IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY- LECTURE

MIDTERM- Introduction to Immunity & Immune System

Mr. James Ryan A. Mendoza
- Metchnikoff introduced the cellular theory of immunity
IMMUNOLOGY through phagocytosis.
- AKA immune response Stages of Phagocytosis (ICEDE)
- The study of the host’s reaction to foreign substances that 1. Initiation – detection
are introduced in the body. 2. Chemotaxis - movement of WBC to foreign substance
ANTIGEN or infection.
3. Engulfment - eating
- AKA foreign substance
4. Digestion
- Foreign substance that induce a host response or reaction.
5. Excretion – secretion of antigen
 Pathogens *Antigen stimulates the plasma cells, which starts the Humoral
 Incompatible blood Immunity.
 Incompatible tissues
IMMUNITY 5. Emil Von Behring
- To establish resistance to infection. - Diphtheria and tetanus toxins could be neutralized by the
IMMUNITY & IMMUNIZATION noncellular portion of the blood, or serum, of animals
1. 15th Chinese People previously exposed to the immunity to the
Variolation – inhalation of smallpox scabs that are ‘pulverized’. microorganism.
- To induce immunity to healthy individuals that are not - Theory of Humoral immunity was introduced
infected with the disease.
- Disadvantage: POTENCY of the virus is still powerful  2 FORMS OF IMMUNITY
and it increases the fatality rate up to 30%.  CELLULAR immunity – DIRECT; granulated cells
Small pox- lesions to human.  HUMORAL immunity – secretion of cells
2. Edward Jenner
- 1700’s 6. Almroth Wright
- Introduced the cross-immunity in a manner of - linked the two theories by showing that the immune
‘molecular mimicry’ response involved both cellular and humoral elements.
- Able to successfully prevent infection with smallpox by - He observed that certain humoral, or circulating, factors
injecting less harmful substance —> cowpox. called opsonins —> acted to coat bacteria so that they
- Jenner able to analyze how milkmaids are immune to became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
smallpox making it LESS potent/ virulent, is due - Opsonins- enhances phagocytosis; an Ab; Acute phase
exposure to cowpox. Reactants (APR- elevates nonspecifically when infection
- Cowpox – lesions affecting cows. or inflammation happens).
3. Louis Pasteur
- FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY ANTIBODIES
- First to introduce the concept of vaccination (microbial - serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when
disease). exposed to a foreign substance and they react specifically
- First attenuated vaccine from chickens. with that foreign substance.
- Observed by chance that older bacterial cultures could - composed of two-heavy chains and two-light chains.
not cause disease when injected to chickens. a. Fab region – attaches to the pathogens (Fragment
- Subsequent injections of more virulent organisms had no Antigen Binding).
effect on the chicken that had been exposed to older b. Fc region – emits signal for ‘chemotaxis’ and enhance
cultures. phagocytosis (Fragment Crystallizable).
Attenuation – is the weakening of pathogen (less
potent/virulent) that will serve as an antigen to induce INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
immune-response/ immunity.  Two branches of Immunity
- Attenuation remained the basis for many of the - Innate and Adaptive Immunity
immunizations that is being used up today. I. Innate Immunity
- Principle of attenuation is used in the prevention of - Natural immunity
rabies. - is the individual’s ability to resist infection by means of
- Attenuation is through heating, aging, or chemical normally present body functions.
means. - Characteristic:
Chicken spinal cords a. Non adaptive
Fresh (culture) Dried (culture)
- Died - survived b. Nonspecific
c. Lacks memory
d. Immediate effects
4. Elie Metchnikoff - Phagocytic cells of the Innate System includes (NEBM)
- Russian scientist granular cells
- observed under a microscope that foreign objects a. Neutrophil
introduced into transparent starfish larvae became b. Eosinophil
surrounded by motile amoeboid-like cells that attempted c. Basophil
to destroy the penetrating objects. d. Monocytes
- Foreign substance introduced in the body are destroyed. - Tissue cells: (MMD)
- Hypothesized that immunity to disease was based on the a. Macrophages – “large eaters”
action of these scavenger cells & was a natural, innate, b. Mast cells
host defense. c. Dendritic cells – with hair-like projection to capture
Phagocytosis – eating of cells; cellular defense mechanisms. antigen.
-APC (antigen presenting cell)
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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY- LECTURE
MIDTERM- Introduction to Immunity & Immune System
Mr. James Ryan A. Mendoza
- - Their innate immune functions include microbial killing,
most potent phagocytic cell anti-tumor activity, intracellular parasite eradication,
WBCs in peripheral blood phagocytosis, and secretion of cell mediators.
a. Neutrophils - Killing activity is enhanced when macrophages are
b. Eosinophils ‘activated’ by contact with microorganisms or with
c. Basophils chemical messengers called ‘cytokines’.
d. Monocytes - Cytokines are released by T-lymphocytes during immune
1. NEUTROPHILS response.
- Aka segmented (segs) /band neutrophils/ PMNs Location Name
- 50-75% of the total peripheral WBCs in adults. Lung Alveolar macrophage
 Diapedesis- movement of neutrophils from blood to the
tissues. Liver Kupffer cells
 Chemotaxis- chemical messengers that cause cells to Brain Microglial cells
migrate in a particular direction. Bone Osteoclasts
a. Positive chemotaxis – WBC towards the infection Connective tissues Histiocytes
b. Negative chemotaxis – WBC away from the infection.
 Chemotaxins- substances that induce chemotaxis 2. Mast Cells
 Vasodilation causes diapedesis. - Resembles basophils but is larger.
- Its granules have enzyme content that distinguish from
Inflammation- causes vasodilation which increases capillary basophils:
permeability. o Serine protease
5 Cardinal signs of Inflammation o Heparin
Rubor redness o Neutrophil chemotactic factor
Calor heat o Histamine
Tumor swelling o Acid phosphatase
Dolor pain o ALP
Functio laesa Loss of functionality - Mast cells plays a role in allergic reaction as well as
function as an APCs (antigen-presenting cells).
 Allergen —(enters)—> Body (has mast cells); mast cells
stimulates Ig E and plasma cells. Plasma cells then release/
2. EOSINOPHILS stimulate Ig E. IgE kills the allergens.
- 1-4% of the circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person.
- Increases in allergic & parasitic infections. 3. Dendritic cells
- Bilobed and ellipsoidal nucleus. - Named because of its long-membranous extensions that
- Orange-reddish granules. resembles nerve cell dendrites.
- Counteract (neutralize) basophils in allergic reactions - Discovered by Steinman & Cohn in 1973.
- most important role of eosinophils is regulation of the - Most effective APC and most potent phagocytic cells.
immune response, including regulation of mast cell
function. II. Adaptive Immunity
- Key cell involved is lymphocyte.
3. BASOPHILS - Characteristics:
- least numerous of WBCs (>1%). a. Specific
- smallest of the granulocytes. b. Has the ability to remember prior to exposure.
- contain coarse, densely staining deep-bluish-purple - Memory and specificity result in an increased response to
granules that often obscure the nucleus. a pathogen upon repeated exposure.
- regulates some T helper (Th) cell responses and stimulate CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
B cells to produce the antibody IgE. I. Lymphocytes
a. B Cells
4. Monocytes b. T Cells
- largest cells c. Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
- distinguishing feature: irregularly folded or horseshoe- I. Lymphocytes
shaped nucleus - 20-40% circulating WBCs
- cytoplasm stains a dull grayish blue and has a ground- - Divided into 3:
glass appearance. a. B cells = 10-20%
- 4-10% total circulating WBCs. b. T cells = 61-80%
- Stay in peripheral blood for 30hrs c. NK cells (Innate lymphoid cells) = 10-15%
- Migrate to tissues and become known as macrophages.  Clusters of differentiation (CD)- surface markers that
serves to identify lymphocytes. (may be according to
TISSUE CELLS protein/ antigens on cell surfaces).
a. Macrophages SURFACE MARKERS OF T CELLS
b. Mast cells CD4+ T-Lymphocytes - T-helper -For APC
c. Dendritic cells cells -Target cells of
1. Macrophages - regulatory HIV
- From monocytes T cells
- Have specific names according to their particular tissue CD8+ T-Lymphocytes T-cytotoxic -Causes perforation
location. cells -for Cell-mediated
immunity

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IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY- LECTURE
MIDTERM- Introduction to Immunity & Immune System
Mr. James Ryan A. Mendoza
I. PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
A. B CELLS - Maturation of B & T lymphocytes takes place
- for antibody production 1) BONE MARROW
- from bone marrow stromal cells - Largest tissues of the body
- Can be recognized by the presence of IgM and IgD - Fills the core pf all long flat bones
- ‘naïve’ ‘virgin’ waiting for APCs. - Main source of HSCs
- Named after “bursa of Fabricus”, an organ of bird where - Site of independent B-cell maturation
it was originally found - B cell maturation takes place.
- When mature: plasma cells (fully differentiated B 2) THYMUS
Lymphocytes; for Ab function) - Small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax, or chest
- other surface proteins in B cells include: cavity, right below the thyroid gland and overlying the
a. CD19 heart.
b. CD20 - Maturation of T cell (3-week period and differentiated)
c. CD21
d. Class II MHC (Major Histocompatability Complex) II. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
- MHC for compatability of organ transplant. - Main contact with foreign antigens takes place.
I. SPLEEN
B. T Cells - Largest secondary lymphoid organ
- Regulatory cells - A filter: removes old and damage cells and foreign
- Differentiated and mature in the thymus. antigens from blood (350 mL/ min).
- Precursor: thymocytes (youngest form of T cell)  Splenic tissue:
 Bone marrow- Ag independent site of lymphopoeisis a. Red pulp (>1/2 of the total volume)
 produces the thymocytes o Rich in macrophages
- T cells express unique surface markers that allow them to o Destroys old RBC’s platelets and some
recognize foreign antigens bound to cell membrane pathogens
proteins called MHC molecules. o Heinz bodies in cells are eaten in spleen ( =
- Role: CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY bite cells)
- Produce cytokines b. White pulp ( 20% weight of spleen)
- kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells o Contains lymphoid tissue arranged around
- regulate innate and adaptive immune response. arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
 Cytokines – chemical messengers that induce cellular (PALS) (mainly T cells)
function.
 All subtypes possess CD3 marker II. LYMPH NODES
 3 subtypes: - Central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent
a. T-helper cells tissues.
b. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T Lymphocyte) - Filters interstitial fluid
c. Regulatory T cells - filtrate of the blood and arises from passage of water and
- The ratio of CD4 & CD8 in the peripheral blood is low-molecular-weight solutes out of blood vessel walls
approx. 2:1. and into the interstitial spaces between cells
- Lymphocytes and any foreign substances Ag present
C. Natural Killer Cells (NK) enter nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels.
- Principal type of Innate lymphoid cell - Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells causes the
- Named NK cells because they have the ability to kill lymph nodes to become enlarged, a condition known as
target cells without prior exposure to them. lymphadenopathy.
- Do not need thymus for maturation, it matures in Bone  Lymph fluid – filtrate of the blood; carries Ag and Ab.
marrow itself.  TT cells
- Larger than T cells and B cells.  B cells
- Contain kidney-shaped nuclei  Macrophage
- 10-15% of he circulating lymphoid pool  Dendritic cells
- Found mainly in liver, spleen, & peripheral blood.
- No unique surface markers but contain a specific III. OTHER SECONDARY LYMPHOID
combination of Ag that can be used for identification. ORGANS
a. CD16 – cell cytotoxicity; receptor for nonspecific end of 1. Mucosal-Associated Tissue (MALT)
Ab - Found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
b. CD56 – Cytokine producer urogenital tracts.
- play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the - Tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches (special MALT
innate and the adaptive immune response against located at the lower ileum)
pathogens. - Some of the main ports of entry of foreign antigens thus
- First line of defense against virally infected cells and numerous lymphocytes and macrophages are found.
tumor cells.
 Granules: GRANZYMES 2. Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
- Collective term for the cells that are found in the skin.
ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - Skin- largest organ; contains monocytes, macrophages
I. PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS1 and dendrites.
II. SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

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