Essentials of Statistics for the

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1. The _____ curve forms a symmetrical and mathematically defined bell-shaped pattern.
A) standard
B) unstandardized
C) normal
D) nonlinear

2. Distributions of scores drawn from a normally distributed population approach the

normal distribution as the:
A) number of scores increases.
B) number of scores decreases.
C) variance increases.
D) variance decreases.

3. A z score is a measure of:

A) how far away from the mean a score is in terms of standard deviations.
B) how far away from the mean a score is in terms of inches.
C) the strength of the relationship between two variables.
D) the strength of the relationship between a score and its mean.

4. To compare two scores that are measured on different scales, one needs to transform the
scores into:
A) standard deviations.
B) means.
C) z scores.
D) population parameters.

5. A _____ represents the number of standard deviations a particular score is from the
mean average.
A) z score
B) standard mean
C) standardization score
D) percentile score

6. The process of standardization involves the conversion of raw scores to _____ scores.
A) linear
B) standard
C) normal
D) nonlinear

Page 1
 7. Two students from two different schools recently took a science test. The first student
correctly answered 34 questions and the second student correctly answered 48
questions. What can be concluded from the two students' test scores?
A) The second student is smarter than the first student.
B) The two students did equally well on the exam.
C) The two students cannot be compared because no standardization procedure was
used to permit comparisons.
D) The two students cannot be compared because the scores did not form a linear
curve.

8. The mean of the distribution of a set of z scores is:

A) always 0.
B) always 1.
C) the same as the mean of the distribution of raw scores.
D) the score corresponding to the 50th percentile in the raw score distribution.

9. A person with a z score of 0 would have a raw score equal to:

A) the lowest score in the distribution of raw scores.
B) the mean of the distribution of raw scores.
C) the highest score in the distribution of raw scores.
D) zero.

10. The z distribution _____ has a mean of _____.

A) always; 0
B) sometimes; 0
C) always; 1
D) sometimes; 1

11. The z distribution _____ has a standard deviation of _____.

A) always; 0
B) sometimes; 0
C) always; 1
D) sometimes; 1

12. Which of these z scores from a single distribution of scores corresponds to the raw score
farthest from the mean of the distribution?
A) –2.3
B) –1.5
C) 0.8
D) 1.2

Page 2
13. Any raw score can be converted into a z score, as long as you know the _____ and
_____ of the distribution.
A) median; mean
B) median; standard deviation
C) mean; standard deviation
D) mean; range

14. Adam scored 70 on his final exam. His class's average score was 50, with a standard
deviation of 10. How many standard deviations is Adam's score from the mean?
A) 1 standard deviation above the mean
B) 1.5 standard deviation below the mean
C) 2 standard deviations above the mean
D) 2 standard deviations below the mean

15. If a distribution of scores has a mean of 55 and a standard deviation of 5, then a score of
70 has a z score that is _____ standard deviation(s) from the mean.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

16. If a distribution of scores has a mean of 90 and a standard deviation of 10, then a score
of 70 has a z score that is _____ standard deviation(s) _____ the mean.
A) 2; below
B) 1; above
C) 1; below
D) 2; above

17. Gibson (1986) asked a sample of college students to complete a self-esteem scale on
which the midpoint of the scale was the score 108. He found that the average
self-esteem score for this sample was 135.2, well above the actual midpoint of the scale.
Given that the standard deviation of self-esteem scores was 28.15, what would be the z
score for a sample participant whose self-esteem score was 101.6?
A) –1.19
B) –0.23
C) –0.87
D) 0.97

Page 3
18. Adam scored 70 on his final exam. His class's average score was 50, with a standard
deviation of 10. What is Adam's z score?
A) –1
B) 1
C) –2
D) 2

19. Jenna scored 40 on a standardized test of reading ability where the mean score is 50 and
the standard deviation is 10. Based on this information, what is Jenna's z score?
A) –2.0
B) 2.0
C) 1.0
D) –1.0

20. The first step in calculating a z score is calculating:

A) a standard deviation score.
B) the raw scores and subtracting from the mean of the sample.
C) the difference between a particular score and the population mean.
D) the difference between a particular score and the sample mean.

21. The second step in calculating a z score is expressing the obtained values in:
A) standard deviation units.
B) linear form.
C) nonlinear form.
D) distribution of means.

22. The symbol for the population standard deviation is:

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) s.

23. The symbol for the population mean is:

A) .
B) .
C) .
D) m.

Page 4
24. The formula for calculating a z score is:
A) z = ( – X)/.
B) z = ( – X)/ .
C) z = (X – )/.
D) z = (X – )/.

25. On the first statistics exam, the class average was 70 with a standard deviation of 6.
Adam scored 82. What is his z score?
A) –1.0
B) –2.0
C) 6.0
D) 2.0

26. According to the 2012–2013 annual report of the American Psychological Association's
survey of faculty salaries in graduate departments of psychology, the average salary for
a new (less than 3 years) full professor was $92,000 with a standard deviation of
$32,845. What is the z score of a new full professor making $95,500?
A) –0.62
B) –0.11
C) 0.11
D) 0.62

27. The first step in converting a z score into a raw score is multiplying the z score by the:
A) population variance.
B) raw score.
C) population standard deviation.
D) population mean.

28. The second step in converting a z score into a raw score is:
A) adding the mean of the population to the product obtained from multiplying the z
score and standard deviation.
B) subtracting the mean of the population from the product obtained by multiplying
the z score and standard deviation.
C) dividing the mean of the population into the product obtained by multiplying the z
score and standard deviation.
D) multiplying the mean of the population and the product obtained from multiplying
the z score and standard deviation.

Page 5
29. The formula for calculating the raw score from a z score is:
A) X = z() + .
B) X = z()/ .
C) z = ( – )/X.
D) z = (X – )/.

30. The mean for the population is 80 with a standard deviation of 5. Given a z score of
1.45, what is the raw score?
A) 72.75
B) 83.45
C) 85.00
D) 87.25

31. The mean for the population is 67 with a standard deviation of 8.78. Given a z score of
2.56, what is the raw score?
A) 89.48
B) 75.78
C) 44.52
D) 69.56

32. Daniel wanted to know his approximate score on the final exam for his mathematics
class. His professor hinted that his score was well above the class average. The
professor announced that the mean for the class final exam was 88 with a standard
deviation of 7. Given Daniel's z score of 1.67, what is the raw score for his exam grade?
A) 76.31
B) 99.69
C) 102.45
D) 96.99

33. A _____ is a distribution of z scores.

A) normal curve
B) z distribution
C) standard linear distribution
D) standardization

34. The z distribution is a normal distribution of _____ scores.

A) sample mean
B) population mean
C) standardized
D) raw

Page 6
35. The z distribution is equivalent to a distribution of _____ scores.
A) mean
B) linear
C) z
D) raw

36. Two students recently took algebra class tests. The students are at different schools but
wanted to compare their performance. The first student scored 80 on the test. Her class
average was 90 with a standard deviation of 10. The second student scored 50. Her class
average was 50 with a standard deviation of 10. Which student did better?
A) first student because she had a higher score
B) second student because she had an average score
C) first student because she performed better relative to her class
D) second student because she performed better relative to her class

37. Which score is more extreme: 0.32 or –0.45?

A) 0.32
B) –0.45
C) z scores do not allow us to assess this.
D) Scores with different signs cannot be compared.

38. A distribution of scores has a mean of 20.2 with a standard deviation of 0.89. Compare a
score of 21.23 with a z score of 1.2. Which statement is correct?
A) The score of 21.23 is greater.
B) The z score of 1.2 is greater, resulting in a raw score of 21.27.
C) The z score of 1.2 is lower, resulting in a raw score of 19.13.
D) The z score of 1.2 is greater, resulting in a raw score of 25.13.

39. z scores are useful because they:

A) allow us to convert raw scores to mean scores, compare scores from different
samples, and transform populations into samples.
B) transform linear scores into nonlinear scores, convert nonlinear scores back into
linear scores, and allow us to obtain comparisons between nonlinear and linear
scores.
C) give us an understanding of where a score falls in relation to the mean of its
underlying population, allow comparisons to be made between scores from
different distributions, and permit the transformation of z scores into percentiles.
D) reduce the probability of Type I and Type II errors, allow us to compare raw scores
with standard scores, and permit the transformation of raw scores into percentiles.

Page 7
40. What percent of scores fall beyond 3 standard deviations away from the mean?
A) more than 10
B) 10
C) 5
D) less than 1

41. In a normal standard curve, approximately _____ percent of scores fall within 1
standard deviation from the mean.
A) 34
B) 46
C) 96
D) 68

42. In a normal standard curve, approximately _____ percent of scores fall within 2
standard deviations from the mean
A) 34
B) 48
C) 96
D) 68

43. Given the properties of the standard normal curve, we know that _____ percent of all
scores fall below the mean and _____ percent fall above the mean.
A) 68; 68
B) 50; 50
C) 34; 34
D) 48; 48

44. In a normal standard curve, which percentile corresponds to a z score of –1.0?

A) 34
B) 68
C) 16
D) 45

45. In a normal standard curve, what percentile corresponds to a z score of 1.0?

A) 84
B) 68
C) 96
D) 45

Page 8
46. According to _____, as sample size increases, the distribution of _____ assume a
normal curve.
A) the central limit theorem; sample scores
B) the central limit theorem; sample means
C) the z-score distribution; population scores
D) hypothesis testing; raw scores

47. A _____ is composed of means based on samples rather than raw scores.
A) distribution of means
B) distribution of z scores
C) standardized distribution
D) percentile distribution

48. A distribution of means would be more likely to have a(n) _____ compared to a
distribution of raw scores.
A) higher variance
B) lower variance
C) higher standard deviation
D) equal standard deviation

49. Repeated sampling of _____ approximates a normal curve, even when the underlying
population is skewed.
A) means
B) standard deviations
C) scores
D) population parameters

50. Because of _____, skewed distributions approximate normal curves when means are
based on larger samples.
A) sampling with replacement
B) the central limit theorem
C) hypothesis testing
D) z scores

51. When creating a distribution of means, it is important that whatever scores are sampled
to compute the means are:
A) placed back into the population for additional sampling.
B) separated out from the population so that they cannot be re-sampled.
C) recorded in order to create a distribution of scores.
D) balanced across the mean so that extreme scores are controlled.

Page 9
52. The term _____ is used for the distribution of means in place of the term standard
deviation.
A) standard variance
B) population variance
C) mean variance
D) standard error

53. The symbol for the standard error is:

A) M.
B) S.
C) M.
D) S.

54. The formula for the standard error is:

A)    / N .
M
B)  S   / N.
C)  M   x / N.
D)  S   x / ( N  1).

55. The distribution of means based on a sample size of 45, pulled from a population
distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, would have a standard
error of:
A) 2.24.
B) 3.00.
C) 25.82.
D) 0.33.

56. If samples have at least _____ scores, the distribution of means will most likely
approximate a normal curve.
A) 30
B) 50
C) 88
D) 100

Page 10
57. Sample means based on at least _____ scores tend to approximate a normal distribution,
even when the underlying population is skewed.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 30
D) 50

58. As sample size _____, the spread of distribution of means _____.

A) increases; increases
B) decreases; stays the same
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; decreases

59. As sample size _____, the spread of distribution of means decreases.

A) shrinks
B) decreases
C) increases
D) remains constant

60. As sample size increases, the spread of distribution of means _____.

A) increases
B) remains unaffected
C) decreases
D) cannot be predicted

61. As sample size _____, the spread of distribution of means increases.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains constant
D) cannot be predicted

62. As sample size decreases, the spread of distribution of means _____.

A) increases
B) remains unaffected
C) decreases
D) cannot be predicted

Page 11
63. When calculating a z score for a distribution of means, the z score is referred to as a:
A) standard score.
B) standardized score.
C) z statistic.
D) central limit theorem.

64. Since one rarely has access to an entire population, one typically calculates the mean of
a sample and:
A) compares that to the z distribution.
B) computes a standardized score for that mean.
C) compares that to a distribution of means by calculating a z statistic.
D) standardizes that using information about the center and spread of the population of
scores.

65. The formula for z based on the mean of a sample is:

A) z = (M – M)/S.
B) z = (X – M)/S.
C) z = (X – M)/M.
D) z = (M – M)/M.

Page 12
Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. A
18. D
19. D
20. C
21. A
22. C
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. C
27. C
28. A
29. A
30. C
31. A
32. B
33. B
34. C
35. C
36. D
37. B
38. B
39. C
40. D
41. D
42. C
43. B
44. C

Page 13
45. A
46. B
47. A
48. B
49. A
50. B
51. A
52. D
53. A
54. A
55. A
56. A
57. C
58. C
59. C
60. C
61. B
62. A
63. C
64. C
65. D

Page 14
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A CARRIAGE AND TWO WOMEN
BY
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This book is privately printed and the edition is limited. It contains
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MISS F. C. ALLEN,

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