Notes to Noam Chomsky's Concept

of Language
Joannes Richter

Abstract
Avram Noam Chomsky[a] (born in 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known
for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism. Sometimes called "the father of
modern linguistics"1, Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders
of the field of cognitive science.

In 1959, Noam Chomsky published a scathing review of B. F. Skinner's book Verbal

Behavior.[6] At the time, Skinner's behaviorist paradigm dominated the field of
psychology within the United States. Most psychologists focused on functional relations
between stimulus and response, without positing internal representations. Chomsky
argued that in order to explain language, we needed a theory like generative grammar,
which not only attributed internal representations but characterized their underlying
order.2

Chomsky's special viewpoint was the sentence-section of the parser, which concentrates on the
grammars. Another section is the word's section of the parser etymology, which describes the
etymology of the words.
Both sections of the parser seem to be developed as optimized architectures. The words' architecture
is permanently being optimized by degeneration and renewing by metamorphoses of the metaphors.
The first concepts of the fundamental words seems to be generated as references to the 5
independent phonetic sources of the human voice: the tongue, the lips, teeth, palatal, and the
guttural with the vocal chords. These sources are defined as the Places of articulation.
Generative grammar considers grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those
combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language. It is a system of
explicit rules that may apply repeatedly to generate an indefinite number of sentences which can be
as long as one wants them to be.3
This essay concentrates on the relations between the grammar and the etymology of the
fundamental pentagrammatons (father, mother and the sky-god), which had been composed from
letters, which represent the 5 phonetic sources of the human voice.

1 [b] Fox 1998: "Mr. Chomsky ... is the father of modern linguistics and remains the field's most influential
practitioner." (Source: Noam Chomsky[a], Wikipedia)
2 cognitive science (Wikipedia)
3 generative grammar
History-sketch of the discovery of the sources
The discovery of the phonetic sources of the fundamental words may have been handicapped
persons, who had lost one (or more) of the relevant body parts. The loss (or deformity) of the vocal
chords, tongue and teeth are known to reduce the linguistic utterances. These body parts may be lost
by infection, accident, punishments and wars.
The deformities as the cleft lip and cleft palate may have been caused by inbreeding 4, which was
found in all social layers, especially in some famous royal dynasties.
Places of articulation Loss or deformities infection punishment war accident inbreeding
1 Larynx, Diseases x
vocal chords / infection
2 teeth loss x x x x
3 tongue loss x x x x
4 lips cleft lip x
5 palate cleft palate x
Table 1 Handicaps in the phonetic sources of the fundamental words
Each handicap may cause a reduction of the phonetic sources of the fundamental words. The
handicapped often could not perfectly spell the fundamental words, such as the names of the sky-
father and the earth-mother.

The 2-dimensional alphabets

Flinders Petrie's (1853–1942) earlier categorizations had been documented by other specialists such
as5:
• Karl Richard Lepsius (1810–1884),
• John William Donaldson6 (1839) and
• Isaac Taylor (1787–1865).
Studying the books of Flinders Petrie, Karl Richard Lepsius, John William Donaldson and Isaac
Taylor I understood the authors interpreted the alphabets from different viewpoints.
It had long ago been noticed by Lepsius, Donaldson, and Taylor that, embedded in the
Phoenician, Greek, and Italian alphabets there is a repeated sequence of letters,—vowel,
labial, guttural, and dental. What has however been ignored is that this system is
extended a whole series further in the Greek than in the Phoenician alphabet, forming a
fifth row and the beginning of a sixth. The liquids and sibilants were added later and
form no part of such a scheme.7

4 Source: Maxillary hypoplasia (Wikipedia)

5 A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd) 29.07.2020, 05:50:30, j ri
6 New Cratylus, p. 148 John William Donaldson
7 The Formation of the Alphabet - William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1912),
quoted in Understand your Alphabet - The Introduction of a Number of Eurasian Alphabets
Flinders Petrie's Periodic Table in the Greek alphabet (1912) also follows the alphabetical order,
which contains some empty locations.

1: Flinders Petrie's Periodic Table in the Greek alphabet (1912)

Source: The formation of the alphabet (Petrie, W. M. Flinders) (1912)

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet

Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Φ
Alphabēton
ἀλφάβητον
23 A B Γ Δ Ε F Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΞΟΠS QΡ Σ Τ YΧΩ
Ψ
1 2 3 10 20 30 40 80
Numbers (value) 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
Table 2 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)
Flinders Petrie's Periodic Table in the Greek alphabet (1912) may be reconstructed to a 2-
dimensional array, which (after reordering of the columns,) displays in the 2 nd row a theonym
(ΘiEUS ↔ Θ9- I10-Ε5-Ϝ6-Ξ60).

guttural labial palatal lingual dental

1 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Gamma Γ3 Delta Δ4 Zeta Z7 5
2 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ6 Iota I10 Theta Θ9 Xi Ξ60 5
3 Eta H8 Mu M40 Kappa Ch20 Lambda Λ30 Rho R100 5
4 Omicron O70 Pi Π80 Qoppa Q90 Nu N50 Sigma S200 5
5 Omega Ω800 Upsilon Y400 Chi Χ600 Tau T300 4
6 Phi Φ500 Psi Ψ700 2
Table 3 Restoration for Flinders Petrie's “alphabet”
in 26 letters in the Greek alphabet (1912)
Just like in Ganesha Vidya (1968) Flinders Petrie (1912) classified the vowels in the first columns,
named “vowels”. The letters I is categorized as a palatal and U as a labial.
Unfortunately Flinders Petrie missed the solution in a Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic
commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah”, which describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the
Hebrew alphabet and classifies them in 5 groups linguals, palatals, labials, gutturals, dentals.
According to the Sefer Yetzirah the tongue is the most important point of articulation.
The handicaps of the Habsburgs
Especially the reduction of phonetic signals is known to have handicapped the royals of the
Habsburg dynasty. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the
Habsburgs from 1440 until their extinction in the male line in 1740, and, as the Habsburg-Lorraines,
from 1765 until its dissolution in 1806. The Habsburgs sought to consolidate their power by
frequent consanguineous marriages, resulting in a cumulatively deleterious effect on their gene
pool. Health impairments due to inbreeding included epilepsy, insanity and early death.
Numerous members of the family showed specific facial deformities: an enlarged lower jaw with an
extended chin known as mandibular prognathism or ‘Habsburg jaw’, a large nose with hump and
hanging tip (‘Habsburg nose’) and an everted lower lip (‘Habsburg lip’). Maxillary hypoplasia is the
most common secondary deformity that results from cleft lip and cleft palate8.
From 1516 to 1700, it has been estimated that over 80% of marriages within the Spanish branch of
the Habsburg dynasty were consanguineous. In other words they were marriages between close
blood relatives. In fact, the levels increase consistently from the earliest Spanish Habsburgs. This
goes from King Philip I (1478-1506), to Charles II, the last Spanish Habsburg king. Some of the
Habsburgs – notably Charles II – had an inbreeding coefficient nearly twice what one would expect
given the level of relatedness between his mother and father.9
These handicaps of the Habsburg may have motivated Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1415 –
1493)10 to order the Voynich manuscript as an encoded, medical manual for the members of the
Habsburger dynasty,

The Voynich manuscript

Apart from epilepsy, insanity, and early death the Habsburg lip, resulting from an extended lower
jaw, also caused the problems in speaking and eating. The Habsburg face also included a strechted
nose and (Bernhardiner-Augen)
The Habsburg lower lip (or Habsburg lip) is the name given to the strongly pronounced,
hereditary lower lip of the Habsburgs. It results from hereditary overdevelopment of the
lower jaw (“true” progeny) and Class III tooth misalignment and forms part of the
characteristic Habsburg face.

Slight indications of the Habsburg lip may be found in paintings of:

• Rudolf von Habsburg (1218–1291)
• Johanna von Pfirt (1300–1351)
• Albrecht II. (1391–1439)
Clear indications of the Habsburg lip may be found in the paintings of:
• Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1415 - 1493)
• Maximilian I (1459–1519), Holy Roman Emperor
• Karl V (1500-†1558) . and Ferdinand I (* 1503 - † 1564)

8 Cleft lip and cleft palate

9 Source: How Inbreeding Doomed the House of Habsburg
10 The fourth king and first emperor of the House of Habsburg.
The physical disabilities culminated in the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire:
• Charles II of Spain (1661–1700), whose Habsburg jaw caused problems in speaking and
chewing his food. As a child he postponed the speaking phase to the age of 4 and learned to
walk at the age of 811.
The physical disabilities grew until the offspring was unable to grow up to maturity:
A study of 3,000 family members over 16 generations by the University of Santiago de
Compostela suggests inbreeding may have played a role in their extinction.[2112]

At the first signs of speaking problems by extended jaws and lips (from the reign of Frederick III,
1415 – 1493) the management may have searched for an alphabet and a simplified language without
labial phonemes.
This simplified language may have been designed as a tool to read and pronounce series of words,
most of which shared a similar standard pattern, in which only one of the letters was to be modified.
This Voynich Manuscript, titled “Beinecke MS 408”, may be a codex with a simplified languages
for the education or the most disabled heir. 13 The manuscript may have been based on a reduced set
of phonetics, which are selected for the mandibular prognathism or ‘Habsburg jaw’. The encryption
was chosen to keep the manuscript hidden for profane citizens, who might have used the knowledge
of the Habsburg jaw as a tool to crash the Habsburg dynasty..

The role and ownership of the Voynich manuscript

Maybe the Habsburg emperor decided to order the composition of the Voynich manuscript, which
seems to be written and encoded in a language with a reduced set of phonetic symbols. The vellum
on which it is written has been carbon-dated to the early 15th century (1404–1438), which matches
to the lifetime of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1415 – 1493), who was married to Eleanor,
daughter of King Edward of Portugal. An early Habsburger may have been an owner of the Voynich
manuscript around 1599-1611:
Marci's 1665/1666 cover letter to Kircher says that, according to his friend the late
Raphael Mnishovsky, the book had once been bought by Rudolf II, Holy Roman
Emperor and King of Bohemia for 600 ducats, 67.5 ozt (2.10 kg) of actual gold weight.
(Mnishovsky had died in 1644, more than 20 years earlier, and the deal must have
occurred before Rudolf's abdication in 1611, at least 55 years before Marci's letter.
However, Karl Widemann sold books to Rudolf II in March 1599.)14

11 Source (in German): Karl_II._(Spanien)

12 Ceballos, FC; Alvarez, G (2013). "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs". Heredity. 111
(2): 114–121. doi:10.1038/hdy.2013.25. PMC 3716267. PMID 23572123.
13 Another Approach to the Voynich Man...
14 Source: Voynich manuscript
The reduction of the alphabet in the Voynich manuscript
The impact of cleft lip and cleft palate on the alphabet in the Voynich manuscript may have reduced
the alphabet in the Voynich manuscript.
Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) can cause hypernasality (excessive nasal
resonance), hyponasality (reduced nasal resonance), or a mixed nasal resonance, which
is when hypernasality and hyponasality occur simultaneously.[71] In addition, CLP may
cause abnormal positioning of individual teeth, which can in turn affect the patient's
ability to make certain sounds when speaking such as the "f" or "v" sound and can also
result in a lisp.

Secondary effects of VPI include speech articulation errors (e.g., distortions, substitutions, and
omissions) and compensatory misarticulations and mispronunciations (e.g., glottal stops and
posterior nasal fricatives).[11]
Obviously the labials, the nasals (M and N) and the dentals may belong to the problems of the cleft
lip and cleft palate or ‘Habsburg jaw’ of the Habsburg royals. The involved phonemes would be
removed from the alphabet in the Voynich manuscript. In order to avoid the misarticulations the
Greek alphabet might be reduced to 15 letters: AΓΔΕΗΘΙΚΛΟQΤΧΨΩ.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 6
Φ
Greek
ἀλφάβητον
26 A B Γ Δ Ε F Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΞΟΠ SQΡ Σ Τ YΧΩ
Ψ
-
Voynich
alphabet
15 A - Γ Δ Ε - - ΗΘ Ι Κ Λ - - - Ο - - Q - - Τ - ΧΩ
Ψ
Table 4 Suggested reduced alphabet for the Voynich Manuscript

guttural labial palatal lingual dental

1 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Gamma Γ3 Delta Δ4 Zeta Z7 5
2 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ6 Iota I10 Theta Θ9 Xi Ξ60 5
3 Eta H8 Mu M40 Kappa Ch20 Lambda Λ30 Rho R100 5
4 Omicron O70 Pi Π80 Qoppa Q90 Nu N50 Sigma S200 5
5 Omega Ω800 Upsilon Y400 Chi Χ600 Tau T300 4
6 Phi Φ500 Psi Ψ700 2
Table 5 Suggested reduced alphabet for the Voynich Manuscript,
derived from the reconstructed Flinders Petrie's “alphabet”
in the 26 letters of the Greek alphabet (1912)
The following chapter will compare the statistics of the letters in the Voynich alphabet with the
reduced alphabet for an optimized alphabet for problems of the Habsburg royals, who suffered by
the cleft lip and cleft palate or ‘Habsburg jaw’.
Another concept is based on 4 categories in the Voynich alphabet
If only the labials represent the problems of the ‘Habsburg jaw’ we may simplify the Voynich
alphabet by skipping the labials. The involved phonemes would be removed from the alphabet in
the Voynich manuscript. In order to avoid the misarticulations the Greek alphabet might be reduced
to 20 letters: AΓΔΕΗΘΙΚΛΝΞΟQΡΣΤΧΨΩ.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 6
Φ
Greek
ἀλφάβητον
26 A B Γ Δ Ε F Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΞΟΠ SQΡ Σ Τ YΧΩ
Ψ
-
Voynich
alphabet
20 A - Γ Δ Ε - - ΗΘ Ι Κ Λ - Ν ΞΟ - - QΡ Σ Τ - ΧΩ
Ψ
Table 6 Suggested reduced alphabet for the Voynich Manuscript

guttural labial palatal lingual dental

1 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Gamma Γ3 Delta Δ4 Zeta Z7 5
2 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ6 Iota I10 Theta Θ9 Xi Ξ60 5
3 Eta H8 Mu M40 Kappa Ch20 Lambda Λ30 Rho R100 5
4 Omicron O70 Pi Π80 Qoppa Q90 Nu N50 Sigma S200 5
5 Omega Ω800 Upsilon Y400 Chi Χ600 Tau T300 4
6 Phi Φ500 Psi Ψ700 2
Table 7 Suggested reduced alphabet for the Voynich Manuscript,
derived from the reconstructed Flinders Petrie's “alphabet”
in the 26 letters of the Greek alphabet (1912)
The following chapter will compare the statistics of the letters in the Voynich alphabet with the
reduced alphabet for an optimized alphabet for problems of the Habsburg royals, who suffered by
‘Habsburg jaw’.
In the appendix I the scarcity (~4% instead of 20%) of the labials are identified in the 1 st page of the
Voynich Manuscript.
The statistics of the Voynich Manuscript

This chapter is based on a chapter from: The Voynich Manuscript as a Manual for the Habsburgs

In the medieval environment the occultism and superstition had to be applied to stabilize the
motivation for pregnancy and raising children, which in the House of Habsburg often suffered from
genetic disorders. Some of the children had problems in chewing, writing and learning to speak.
The offspring, who suffered from a Habsburg jaw, had problems to articulate the labials (B, ϝ- V, M,
P, U, W), in which the positions of the lips need to be intact.
In the Voynich manuscript a great number of words are shaped according to a formula, in which the
labials (B, ϝ- V, M, P, U, W) seem to be reduced15.
The reduction suggests the shaping of words according to compose the other phonetic categories:
the linguals: D, ÞL, N, T, the palatals: C, G, I, J, K, Q, X, the gutturals: A, Ε, H, O, Y and the
dentals:Z, S, R.

Fig.2 The formula for the word “okShdy” in Mike Roe's generic word- from:
www.voynich.nu (home page for René Zandbergen, 2023)

The reduction of labials in the Voynich Manuscript suggests the idea that the Voynich Manuscript
may be interpreted as a manual for the House of Habsburg.

15 Voynich (16) - Another Approach to the Voynich Manuscript

Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, political commentator,
social justice activist, and anarcho-syndicalist advocate. Sometimes described as the "father of
modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy. He has spent most of
his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor
Emeritus, and has authored over 100 books.
The nature of human language is still not completely understood. How do infants learn language?
How does it fit in with other cognitive processes? Noam Chomsky, noted linguist, philosopher, and
social critic explores the complexities of language and its study.
• Noam Chomsky: Language and Other Cognitive Processes (2011)16
• Noam Chomsky speaks about Universal Linguistics: Origins of Language (1998)17
• Language: The Cognitive Revolution - Noam Chomsky (1992)18
Cognitive revolution and Cognitive science
• The Concept of Language (Noam Chomsky) (1989)19
In this University of Washington interview, Upon Reflection host Al Page speaks with
Chomsky about how languages are systems of communication rooted in human nature.
• Noam Chomsky - The Structure of Language (mid 1970's) and Day at Night: Noam
Chomsky, author, lecturer, philosopher, and linguist (mid 1970's)20

The Cognitive Processes

The relationship between the speakers, writers and readers

The writing and reading are based on the speaking:
The social model of writing relies on the relationship between the writers and readers
for the purpose of creating meaning. "Writers seldom write exactly what they mean and
readers seldom interpret a writer's words exactly as the writer intended."[20] 21

The spelling of words is based on the speaking of the phonetics in the words. Before deteriorating
the letters of the words are following the spelling of the phonemes.

The European ABCeDaRium as Place of articulation

At the introduction of the alphabets (with letters as individual symbols to represent singular
phonemes) the 5 phonetic categories may have symbolized in the first 5 letters A, B, C, D, R of the
Latin substantivum ABCeDaRium22. The letters A, B, C, D, R are ordered from the larynx
(gutteral), lips, palatal, tongue, teeth. The Greek language interpreted the teeth as the border fence.
Then looking at him darkly resourceful Odysseus spoke to him: "What is this word that
broke through the fence of your teeth, Atreides?" IV. 350–351 (tr. R.)23

16 This lecture was presented by Boston College and recorded on 7/20/11.

17 Chomsky spoke on "Universal Linguistics" at Winona State University in Minnesota on March 20, 1998.
18 Professor Noam Chomsky delivers the 20th annual James R. Killian, Jr. Faculty Achievement Award and Lecture,
titled "Language: the Cognitive Revolutions," on April 8, 1992.
19 Upon Reflection (1989)
20 The series features fascinating interviews with notable cultural and political figures conducted in the mid 1970's.
21 Source: The Writing_process
22 Source: abecedario
23 Homer - Wikiquote
The exact order definitions of rabbi Saadia Gaon (892 – 942)
The (earliest documented?) order of the alphabetical sequence of the Places of articulation is
defined by Rabbi Saadia Gaon:
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter 4,
paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the Hebrew
alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph ( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (
‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the tongue with the opening of
the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial sounds] made by the release of the lips
and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬, yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by
the width of the tongue [against the palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬,
ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau (‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with
the [emission of] sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental
sounds] produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest. 24”

The order of the columns may be also synchronized to the alphabetical order A-B-C-D-Z. The
deviations to the standard are found in the order of the Saadia guttural section A,Ch,H,O and in the
dental sections Z,S,Sh,R,Tz of the long and Saadia versions. The Ph-letter in B,V,M,Ph is
equivalent to P.
The most suitable composition is the Saadia-version, in which the second guttural letter is an “H5”.
A B G D Z
Version Guttural Labial Palatal Lingual Dental
Saadia A,H,Ch,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Tz,R,Sh
Short A,Ch,H,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Sh,R,Tz
Long A,Ch,H,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Tz,R,Sh
Gra A,Ch,H,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Sh,R,Tz
Table 8 The four (Saadia, short, long, Gra) categories of the Sepher Yetzirah
The order of the columns in the following 2-dimensional table displays a theonym in the first row.
Only the letters in the 2nd row in the categories display the theonym TYHVS, resp. YHV:
Version Lingual Palatal Guttural Labial Dental Check
Saadia D,T G,Y A,H B,V Z,S H = correct

Short D,T G,Y A,Ch B,V Z,S Ch = error

Long D,T G,Y A,Ch B,V Z,S Ch = error
Gra D,T G,Y A,Ch B,V Z,S Ch = error
Table 9 Two letters in the four (Saadia, short, long, Gra) versions of the Sepher Yetzirah

24 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
The Sanskrit ABCeDaRium
The Indian signatury of the Sanskrit languages is defined by Pāṇini, a logician, Sanskrit philologist,
grammarian, and revered scholar in ancient India, variously dated between the 6th and 4th century
BCE.25
The early Vedic form of the Sanskrit language was far less homogenous compared to the Classical
Sanskrit as defined by grammarians by about the mid-1st millennium BCE. 26
The formalization of the Sanskrit language is credited to Pāṇini, along with Patanjali's Mahābhāṣya
and Katyayana's commentary that preceded Patañjali's work.[87] Panini composed Aṣṭādhyāyī
('Eight-Chapter Grammar').
The Lexicographic order of Sanskrit represents 16 vocal Shakti and 25 consonant Sparsha in the
sequence of the letters in traditional order from the guttural, palatal, lingual, dental, labial, which
more or less seems to follow the breath from the larynx to the mouth's exit:

Fig. 3 Phonetic Regions as the sources for phonemes

Source: Ganesha Vidya (1968) by L.S. Wakankar (Scribd)

The Sanskrit alphabet

The Sanskrit alphabet was sorted according to the points of articulation (lingual, palatal, guttural,
labial, dental), but the 14 vowels (A, Ā, I, Ī, U, Ū, Ṛ, Ṝ, Ḷ, Ḹ, E, AI, O, AU) was more abundant
than the Latin A-E-I-O-U set, and are distributed over all 5 categories (and points of articulation).27
The 14 vowels are identified in the second column.

Fig. 4 The Sanskrit alphabet

(Source: Practical grammar of the Sanskrit language (1864.), by Monier Williams, M.A.)

25 Pāṇini
26 Classical_Sanskrit
27 The Architecture and History of the Eurasian Alphabets
The comparison of the alphabetic structures
Although some alphabetic letters may have been redefined the 2-dimensional overviews of the
condensed alphabets Hebrew, Old-Persian and Sanskrit seem to be synchronized. The differences
seem to be caused by deteriorating effects by slowly, gradually matching transits (e.g.: T → Th and
Θ → D or T; S → Ḍ) to similar phonetics:
The fundamental words
The sky-god and earth-mother
The most important words may be identified in the names of the sky-gods, whose names often are
classified by the honoring, parental labels “Father”, respectively “Mother”. The modern
classification may be found in the word-compositions “Sky Father”, respectively “Mother Earth”.
In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic
religions of a sky god who is addressed as a "father", often the father of a pantheon and
is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The concept of "sky father" may
also be taken to include Sun gods with similar characteristics, such as Ra. The concept
is complementary to an "earth mother".

"Sky Father" is a direct translation of the Vedic Dyaus Pita, etymologically descended
from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek Zeûs Pater and Roman
Jupiter, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity's name, *Dyēus
Ph₂tḗr.[1] While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside of Indo-European
mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. In Egyptian mythology, Nut is the sky mother and
Geb is the earth father). 28

PIE-Decagrammatons
Both the Vedic Dyaus Pita (DYAUS-PITAR) and Jupiter (DIOUS-PITER) are dual
compositions of the 5 Places of articulation. Both PIE-Decagrammatons seem to have lost some
details by deterioration of the vowels I → E in PITER → PATER.

Language theonym 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sanskrit DYAUS-PITAR D Y A U S P I T A R
Luvian TIWAZ-TATIS T I W A Z T A T I Z
Greek (Δ)ΖΕΎΣ - PATĒR Δ Z E Y S P A T E R
Latin DIOUS-PITER D I O U S P I T E R

Latin LīBER PATER L Ī B E R P A T E R

Latin DĪVES-PATER D Ī V E S P A T E R
Table 10 The PIE-Decagrammatons
These words are merely a few samples for a PIE-Decagrammatons.

28 Source: Sky Father (Wikipedia)

Repairing fundamental words
In these names the traces of deterioration may be repaired by simply identifying the missing or
modified symbol.
The words for our parents are also protected against deterioration by the childish short nicknames
papa & mama or even pa & ma. These nicknames did not replace the original pater & mater.

Subtracting other fundamental words from the fundamental words

Subtracting another fundamental word as the personal pronoun of the 1 st person IEU from DIEUS
may also be identified as a derivation of the pentagrammaton for the sky-god.
These derivations are found in various Mediterranean languages and a few dialects. The name IOU
is derived from the fundamental word DIOUS (Jupiter).
A number of these derivations is deteriorated by losses or modification of the phonemes.
A list of examples explains some of the generating mechanisms29:
• Provencal: “D” + “iéu” = “Diéu”
• Italian: “D” + “ió” = “Dió”
• Spanish: “D” + “yo” + “s” = “Dios”
• Portuguese: “D” + “eu + “s” = “Deus”
• Romanian: “Z” + “eu” = “Zeu”
• old-German: “D” + “ih” + “s” = “Dis”30
• English: “D” + “i” + “s” = “Dis” (also described by Julius Caesar)
• Romance: “D” + “jau” = “Diéu” (ideally: Djaus)
• Sursilvanic : “D” + “jeu” = “Diéu”
• Sutsilvanic :“D” + “jou” = “Diéu” (ideally: Djous)
• Sicilian dialect: “D” + “iu” = “Diu”
• Old High German: “Z” + “i(u)” = “Ziu”, which may related the neighboring area
• Sutsilvanic :“D” + “jou” = “Diéu” (which is to be located in the Alps).
• Old English: “T” + “ich” = “Tig”, which may be related to the German pronoun “ich”31.

29 Details: The Deity Dis in the Gallic Wars and Hieroglyphs in Indo-European Languages
30 Dis has 53 BC been described by Julius Caesar in De Bello Gallico, Book VI- chapter 18
31 Similar pronouns are gothic-Dutch “ik”, ags. “ic and Icelandic “ek”
The Germanic, Roman & Greek Virtues in the Days of the Week
Home's Iliad seems to be filled with 5-letter words, which are related to the cardinal virtues such as
“Μῆνις” (divine wrath, ΜΗΗΝΙΣ), the first consort “Metis” (wisdom, METIS) and the second
consort “Themis” (justice, ThEMIS [ΘEMIΣ]) of Zeus. The roots of the Greek deities are antipodes:
(MET ↔ ΘEM).
There are two words for wrath (MÊNIS en ThYMOS) in which Mynes is the divine wrath and
Thumos (θυμός) the common anger.
The Germanic words for wrath (*WRAITh- and *WREIT-) seem to be composed as pentagrams.
The wisdom is honored by Wednesday (as (W)ODIN's day). The justice is honored by Tuesday (as
Tiw's or TIVAS' day). These Germanic deities are antipodes (WIT ↔ TIW).
The divine wrath may be based on Mēnis (MENIS) → MINERVA → *WREIT (“wrath”).
The 4th and 5th virtues may be based on ΜΥΗΘ (religion) ↔ ΘYM (passion). The 6th virtue (to make
love or freedom: FRIJŌN - LIBER - VRIJEN) may be based on Freyja. 32

## Virtue Greek Roman Germanic

Defini- Penta- Root Penta- Defini- Penta- Root
tion gram gram tion gram
sky-god Thursday Z(i)EUS Z(i)EUS (i)EU IOU- *Teiws TEIWS I(c)
PITER
1 Wisdom Wednesday Metis METIS MET MINER- Wotan (W)ODIN WIT
VA
2 (divine) Wednesday Mēnis MENIS MEN MINER- Wut *WREIT WUT (?)
Wrath VA (wrath)
3 Justice Tuesday Themis ΘEMIS ΘEM IOU- Tiw TIVAS TIW
PITER

4 Prudence Wednesday seeing ahead ΜΥΗΘΟΣ ΜΥΗΘ Mythus myth MYÞE MYÞ
Transcendence mythos
Temperance
(spirituality)
5 Courage Tuesday tʰūmós ΘYMOS ΘYM Pathos ? Mut MOÞS MUTh
(passion) PAΘOS (moþs) (?)

6 Love / Friday Proto-West FRIJŌN FRIJ LIBER Freyja VRIJEN VRIJ

Freedom Germanic *frijōn PITER make love (free)
*frijōn to love (free)

Table 11 Cross-references of the Germanic, Roman and Greek virtues

32 The Germanic, Roman and Greek Virtues are Honored in the Days of the Week
The structured antipodes
The modern words Father and Mother for the parents merely seem to be different in the first letter F
or M, which are both labials. Does the relation Father ↔ Mother not represent a antipodal couple?
In the following table the words for Father and Mother may represent genuine pentagrammatons,
which merely differ in the first letters.
The word “mother” seems to be fixed to the labial “M”.
The words for “father” is normally always a labial, but may vary from “P” (in the east) to “F” (in
the west. In the British languages the initial letter “F” may occasionally also be lost in deteriorating.

The consonants “F” and “Th” in the word “”Father” may also be varied in a wider range of the
labials and linguals: (VADER, VATER), “P” (PATER, PADRE), “F” (FAThER, FADIR).
Summary
Avram Noam Chomsky (born in 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known for
his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism. Sometimes called "the father of
modern linguistics"33, Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the
founders of the field of cognitive science.

In 1959, Noam Chomsky published a scathing review of B. F. Skinner's book Verbal

Behavior.[6] At the time, Skinner's behaviorist paradigm dominated the field of
psychology within the United States. Most psychologists focused on functional relations
between stimulus and response, without positing internal representations. Chomsky
argued that in order to explain language, we needed a theory like generative grammar,
which not only attributed internal representations but characterized their underlying
order.34

Chomsky's special viewpoint was the sentence-section of the parser, which concentrates on the
grammars. Another section is the word's section of the parser etymology, which describes the
etymology of the words.
Both sections of the parser seem to be developed as optimized architectures. The words' architecture
is permanently being optimized by degeneration and renewing by metamorphoses of the metaphors.
The first concepts of the fundamental words seems to be generated as references to the 5
independent phonetic sources of the human voice: the tongue, the lips, teeth, palatal, and the
guttural with the vocal chords. These sources are defined as the Places of articulation.
Generative grammar considers grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those
combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language. It is a system of
explicit rules that may apply repeatedly to generate an indefinite number of sentences which can be
as long as one wants them to be.35
This essay concentrates on the relations between the grammar and the etymology of the
fundamental pentagrammatons (father, mother, the virtues and the sky-god), which had been
composed from letters, which represent the 5 phonetic sources of the human voice.
The Vocabulary of the 5-Letter Words contains ~424 pentagrammatons, from which a number of
compositions may purposely represent the fundamental words. Other pentagrammatons may
unintentionally represent the 5 phonetic sources of the human voice.
The conclusions in this essay on etymology may represent a helpful tool to understand the evolution
of our languages.

33 [b] Fox 1998: "Mr. Chomsky ... is the father of modern linguistics and remains the field's most influential
practitioner." (Source: Noam Chomsky[a], Wikipedia)
34 cognitive science (Wikipedia)
35 generative grammar
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
History-sketch of the discovery of the sources.....................................................................................2
The 2-dimensional alphabets...........................................................................................................2
The handicaps of the Habsburgs...........................................................................................................5
The Voynich manuscript..............................................................................................................5
The role and ownership of the Voynich manuscript....................................................................6
The reduction of the alphabet in the Voynich manuscript...........................................................7
Another concept is based on 4 categories in the Voynich alphabet ...........................................8
The statistics of the Voynich Manuscript....................................................................................9
Noam Chomsky..................................................................................................................................10
The Cognitive Processes ...............................................................................................................10
The relationship between the speakers, writers and readers.....................................................10
The European ABCeDaRium as Place of articulation..............................................................10
The exact order definitions of rabbi Saadia Gaon (892 – 942).................................................11
The Sanskrit ABCeDaRium......................................................................................................12
The Sanskrit alphabet ....................................................................................................................12
The comparison of the alphabetic structures.................................................................................13
The fundamental words......................................................................................................................14
The sky-god and earth-mother.......................................................................................................14
PIE-Decagrammatons ...................................................................................................................14
Repairing fundamental words........................................................................................................15
Subtracting other fundamental words from the fundamental words..............................................15
The Germanic, Roman & Greek Virtues in the Days of the Week................................................16
The structured antipodes.....................................................................................................................17
Summary.............................................................................................................................................18
Appendices.........................................................................................................................................20
Appendix 1 – The Scarcity (4%) of Labials in the Voynich Manuscript.......................................20
Section 1 - fachys → ydar!aiSh!!!y.........................................................................................21
Section 2 - Vodar → dain . os . Teody......................................................................................22
Section 3 - Vydain → otol . daiiin.............................................................................................23
Section 4 - cPho . Shaiin → dchaiin........................................................................................24
Appendices
Appendix 1 – The Scarcity (4%) of Labials in the Voynich Manuscript
This appendix illustrates the scarcity (4%) of the labials (F, M, P, V, U, W) in the first page of the
Voynich Manuscript. In this analysis the letter Y is interpreted as a palate letter.
The 5 categories are colored as follows: linguals, palatals, labials, gutturals, dentals.
The 4 sections of page 1 seem to explain which words may be found concentrated in the section:
Section Initial words labels labials Total
1 fachys ydar!aiSh!!!y 3 ~100
2 Vodar dain . os . teody 4 ~60
3 Vydain otol . daiiin 10 ~200
4 cPho . Shaiin dchaiin 3 ~110
20 ~470
Tabelle 12 The Scarcity (4%) of Labials in the EVA-code of the Voynich Manuscript
The second section seems to be devoted to the “wisdom” (“to wit”), which had been represented by
the Germanic deity “Voden”. The word-composition “Vodar” is highlighted by the remarkable
initial letter “V”, which is identifiable at the beginning of the 2 nd and 3rd section of the first page of
the Voynich manuscript. The 2nd section is initiated with the word Vodar and the 3rd section by the
word Vydain. The unique, colored letters “V” may be interpreted as highlighting symbols.
Vodar may be the person (“wizzard”) and Vydain may represent the “wisdom”.
The words in this 2nd section may represent the correlating words for “wizzard”. The word
composition “dain . os . teody” may be interpreted as a “theological deed, a god or person”.
The words for the 3rd section the related words for “wisdom”.
The key composition dain in the words dain, Vydain, daiiin, Shaiin, dchaiin may be
interpreted as (philosophical or religious ?) keywords in the rest of the manuscript.
Section 1 - fachys → ydar!aiSh!!!y

Fig. 5 Section 1 - fachys → ydar!aiSh!!!y

<f1r.P1.1;H> fachys.ykal.ar.ataiin.Shol.Shory.cTh!res.y.kor.Sholdy!-
<f1r.P1.2;H> sory.cKhar.o!r.y.kair.chtaiin.Shar.are.cThar.cThar.dan!-
<f1r.P1.3;H> syaiir.Sheky.or.ykaiin.Shod.cThoary.cThes.daraiin.sa-
<f1r.P1.4;H> ooiin.oteey.oteos.roloty.cTh*ar.daiin.otaiin.or.okan-
<f1r.P1.5;H> dair.y.chear.cThaiin.cPhar.cFhaiin=
<f1r.T1.6;H> ydar!aiSh!!!y=

<f1r . P1 . 1;H> fachys . ykal . ar . ataiin . Shol . Shory . cTh!res . y . kor . Sholdy!-
<f1r . P1 . 2;H> sory . cKhar . o!r . y . kair . chtaiin . Shar . are . cThar . cThar . Dan!-
<f1r . P1 . 3;H> syaiir . Sheky . or . ykaiin . Shod . cThoary . cThes . daraiin . sa-
<f1r . P1 . 4;H> ooiin . oteey . oteos . roloty . cTh*ar . daiin . otaiin . or . Okan-
<f1r . P1 . 5;H> dair . y . chear . cThaiin . cPhar . cFhaiin
<f1r . T1 . 6;H> ydar!aiSh!!!y

fachys → ydar!aiSh!!!y
Section 2 - Vodar → dain . os . Teody

Fig. 6 Section 2 - Vodar → dain . os . teody

<f1r.P2.7;H> *.odar.o.!!!!y.Shol.cPhoy.oydar.Sh!.s.cFhoaiin.Shodary-
<f1r.P2.8;H> yShey.Shody.okcho!y.otchol.chocThy.os!chy.dain.chor.kos-
<f1r.P2.9;H> daiin.Shos.cFhol.Shody=
<f1r.T2.10;H> dain.os.teody=

<f1r . P2 . 7;H> * . odar . o . !!!!y . Shol . cPhoy . oydar . Sh! . s . cFhoaiin . Shodary-
<f1r . P2 . 8;H> yShey . Shody . okcho!y . otchol . chocThy . os!chy . dain . chor . kos-
<f1r . P2 . 9;H> daiin . Shos . cFhol . Shody=
<f1r . T2 . 10;H> dain . os . teody=

Vodar → dain . os . teody

Section 3 - Vydain → otol . daiiin

Fig. 7 Section 3 - Vydain → otol . daiiin

<f1r.P3.11;H> *.ydain.cPhesaiin.ol.s.cPhey.ytain.ShoShy.cPhodal!es-
<f1r.P3.12;H> okSho.kShoy.otairin.oteol.okan.Shodain.scKhey.daiin-
<f1r.P3.13;H> Shoy.cKhey.kodaiin.cPhy.cPhodaiils.cThey.She.oldain.d!-
<f1r.P3.14;H> dain.oiin.chol.odaiin.chodain.chdy.okain.dan.cThy.kod!-
<f1r.P3.15;H> daiin.ShcKhey.ckeor.chor.Shey.kol.chol.chol.kor.chal-
<f1r.P3.16;H> Sho.chol.Sh!odan.kShy.kchy.dor.chodaiin.Sho.kchom-
<f1r.P3.17;H> ycho.tchey.chokain.Sheo.pShol.dydyd.cThy.daicThy-
<f1r.P3.18;H> yto.Shol.She.kodShey.cPhealy.das!ain.dain.cKhyds-
<f1r.P3.19;H> dchar.ShcThaiin.okaiir.chey.rchy.!potol.cThols.dlocta-
<f1r.P3.20;H> Shok.chor.chey.dain.cKhey=
<f1r.T3.21;H> otol.daiiin=

<f1r . P3 . 11;H> * . ydain . cPhesaiin . ol . s . cPhey . ytain . ShoShy . cPhodal!es-

<f1r . P3 . 12;H> okSho . kShoy . otairin . oteol . okan . Shodain . scKhey . daiin-
<f1r . P3 . 13;H> Shoy . cKhey . kodaiin . cPhy . cPhodaiils . cThey . She . oldain . d!-
<f1r . P3 . 14;H> dain . oiin . chol . odaiin . chodain . chdy . okain . dan . cThy . kod!-
<f1r . P3 . 15;H> daiin . ShcKhey . ckeor . chor . Shey . kol . chol . chol . kor . chal-
<f1r . P3 . 16;H> Sho . chol . Sh!odan . kShy . kchy . dor . chodaiin . Sho . kchom-
<f1r . P3 . 17;H> ycho . tchey . chokain . Sheo . pShol . dydyd . cThy . daicThy-
<f1r . P3 . 18;H> yto . Shol . She . kodShey . cPhealy . das!ain . dain . cKhyds-
<f1r . P3 . 19;H> dchar . ShcThaiin . okaiir . chey . rchy . !potol . cThols . dlocta-
<f1r . P3 . 20;H> Shok . chor . chey . dain . cKhey=
<f1r . T3 . 21;H> otol . daiiin=

Vydain → otol . daiiin

Section 4 - cPho . Shaiin → dchaiin

Fig. 8 Section 4 - cPho . Shaiin → dchaiin

<f1r.P4.22;H> cPho.Shaiin.Shokcheey.chol.tShodeesy.Shey.pydeey.chy.ro.d*-
<f1r.P4.23;H> *doin.chol.dain.cThal.dar.Shear.kaiin.dar.Shey.cTh!ar!!!-
<f1r.P4.24;H> !cho*!o.kaiin.Shoaiin.okol.daiin.far.cThol.daiin.cTholdar-
<f1r.P4.25;H> ycheey.oka!y.oky.daiin.okchey.k!okaiin.**chol.k**chy.dal-
<f1r.P4.26;H> d*eeo.Shody.koShey.cThy.ok!chey.keey.keey.dal.chtor-
<f1r.P4.27;H> !*eo!.chol.chok.choty.chotey=
<f1r.T4.28;H> dchaiin=

<f1r . P4 . 22;H> cPho . Shaiin . Shokcheey . chol . tShodeesy . Shey . pydeey . chy . ro . d*-
<f1r . P4 . 23;H> *doin . chol . dain . cThal . dar . Shear . kaiin . dar . Shey . cTh!ar!!!-
<f1r . P4 . 24;H> !cho*!o . kaiin . Shoaiin . okol . daiin . far . cThol . daiin . cTholdar-
<f1r . P4 . 25;H> ycheey . oka!y . oky . daiin . okchey . k!okaiin . **chol . k**chy . dal-
<f1r . P4 . 26;H> d*eeo . Shody . koShey . cThy . ok!chey . keey . keey . dal . chtor-
<f1r . P4 . 27;H> !*eo! . chol . chok . choty . chotey=
<f1r . T4 . 28;H> dchaiin=

cPho . Shaiin → dchaiin