫ي‬

َ ‫ ت‬to negotiate
‫َفاوض‬
8 ● GENERAL

َ ‫ ُم‬negotiations
‫فاوضات‬
‫ ُمبا َحثات‬discussions
‫ ُمحادَثات‬talks
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمؤْ ت َ َمر‬conference
‫ َجلَسات‬،‫ َج ْلسة‬panel

َ ‫ اِّ ْستِّشارة \ ُم‬consultation

\ ‫شاورة‬
‫ات‬- ،‫َشاور‬
ُ ‫ت‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمعاهَدة‬treaty
‫ ُمعاهدة السَّالم‬peace treaty
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِّ ِّت ّفاق \ اِّ ِّتّفا ِّقيّة‬agreement/convention

ُ ،‫ َع ْقد‬contract
‫عقُود‬
‫ َمواثيق‬،‫ ِّميثاق‬charter/pact/compact
‫ ِّميثاق األ ُ َمم ال ُمتَّ ِّحدة‬UN Charter
‫ َوثائِّق‬،‫ َوثِّيْقة‬document/instrument
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمذَ ِّ ّكرة‬memorandum
‫ات‬- ،‫ بَيان‬announcement

ْ َ ‫ ت‬statement
‫ات‬- ،‫ص ِّريح‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ إَعْالن‬declaration
 GENERAL ● 9

‫ات‬- ،‫ اِّ ْقتِّراح‬motion

‫ات‬- ،‫ َهيْئة‬body/entity
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُم َؤسَّسة‬institution
َّ َ‫ ُمن‬organisation
‫ات‬- ،‫ظمة‬
‫ ِّح ْلف \ تَحالُف‬alliance
‫ات‬- ،‫ َمقَ ّر‬headquarters/premises
‫ َمقَ ّر دائِّم‬permanent headquarters

ّ ِّ‫ العالَم العَ َرب‬the Arab world

‫ي‬
‫ األ ُ ّمة ال َع َر ِّبيّة‬the Arab community/nation
‫ي‬ ِّ ‫ العالَم‬the Islamic world
ّ ‫اإلسْالم‬
‫ْالميّة‬ ِّ ‫ األ ُ ّمة‬the Islamic
ِّ ‫اإلس‬
community/ummah

َ ‫ش ْرق األ َ ْو‬

‫سط‬ َّ ‫ ال‬the Middle East

َ \ ‫ القَ ْو ِّميّة‬nationalism
َ ‫الو‬
‫ط ِّنيّة‬

َ ‫ ُحدُود‬international
‫دو ِّليّة‬
boundaries/borders

‫صاحب \ صا ِّحبة‬ِّ His/Her Excellency (HE)

‫الفخامة‬ َ
‫صاحب \ صا ِّحبة‬ ِّ His/Her Majesty (HM)
‫ال َجاللة‬
10 ● GENERAL

‫صاحب \ صا ِّحبة‬ ِّ His/Her Royal Highness

ّ ‫س ُمو ال َملَك‬
‫ي‬ ُ ‫ال‬ (HRH)

‫س ُمو األ َ ِّمير \ األ َ ِّميرة‬

ُ His/Her Highness
Prince/Princess

‫س ِّفيرة‬
ّ ‫س ِّفير \ ال‬ َ His/Her Excellency
َّ ‫سعادة ال‬
Ambassador (HE
Ambassador)
2. CONCEPTS & PRACTICES

‫ش ْعبيّة‬ َ populism
َ \ ‫ش ْعبَويّة‬
‫ ِليبْرا ِليّة‬liberalism
‫ ِليبْرا ِليّة َجدِيدة‬neo-liberalism
‫ ُمحافَظة‬conservatism
‫ ُمحافَظة َجديدة‬neo-conservativism
(neo-con)

‫ اِ ْشتِراكيّة‬socialism
ُ totalitarianism
‫شموليّة‬
ُ communism
‫شيوعيّة‬
‫ مار ِكسيّة‬Marxism
‫ َرأْسْماليّة‬capitalism
‫ اِ ْن ِفصاليّة‬separatism
‫ اِ ْن ِعزاليّة‬isolationism
‫ قَبَليّة‬tribalism
‫ َمذْهَبيّة \ طائِفيّة‬sectarianism
‫ فِئَويّة‬factionalism
َ َ‫ ت‬extremism
‫ط ُّرف‬
12 ● CONCEPTS & PRACTICES

‫ نازيّة َجديدة‬neo-Nazism
‫ ُمعاداة الساميّة‬anti-semitism
‫ص ْهيونيّة‬
َ Zionism

‫ أُصوليّة‬fundamentalism
‫ نُ ْخبَويّة‬elitism

ُ racism
ُ ‫ع ْن‬
‫صريّة‬
‫ تَعَدُّديّة‬pluralism
‫ اِ ْنتِهازيّة‬opportunism
‫ واقِ ِعيّة‬realism
‫ َع ْقال ِنيّة‬rationalism
‫ ما َب ْعد ال َحداثة‬postmodernism
‫ يوتوبيّة \ ِمثا ِليّة‬utopianism
‫ َم ْكيافيليّة‬Machiavellianism
‫ تَدَ ُّرج‬incrementalism
‫ دُسْتوريّة‬constitutionalism
‫ َملَكيّة‬monarchism
‫ َملَكيّة دُسْتوريّة‬constitutional
monarchy
 CONCEPTS & PRACTICES ● 13

ّ ‫ ُح ْكم ذات‬self-rule/autonomy
‫ي‬

ّ ‫ ُح ْكم ال َم ْركَز‬decentralised rule

‫ي‬
ْ ‫س ْلطة ُم‬
‫طلَقة‬ ُ absolute power
‫ ِسيادة‬sovereignty
َ َ‫ ن‬theory of international
‫ظ ِريّة ّالدّ َو ِليّة‬
politics

َ َ‫ ن‬English School of
‫ظ ِريّة ال َمد َْرسة‬
ْ
‫اإلنج ِليزيّة في‬ ِ international relations
‫العَالقات الدّ َو ِليّة‬ theory

‫ي‬
ّ ‫الرئيس‬
َّ ‫الوكيل‬ َ ‫ظريّة‬ َ َ‫ ن‬principal-agent theory
‫( َبين ال ُم َو ِ ّكل‬
)‫والوكيل‬ َ
‫ َردّ فِ ْعل‬- ‫ فِ ْعل‬action-reaction
‫ بُ ْنية‬- ‫ عاِمل‬agent-structure
‫ظ ِريّة األ َ ْلعاب‬
َ َ‫ ن‬game theory

‫ َه ْي َمنة‬hegemony
‫ظ ِريّة ا ِال ْستِ ْقرار‬َ َ‫ ن‬hegemonic stability theory
‫ال ُم َهي ِْمن‬

‫قارب‬ َ َ‫ ن‬convergence theory

ُ َّ ‫ظ ِريّة الت‬
ْ ْ
‫(ا ِاللتِقاء ِع ْندَ نُقطة‬
)‫واحدة‬
ِ
14 ● CONCEPTS & PRACTICES

ِ ‫ تحْ ِليل إلَى َع‬factor analysis

‫وامل‬
‫ نَ ُموذَج \ ِمثال \ َن َمط‬paradigm

ّ ‫ َوضْع ال‬policymaking
‫سِياسات‬
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ت َ ْق ِلي ِديّة‬traditional diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة َعلَنِيّة‬public diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ثُنائِيّة‬bilateral diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ُمتَعَدِّدة‬multilateral diplomacy
‫طراف‬ ْ َ ‫األ‬
َ ‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة‬popular diplomacy
‫ش ْع ِبيّة‬
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة هادِئة‬quiet diplomacy
‫صارمة‬
ِ ‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة‬firm diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة نَشِطة‬active diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ال ِق ّمة‬summit diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ال ُمؤْ تَ َمرات‬conference diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ُمتَ َج ّ ِولة‬ambulatory diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة َم ّكوكيّة‬shuttle diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ِس ّريّة‬secret diplomacy
‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة تَراب ُِطيّة‬associative diplomacy
 CONCEPTS & PRACTICES ● 15

‫ ِدبْلوماسيّة ِوقائيّة‬preventive diplomacy

ِ ‫يرو ْق‬
‫راطيّة‬ ُ ِ‫ سياسة ب‬bureaucratic politics
‫ سياسة ع ُْليا‬high politics
‫ سياسة االِحْ تِواء‬containment policy
‫سِك بالقانون‬ ّ ‫ ُمتَ َم‬legalistic-moralistic
‫واأل َ ْخالق‬
َ ‫ ُم‬constructive engagement
‫شاركة إِيْجابِيّة‬
‫ ال َحدّ من األضْرار‬damage limitation
‫س ِْلم‬ ِ ‫ َم‬zones of peace
ّ ‫ناطق ال‬
‫ْطرابات‬
ِ ‫االض‬ ِ ‫ َم‬zones of turmoil
ِ ‫ناطق‬
‫ ت َرابُط ُم َعقَّد‬complex
interdependence

‫تَسا ِوي الد َُّول‬ equality of states

‫ ِوصاية‬trusteeship

ُ ‫ ت‬rapprochement
‫َقارب‬
‫ ت َْطبيع‬normalisation

ِ ‫ ال َحصانة‬extraterritoriality
‫خارج ُحدُود‬
‫اإل ْق ِليم‬
ِ
‫ ِسيادة‬sovereignty
16 ● CONCEPTS & PRACTICES

‫ ش َْر ِعيّة‬legitimacy
‫ ِحيا ِديّة‬neutralism
‫ َوساطة‬mediation
‫ تَبادُل‬reciprocity
‫ اِ ْعتِراف‬recognition
‫س ِْلم‬
ّ ‫ ِح ْفظ ال‬peacekeeping
‫ ِحماية ال َمصا ِلح‬protection of interests
‫الراهِن‬
ّ ‫الوضْع‬
َ the status quo

‫ ال شَيء دُونَ ُمقابِل‬nothing for nothing

ُ ‫ ت‬balance of power
‫َوازن القُ ّوة‬
‫ َمبْدأ التَّ َب ِعيّة \ َمبْدأ‬subsidiarity principle
‫ت َ ْف ِريع الس ُّْلطة‬
‫ اِ ْستِ ْقطاب‬polarisation
‫ إِعْالن َمبادِئ‬declaration of
principles

‫ قَنَوات ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic channels

ُ diplomatic methods
‫ط ُرق ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬
‫ي‬ ْ ‫ َم‬diplomatic source
ّ ‫صدَر ِدبْلوما ِس‬
 CONCEPTS & PRACTICES ● 17

ِ observer status
‫صفة ال ُمراقِب‬
‫ دَوائِر ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic circles
‫ َروابِط ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic connections
‫ قِ ْسم ِرعاية ال َمصا ِلح‬interests section

ِ ‫ دَ ْولة ُم‬host nation

‫ضيفة‬
‫ اِ ِت ّفاق ال َمقَ ّر‬headquarters agreement

ِ ‫ د ّْولة‬buffer state
‫حاجزة‬

ّ ‫ نِظام عالَم‬new world order

‫ي َجديد‬
‫ ُح ُكومة عالَ ِميّة‬world government
ْ ُ‫ ِنظام أُحادِي الق‬unipolarity
‫طب‬
‫ َعالقات ثُنا ِئيّة‬bilateralism
‫فاوضات َحول‬ َ ‫(ال ُم‬
‫الخار ِجيّة‬
ِ ‫ّياسة‬ ‫الس‬
َ
)‫بين ط َرفَين‬

‫ ثُنا ِئيّة ال َمحا ِور‬bipolar

‫ي‬ ّ ‫ القانُون الدّ َو ِل‬customary international law
ّ ِ‫ي العُ ْرف‬
ّ ‫ ع ُْرف ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic norm
‫ي‬
‫ إِقامة َعالقات‬establishment of diplomatic
‫ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬ relations
18 ● CONCEPTS & PRACTICES

‫ أَ ْوراق ا ِال ْعتِماد‬credentials

‫ ِخطاب ا ِال ْعتِماد‬letter of credentials

ُّ ‫ تَبادُل ال‬exchange of ambassadors

‫سفَراء‬
‫ اِستِئْناف ال َعالقات‬resumption of diplomatic
‫ال ِدّبْلوماسيّة‬ relations

َّ ‫ اِستِدْعاء ال‬recalling the ambassador

‫س ِفير‬

َّ ‫ اِستِدْعاء ال‬consultation
‫س ِفير‬
ُ ّ ‫للت‬
‫شاور‬
‫ َخ ْفض ُم ْست ََوى التَّ ْمثيل‬lowering diplomatic
‫ي‬ ّ ‫ال ِدّبْلوماس‬ representation

‫ َر ْفع ُم ْست ََوى الت َّ ْمثيل‬upgrading diplomatic

ّ ‫ال ِدّبْلوماس‬
‫ي‬ representation

‫ تَجْ ِميد ال َعالقات‬freezing diplomatic

‫ال ِدّبْلوماسيّة‬ relations

‫طع ال َعالقات‬ ْ َ‫ ق‬severing diplomatic

‫ال ِدّبْلوماسيّة‬ relations

‫ ُو ُجوب ُمغادَرة البِالد‬obligation to leave the

‫واحد‬
ِ ‫ِخالل يَ ْوم‬ country within a day

‫بالمثْل‬
ِ ‫ ُمعا َملة‬reciprocity
‫ َمساعٍ ِدب‬diplomatic demarches
‫ْلوماسيّة‬
ِ
‫ َمساعٍ َح ِميدة‬good offices
 CONCEPTS & PRACTICES ● 19

‫ ُجهود ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic efforts

ِ ‫ ُحسْن‬bon voisinage/good
‫الجوار‬
neighbourliness

ّ ‫ اِ ْعتِراف ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic recognition

‫ي‬

ّ ‫ ت َ ْم ِثيل ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic representation

‫ي‬
‫ اِ ِتّصاالت ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic contacts

ّ ‫ َوضْع ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic status

‫ي‬
ُ ‫ ُخ‬diplomatic steps
‫طوات ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬

ّ ‫ تأ ْيِيد ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic support

‫ي‬

ّ ‫ تَ َح ُّرك ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic move

‫ي‬

ّ ‫ نَشاط ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic action

‫ي‬
‫ َح ْملة ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic campaign

ّ ‫ َردّ ِدبْلوما ِس‬diplomatic response

‫ي‬
‫ي‬
ّ ‫ص ْمت ِدبْلوما ِس‬
َ diplomatic silence

‫ أ َ ْزمة ِدبْلوما ِسيّة‬diplomatic crisis

This page intentionally left blank
3. DIPLOMATIC SERVICE &
PROTOCOL

ِّ ‫ الس ِّْلك‬diplomatic corps

‫الدبْلوماسي‬
‫ظفُو الس ِّْلك‬
َّ ‫ ُم َو‬diplomatic staff
‫الدبْلوماسي‬ ِّ
‫ َرئِّيس البَ ْعثة‬head of mission
‫الدبْلوماسية‬ ِّ
‫ َع ِّميْد الس ِّْلك‬dean of the diplomatic
‫الدبْلوماسي‬ ِّ corps

‫صيات‬ َّ ‫ ِّكبار ال‬dignitaries

ِّ ‫ش ْخ‬
ْ َ‫وال َمسْؤو ِّلين أ‬
‫صحاب‬
‫الرفِّيْع‬
َّ ‫ال َمقام‬
‫سفَراء‬ َ ambassador
ُ ،‫س ِّفير‬
‫ تَ ْع ِّيين‬appointment

َ accredited
‫س ِّفير ُم ْعتَ َمد‬
ambassador

ِّ ‫ تَ ْقديم ْأوراق‬presentation of
‫اال ْعتِّماد‬
credentials

ُّ ‫ على ُم ْست ََوى ال‬at ambassador

‫سفَراء‬
level

‫َم ْندُوب فَ ْوق العادة‬ envoy extraordinary/

special envoy
22 ● DIPLOMATIC SERVICE & PROTOCOL

‫حامل ال َح ِّقيبة‬ِّ diplomatic courier

‫الدبْلوماسية‬ ِّ
‫ القا ِّئم ال ُم َؤقَّت ِّبأَعْمال‬chargé d’affaires ad
‫السفارة‬ِّ interim

‫ ِّسفارة‬embassy
‫ َمقَر السِّفارة‬embassy premises

َّ ‫ َمقَر إِّقامة ال‬ambassador’s residence

\ ‫س ِّفير‬
‫س ِّفير‬ َّ ‫َم ْن ِّزل ال‬
‫ ُمتَ َح ِّدث ِّباسْم السِّفارة‬embassy spokesman
‫ ُم ْست َشار السِّفارة‬embassy chancellor
‫ ِّس ْك ِّرتير أ َ َّول‬first secretary

ُ ‫ القُن‬consulate
‫صلية‬

ُ ‫ َم ْكتَب قُ ْن‬consular office

‫صلي‬

ُ ‫ الس ِّْلك القُ ْن‬consular service

‫صلي‬

ُ ‫ َع ِّميْد الس ِّْلك القُ ْن‬dean of the consular

‫صلي‬
corps

ُ ‫ قُ ْن‬consul
‫صل‬

ُ ‫ نائِّب القُ ْن‬vice-consul

‫صل‬
َّ ‫مو‬
ُ ‫ظف قُ ْن‬
‫صلي‬ َ consular
officer
 DIPLOMATIC SERVICE & PROTOCOL ● 23

‫ ُم ْل َحق ثَقافِّي‬cultural attaché

‫ ُم ْل َحق َع ْسك َِّري‬military attaché

ِّ ِّ‫ ُم ْل َحق ت‬commercial attaché

‫جاري‬
‫ض َّم إلى الس ِّْلك‬ َ ‫ اِّ ْن‬to join the diplomatic
‫الدبْلوماسي‬ ِّ corps

ِّ ‫ دَ َخ َل ال َهيْئة‬to enter the diplomatic

‫الدبْلوماسية‬
service

‫ إِّعْفاء‬exemption
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِّ ْم ِّتياز‬privilege
‫ات‬- ،‫ َحصانة‬immunity
‫ برتوكول‬protocol
‫ َمرا ِّسم‬ceremony/protocol
\ ‫ ُمدِّير ال َمرا ِّسم‬chief of protocol
‫التَّ ْش ِّريفات‬

ُ ُ ‫ أَعْراف وأ‬diplomatic etiquette

‫صول‬
‫ِّدبْلوما ِّسية‬

ُ ‫ ِّإجْ راءات‬protocol
‫بروتُو ُكو ِّلية‬
procedures

‫ ت َْرتِّيبات‬arrangements
‫ اِّ ْستِّ ْعدادات‬preparations
24 ● DIPLOMATIC SERVICE & PROTOCOL

‫ ِّزيارة َرس ِّْمية‬state visit

‫ بَ ْرنا َمج ِّزيارة َرس ِّْمية‬the agenda for a state visit

ُ ‫ اِّ ْستِّ ْقبال‬welcoming delegates

‫الوفُود‬

ُّ ‫ اِّ ْستِّ ْقبال ال‬welcoming new

‫سفَراء ال ُجدُد‬
ambassadors

‫ َجواز ِّدبْلوما ِّسي‬diplomatic passport

‫ قَوا ِّعد ال ُمجا َملة‬courtesy
‫سلُوك‬
ُّ ‫ ُح ْسن ال‬good conduct
‫ أ َ ْسبَقية‬precedence
‫ تَراتُبِّية‬hierarchy
‫ أَ ْلقاب‬،‫ لَقَب‬title
‫ فَخامة‬Excellency (president)
‫ َمعا ِّلي \ َسعادة‬Excellency (ambassador or
cabinet minister)

‫ ِّسيادِّة‬Excellency

َ \ ‫ فَضيلة‬Eminence (Muslim cleric)

‫سماحة‬
‫ ِّغبْطة \ قَداسة‬Beatitude/Holiness
(Christian cleric)

‫ ال ُمحْ ت ََرم‬Honourable
 DIPLOMATIC SERVICE & PROTOCOL ● 25

‫ َهيْبة \ اِّ ْعتِّبار‬prestige

َ ‫ صيغة ال ُمخا‬form of address
‫طبة‬

ِّ ‫ قَوا ِّعد‬dress code

‫اللباس‬
‫ دَعْوة ِّدبْلوما ِّسية‬diplomatic invitation
‫سبات‬ َ ‫ ُحضُور ال ُمنا‬attending events and
ِّ ‫و َحفَالت‬
‫اال ْس ِّتقبال‬ receptions

‫ تَرتِّيب ال ُجلُوس إلى‬planning table seating

‫الطا ِّولة‬
‫ َمرا ِّسم ا ِّال ْستِّقبال‬receiving line
‫ آداب المائِّدة‬table manners
‫ قَدَّم النَّ ْخب‬to give the toast
‫ لُغة ِّدبْلوما ِّسية‬diplomatic language
‫ َمهارات ِّدب‬diplomatic skills
‫ْلوماسية‬
ِّ
This page intentionally left blank
4. ORGANISATIONS

َّ َ‫ ُمن‬organisation
‫ات‬- ،‫ظمة‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ َهيْئة‬body/entity
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُم َؤسَّسة‬institution
‫ات‬- ،‫ ِكيان‬entity
‫ َروابِط‬،‫ رابِطة‬association/league
‫ات‬- ،‫ َجماعة‬group/community
‫ات‬- ،‫ َمجْ ُموعة‬group
‫ات‬- ،‫ َج ْم ِعيّة‬assembly/society
‫ات‬- ،‫ تَ َج ُّمع‬gathering/assembly/caucus
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمجْ تَمع‬society
‫ات‬- ،‫ َح َركة‬movement
‫ات‬- ،‫ تَيّار‬current
‫ ُم ْنتدَيات‬،‫ ُم ْنت َدى‬forum
‫ أجْ ِهزة‬،‫ ِجهاز‬organ
‫ات‬- ،‫ َوكالة‬agency
‫ َمعاهِد‬،‫ َم ْع َهد‬institute
28 ● ORGANISATIONS

‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمفَ َّوضيّة‬commission/office/legation

‫ ِس ْلك \ َهيْئة‬corps
‫ أَحْ الف‬،‫ ِح ْلف‬alliance/pact
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِ ِت ّحاد‬union/federation
‫ات‬- ،‫ تَحالُف‬alliance/coalition
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِئْتِالف‬coalition/consortium
‫ ُكت َل‬،‫ ُكتْلة‬bloc
‫ َمحا ِور‬،‫ ِمحْ َور‬axis
‫ات‬- ،‫ ِنقابة‬syndicate/union
‫ َمجا ِلس‬،‫ َمجْ ِلس‬council
‫ ِلجان‬،‫ لَجْ نة‬commission

ِ ‫ َب‬،‫ َب ْرنا َمج‬programme

‫رامج‬
‫ َمشاريع‬،‫ َم ْش ُروع‬project
‫ هَيا ِكل‬،‫ َه ْيكَل‬structure
ّ ‫ ُخ‬scheme/plan
َ ‫ ُخ‬،‫طة‬
‫طط‬

َ ،‫ص ْندُوق‬
‫صناديق‬ ُ fund

‫ظمة األ ُ َمم ال ُمت َّ ِحدة‬

َّ َ‫ ُمن‬United Nations
Organization (UN)
 ORGANISATIONS ● 29

‫ ال َج ْم ِعيّة العا ّمة‬General Assembly

‫ َمجْ ِلس األ َ ْمن‬Security Council

ّ ‫ ال َمجْ ِلس ِال ْقتِصاد‬Economic and Social

‫ي‬
‫ي‬
ّ ‫والجْ تِماع‬
ِ Council

‫ َمجْ ِلس ال ِوصاية‬Trusteeship Council

‫ َمحْ كَمة ال َعدْل الدّ َو ِليّة‬International Court of Justice
(ICJ)

‫ األَمانة العا ّمة‬Secretariat

‫ األ َ ِمين العا ّم‬Secretary-General
‫ص ْند ُُوق األ ُ َمم‬ ُ United Nations fund
‫ال ُمت َّ ِحدة‬
‫ص ْند ُوق النقد الدّ َو ِلي‬ ُ International Monetary Fund
(IMF)

‫ البَ ْنك الدّ َو ِلي‬World Bank

ِ ‫ البَ ْنك الدّ َو ِلي ل‬International Bank for

‫إل ْنشاء‬
‫والت َّ ْع ِمير‬ Reconstruction and
Development

‫ص ْند ُوق األ ُ َمم‬

ُ United Nations Children’s
ُّ
‫ال ُمتَّ ِحدة للطفولة‬ Fund (UNICEF)
)‫(اليونيسيف‬
‫ َب ْرنا َمج األ ُ َمم ال ُمتَّ ِحدة‬United Nations Development
‫للت َّ ْنمية‬ Programme (UNDP)
30 ● ORGANISATIONS

‫ بَ ْرنا َمج األ ُ َمم ال ُمتَّ ِحدة‬United Nations Environment

‫ِل ْل ِبيئة‬ Programme (UNEP)

‫ ال َهيْئة ال ُح ُكوميّة‬Intergovernmental Panel on

‫الد َّْو ِليّة ال َم ْعنِيّة‬ Climate Change (IPCC)
‫ِبت َ َغيُّر ال َمناخ‬

‫ظمة األغذية‬ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬Food and Agriculture

ُ َّ
‫والزراعة لأل َمم‬ Organization (FAO)
)‫ال ُمتَّ ِحدة (الفاو‬

‫ بَ ْرنا َمج األ َ ْغذِية‬World Food Programme

ّ ‫العالَم‬
‫ي‬ (WFP)

ّ ‫ص ْند ُوق الدّ َو ِل‬

‫ي‬ ُ ‫ ال‬International Fund for
‫الزراعيّة‬ ّ ِ ‫ِل ْلتَ ْن ِمية‬ Agricultural Development
)‫(إيفاد‬ (IFAD)

‫صحة‬
ّ ِ ‫ظمة ال‬ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬World Health Organization
َ
‫العالميّة‬ (WHO)
َّ ‫ ُمن‬International Labour
‫َظمة العَ َمل الدّ َو ِليّة‬
Organization (ILO)

‫ظمة التِّجارة‬َّ َ‫ ُمن‬World Trade Organization

َ
‫العالميّة‬ (WTO)

ُ International Chamber of
‫غ ْرفة ال ِت ّجارة الدّ َو ِليّة‬
Commerce (ICC)

‫ص ْند ُوق األ ُ َمم‬ ُ United Nations Population

‫س ّكان‬ُّ ‫ال ُمت َّ ِحدة لل‬ Fund (UNPF)
 ORGANISATIONS ● 31

‫ظمة األ ُ َمم ال ُمتَّ ِحدة‬َّ َ‫ ُمن‬UN Educational,

‫ِللتَّر ِبية والعُلُوم‬ Scientific and Cultural
‫والثقافة‬ Organization
)‫(اليونيسكو‬ (UNESCO)

‫ضية السّامية‬ ِ ‫ ال ُمفَ َّو‬UN Refugee Agency

‫لأل ُ َمم ال ُمت َِحدة‬ (UNHCR)
‫الالجئين‬
ِ ‫شؤُون‬ ُ ‫ل‬

‫ َوكالة األ ُ َمم ال ُمتَّ ِحدة‬United Nations Relief and

‫ِِلغاثة وت َش ِغيل‬ Works Agency for
‫الالجئين‬ِ Palestine Refugees
‫ال ِفلَسْطينيّين‬ (UNRWA)
)‫(األونروا‬

‫ اللَّجْ نة الدّ َو ِليّة‬International Committee

‫ص ِليب األَحْ مر‬ َ ‫لل‬ of the Red Cross
(ICRC)

‫ص ْند ُوق األ ُ َمم‬ُ United Nations

ِ ‫ال ُمت َّ ِحدة‬
ّ ِ‫اِل ْنمائ‬
‫ي‬ Development Fund for
ْ
‫ِلل َمرأة‬ Women (UNDFW)

‫ظمة الدّ َو ِليّة‬ َّ َ‫ ال ُمن‬International Organization

‫لل ِهجْ رة‬ for Migration (IOM)
َّ ‫ ُمن‬Amnesty International
‫َظمة العَفُو الدّ َو ِليّة‬
‫ضية األ ُ َمم‬ِ ‫ ُمفَ َّو‬United Nations High
‫ال ُمتَّ ِحدة السّامية‬ Commission for Human
‫اِل ْنسان‬ ُ
ِ ‫ل ُحقوق‬ Rights (UNHCR)
32 ● ORGANISATIONS

‫ َع َمليّات األ ُ َمم‬United Nations peacekeeping

‫ال ُمت َّ ِحدة ِل ِح ْفظ‬ operations
‫السَّالم‬

‫ قُ ّوات األ ُ َمم ال ُمتَّ ِحدة‬United Nations

‫ِل ِحفظ السَّالم‬ Peacekeeping Forces

‫ ال ِوكالة الدّ َو ِليّة‬International Atomic Energy

ّ ‫لل‬
‫طاقة الذَّ ِ ّريّة‬ Agency (IAEA)

‫ظر‬ ْ ‫ظمة َح‬ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬Organization for the

َ
‫األ ْس ِلحة ال ِكيْميائِيّة‬ Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW)

‫يرية‬ ِ ‫ض‬ ِ ْ‫ ال َّلجْ نة التَّح‬Preparatory Commission

‫ظمة ُمعاهَدة‬ َّ َ‫ل ُمن‬ for the Comprehensive
‫امل‬ ِ ‫ش‬ ّ ‫ظر ال‬ ْ ‫ال َح‬ Nuclear-Test-Ban
‫جارب النَّ َو ِويّة‬ ِ ‫للت‬ َّ Treaty Organization
(CTBTO)

ّ ‫ لَجْ نة ن َْزع ال‬Disarmament Commission

‫سِالح‬
‫ َمحْ كَمة ال َعدْل الدّ َو ِليّة‬International Court of Justice
(ICJ)

ِ ‫ ال َمحْ كَمة‬International Criminal Court

‫الجنائيّة‬
‫الدّ َو ِليّة‬ (ICC)

ّ ‫ لَجْ نة القانون الدّ َو ِل‬International Law

‫ي‬
Commission

ّ ‫ ا ِل ِت ّحاد األ ُ ُو ُروب‬European Union (EU)

‫ي‬
 ORGANISATIONS ● 33

ُ ُ ‫ َمجْ ِلس أ‬Council of Europe

‫وروبا‬
ْ َ ‫ ِح ْلف شَمال األ‬North Atlantic Treaty
ّ ‫طلَس‬
‫ي‬
)‫(الناتو‬ Organization (NATO)

‫ را ِبطة ال ِتّجارة ال ُح ّرة‬European Free Trade

‫األوروبيّة‬ Association (EFTA)

‫ال ِتّحاد من أَجْ ل‬ ِ Union for the Mediterranean

‫سط‬
ّ ِ ‫ال ُمت ََو‬ (UfM)

‫ د َُول ال ُكو ُمن ِو ْلث‬Commonwealth

‫ َمجْ ُموعة ال ِع ْش ِرين‬Group of 20 (G20)
‫ َمجْ ُموعة الد َُّول‬Group of Eight (G8)
‫صنا ِعيّة الثَّما ِنيّة‬
ّ ِ ‫ال‬
‫ َمجْ ُموعة الد َُّول‬Group of Seven (G7)
‫سبْعة‬
َّ ‫ال‬
‫ظمة الد َُّول‬َّ َ‫ ُمن‬Organization of the
‫صدِّرة ْلل َبتْ ُرول‬
َ ‫ال ُم‬ Petroleum Exporting
)‫(أوبك‬ Countries (OPEC)

‫ الب ُْلدان َغيْر‬non-OPEC countries

‫األَعْضاء في أوبك‬

‫جامعة الد َُّول ال َع َر ِبيّة‬

ِ League of Arab States (LAS)

ُ َّ‫ظمة الت‬
‫عاون‬ َّ َ‫ ُمن‬The Organization of Islamic
‫ي‬ّ ‫ْالم‬
ِ ‫اِلس‬
ِ Cooperation (OIC)
34 ● ORGANISATIONS

‫ْالميّة‬
ِ ‫اِلس‬ ِ ‫ظمة‬ َّ َ‫ ال ُمن‬The Islamic Educational,
‫ِللت َ ْر ِبيّة والعُلُوم‬ Scientific and Cultural
َّ
‫والثقافة‬ Organization (IESCCO)

ُ َّ ‫ َمجْ ِلس الت‬Gulf Cooperation Council

‫عاون ِلد َُول‬
\ ‫ال َخ ِليْج ال َع َر ِبي‬ (GCC)
‫عاون‬ َّ
ُ ‫َمجْ ِلس الت‬
ّ ‫ال َخ ِليْج‬
‫ي‬

‫ اِ ِتّحاد ال َم ْغ ِرب‬Arab Maghreb Union

‫ي‬
ّ ‫العَ َرب‬ (AMU)

ّ ‫اِل ْف ِريْق‬
‫ي‬ ِ ‫ال ِتّحاد‬
ِ African Union (AU)

ِ ‫ تَ َج ُّمع د َُول الس‬The Community of Sahelo-

‫ّاحل‬
‫والصَّحْ راء‬ Saharan States (CEN-SAD)

‫ الس ُّْوق ال ُم ْشت ََركة‬The Common Market for

‫ِلد َُول ش َْرق إ ْف ِريقيا‬ Eastern and Southern
‫ي‬ ْ
ّ ‫اِلف ِريق‬ ِ ‫وال َجنُوب‬ Africa (COMESA)
)‫(كوميسا‬

‫ ا ِل ِتّحاد النَّ ْقدِي لد َُول‬The Economic Community

‫غ َْرب إِ ْف ِريقيا‬ of West African States
(ECOWAS)

‫ را ِبطة َجنُوب آسْيا‬The South Asia Association

ّ ‫اِل ْق ِليم‬
‫ي‬ ُ َّ‫للت‬
ِ ‫عاون‬ for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC)

‫ رابِطة د َُول َجنُوب‬Association of Southeast

)‫ش َْرق آسْيا (أسيان‬ Asia Nations (ASEAN)
 ORGANISATIONS ● 35

‫ ُم ْنتَدَى ُج ُزر ال ُم ِحيْط‬Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)

‫الهادِئ‬

‫ َمجْ ُموعة د َُول أَ ْم ِريكا‬The Latin American and

‫ي‬
ّ ِ‫والكاريب‬
ِ ّ
‫الالتِينِيّة‬ Caribbean Group
(GRULAC)

‫وريات‬ ِ ‫ اِ ِت ّحاد ال ُج ْم ُه‬Soviet Union

ّ ِ \ ‫السُّو ْفيتيّة‬
‫ال ِتحاد‬
‫ي‬
ّ ‫السُّوفيت‬
‫ َح َر ِكة َعدَم ا ِل ْن ِحياز‬Non-Aligned Movement
(NAM)
This page intentionally left blank
5. ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT

‫ات‬- ،‫ اِ ْنتِخاب‬election
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات عا ّمة‬general elections
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات فيدراليّة‬federal elections
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات فَ ْرعيّة‬by-elections
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات ِرئاسيّة‬presidential elections
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات َم َحلّيّة‬local elections
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات التَجْ ديد‬mid-term elections
‫ي‬
ّ ‫صف‬
ْ ِ‫الن‬
‫ دَ ْورة ثانية‬run-off election (second
ِ ْ ‫ِل‬
‫ْل ْنتِخابات‬ round)

‫ اِ ْنتِخابات دَ ْورة‬run-off presidential election

‫الرئاسيّة‬
ّ ِ ‫صفية‬ ْ َّ ‫الت‬
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات ُمب ِ ّكرة‬early elections
‫ اِ ْنتِخابات ُح ّرة‬free and fair elections
‫ونَزيهة‬
ّ ‫ ت َْمثيل نِسْب‬proportional
‫ي‬
representation

ّ ‫ نِظام أ َ ْكثَر‬majority system

‫ي‬
‫ َع َمليّة اِ ْنتِخابيّة‬electoral process
38 ● ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT

‫ لَجْ نة اِ ْنتِخابيّة‬electoral commission

‫ َرقابة اِ ْنتِخابيّة‬election monitoring
‫ اِ ْستِ ْفتاء‬referendum
‫طْلع َرأْي‬
ْ ِ‫ اِ ْست‬opinion poll

‫الرأْي العا ّم‬

َ public opinion

‫ات‬- ،‫ اِ ْقتِراع‬ballot

ّ ‫ اِ ْقتِراع ِس ّر‬secret ballot

‫ي‬
‫ص ْندوق اِ ْقتِراع‬
ُ ballot box

‫ َم ْركَز اِ ْقتِراع‬polling station

‫ َح َمْلت‬،‫ َح ْملة‬campaign

ّ ‫ َبيان اِ ْن ِتخاب‬election manifesto

‫ي‬
َّ ‫ ُم َر‬candidate
‫ون‬- ،‫شح‬
َّ ‫ ُم َر‬independent candidate
ّ‫شح ُمسْت ِقل‬

‫ات‬- ،‫ ش َْخصيّة‬personality

ُ ،‫ صورة‬image
‫ص َور‬
ُ reputation
‫ش ْهرة‬
‫ اِ ْشتِهار‬notoriety
َ popularity
‫ش ْعبيّة‬
 ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT ● 39

َ ‫ تَرا ُجع في ال‬decline in popularity

‫ش ْعبيّة‬
‫ ْإلغاء الت َْرشيح‬de-selection
‫ الئِحة ِح ْزبيّة‬party list
‫ َوالء ِل‬loyalty to
‫الناخبون‬
ِ the electorate

‫س َّجلون في قَوائِم‬َ ‫ ُم‬registered voters

‫اال ْقتِراع‬
ِ
ِ ‫ ِس ِج ّل‬register of electors
‫الناخبين‬
‫الناخبين‬
ِ ‫ َغيْر‬non-voters

ّ ‫ اِ ْنتِخاب‬electoral
‫ي‬
‫ الئِحة اِ ْنتِخابيّة‬electoral roll
‫ دائِرة اِ ْنتِخابيّة‬constituency
‫ َمقا ِعد‬،‫ َم ْقعَد‬seat

ْ َ‫ أ‬،‫ص ْوت‬
‫صوات‬ َ vote

‫ات‬- ،‫ اِ ْنتِصار‬victory
‫ ِوالية ثانية‬second term
ْ ‫ أ َ ْغلَبيّة ُم‬absolute majority
‫طلَقة‬
‫ بَ ْر ِلمان ُمعَلَّق‬hung parliament
40 ● ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT

‫ ت َْزوير ا ِال ْنتِخابات‬election-rigging

‫ ت َْزوير الدَوائِر‬gerrymandering
َ transparency
‫شفّافيّة‬
‫ َعتَب \ أَعْتاب‬،‫ َعت َبة‬threshold

َ ‫ نِسْبة ال ُم‬turnout
‫شاركة‬

ْ َ ‫ فَ ْرز األ‬vote count

‫صوات‬

ْ َ ‫ إعادة فَ ْر ِز األ‬re-count
‫صوات‬
‫ دِعاية‬propaganda
‫ أَجْ َرى اِ ْنتِخابات‬to hold elections
‫ أَ َّجل اِ ْن ِتخابات‬to postpone elections
‫ أَ ْلغَى اِ ْن ِتخابات‬to cancel elections
‫ اِ ْنتَخَب‬to elect
‫ أَعاد ا ِال ْنتِخاب‬to re-elect
‫ص َّوت‬
َ to vote

‫ أَحْ َجم َعن‬to abstain from

‫ فاز يفوز فَ ْوز في‬to gain/win in
ً‫ أَحْ َرز اِ ْنتِصارا‬to win a landslide victory
ً ‫ساحقا‬
ِ
 ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT ● 41

ِ ‫ أَحْ َرز أَ ْغلَبيّة‬to secure an overwhelming

‫ساحقة‬
majority

‫ وقع يقَع ُوقوع في‬to fall in the polls

ْ
‫الرأي‬
ّ ‫طْلعات‬ ْ ِ‫اِ ْست‬

َ‫ أخذ يأ ُخذ أَ ْخذ أ َ ِعنّة‬to take up the reins of

‫ال ُحكومة‬ government

‫يصل ُوصول‬ِ ‫ وصل‬to come to power

ْ
‫إِلَى السُّلطة‬
‫صب‬َّ َ‫ ن‬to appoint
َّ ‫ َر‬to nominate
‫شح‬

ّ ‫الح ْزب الدّي ُم ْقراط‬

‫ي‬ ِ Democratic Party

ّ ‫الح ْزب ال ُج ْمهور‬

‫ي‬ ِ Republican Party

‫ الكونجرس‬Congress
ُّ ‫ َمجْ ِلس ال‬Senate
‫شيوخ‬
‫ َمجْ ِلس النُّ ّواب‬House of Representatives
‫ بَ ْرلَمان‬Parliament
‫ ِح ْزب العُ ّمال‬Labour Party
‫ ِح ْزب ال ُمحافِظين‬Conservative Party

ّ ‫الح ْزب الدّي ُم ْقراط‬

‫ي‬ ِ Liberal Democrat Party
‫ي‬ ّ
ّ ‫الليبْرال‬
42 ● ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT

‫ أَحْ زاب ال َيمين‬far-right parties

‫َطرف‬ ّ ِ ‫ال ُمت‬
‫ أَحْ زاب اليَسار‬far-left parties
‫َطرف‬ ّ ِ ‫ال ُمت‬
‫ ِح ْزب حا ِكم‬ruling party
‫الح ْزب األ َ ْكثَر‬ ِ the most widespread party
ً ‫اِتِّساعا‬
‫الح ْزب األَس َْرع‬ ِ the fastest growing party
ً‫نُ ُموا‬
‫الواحد‬
ِ ِ ‫الح ْز‬
‫ب‬ ِ ‫ ِنظام‬one-party system

ِ ‫ ِنظام األَحْ زا‬multi-party system

‫ب‬
‫ال ُمتَعَدِّدة‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُحكومة‬government
‫صويت َعلَى الثِّقة‬
ْ َ ‫ ت‬vote of confidence
‫سحْ ب الثِّقة‬ ْ َ ‫ ت‬vote of no-confidence
َ ‫صويت ِب‬
‫ ُحكومة ُم َؤقَّتة‬caretaker/interim
government

‫ ُحكومة اِ ْنتِقاليّة‬transition government

‫ ُحكومة اِئْ ِتْلفيّة‬coalition government

ُ ‫ َمجْ ِلس‬cabinet
‫الوزَ راء‬
‫ ُحكومة ِظ ّل‬shadow cabinet
 ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT ● 43

ّ ‫ تَ ْعديل ِوزار‬cabinet reshuffle

‫ي‬
‫س ْلطة ُم َؤقَّتة‬
ُ interim authority
‫ أَ ْن ِظمة‬،‫ نِظام‬regime
‫ ُر َؤساء‬،‫ َرئيس‬president
‫ ُوزَ راء‬،‫ َوزير‬minister

ُ ‫ َرئيس‬prime minister
‫الوزَ راء‬
‫صاحب ال َمقام‬
ِ incumbent

‫صب ِرئاس ِة‬ ِ ‫ َم ْن‬the office of prime minister

‫الوزَ راء‬
ُ
‫ نُ ّواب‬،‫ نائِب‬member of parliament
(MP)/deputy

ّ ‫ سياس‬politician
‫ون‬- ،‫ي‬
‫ قُ ّواد \ قادة‬،‫ قائِد‬leader
‫ ُز َعماء‬،‫ زَ عيم‬leader
‫ ث ُ ّوار‬،‫ ثائِر‬revolutionary
‫ون‬- ،‫ ُمتَ َم ِ ّرد‬rebel
‫ون‬- ،‫ ُم ْنش َّق‬dissident
‫ون‬- ،‫ ُمنافِس‬rival
44 ● ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT

ْ ‫ َخ‬opponent
ُ ‫ ُخ‬،‫صم‬
‫صوم‬
‫ون‬- ،‫ ُم َؤيِّد‬supporter

ِ ‫ ُمت‬sympathiser
‫ون‬- ،‫َعاطف‬
ّ َ‫ نا ِشط \ ُمن‬activist
‫ون‬- ،‫شِط‬
\ ‫ ُوالة‬،‫ وا ٍل‬governor
‫ون‬- ،‫ُمحافِظ‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُج ْمهوريّة‬republic
‫ د َُول‬،‫ دَ ْولة‬state
‫ أَ ْوطان‬،‫طن‬
َ ‫ َو‬nation

َ people
ُ ،‫ش ْعب‬
‫شعوب‬
‫ ب ُْلدان‬،‫ بِْلد‬country
‫ دَ ْولة قَ ْوميّة‬nation-state
‫ أ ُ ّمة‬Islamic community/ummah
‫واصم‬
ِ ‫ َع‬،‫عاصمة‬
ِ capital

‫ات‬- ،‫ والية‬province
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمحافَظة‬governorate
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمديريّة‬district
‫ اِ ْستِ ْقْلل‬independence
 ELECTIONS & GOVERNMENT ● 45

‫ َوحْ دة‬unity
‫ات‬- ،‫ ث َ ْورة‬revolution
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِ ْن ِقْلب‬coup
‫ تَ ْغيير النِظام‬regime change
‫ اِ ْن ِتفاضة‬rebellion/intifadah
‫ ُمقاومة‬resistance
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِحْ تِجاج‬protest
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمظاهَرة‬demonstration
‫ َمسيرة‬rally/march
This page intentionally left blank
6. NEGOTIATIONS

َ ‫ ُم‬negotiations
‫فاوضات‬

َ ‫ ت‬to negotiate (with one another)

‫َفاوض‬
‫فاوض‬
َ to negotiate (a treaty, etc.)

ُ ‫ ع َمليّة ت‬negotiation process

‫َفاوضيّة‬
‫ي‬ ُ ‫ َموقِف ت‬negotiating position
ّ ‫َفاوض‬
‫ي‬ ُ ‫ َمسار ت‬negotiation route
ّ ‫َفاوض‬
ُ ‫ تَحفُّظات ت‬negotiated reservations
‫َفاوضيّة‬

ُ َّ ‫ َمهارات الت‬negotiation skills

‫فاوض‬

ُ َّ ‫ قابِل للت‬negotiable
‫فاوض‬

ُ َّ‫ َغيْر قابِل للت‬non-negotiable

‫فاوض‬

َ ‫ ُم‬preliminary negotiations
‫فاوضات ت َْمهيديّة‬

َ ‫ ُم‬official negotiations
‫فاوضات َرسْميّة‬

َ ‫ ُم‬secret negotiations
‫فاوضات ِس ّريّة‬
‫فاوضات األبْواب‬ َ ‫ ُم‬track 2/backchannel
ْ
‫الخَلفيّة‬ negotiations

َ ‫ ُم‬conditional negotiations
‫فاوضات َم ْش ُروطة‬
‫فاوضات ثُنائيّة‬
َ ‫ ُم‬bilateral negotiations
48 ● NEGOTIATIONS

‫فاوضات ُمتَعَدِّدة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬multilateral negotiations

ْ َ ‫األ‬
‫طراف‬

َ ‫ ُم‬direct negotiations
‫فاوضات ُمبا ِشرة‬
‫فاوضات َغيْر‬َ ‫ ُم‬indirect negotiations
‫ُمبا ِشرة‬
‫َواصلة‬
ِ ‫فاوضات ُمت‬ َ ‫ ُم‬continuous negotiations
‫فاوضات ُمتَ َع ِث ّرة‬
َ ‫ ُم‬troubled/stalled negotiations
‫ناجحة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬successful negotiations
ِ ‫فاوضات‬

َ ‫ ُم‬failed negotiations
‫فاوضات فا ِشلة‬

َ ‫ ُمست َوى ال ُم‬level of negotiations

‫فاوضات‬
‫فاوضات َعلى‬ َ ‫ ُم‬negotiations at the highest
‫أ َ ْعلَى ُمستَوى‬ level

َ ‫ َمر َحلة ال ُم‬phase/stage of negotiations

،‫فاوضات‬
‫راحل ال ُمفاوضات‬
ِ ‫َم‬

َ ‫ أَساس ال ُم‬basis of negotiations, bases of

،‫فاوضات‬
‫فاوضات‬
َ ‫سس ال ُم‬ُ ُ‫أ‬ negotiations

َ ‫ أَجْ واء ال ُم‬negotiation climate

‫فاوضات‬
‫فاوضات‬ َ negotiations progress
َ ‫سيْر ال ُم‬
‫تَقَدُّم في‬ progress in negotiations
‫فاوضات‬
َ ‫ال ُم‬
 NEGOTIATIONS ● 49

‫ َحقَّقَت \ أَحْ َرزَ ت‬tangible progress has been

ً ‫فاوضات تَقَدُّما‬ َ ‫ال ُم‬ made in the negotiations
ً ‫َم ْل ُموسا‬

َ ‫ تَعليق ال ُم‬suspension of negotiations

‫فاوضات‬

َ ‫ اِستِئناف ال ُم‬resumption of negotiations

‫فاوضات‬

َ ‫ ُموا‬continuation of negotiations
‫صلة \ ُمتا َبعة‬
‫فاوضات‬ َ ‫ال ُم‬
َ ‫ إيقاف ال ُم‬negotiations stoppage
‫فاوضات‬
‫إرجاء \ تأ ْجيل‬ ْ postponement of negotiations
‫فاوضات‬ َ ‫ال ُم‬
‫دول‬َ ‫ َوضع َج‬agenda setting
‫األ َ ْعمال‬
ِ ‫ َبدْء‬initiation of the procedure
‫اإلجْ راءات‬

ُ َّ ‫ ت َ ْفويض الت‬negotiations mandate

‫فاوض‬
‫ ِخطاب نَوايا‬letter of intent (LOI)

ُ ‫ ت‬consultation
‫َشاور‬
‫ تَبادُل ال ُمذَ ِ ّكرات‬exchange of memos
‫ ُمذَ ِ ّكرة ت َفاهُم‬memorandum of
understanding (MOU)

‫ بِناء التَّوافُق‬building consensus

50 ● NEGOTIATIONS

‫ بِناء الثِّقة‬building trust

‫ بِناء السَّالم‬peacebuilding
‫ ال ِقيَم ال ُم ْشت ََركة‬common values
ُ ‫ ت‬concession
‫ات‬- ،‫َنازل‬
ُ ‫ ت‬logrolling
‫َنازالت ُمتَبادَلة‬

ُ ‫ ت‬conflict of interest
‫َضارب ال َمصا ِلح‬

ْ َ‫ إعْداد (ت‬deal design

)‫صميم‬
‫ص ْفقة‬
َّ ‫ال‬
‫ إجْ ماع‬consensus
‫ بَون شا ِسع \ فَجْ وة‬deep gap
‫َعميقة‬

‫صفَقات خ َْلف‬
َ backroom deals
‫الكَواليس‬
‫ تَزايُد الضُّغوط‬increase in pressure
)‫ َجولة (من الـ‬round of negotiations
‫فاوضات‬َ ‫ُم‬
\ ‫فاوضات ِنهائيّة‬ َ ‫ ُم‬final negotiations
‫ِختاميّة‬

ّ ‫ بَيان ِختام‬concluding statement/

‫ي‬
final statement
 NEGOTIATIONS ● 51

‫ون‬- ،‫ ُمفا ِوض‬negotiator

ْ
ُ َّ ‫أطراف الت‬
‫فاوض‬ negotiating parties

‫ون‬- ،‫ َم ْندوب‬delegate
‫ ُوفود‬،‫ َو ْفد‬delegation
‫ بَ َعثات‬،‫ بَ ْعثة‬mission
‫ فَ َّوض \ َو َّكل‬to delegate
‫الو ْفد‬ ُ delegation member
َ ‫عضْو‬
َ ‫ َرئيس‬delegation president
‫الو ْفد‬

ِ ‫ ُوفود ُم‬participating delegations

‫شاركة‬
‫الو ْفد‬ ِ ّ‫ الن‬delegation speaker
َ ‫اطق ِباسْم‬
‫ ِلجان‬،‫ لَجْ نة‬commission/committee
‫ لَجْ نة تا ِبعة ِلأل ُ َمم‬UN commission
‫ال ُمت َّ ِحدة‬
‫ عُضو اللَّجنة‬commissioner

َّ ‫ َم ْندوب ُم‬plenipotentiary
‫فوض‬

ٍ ‫ َم ْندوب‬high commissioner
‫سام‬
‫ ُوكَالء‬،‫ َوكيل‬agent

ّ ‫ َوكيل َرئيس‬principal-agent
‫ي‬
52 ● NEGOTIATIONS

‫ ُمفا ِوضون خ َْلف‬backstage negotiators

‫الكَواليس‬
‫ لَجْ نة ال ُمصالَحة‬reconciliation committee

َ ‫ ُو‬،‫ َوسيط‬mediator
‫سطاء‬
‫ ِوساطة‬mediation
‫ون‬- ،‫ ُمراقِب‬observer
‫كاملة‬
ِ ‫صالحيّات‬ َ full powers of negotiation
‫فاوض‬َّ
ُ ‫ِللت‬

َ ‫ ت‬to exceed the limits of one’s

‫َجاوز ُحدود‬
‫صالحيّات‬
َ competence

‫ َم ْوقِع \ َمكان َع ْقد‬negotiations terrain

‫فاوضات‬ َ ‫ال ُم‬
‫فاوضات‬ َ ‫ طا ِولة ال ُم‬negotiations table
‫ طا ِولة ُمست َديرة‬roundtable

ّ َ‫ َمن‬floor/platform of talk
‫صةَ التَّ َحدُّث‬
‫ بدا في التَّ َحدُّث أَمام‬to take the floor
‫ال ُحضور‬

‫ضر ال َج ْلسة‬
َ ْ‫ َمح‬session minutes
‫ َح ْلقة نِقاش‬discussion circle
‫ ُمداخَلة‬intervention
 NEGOTIATIONS ● 53

‫ ُم ْنتدَيات‬،‫ ُمنتَدى‬forum
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمؤت َمر‬conference
‫ نَدَوات‬،‫ نَدْوة‬panel
‫ ُمحادَثات‬talks, discussions
‫ ُمناقَشات‬discussions

َ ‫ ُم‬consultations
‫شاورات‬
‫ أَجرى ُمحادَثات‬to hold talks
‫ عقد يع ِقد َع ْقد‬to convene talks
‫ُمحادَثات‬
‫ ُمحادَثات تَحْ ضيريّة‬preparatory talks
‫ ُمحادَثات تَ ْمهيديّة‬preliminary talks
\ ‫ اِجْ تِماعات ت َْمهيديّة‬preparatory meetings
‫تَحضيريّة‬

‫ َج ْلسة اِ ْفتَتاحيّة‬opening session

‫ َج ْلسة ِختاميّة‬closing session
‫ ُمحادَثات َرفيعة‬high-level talks
‫ال ُمست َوى‬
‫ ُمحادَثات جادّة‬serious talks
‫ ُمحادَثات َبنّاءة‬constructive discussions
54 ● NEGOTIATIONS

‫ ت َْرحيب بال ُمحادَثات‬welcoming the talks

‫ َر ْفض ال ُمحادَثات‬rejection of talks
َ ‫ ُمقا‬interruption of talks
‫طعة ال ُمحادَثات‬
‫ َج ْولة ُمحادَثات‬round of talks

ْ َ‫ فَتْح ف‬opening a new chapter of

‫صل َجديد ِمن‬
‫ال ُمحادَثات‬ talks

‫ اِ ْن ِفراج في‬breakthrough in talks

‫ال ُمحادَثات‬

‫ تَعَثُّر ال ُمحادَثات‬stalemate in talks

‫ تَ ْعليق ال ُمحادَثات‬suspension of talks
‫ اِ ْس ِتئناف ال ُمحادَثات‬resumption of talks
‫ اِ ْس ِتكمال ال ُمحادَثات‬conclusion of talks
‫ تَقَدُّم في ال ُمحادَثات‬progress in talks
‫ فَشَل ال ُمحادَثات‬failure of talks
‫ نَجاح ال ُمحادَثات‬success of talks
‫ اِختَتَم ال ُمحادَثات‬to conclude talks
‫ نَتائج ال ُمحادَثات‬talks outcomes/
results
 NEGOTIATIONS ● 55

‫ تَحْ قيق نَتائِج َم ْل ُموسة‬achievement of concrete

results

‫ضمام‬ ِ ‫ ُمحادَثات‬EU accession talks

ِ ‫اال ْن‬
ّ ّ‫لال ِتّحاد األوروب‬
‫ي‬
َ formalities
‫ش ْكليّات \ َرسْميّات‬
This page intentionally left blank
7. TREATIES & AGREEMENTS

‫ات‬- ،‫ اِتِفاق \ ا ِِتفاقِية‬agreement/treaty

‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمعاهَدة‬treaty/convention
‫ عُقود‬،‫ َع ْقد‬contract
‫ َوثائِق‬،‫ َوثيقة‬document/deed
‫ات‬- ،‫ ُمستند‬instrument
‫ات‬- ،‫ تَفاهُم‬accord/entente
‫ َمواثيق‬،‫ ِميثاق‬charter
‫ات‬- ،‫ إعالن‬declaration
‫ عقَد يع ِقد َع ْقد \ أبْرم‬to conclude (a
pact/agreement)

‫ وقع‬to sign
‫ وقع ِباألَحْ ُرف األُولى‬to initial
‫ ت َ َوصل إلى‬to reach
‫ اِ ْنت َهى إلى‬to arrive at

َ ‫ اِ ْن‬to accede to
‫ضم إلى‬
‫ اِ ْشت َ َرك في‬to be a part of
58 ● TREATIES & AGREEMENTS

‫ ت َ َمسك بـ‬to hold to

‫ را َعى‬to observe/heed
َ َ‫ أعاد الن‬to revise
‫ظر في‬
‫ َعدل‬to amend
‫ أ ْن َهى‬to terminate

ِ ‫ خرق‬to breach
‫يخرق خ َْرق‬

َ ‫ اِ ْن‬to withdraw
‫س َحب من‬
‫ نقَض ينقُض نَ ْقض‬to violate
‫ ْألغَى‬to annul
‫ نَفذ‬to implement
‫طبق قَ ْلبًا وقا ِلبًا‬
َ to apply in letter and spirit

‫س َريان‬
َ ‫سرى َيسري‬
َ to enter into force

‫صدق على‬
َ to ratify

َ to register
‫سجل‬
‫ اِحْ ت ََرم‬to respect
ِ ‫ تَقَيد ب‬to be bound by/comply
with

‫ ثُنائي‬bilateral
 TREATIES & AGREEMENTS ● 59

ْ
‫األطراف‬ ‫ ُمت َعدِد‬multilateral
َ verbal
‫شفَوي‬
‫ فَ ْرعي‬subsidiary
‫ ُج ْزئي‬partial
‫ ت َ ْكميلي‬supplementary

ِ implied
‫ض ْمني‬
‫ ُمعاهَدة ت َحالُف‬treaty of alliance
‫ ُمعاهَدة الدِفاع‬treaty of mutual defence
‫الُ ُم ْشت َ َرك‬
‫ ُمعاهَدة ُهدْنة‬armistice treaty
‫ص ْلح‬
ُ \ ‫ ُمعاهَدة سالم‬peace accord/treaty
‫ ُمعاهَدة جماعية‬collective treaty
‫ ُمعاهَدة تَسْليم‬extradition treaty
‫ال ُمجْ ِرمين‬
ُ ‫ ُمعاهَدة قُن‬consular treaty
‫صلية‬
‫ ُمعاهَدة تِجارية‬commercial treaty

ِ ‫ ُمعاهَدة ُح ْسن‬treaty of good

‫الجوار‬
neighbourhood

َ ‫ ُمعاهَدة‬treaty of guarantee
‫ضمان‬
60 ● TREATIES & AGREEMENTS

‫ ُمعاهَدة اِ ْستِ ْقالل‬independence treaty

‫ ُمعاهَدة ِحياد‬treaty of neutrality
‫ ُمعاهَدة َعدَم اِ ْعتِداء‬non-aggression treaty
‫ ُمعاهَدة تَحْ كيم‬arbitration treaty

َ ‫ ُم‬draft
‫سودة‬

ِ wording
‫صياغة‬
‫ ديباجة‬preamble
‫ بُنود‬،‫ بَ ْند‬clause
‫ بَ ْند إضافي‬additional clause

ِ ‫ َب ْند‬ambiguous clause
‫غامض‬
‫ َب ْند خَفي‬hidden clause
‫ َب ْند ِختامي‬final clause

ِ ‫ تَ ْعديل أَ ْخطاء‬amendment of drafting

‫الصياغة‬
errors

ِ ‫ات \ َم‬- ،‫ ُم ْل َحق‬annex

‫الحق‬
‫ لُغات ال ُمعاهَدة‬treaty languages
ُ treaty terms
‫شروط ال ُمعاهَدة‬

َ ‫ تَباد ُل‬document exchange

‫الوثائِق‬
 TREATIES & AGREEMENTS ● 61

َ ‫ نُسْخة ُم‬certified copy

‫صدقة‬
‫ اِعْتمد نَص ال ُمعاهَدة‬to adopt/sanction the
treaty text

ُ ‫ نشر ين‬to publish

‫شر نَ ْشر‬
َ to apply
‫طبق‬
‫ فَسر‬to interpret
‫ اِتِفاقِية لُ ْند ُن‬London Convention
‫ اِتِفاقِية ساي ْكس بيكو‬Sykes-Picot
Agreement

‫ ا ِِتفا ِقية لَ ْوزان‬Lausanne Convention

‫ ا ِِتفا ِقية أوسْلو‬Oslo Agreement/
Oslo Accords

‫ اِتِفاقِية باريس ِل ُمكافَحة‬Paris Convention on

‫تَغَيُّر ال َمناخ‬ Climate Change

‫ظر األ َ ْس ِلحة‬ْ ‫ اِتِفاقِية َح‬Chemical Weapons

‫الكيميائية‬ Convention

‫ اِتِفاقِية التِجارة ال ُحرة‬Free Trade Agreement

‫ اإلعْالن العالَمي‬Universal Declaration of
‫ِل ُحقوق اإل ْنسان‬ Human Rights

ْ ‫ ُمعاهَدة‬Treaty of Tordesillas
‫توردَسيالس‬
62 ● TREATIES & AGREEMENTS

َ ‫ ُمعاهَدة‬Peace of Westphalia
‫سالم َو ْستْفاليا‬
‫ ُمعاهَدة باريس‬Treaty of Paris
‫ ُمؤْ تَ َمر فيينا‬Congress of Vienna
‫ ُمعاهَدة فَ ْرساي‬Treaty of Versailles
‫ ُمعاهَدة ِج ِنيف للسالم‬Geneva Peace Convention
‫ اِتِفاقية فِيينا ِللعَالقات‬Vienna Convention on
‫الدبْلوماسية‬ ِ Diplomatic and Consular
‫ص ِلية‬ ْ ُ
ُ ‫والقن‬ Relations

‫ ا ِِتفا ِقية ِج ِنيف‬Geneva Convention

‫ ا ِِتفا ِقية الهاي‬Hague Convention

ْ ‫ ِح ْلف‬Warsaw Pact
‫وارسو‬
‫ ُمعاهَدة كا ْمب ديفيد‬Camp David Accords
)‫(للسالم‬
‫ ُمعاهَدة ال َحد من اِ ْنتِشار‬Treaty on the Non-
‫األ َ ْس ِلحة الن ََووية‬ Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons
8. CONFLICT RESOLUTION &
DEFENCE

ِ conflict
‫ات‬- ،‫صراع‬

ِ ‫ َم ْنع نُشوب‬conflict prevention

‫صراع‬

ِ ‫ إثارة‬provoking conflict
‫صراع‬

ّ ِ ‫ زيادة ِحدّة ال‬increasing the intensity of

‫صراع‬
the conflict

‫سلَّح‬ ِ armed conflict

َ ‫صراع ُم‬
‫ي‬ ِ political conflict
ّ ‫صراع سياس‬
ّ ‫ نِزاع قانون‬legal dispute
‫ي‬

ِ violent conflict
‫صراع يَتَّسِم بالعُ ْنف‬
‫ي‬
ّ ‫الصراع العرب‬
ِ Arab–Israeli Conflict
‫ي‬ّ ‫اإلسرائيل‬
‫صراع‬ َ cause of conflict
ّ ِ ‫سبَب ال‬
‫صراع‬ ّ ‫ في حالة أ‬in the event of any conflict
ِ ‫ي‬
ّ َ‫ ف‬conflict resolution
‫ض النِّزاعات‬

ّ َ‫ آلية ف‬conflict resolution

‫ض النِّزاعات‬
mechanism
ْ َ ‫ أ‬parties to the conflict
‫طراف ال ِنّزاع‬
64 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE

‫ التَّ َوسُّط في النِّزاع‬conflict mediation

‫ات‬- ،‫ ِخالف‬dispute

ِ ‫ تَس ِوية‬dispute settlement

‫الخالفات‬
‫ ت َوافُق‬compatibility
‫ ُمصالَحة‬conciliation
‫ َمساع ٍ َحميدة‬good offices

ّ ‫ نَ ْهج تَصالُح‬conciliatory approach

‫ي‬
‫ َمصا ِلح ُمشت ََركة‬common interests
‫ تَهدِئة األَوضاع‬de-escalation
‫ ُجهود ال ِوساطة‬intercession efforts

َ ‫ ُم‬intercession
‫فاوضات ال ِوساطة‬
negotiations

‫ َع ْرض ال ِوساطة‬intercession offer

َّ ‫ تَو‬to reach a
َ ‫صل إلى َح ّل َو‬
‫سط‬
compromise

‫ صيغة الت َّ ْسوية‬compromise formula

ّ ‫ القانون الدّ َو ِل‬international law

‫ي‬
‫ سيادة القانون‬rule of law
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 65

‫ ت َ ْسوية قَضائيّة‬judicial settlement of

‫ل ُمنازَ عات‬ disputes

‫ق النار‬ ْ ‫ َو ْقف‬ceasefire
ِ ‫إطال‬
ّ ِ ‫ تَجْ ريد ِمن ال‬disarmament/demilitarisation
‫سالح‬
‫ إبادة َجماعيّة‬genocide
‫ َجرائِم‬،‫ جريمة ال َح ْرب‬war crime
‫ال َح ْرب‬

ِ ‫ َم‬،‫ َمجْ زَ رة‬massacre

‫جازر‬

ّ ‫ ت َْطهير ِع ْرق‬ethnic cleansing

‫ي‬

ْ terrorism
‫إرهاب‬
‫ي‬ ْ ‫ هُجوم‬terrorist attack
ّ ‫إرهاب‬
ّ ‫ َع ْسكَر‬military
‫ي‬
‫ ال ُم َؤسَّسة ال َع ْسكَريّة‬the military

ّ ‫ ُوجود َع ْسكَر‬military presence

‫ي‬

ّ ‫ تَدَ ُّخل َع ْسكَر‬military intervention

‫ي‬
‫ موا َجهة َع ْسكَريّة‬military confrontation
‫ي‬ ُّ ‫ ت‬military movement
ّ ‫َحركَ َع ْسكَر‬
‫ َع َمليّات َع ْسكَريّة‬joint military exercises
‫ُم ْشت ََركة‬
66 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE

‫ ُحروب‬،‫ َح ْرب‬war (Arabic fem.)

‫ َح ْرب أ ْهليّة‬civil war

َ ِ‫ َح ْرب ب‬proxy war

‫الوكالة‬
‫ َح ْرب ِعصابات‬guerilla war
‫ َح ْرب عادِلة‬just war
‫ في حال ِة ال َح ْرب‬at war
‫ َمس َْرح ال َح ْرب‬theatre of war
‫ ِميدان العَ َمليّات‬field of operations
‫ ميليشيات‬،‫ ميليشيا‬militia
‫سلَّحة‬
َ ‫ القُ ّوات ال ُم‬the armed forces
‫ القُ ّوات ال َج ّويّة‬the air force
‫ ال َبحْ ريّة‬the navy
‫ ُجيوش‬،‫ َجيْش‬army
‫ ال ُمشاة‬the infantry (Arabic pl.)
‫ قُ ّوات بَ ّريّة‬ground forces

ِ ‫ قُ ّوة ُمتَ َعدِّدة‬multinational force

‫الج ْنسيّات‬

َّ ‫ قُ ّوات ِح ْف ِظ ال‬peacekeeping forces

‫سالم‬
‫ قُ ّوات ت َحالُف‬coalition forces
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 67

‫ قُ ّوة دِفاعيّة‬defence force

‫ قُ ّوة َردْع‬deterrent force
‫ضاربة‬
ِ ‫ قُ ّوة ُه ُجوميّة‬strike force
‫ قُ ّوة خَفيفة‬light/mobile task force
‫ قُ ّوات اِحْ تِياطيّة‬reserves
‫ قُ ّوات قِتاليّة‬combat troops
‫ أَ ْركان‬،‫ ُر ْكن‬military staff

ّ ‫ ُج ْند‬soldier
‫ ُجنود‬،‫ي‬

ّ ‫ َمدَن‬civilian
‫ون‬- ،‫ي‬
‫ون \ َب ّحارة‬- ،‫ َب ّحار‬sailor

ّ ‫ ُج ْند‬marine
‫ي ُمشا ِة ال َبحْ ريّة‬
َ airman, pilot
‫ون‬- ،‫طيّار‬

ّ ّ‫ظل‬
‫ون‬- ،‫ي‬ َ ‫ ِم‬paratrooper

‫ قُنّاص‬،‫ قانِص‬sniper

ّ ‫ قُ ّوة خا‬commando, special

‫صة‬
troop

‫ أَبْطال‬،‫طل‬
َ َ‫ ب‬hero

َ ‫ُم ْن‬
‫ون‬- ،‫ش ّق‬ defector
68 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE

ُ \ ‫َوارد‬
‫ش ُرد‬ ِ ‫ ش‬،‫شارد‬
ِ deserter

‫ أَس َْرى‬،‫ أَسير‬captive

‫ أَس َْرى‬،‫ أَسير َح ْرب‬prisoner of war (POW)
‫َح ْرب‬

‫ ت َباد ُل األَس َْرى‬prisoner swap

‫ون‬- ،‫ي‬ ْ terrorist
ّ ‫إرهاب‬
‫ون‬- ،‫ ُمجاهِد‬jihadist/holy warrior
‫ ُمجْ ِرمو‬،‫ ُمجْ ِرم َح ْرب‬war criminal
‫َح ْرب‬

‫ أ َ ْلوية‬،‫ ِلواء‬general/flag
‫ َرئيس األ َ ْركان‬Chief of Staff
‫ ُرت َب‬،‫ ُرتْبة‬rank/grade
‫ أَسْراب‬،‫ ِس ْرب‬squadron
‫ كَتا ِئب‬،‫ كَتيبة‬battalion/brigade
‫ َو َحدات‬،‫( َوحْ دة‬military) unit
‫ فَصائِل‬،‫ فَصيلة‬cell/squad
‫ فَصيلة اإلعْدام‬execution squad/
firing squad

‫ات‬- ،‫ دَ ْوريّة‬patrol
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 69

‫ أ َ ْس ِلحة‬،‫ِسالح‬ weapon

َ \ ‫ أ َ ْس ِلحة خَفيفة‬small arms

‫صغيرة‬
‫ ذَخيرة‬ammunition
‫ات‬- ،‫ظلّة‬
َ ‫ َم‬parachute

‫ات‬- ،‫ ت َْرسانة‬arsenal
‫ أ َ ْس ِلحة ن ََوويّة‬nuclear weapons

ّ ‫ َردْع ن ََوو‬nuclear deterrent

‫ي‬
‫ أ َ ْس ِلحة ذَكيّة‬precision weapons
‫سلُّح‬
َ َ ‫ ِسباق ت‬arms race
‫الشامل‬
ِ ِ َ‫ أ َ ْس ِلحة الد‬weapons of mass destruction
‫مار‬
(WMD)

َ ،‫ صاروخ‬missile, rocket
‫صواريخ‬
ّ‫ صاروخ ُمضاد‬anti-aircraft missile
ّ ‫ِلل‬
‫طائِرات‬
‫ي‬ ْ ‫ صاروخ‬decoy missile
ّ ‫تمويه‬
َ ‫ صاروخ‬cruise missile
‫ط ّواف‬
ْ ‫س‬
‫ َج ّو‬- ‫طح‬ َ ‫ صاروخ‬surface-to-air missile
‫ صاروخ بَعيد \ قَصير‬long-/short-range missile
‫ال َمدَى‬
70 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE

ّ ‫ قَذيفة عابِرة ِل‬intercontinental ballistic

‫لقارات‬
missile

َ ‫ قاذِفة ال‬rocket/missile launcher

‫صواريخ‬
‫ نَسائِف‬،‫ نَسيفة‬torpedo
‫ قَنا ِبل‬،‫ قُ ْنبُلة‬bomb
‫ أَداة ت َ ْفجير‬explosive device
‫ ُمتَفَ ِ ّجرات‬explosives
‫ قُ ْنبُلة يَدَويّة‬hand grenade
‫ قُ ْنبُلة ن ََوويّة‬nuclear bomb
‫ قُ ْنبُلة ذَ ّريّة‬atomic bomb

ُ ‫ قُ ْنبُلة‬cluster bomb
‫ع ْنقوديّة‬

ُ ‫ قَذيفة‬mortar bomb
‫ قَذائِف‬،‫هاون‬
‫هاون‬
ُ

‫ أ َ ْلغام‬،‫ لَغَم \ لُ ْغم‬mine

\ ‫ات‬- ،‫ َرصاصة‬bullet
‫َرصاص‬
‫ َمدافِع‬،‫ ِمدْفَع‬gun

َ ‫ ُم‬revolver
‫ات‬- ،‫سدَّس‬
ّ ‫ ِمدْفَع َر‬machine gun
‫شاش‬
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 71

ّ ‫ َر‬sub-machine gun
‫شاش قَصير‬
‫ بُ ْند ُقيّة آليّة‬automatic rifle

ّ ‫ ِسالح قَذّاف‬ballistic weapon

‫ي‬
ْ ِ‫( ق‬piece of) artillery
‫طعة ِمدْفَعيّة‬

ْ َ‫ ق‬artillery fire
ّ ‫صف ِمدْفَع‬
‫ي‬
‫ي‬ ْ َ‫ ق‬rocket fire
ّ ‫صف صاروخ‬
‫ شَظايا‬shrapnel (Arabic pl.)
‫ إ ْشعاع‬radiation
‫ات‬- ،‫ اِ ْن ِفجار \ تَ ْفجير‬explosion

ْ َ‫ ق‬bombardment, shelling
‫صف‬

ْ َ‫ ق‬precision bombing
ّ ‫صف دَقيق \ ذَك‬
‫ي‬
‫ض ْربة ِوقائيّة‬
َ preemptive strike

‫ اِ ْستِ ْخدام القُ ّوة‬use of force

ّ ‫ ِغطاء َج ّو‬air cover

‫ي‬
‫ دِفاعات َج ّويّة‬air defences
‫ي‬ ْ ‫طقة َح‬
ّ ‫ظر َج ّو‬ َ ‫ ِم ْن‬no-fly zone

‫طقة َم ْنزوعة‬ َ ‫ ِم ْن‬demilitarised zone

‫سالح‬ ّ ِ ‫ال‬
‫‪72 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE‬‬

‫‪ِ combat zone‬م ْن َ‬

‫طقة ال ِقتال‬
‫‪ armoured personnel carrier‬ناقِلة ُجنود ُمدَ َّرعة‬
‫‪ tank‬دَبّابة‪- ،‬ات‬
‫‪ helicopter‬طائِرة ِم ْر َوحيّة \‬
‫هَليكو ْبت َر‬
‫حاملة طائِرات‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪aircraft carrier‬‬

‫‪ fighter aircraft‬طائِرة ُمقاتِلة‬

‫‪ drone‬طائِرة ِبدونَ َ‬
‫طيّار‬
‫‪ُ destroyer‬مدَ ِّمرة‪- ،‬ات‬
‫سفُن‬
‫سفينة َح ْربيّة‪ُ ،‬‬ ‫‪َ warship‬‬
‫َح ْربيّة‬
‫وارج‬
‫بارجة‪َ ،‬ب ِ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫‪frigate‬‬

‫‪ gunboat‬زَ ْو َرق َح ْرب ّ‬

‫ي‪ ،‬زَ ِ‬
‫وارق‬
‫َح ْربيّة‬

‫‪ submarine‬غ َّواصة‬
‫‪ fleet‬أُسْطول‪ ،‬أَساطيل‬
‫‪ military base‬قَا ِعدة َع ْسكَريّة‪ ،‬قَوا ِعد‬
‫َع ْسكَريّة‬

‫)‪َ headquarters (HQ‬مقَ ّر‪َ ،‬م ّ‬

‫قار‬
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 73

ّ ‫ َم ْوقِع اِسْتراتيج‬strategic position

،‫ي‬
‫َمواقِع اِسْتراتيجيّة‬

‫ اِ ْنتِشار األ َ ْس ِلحة‬nuclear proliferation

‫الن ََوويّة‬

ِ ‫ َعدَم‬nuclear non-
ّ ‫اال ْنتِشار الن ََوو‬
‫ي‬
proliferation

‫ي‬ َ ‫ ِجهاز‬centrifugal system

ّ ‫ط ْرد َم ْركَز‬
‫ ت َْخصيب اليورانيوم‬enrichment of uranium

َ ‫ ُم‬manoeuvre
‫ات‬- ،‫ناورة‬
ْ ِ‫ اِ ْست‬reconnaissance
‫طالع‬
‫ اِ ْستِ ْعراض \ َع ْرض‬parade

ِ ‫ َم‬،‫ َم ْع َركة‬battle
‫عارك‬
\ ‫ أ َ ْخطار‬،‫طر‬
َ ‫ َخ‬danger
‫خاطر‬ ِ ‫َم‬
‫ أَ ْمن‬safety

ّ ‫ دَ ْرع َبشَر‬human shield

‫ دُروع‬،‫ي‬
‫بَشَريّة‬
‫ات‬- ،‫ غارة‬raid

ّ ‫ هُجوم بَ ّر‬ground offensive

‫ي‬

ّ ‫ هُجوم بَ ْرمائ‬amphibious attack

‫ي‬
74 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE

‫سلَّح َعلَى‬
َ ‫ هُجوم ُم‬armed attack on
ّ‫ هُجوم ُمضاد‬counter attack

‫ كَمائن‬،‫ كَمين‬ambush
‫ ت َ ْكتيكات‬tactics
‫ اِ ْعتِداءات َعلى‬aggressions against

ّ ‫ َردّ اِ ْنتِقام‬revenge for

‫ي َعلى‬
‫ في َوضْع اِ ْستِ ْعداد ِل‬in a state of readiness for
‫ ُم ْنت َ ِشر‬deployed
‫ي‬
ّ ‫ي \ َعدائ‬ ُ hostile
ّ ‫عدْوان‬
‫ اِ ْن ِعكاسات \ َعوا ِقب‬repercussions
‫ حشد يحشِد َح ْشد‬to mobilise, call up
َّ ‫ ح‬to amass (especially troops)
‫شد‬
‫ َجنَّد‬to draft, conscript
‫ اِ ْستَدْ َعى‬to call up
‫ َع َّزز‬to reinforce
ُ ‫ نشر ين‬to deploy
‫شر نَ ْشر‬
‫ تَفَقَّد‬to inspect
‫ فَ َّجر‬to explode (transitive verb)
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 75

‫ تَفَ َّجر‬to explode (intransitive verb)

‫ دَ َّمر \ َهدَّم‬to destroy
‫ أَباد \ أَ ْفنَى‬to annihilate
‫ضى يقضي قَضاء‬ َ ‫ ق‬to put down a revolt
‫َعلى ت َ َم ُّرد‬

‫ ا ُ ْست ُ ْش ِهد‬to be martyred (Arabic

passive)

‫يب ِب ُجروح‬
َ ‫ص‬ِ ُ ‫ أ‬to suffer serious/minor
َ \ ‫خَطيرة‬
‫طفيفة‬ injuries (Arabic
passive)

‫ هجم يه ُجم هُجوم َعلى‬to attack

‫ غزا يَ ْغزو غ َْزو‬to invade, raid
‫ أ َ ْعلَن ال َح ْرب‬to declare war
\ ً ‫ش ّن ش َّن هُجوما‬ُ ‫شن ي‬ ّ to launch an attack/
ً‫َح ْملة‬ campaign
ْ َ‫ أ‬to launch (missile,
‫طلَق‬
torpedo, etc.)

‫ اِ ْقت َ َحم‬to storm

‫سلَّل إلى‬
َ َ ‫ ت‬to infiltrate

َ ‫ حا‬to besiege, surround

‫صر‬
76 ● CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE

\ ‫ فتح يفتَح فَتْح النّار‬to open fire

‫طلَق النّار‬ْ َ‫أ‬

ْ ‫ تَبادَل‬to exchange fire

‫إطالق النّار‬
‫ دافَع َعن‬to defend
‫ حمى يحمي ِحماية ِمن‬to protect against

َ ‫ اِ ْن‬to withdraw (intransitive

‫س َحب‬
verb)

‫ جال يجلو َجالء َعن‬to evacuate (intransitive

verb)

‫ أَجْ لى‬to evacuate (transitive

verb)

‫ اِ ْست َ ْسلَم‬to surrender

ْ َ ‫ أ‬to free
‫طلَق‬
ْ َ‫ أ‬to set free
َ ‫طلَق‬
ُ‫سرا َحه‬
‫ اِ ْست َأْنَف ال ِقتال‬to resume fighting
‫قاوم‬
َ to resist
َّ ‫ َخ‬to plan
‫طط‬
‫ تَآ َمر‬to plot
‫ اِ ْستَ ْهدَف‬to target
 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & DEFENCE ● 77

‫صب‬ ْ َ‫صب ن‬ ُ ‫نصب ين‬ to erect road blocks

ُ َ
‫واجز َعلى الط ُرق‬ِ ‫َح‬

‫يفرض فَ ْرض‬ ُ ‫ فرض‬to impose a cordon/

َ ً‫ِحصارا‬
‫علَى‬ blockade on

‫ اِ ْندَلَع‬to break out (war)

‫ اِحْ ت َ ّل‬to occupy
‫ ا ِْخت ََرق ال ُحدود‬to cross the border(s)
‫ ت َسلَّل َخ ْلف ال ُحدود‬to slip across the border
‫ قَدَّر َحجْ َم القُ ّوات‬to estimate the strength of
forces

‫ اِ ْست َْخلَص الم ْعلومات‬to debrief

This page intentionally left blank
9. CIVIL SOCIETY & HUMAN
RIGHTS

‫ ال ُمجْ ت َ َمع ال َمدَني‬civil society

‫ ُم َؤسَّسة ال ُمجْ تَ َمع‬civil society organisation
‫ال َمدَني‬ (CSO)

‫ َج ْمعية أَ ْهلية‬civil society association

َّ َ‫ ُمن‬non-governmental
‫ظمة َغيْر ُحكومية‬
organisation (NGO)

‫ ال َع ْقد االِجْ ِتماعي‬the social contract

‫ َغيْر ِربْحي‬non-profit
‫شاركة‬َ ‫ تَ ْعزيز ُم‬fostering civil society
‫ال ُمجْ ت َ َمع ال َمدَني في‬ participation in

ُ ‫ َع َمليات‬decision-making processes
‫ص ْنع القَرار‬
‫ إسْهامات ال ُمجْ تَ َمع‬contributions of civil
‫ال َمدَني‬ society

‫ ت َ ْعزيز الديمو ْقراطية‬strengthening democracy

‫ تَ ْنمية ُم ْستَدامة‬sustainable development
‫ ت َْمكين ال ُمجْ تَ َمع ال َمدَني‬empowerment of civil
society
80 ● CIVIL SOCIETY & HUMAN RIGHTS

َ َ‫ َع َمل ت‬volunteerism
‫ط ُّوعي‬

ِ ‫تَ ْقديم‬
‫الخدْمات‬ service delivery

‫ اِ ْعتِبارات أَ ْخالقية‬ethical considerations

‫ كفل يكفُل َك ْفل ُحرية‬to guarantee freedom of
‫التَ ْعبير‬ speech

‫ ُحقوق اإل ْنسان‬human rights

‫ الت َّ َمتُّع ِبال ُحقوق‬enjoyment of rights
‫اإل ْنسان‬
ِ ‫ضمان ِل ُحقوق‬
َ guarantee of human rights

ِ ‫ َج ْمعية ُحقوق‬human rights association

‫اإل ْنسان‬
‫ َعدالة‬justice
‫ ُمساواة‬equality
‫ اِحْ تِرام الكَرامة‬respect for human dignity
‫اإل ْنسانية‬
ِ
‫اإلعْالن العا َلمي‬
ِ Universal Declaration of
‫اإل ْنسان‬
ِ ‫ِل ُحقوق‬ Human Rights

‫ بَ ْرنا َمج األ ُ َمم ال ُمت َّ ِحدة‬United Nations Human

‫اإل ْنسان‬
ِ ‫ِل ُحقوق‬ Rights Programme

‫فوض السامي‬َّ ‫ ال ُم‬United Nations High

ْ
‫اإلنسان‬
ِ ‫ِل ُحقوق‬ Commissioner for Human
Rights
 CIVIL SOCIETY & HUMAN RIGHTS ● 81

َ ‫ َمعايير‬international standards
‫دو ِلية‬
‫ اِ ْنتِهاكات ُحقوق‬human rights violations
‫اإل ْنسان‬
ِ
ْ
‫اإلنسانية‬
ِ ‫ضد‬ِ ‫ َجرائِم‬crimes against humanity

ِ ‫ حالة ُحقوق‬human rights situation

‫اإل ْنسان‬
‫ اِتِفاقِية القَضاء على‬Convention on the
‫َجميع أ َ ْشكال الت َْمييز‬ Elimination of All Forms
‫ضد ال َم ْرأة‬
ِ of Discrimination against
Women

‫ ُمكافَحة كافة أَ ْشكال‬combating all forms of

‫الت َْمييز‬ discrimination

‫ ُحقوق األَقَليات‬minority rights

‫ ُحقوق الالجئِين‬refugee rights
‫ ال َمبادِئ األَساسية‬Basic Principles for the
‫س َجناء‬
ُّ ‫ِل ُمعا َملة ال‬ Treatment of Prisoners

‫ ُحقوق َمدنية‬civil rights

‫ َح َمى يحمي ِحماية‬to protect
‫ َحسَّن‬to improve
‫ أَ َّمن‬to safeguard
‫صد‬ ُ ‫ رصد ير‬to observe
ْ ‫صد َر‬
82 ● CIVIL SOCIETY & HUMAN RIGHTS

‫ راقَب‬to monitor
‫ َوثَّق‬to document
‫ كافَح‬to combat
10. GLOBALISATION &
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

‫ َع ْولَمة‬globalisation
‫ َع ْولَمة سياسيّة‬political globalisation
‫ َع ْولَمة اِ ْقتِصاديّة‬economic globalisation
‫ َع ْولَمة ثَقافيّة‬cultural globalisation

ْ َ ‫ أ‬origin of globalisation
‫صل ال َع ْولَمة‬
‫ خَصا ِئص ال َع ْولَمة‬characteristics of
globalisation

‫ ُخصوصيّة ثَقافيّة‬cultural particularity

‫ نِسْبيّة ثَقافيّة‬cultural relativism

ِ ‫ َم‬perils of globalisation
‫خاطر العَ ْولَمة‬
‫ ُمناهِض ِللعَ ْولَمة‬anti-globalisation

ِ ‫ ُم‬globalised citizen
ّ ‫واطن َع ْولَم‬
‫ي‬
‫ قَ ْرية ك َْونيّة‬global village
‫ ُمجْ تَ َمع ال َم ْعلومات‬global information society
ّ ‫العالَم‬
‫ي‬
‫ تِجارة عابِرة لل ُحدود‬trans-national trade
84 ● GLOBALISATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

‫ ش َِركات ُمتَعَ ِدّدة‬multinational corporations

‫الج ْنسيّات‬
ِ
‫ي‬
ّ ‫دول‬ ُ ‫ ت‬international cooperation
َ ‫َعاون‬
ِ ‫ إزالة \ َر ْفع ال َح‬abolishing/lifting tariff
‫واجز‬
‫ال ُج ْم ُركيّة‬ barriers

ِ ‫ َوسائِل‬means of communication
‫اال ِتّصاالت‬
‫ ث َ ْورة ا ِال ِت ّصاالت‬communications revolution
‫ تَ ْنمية اِ ْقتِصاديّة‬economic development
‫ تَ ْنمية بَشَريّة‬human development
‫ تَ ْنمية ُمسْتدامة‬sustainable development
‫ ت َ ْمويل‬financing
‫ أ َ ْهداف إ ْنمائيّة‬development objectives

ّ ‫ نُمو اِ ْقتِصاد‬economic growth

‫ي‬
‫ َحدّ ِمن الفَ ْقر‬poverty reduction
‫ تَ َحسُّن ال ُم ْست ََوى‬enhancement in living
‫ي‬ّ ‫ال َمعيش‬ standard

َ ‫ َرخاء‬prosperity and well-being

‫ورفاهيّة‬
‫ تَقَدُّم‬progress
‫ تَخَلُّف‬backwardness
GLOBALISATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ● 85

‫ ب ُْلدان نامية‬developing countries

‫ ُمعَدَّالت ال ُّنمو‬economic growth rates
‫ي‬ّ ‫اال ْقتِصاد‬
ِ
‫ اِ ْقتِصاد السّوق ال ُح ّرة‬free market economy
‫ أ َ ْزمة ماليّة عالَميّة‬international financial crisis
‫ تَ َكيُّف‬adjustment
‫ إعادة ال َهيْكلة‬restructuring
َ ‫ ُخ‬development plans
‫طط الت َّ ْنمية‬
‫ قِطاع األَعْمال‬business sector
‫ي‬
ّ ‫تَبادُل تِجار‬ commercial
exchange/trading
This page intentionally left blank
INDEX

accreditation, 5 authority, 43
African Union (AU), 34 autonomy, 13
agreement, 57, 61
air cover, 71 ballot, 38
alliance, 9, 28, 59 ballot box, 38
ambassador, 5, 10, 18, battle, 73
21, 22, 24 bilateralism, 17
Amnesty Inter- blockade, 7
national, 31 body, 9, 27
annex, 60 bomb
announcement, 8 atomic bomb, 70
appointment, 21 cluster bomb, 70
Arab–Israeli Conflict, 63 mortar bomb, 70
Arab World, 9 nuclear bomb, 70
army, 66 business sector, 85
association, 27
Association of South- cabinet
east Asia Nations cabinet reshuffle, 43
(ASEAN), 34 shadow cabinet, 42
attaché Camp David Accord, 62
commercial attaché, campaign, 38
23 diplomatic cam-
cultural attaché, 23 paign, 19
military attaché, 23 candidate, 38
attack capital, 44
amphibious attack, capitalism, 11
73 ceasefire, 65
armed attack, 74 chargé d’affaires ad
counter attack, 74 interim, 22
terrorist attack, 65 charter, 58
88 ● INDEX

civil conflict mediation,

civil rights, 81 64
civil society, 79 conflict of interest,
civil war, 66 50
clause conflict prevention,
additional clause, 63
60 conflict resolution,
ambiguous clause, 63
60 Congress, 41
final clause, 60 consensus, 50
hidden clause, 60 constituency, 39
cleric consultation, 8, 49, 53
Christian cleric, 24 constitutionalism, 12
Muslim cleric, 24 constitutional
coalition, 28 monarchy, 12
coalition forces, 66 conservatism, 11
coalition consul, 22
government, 42 consulate, 22
colonialism, 7 consultation, 8, 18, 49,
colonisation, 7 53
commercial treaty, 59 consular
committee, 51 consular office, 22
commission, 28 consular service, 22
commissioner, 51 consular treaty, 59
Commonwealth, 33 contract, 8, 5
communications social contract, 80
revolution, 84 convention, 8
communism, 11 correspondence, 5
community, 27 council, 28
compact, 8 coup, 45
concession, 50 credentials, 18
conference, 8, 53 letter of credentials, 18
conflict, 63 presentation of, 21
 INDEX ● 89

cultural diplomacy
cultural attaché, 23 public diplomacy, 14
cultural globalis- traditional diplomacy,
ation, 83 14
cultural particularity, diplomat, 5
83 diplomatic
cultural relativism, diplomatic action, 19
83 diplomatic cam-
paign, 19
damage limitation, 15 diplomatic contacts, 19
danger, 73 diplomatic courier, 22
dean diplomatic corps, 5, 21
of consular corps, 22 diplomatic etiquette, 23
of diplomatic corps, 21 diplomatic represen-
declaration, 57 tation, 5, 19
de-escalation, 64 diplomatic response, 19
delegation diplomatic staff, 21
delegation member, diplomatic status, 19
51 discussion, 6, 53
delegation president, dispute, 7, 64
51 dissident, 43
delegation speaker, 51 district, 44
demonstration, 45 doctrine, 6
development document, 8, 57
development object- drone, 72
ives, 84
development plans, 85 ECPWAS (Economic
economic Community of
development, 84 West African
human development, States), 34
84 EFTA (European Free
sustainable Trade Association),
development, 84 33
90 ● INDEX
election
election manifesto,
38
election monitoring,
38
election-rigging, 40
federal election, 37
general election, 37
local election, 37
mid-term elections, 37
presidential election, 37
electoral commission, 38
electoral process, 37
electorate, 39
elitism, 12
embargo, 7
embassy, 5, 22
embassy chancellor,
22
embassy premises,
22
embassy spokesman,
22
entity, 9, 27
envoy, 21
equality, 80
ethnic cleansing, 65
EU (European Union), 32
Excellency, 24
extraterritoriality, 15
extremism, 11
factionalism, 11
federation, 28
fire
artillery fire, 71
rocket fire, 71
force
air force, 66
coalition forces, 66
deterrent force, 67
multinational force,
66
strike force, 67
foreign
foreign affairs, 6,7
foreign policy, 6
forum, 27, 53
fund, 28
G7 (Group of Seven), 33
G8 (Group of Eight), 33
G20 (Group of Twenty), 33
General Assembly, 29
genocide, 65
gerrymandering, 40
global policy, 6
global village, 84
government
coalition government, 42
interim government, 42
transition government, 42
headquarters, 9, 72
hegemony, 13
helicopter, 72
 INDEX ● 91

human protection of
crimes against human interests, 16
development, 84 international
human rights, 80 international bor-
human rights ders, 9
association, 80 international com-
human rights munity, 6
violations, 81 international
humanity, 81 cooperation, 6
international
IAEA (International institutions, 6
Atomic Energy international law,
Agency), 32 64
ICC (International international order, 6
Chamber of international politics,
Commerce), 32 13
ICJ (International Court international rela-
of Justice), 32 tions, 6
ICRC (International international sanc-
Committee of the tions, 7
Red Cross), 31 international
IFAD (International standards, 81
Fund for Agri- IOM (International
cultural Develop- Organization for
ment), 30 Migration), 31
incrementalism, 12 IPCC (Intergovern-
independence, 44 mental Panel on
institution, 9 Climate Change),
instrument, 8 30
interests Islamic
conflict of interest, Islamic community, 9
50 Islamic world, 9
interests section, 17 isolationism, 11
92 ● INDEX

LAS (League of Arab mission, 51

States), 33 head of, 21
leader, 43 monarchism, 12
legalistic-moralistic, 15 motion, 9
legitimacy, 15 movement, 27
liberalism, 2 multilateral, 59

Machiavellianism, 12 nation, 44
Majesty, 9 nation-state, 44
march, 45 nationalism, 9
Marxism, 11 naturalisation, 7
massacre, 65 navy, 66
mediation, 16, 52 negotiation, 6
conflict mediation, 64 neutralism, 16
memorandum, 8 normalisation, 7
Middle East, 9 notoriety, 38
military, 68 nuclear
military attaché, 23 nuclear bomb, 70
military base, 72 nuclear deterrent, 69
military nuclear non-
confrontation, 65 proliferation, 73
military intervention, nuclear
65 proliferation, 73
military movement, nuclear weapons, 69
65
military presence, occupation, 7
65 opponent, 44
military staff, 67 opportunism, 12
militia, 66 Organization for the
minister, 43 Prohibition of
Ministry of Foreign Chemical
Affairs, 7 Weapons
missile, 69 (OPCW), 32
 INDEX ● 93

Organization of premises, 9
Islamic president, 43
Cooperation prince, 10
(OIC), 33 princess, 10
Organization of the principle, 6
Petroleum progress, 84
Exporting programme, 28
Countries project, 28
(OPEC), 33 propaganda, 40
protocol, 5, 23
Pacific Islands Forum province, 44
(PIF), 35 public
panel, 53 public diplomacy, 14
Paradigm, 14 public opinion, 38
Parliament, 41
party racism, 12
ruling party, 42 raid, 73
peace treaty, 8 rally, 45
pluralism, 12 rapprochement, 15
polarisation, 16 rationalism, 12
political realism, 12
political asylum, 7 rebel, 43
political conflict, 63 rebellion, 45
political globali- reciprocity, 16
sation, 83 recognition, 16
politician, 43 referendum, 38
politics refugee, 7
bureaucratic politics, 15 regime, 43
high politics, 15 representation
popularity, 38 diplomatic repre-
populism, 11 sentation, 6, 19
postmodernism, 12 republic, 44
poverty reduction, 84 reputation, 38
94 ● INDEX

resistance, 45 state, 44
revolution, 45 buffer state, 17
rights state visit, 24
civil rights, 81 statement, 8
human rights, 80 status quo, 16
minority rights, 81 supporter, 44
refugee rights, 81 Sykes-Picot
Universal Declar- Agreement, 61
ation of Human sympathiser, 44
Rights, 80
roundtable, 52 talks, 8
Royal Highness, 10 failure of talks, 54
rule high-level talks, 53
decentralised rule, 13 preliminary talks, 53
rule of law, 64 round of talks, 54
self-rule, 13 success of talks, 54
to conclude talks, 54
safety, 73 tank, 72
Secretariat, 29 tension, 7
Secretary General, terrorism, 65
29 terrorist, 68
sectarianism, 11 terrorist attack, 65
Senate, 41 theory
separatism, 12 convergence theory,
session 13
closing session, 53 game theory, 13
opening session, 53 international relations
session minutes, 52 theory, 13
socialism, 11 theory of
society, 27 international
sovereignty, 13 politics, 13
Soviet Union, 35 totalitarianism, 12
squad, 68 transparency, 40
 INDEX ● 95

treaty, 8 unity, 45
peace treaty, 8, 57 utopianism, 12
treaty terms, 60
commercial treaty, 59 victory, 47
collective treaty, 59 vote, 39
extradition treaty, vote of confidence,
59 42
tribalism, 12 vote of no-
truce, 7 confidence, 42
trusteeship, 15
war, 66
UNDFW (United civil war, 66
Nations guerilla war, 66
Development prisoner of war, 68
Fund for proxy war, 66
Women), 31 war crime, 65
UNHCR (United war criminal, 68
Nations High Warsaw Pact, 62
Commission for weapon, 69
Human Rights), ballistic weapon, 71
31 nuclear weapons, 69
UNHCR (United weapon of mass
Nations Refugee destruction, 69
Agency), 31 World Bank, 29
UNPF (United Nations World Food
Population Fund), Programme
30 (WFP), 30
UNRWA (United World Health
Nations Relief Organization
and Works (WHO), 30
Agency for World Trade
Palestine Organization
Refugees), 31 (WTO), 30
96 ● INDEX

Zionism, 12 no-fly zone, 71

zone zones of peace, 15
combat zone, 72 zones of turmoil,
demilitarised zone, 71 15