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  • 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Capsule Notes

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    Samarth Dongre
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    The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of the human genome and map all genes. It used two approaches: expressed sequence tags to identify expressed genes, and whole genome sequencing. The sequencing process involved isolating DNA from cells, fragmenting the DNA, cloning the fragments, sequencing the fragments using automated sequencers, aligning the sequences using computers, and storing the data in databases. The human genome was found to contain around 30,000 genes across its 3.1 billion nucleotide bases, with 99.9% of bases being identical between individuals.

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    The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of the human genome and map all genes. It used two approaches: expressed sequence tags to identify expressed genes, and whole genome sequencing. The sequencing process involved isolating DNA from cells, fragmenting the DNA, cloning the fragments, sequencing the fragments using automated sequencers, aligning the sequences using computers, and storing the data in databases. The human genome was found to contain around 30,000 genes across its 3.1 billion nucleotide bases, with 99.9% of bases being identical between individuals.

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    6 views4 pages

    6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Capsule Notes

    Uploaded by

    Samarth Dongre
    The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of the human genome and map all genes. It used two approaches: expressed sequence tags to identify expressed genes, and whole genome sequencing. The sequencing process involved isolating DNA from cells, fragmenting the DNA, cloning the fragments, sequencing the fragments using automated sequencers, aligning the sequences using computers, and storing the data in databases. The human genome was found to contain around 30,000 genes across its 3.1 billion nucleotide bases, with 99.9% of bases being identical between individuals.

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    of 4

    HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)

    First mega project for sequencing of nucleotides and Isolate DNA from a cell - Convert into random
    mapping of all genes in human genome. fragments - Clone in a host using vectors - Sequencing
    of fragments using Automated DNA sequencers
    Goals ofHGP
    (Frederick Sanger method) - Arrange the sequences
    a. Identify all the genes in DNA. based on overlapping regions- Alignment of sequences
    b. Sequencing of 3 billion base pairs of human DNA. using computer programs.
    c. Store this information in databases.
    Salient features of Human Genome
    d. Improve tools for data analysis.
    a. Contains 3164.7 million bases & 30,000 genes.
    e. Transfer related technologies to other sectors.
    b. 99.9% nucleotide bases are same in all people.
    f. Address the ELSI.
    c. Chromosome I has most genes (2968) and Y has the
    Methodologies ofHGP: 2 approaches.
    fewest (231).
    0
    Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs): Focused on d. Major portion of genome is made of Repeated
    identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA. (repetitive) sequences.
    0
    Sequence annotation: Sequencing whole genome. e. 1.4 million locations have single-base DNA
    Procedure of sequencing: differences. They are called SNPs (Single nucleotide
    polymorphism or 'snips').

    DNA FINGERPRINTING (DNA PROFILING)


    • Technique to identify similarities & differences of the c. Separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis.
    DNA fragments of 2 individuals. d. Transferring (blotting) DNA fragments to
    • It is developed by Alec Jeffreys. nitrocellulose or nylon membrane.
    e. Hybridization by radioactive VNTR probe.
    Basis of DNA fingerprinting
    f. Detection of hybridized DNA by autoradiography.
    • DNA carries non-coding repeated sequences called
    variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). Application of DNA fingerprinting:
    • VNTR is specific in each person. • Forensic tool to solve paternity, rape, murder etc.
    • For the diagnosis of genetic diseases.
    Steps (Southern Blotting Technique)
    • To determine phylogenetic status of animals.
    a. Isolation of DNA.
    b. Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases.

    VIDEO SLIDES OF THIS QUESTION


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