Page |0

THE MALINDI PUNDA

ROVERS CREW PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE:
SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
PROJECT SITE:

MALINDI SUB COUNTY

©Copyright
 Page |1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of contents………………………………………………………………….………… 1
SECTION A: CREW PROFILE…………………………………………………………2
I. Origin………………………………………………………………………….2
II. Crew Information……………………………………………………………2
SECTION B: INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT……………………….……..3
I. Conception…………………………………………………………….………3
II. Relation to Scouting Principles and Values……………………....……..4
III. Project Forecast……………………………………………………...………5
SECTION C: PROJECT SITE…………………………………………………..………6
I. Project Location……………………………………………………………….6
II. Site Demographics……………………………………………………………7
SECTION D: PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION…………………………….….….…….8
I. Why this project………………………………………………………………8
SECTION E: PROJECT WORKPLAN……………………………………..….………9
I. Project Procedure. ……………………………………………….....………..9
II. Principles of Waste Management. …………………………….…..………9
III. Management Hierarchy. ……………………………………………..……11
SECTION F: PROJECT FINANCING………………………………………..………12
I. Project Costs. ………………………………………………………….....……12
II. Sources of Finances. …………………………………………………………..12
III. Manpower management. ……………………………………….….…..……..13

SECTION G: PROJECT RETURNS…………………………………………………..14

I. Profit Calculation. …………………………………………………………..14
II. Financial forecast. …………………………………………………………..15
SECTION H: CONCLUSION AND SUPPORTIVE PROJECT…………………16
I. Achievements….……………………………………………………………..16
II. Conclusion………………………………………………………….…………17
III. Moringa Oleifera production details…………………………………..17-31

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |2

A CREW PROFILE
I. ORIGIN
Punda Rover Crew started a long time under Snr. Baraka Menza. This was after the
completion of the Mwamba Scout Section with a great achievement of being the 1st
Mwamba Patrol from Coast Province to ever win a National Scouts Inter-Patrol competition
in 2014 and therefore being able to represent the country at the East African zonal scouts
competition in Kigali Rwanda. The win brought about the conception of the crew in order
to absorb the Mwamba’s that had just finished high school who had the zeal to progress
into their next stage in scouting.
II. CREW INFORMATION
Below is some factual information about Punda Rover crew.
 The Crew has been a home of senior scouting in Malindi Sub-county and has over
the years worked and earned respect through its activities and projects.
 Over the years it has formed the staircase to higher scouting and molded the future
of its previous members that successfully finished their Rovering years as intended.
 Most of its founding members have secured jobs with various organizations and
institutions both in private and in the government while some are running
successful businesses in different industries of trade mainly produce and
agricultural sector.
 The founding members and past members have formed a working framework of
role models for the incoming and active members making the crew withhold the
honor it has accumulated over time.

PUNDA ROVERS Photo of the current PRC Patrol at

CREW Takaye Primary.
PIC 001: the current members of Punda Rover crew

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |3

B INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

I. CONCEPTION
Considering the day to day creation of both solid, liquid and gaseous waste products
resulting from essential human activities such as food and other products manufacturing
and processing, the need for the practice of disposal, segregation, recycling and re-using
are key in order to handle the inevitable waste creation.
Based on the following facts, our first project of Solid waste management was conceived
and acted upon in ways described herein.
 Progressively the very essential processes of production, manufacturing and
processing as well as the use and consumption of the produced products lead to the
creation of various types of waste, therefore there cannot be an end to waste
creation.
 Every individual is in a way or another is linked to the production of waste of
different forms through consumption if not production, therefore starting a waste
management project is taking responsibility over all peoples actions.
 The need for an expense reduced sustainable waste management project for our
local market and population also formed the reason for conception.
 Adhering to Law No.3 and the Rover scout motto of ‘’ service ‘’ also is a key reason
for conception of this project.

THE UNENDING WASTE CREATION CYCLE

KEY FACTORS THAT LED TO THE TAKING RESPONSIBILITY OF OUR ACTIONS

CONCEPTION OF THE WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROJECT IN OUR
LOCALITY
REDUCING COST OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
TO THE LOCAL MARKET.

SCOUT LAW NO.3. AND THE ROVERS

MOTTO ‘SERVICE’

ILL 001: The key facts behind the conception of this project

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |4

II. RELATION TO SCOUTING

The conception and execution of our project is primarily based on the following
scouting principles, scout laws and scout methods.
a. Scout law number three (3); a scout’s duty is to be useful and to help others.
- Being useful by creating a better world through waste management.
- Helping others by taking the common responsibility of solid waste management
in our locality.
b. Scout law number six (6); a scout is kind to animals, learns about nature and is
concerned about its conservation.
- Learning about the effects of lacking a proper solid waste management
framework to the surrounding environment.
- Concerned about addressing the increasing waste creation.
c. Scout law number (9); a scout makes good use of everything he/she has.
- Making good use of the non-biodegradable waste through re-using.
d. Relating to the three principles of the scout movement.
- Duty to God – taking care of our God given environment.
- Duty to others – taking overall responsibility to the waste handling and
management.
- Duty to oneself – taking responsibilities of our day in day out waste creation.
e. Relates to the elements of the scout method
- Small group operation – operating in small groups carrying out tasks of the
project.
- Nature - familiarizing with nature and taking part in its conservation.

NATURE

SCOUT
SCOUT LAW
LAW NUMBER
NUMBER (6)
(3)
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
PROJECT
SCOUT SMALL
LAW GROUP
NUMBER OPERATION
(9)
PRINCIPLES
OF THE
SCOUT
MOVEMENT

ILL 002: Solid waste management relation to scouting

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |5

III. PROJECT FORECAST

We look forward to reaching the below highlighted goals in the fore seeable future.
- Effective waste management to help protect the environment against pollution
and preventing the release of hazardous chemicals into the air, water and land.
- Minimize public health risks associated with waste such as the spread of
diseases and infections.
- Promote resource conservation through recycling and waste reduction therefore
conserving production energy and resources.
- Balancing on economic growth and environmental protection in our locality
therefore achieving sustainable development.
- Achieve and maintain environmental aesthetic qualities.
- Create job opportunities to more youths in our locality through the project.
- Offer an avenue for creating awareness and educating the community through
seeing and taking part in the project.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |6

C PROJECT SITE
I. PROJECT LOCATION
Our project is located in Malindi town, a developing town in Kilifi County in the Coast region of
Kenya.

Malindi is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Sabaki River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast
of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa.

COLLECTION POINTS

Ill02: Geographical illustration of Malindi.

A report from the World Bank group highlighting on bridging the gap in solid waste
management has shown that Compared to those in developed nations, residents in
developing countries, especially the urban poor, are more severely impacted by
unsustainably managed waste. In low-income countries, over 90% of waste is often
disposed in unregulated dumps or openly burned.
Considering Malindi among the developing towns it is also a part of such areas impacted by
unsustainable managed waste.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |7

II. SITE DEMOGRAPHICS

In reference to the 2019 census the population of Malindi was 119,859 as of the 2019 census.

Name County Population Population Population

Census Census Census
1999-08-24 2009-08-24 2019-08-24
Malindi Kilifi 53,805 82,747 119,859
Table 2: Malindi population over time.

Chart Title
140000

120000 119859
100000

80000 82747

60000
53805
40000

20000

0
Census 1999 Census 2009 Census 2019

Population over time

Graph 1: Malindi population over time.

The growth in population marks the increase in waste creation, therefore the need for
increased waste management activities to evade the worst outcome.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |8

D PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION
I. WHY THIS PROJECT
Malindi, a small town in Kenya has been struggling with problem of waste management for several
years. The town generates a considerable amount of waste each day which includes both organic
and non-organic waste. The lack of a proper waste management system has resulted in a significant
amount of this waste being dumped in open areas or burnt, causing severe environmental pollution
and health hazards for the people in the vicinity. The uncontrolled dumping of waste has also led to
the contamination of the soil and water bodies, which further affects the ecological balance of the
region.

PIC 002: Dumping in open areas in Malindi

There also has been reports to authorities about the uncontrolled dumping and media streamed
residents complaining on introduction of better measures to handle this.

The Waste
Management
situation
getting Media
attention’’

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 Page |9

E PROJECT WORKPLAN

In our locality there are workers from the local government who are employed to clean up our local
market areas at a fee of Kes.100/= per day which is very high compared to the financial standards
of the local business men and women, that is why we, Punda Rover Crew came up with this waste
management project to cut the cost of the sustainable waste management in the local market.
Procedural execution.

i. We started by seeking permit to place our collection bags and establish our
collection points from the local government.
ii. We went ahead and request for health inspection and safety of our collection
points and qualify to start the project.
iii. We created awareness to the local market business men and women about our
collection bags and our fee of Kes.50/= per collection which sums up to Kes.150
for the two days a week collection days.
iv. Visited the local chief and informed him about our project and how we were
permitted to carry it out.

PIC 003: Punda rovers at the local market creating awareness and taking action on waste management

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 10

Methodology

Principles of Waste Management

Following the ultimate procedure of managing waste we then proceed the application of the three
R’s awareness and action plan.

LEAST PREFERRED

DISPOSAL

RE-CYCLE

RE-USE

MOST PREFERRED
REDUCE

Illustration 1: Waste Management hierarchy.

PIC 004: Punda rovers at the local market with the NEMA officials during an assessment

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 11

Waste Hierarchy
This refers to the 3 R’s:

 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycle
These classify the waste strategies according to their desirability in terms of minimization of waste.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products to
generate the minimum amount of waste.

Application:
Reduction
 Encourages packing of good in disposable papers.
 Discourages the use of polythene and plastics instead use of envelope like bags and
woven baskets.
Re-using
 Biological reprocessing.
 Mainly composting; home composting, anaerobic digestion and microbial fuel.

PIC 005: Our active compost pit

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 12

Recycle
 Recoverable material that are organic in nature such as plant materials, food scraps and
paper products that can be recovered through composting and digestion processes.
 Then organic material is then recycled as mulch or manure for agriculture and landscaping
processes.

PIC 003: Punda rovers at the local market emptying collection bags

In our crew we have other supportive projects i.e.

i. Coconut production
ii. Moringaoleifera production
We use the manure to nitrify our seedlings. We also sell the manure to the local farmers at
a price of 250/= per wheelbarrow.
Our compost pit can produce ten wheelbarrows in every seven days and when soldhave a
guaranteed amount of Kes. 2,500/=

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 13

F PROJECT FINANCING
I. PROJECT COSTS
Budget

RE-USE ITEMS

ITEM PRICE * QUANTITY TOTAL

Overalls 5,100 X10 KES. 15,000/=

Gloves 200 X 10 KES. 2,000
Brooms 50 X 10 KES. 500/=
Rakes 700 X 10 KES. 7,000/=
Gum boots 1,500 X 10 KES. 15,000/=
Jembe 500 X 10 KES. 5,000/=
Wheelbarrow 2,300 X 10 KES. 23,000/=
Transport 600 PER DAY FOR A MONTH KES. 18,000/=
EXPENDABLE ITEMS

ITEM PRICE * QUANTITY TOTAL

Collecting bags KES. 5,000/=

Masks KES. 500/=
Skilled labor KES. 22,500/=
Unskilled labor KES. 10,500/=

GRAND TOTAL KES. 124,000/=

II. SOURCES OF FUNDS

The crew raised money through.
 Charity walks
 Fund raising
 Loans
 Personal savings
 Grants from the government

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 14

III. MANPOWER MANAGEMENT

The skilled and unskilled laborers are paid through the returns realized from the project calculated
herein.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 15

G PROJECT RETURNS
I. PROFIT CALCULATION
As a crew we have come up with financial breakdown to show out this project has positive
impact to the community and it’s also profitable.
Following the below charges:
We charge,
50/= for 3 days = 150/= per week.
150 x 4 weeks = 600/= per month.
600 x 12 months = 7200/= per year.
If one collection stand earns the crew: 7200/= per year.
How about 20 collection stands? 7200 x 20 = 144,000/= per year.

Below are 2nd cash collection from the sale of manure made up from recycle materials.
10 wheelbarrows per week @250/= per wheelbarrow:
250 x 10 = 2,500/= per week.
2,500 x 4 weeks = 10,000/= per month.
10,000/= x 12 months = 120,000/= per year.

Expected profit per annum

Total income – Total project costs
(120,000 + 144,000) – 124,000 = 142,200/=

KES. 142,200/= PER YEAR

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 16

II. FINANCIAL FORECAST

We would like to do the project for the next 4 years, as the current members and hand it
over to the incoming members.
Therefore we are likely to accrue a sum of Kes.588,800/=

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 17

H CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION

I. ACHIEVEMENTS
 The below stated and more are general achievements of our project so far.
 It has created job opportunities for our crew members.
 It has enabled the crew members to obtain grants.
 It has reduced waste in the local market and in our community.
 It has reduced the outbreak of diseases.
 Has enabled some market people to save more money i.e.
If the local government charges 100/= per day = 600/= per week.
600 x 4 weeks = 2400/= per month.
2,400 x 12 months = 28,800/= per yea.
 The local business men and women are able to save 28,800-7200 = 21,600/=
 Has provided room for creativity through the re-use of plastic bottles to make flowers.
 Has enabled us to contribute to the global SDG of sustainable waste management.

II. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the waste management project in Malindi, led by the dedicated Punda Rovers
Crew, has been a resounding success. Throughout the project, our team has effectively
addressed the waste management challenges faced by the community and implemented
sustainable solutions to promote a cleaner and healthier environment.

One of the key achievements of the project was the establishment of a comprehensive
waste management system. This system included waste collection, segregation, recycling,
and proper disposal methods. By collaborating with local authorities, community members,
and other stakeholders, we were able to create a robust infrastructure that significantly
reduced the amount of waste improperly disposed of in the area.

Additionally, the Punda Rovers Crew conducted extensive awareness campaigns and
educational programs to raise public awareness about the importance of waste
management. These initiatives helped to instill a sense of responsibility among the
residents of Malindi, leading to improved waste disposal practices and a reduction in
littering and illegal dumping.

Furthermore, the project facilitated the creation of job opportunities within the waste
management sector. By training and employing local individuals, we not only improved the
livelihoods of community members but also ensured the sustainability of the waste
management initiatives in the long term.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 18

Throughout the project, we encountered a few challenges, such as limited resources and
resistance to change from some community members. However, through perseverance and
effective collaboration, we were able to overcome these obstacles and achieve our goals.

Looking ahead, it is essential to continue monitoring and evaluating the waste management
system to ensure its continued effectiveness and address any emerging issues. Regular
community engagement and ongoing educational programs will be vital in maintaining the
positive changes achieved during the project.

The success of the waste management project in Malindi would not have been possible
without the dedication and hard work of the Punda Rovers Crew. Their commitment,
expertise, and passion for environmental sustainability were instrumental in driving the
project forward and inspiring positive change in the community.

In conclusion, the waste management project in Malindi, undertaken by the Punda Rovers
Crew, has made significant strides in improving waste management practices, promoting
environmental consciousness, and enhancing the overall quality of life in the area. It serves
as a shining example of how collaborative efforts can bring about positive and sustainable
change.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 19

ADDITIONAL PROJECT DETAILS

PROJECT TITLE:

MORINGA OLEIFERA PRODUCTION

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 20

Below are the details of the plant Moriga Oleifera from scientific details, constituents,
imagery, uses, benefits and all data related to it. It is our supportive project that we
undertake apart from the solid waste management project.

Moringa oleifera

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Brassicales

Family: Moringaceae

Genus: Moringa

Species: M. oleifera

Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native

to the Indian subcontinent and used extensively in South and Southeast Asia. Common
names include moringa, drumstick tree (from the long, slender, triangular seed-
pods), horseradish tree (from the taste of the roots, which resembles horseradish),
or malunggay (as known in maritime or archipelagic areas in Asia).
It is widely cultivated for its young seed pods and leaves, used as vegetables and
for traditional herbal medicine. It is also used for purification Although listed as an invasive
species in several countries, M. oleifera has "not been observed invading intact habitats or

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 21

displacing native flora", so "should be regarded at present as a widely cultivated species

with low invasive potential."

Description

Moringa flowers

Moringa pollen

Tree and seed pods of Moringa oleifera

Moringa seeds

Foliage of Moringa oleifera

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 22

M. oleifera is a fast-growing, deciduous tree that can reach a height of 10–12 m (33–39 ft.)
and trunk diameter of 45 cm (18 in). The bark has a whitish-gray color and is surrounded
by thick cork. Young shoots have purplish or greenish-white, hairy bark. The tree has an
open crown of drooping, fragile branches, and the leaves build up a feathery foliage of trip
innate leaves.
The flowers are fragrant and hermaphroditic, surrounded by five unequal, thinly veined,
yellowish-white petals. The flowers are about 1–1.5 cm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long and 2 cm (3⁄4 in)
broad. They grow on slender, hairy stalks in spreading or drooping flower clusters, which
have a length of 10–25 cm (4–10 in).
Flowering begins within the first six months after planting. In seasonally cool regions,
flowering only occurs once a year in late spring and early summer (Northern Hemisphere
between April and June, Southern Hemisphere between October and December). In more
constant seasonal temperatures and with constant rainfall, flowering can happen twice or
even all year-round.
The fruit is a hanging, three-sided, brown, 20–45 cm (8–17+1⁄2 in) capsule, which holds
dark brown, globular seeds with a diameter around 1 cm. The seeds have three whitish,
papery wings and are dispersed by wind and water.
In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1–2 m (3–6 ft.) and allowed to regrow so
the pods and leaves remain within arm's reach.

Taxonomy
French botanist François Alexander Pierre de Garsault described the species as Balanus
myrepsica, but his names are not accepted as valid, as he did not always give his
descriptions binomial names.
French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described the species in 1785. A combined
analysis of morphology and DNA shows that M. oleifera is most closely related
to M. concanensis, and the common ancestor of these two diverged from the lineage
of M. peregrina.
Etymology
The genus name Moringa derives from the Tamil word, murungai, meaning "twisted pod",
alluding to the young fruit. The specific name oleifera is derived from
the Latin words oleum "oil" and ferre "to bear".
The plant has numerous common names across regions where it is cultivated, with
drumstick tree, horseradish tree, or simply moringa used in English.

Ecology
The moringa tree is not affected by any serious diseases in its native or introduced ranges.
In India, several insect pests are seen, including various caterpillars such as the bark-eating
caterpillar, the hairy caterpillar, or the green leaf caterpillar. Budworms from
the Noctuidae are known to cause serious defoliation. Damaging agents can also be aphids,

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 23

stem borers, and fruit flies. In some regions, termites can also cause minor damage. If
termites are numerous in soils, insect-management costs are not bearable.
The moringa tree is a host to Leveillula taurica, a powdery mildew, which causes damage in
papaya crops in south India. Furthermore, the caterpillars of the snout moth Noorda
blitealis feed primarily on the leaves and can cause complete leaf loss.

Cultivation
The moringa tree is grown mainly in semiarid, tropical, and subtropical areas,
corresponding in the United States to USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. It tolerates a wide
range of soil conditions, but prefers a neutral to slightly acidic (pH 6.3 to 7.0), well-drained,
sandy or loamy soil. In waterlogged soil, the roots have a tendency to rot. Moringa is a sun-
and heat-loving plant, and does not tolerate freezing or frost. Moringa is particularly
suitable for dry regions, as it can be grown using rainwater without expensive irrigation
techniques.

Parameter Requirement/range

Climate Grows best in tropical or subtropical

Altitude 0 – 2000 m (6600 ft.)

Rainfall 250 – 3000 mm (10 to 100 in)

Irrigation needed for leaf production if rainfall < 800 mm (30 in)
Soil Type Loamy, sandy, or sandy loam
Soil pH pH 5 – 9

Production area
India is the largest producer of moringa, with an annual production of 1.2 million tonnes of
fruit from an area of 380 km2 (150 sq mi).
Moringa is grown in home gardens and as living fences in South and Southeast Asia, where
it is commonly sold in local markets. In the Philippines and Indonesia, it is commonly
grown for its leaves, which are used as food. Moringa is also actively cultivated by
the World Vegetable Center in Taiwan, a center for vegetable research.
More generally, moringa grows in the wild or is cultivated in Central America and
the Caribbean, northern countries of South America, Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and
various countries of Oceania.
As of 2010, cultivation in Hawaii was in the early stages for commercial distribution in the
United States.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 24

Cultivation practice
Soil preparation
In tropical cultivation, soil erosion is a major problem, requiring soil treatment to be as
shallow as possible. Plowing is required only for high planting densities. In low planting
densities, digging pits and refilling them with soil is preferable to ensure good root system
penetration without causing too much land erosion. Optimal pits are 30–50 cm (12–20 in)
deep and 20–40 cm (8–15+1⁄2 in) wide.
Propagation
Moringa can be propagated from seed or cuttings. Direct seeding is possible because
the germination rate of M. oleifera is high. Moringa seeds can be germinated year-round in
well-draining soil. Cuttings of 1 m (3 ft.) length and at least 4 cm (1½ in) diameter can be
used for vegetative propagation.
Breeding
In India, from where moringa most likely originated, the diversity of wild types gives a good
basis for breeding programs. In countries where moringa has been introduced, the
diversity is usually much smaller among the cultivar types. Locally well-adapted wild types,
though, can be found in most regions.
Because moringa is cultivated and used in different ways, breeding aims for an annual or a
perennial plant are obviously different. The yield stability of fruits is an important breeding
aim for the commercial cultivation in India, where moringa is cultivated as an annual. On
less favorable locations, perennial cultivation has big advantages, such as less erosion. In
Pakistan, varieties have been tested for the nutritional composition of their leaves on
different locations. India selects for a higher number of pods and dwarf or semidwarf
varieties. Breeders in Tanzania, though, are selecting for higher oil content.
Yield and harvest
M. oleifera can be cultivated for its leaves, pods, and/or its kernels for oil extraction and
water purification. The yields vary widely, depending on season, variety, fertilization, and
irrigation regimen. Moringa yields best under warm, dry conditions with some
supplemental fertilizer and irrigation. Harvest is done manually with knives, sickles, and
stabs with hooks attached. Pollarding, coppicing, and lopping or pruning are recommended
to promote branching, increase production, and facilitate harvesting.
Fruits
When the plant is grown from cuttings, the first harvest can take place 6–8 months after
planting. Often, the fruits are not produced in the first year, and the yield is generally low
during the first few years. By year two, it produces around 300 pods, by year three around
400–500. A good tree can yield 1,000 or more pods. In India, a hectare can produce 31 tons
of pods per year. Under North Indian conditions, the fruits ripen during the summer.
Sometimes, particularly in South India, flowers and fruit appear twice a year, so two
harvests occur, in July to September and March to April.
Leaves

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 25

Average yields of 6 tons/ha/year (2 tons per acre) in fresh matter can be achieved. The
harvest differs strongly between the rainy and dry seasons, with 1120 kilogram/ha (1000
lb per acre) per harvest and 690 kg/ha (620 lb per acre) per harvest, respectively. The
leaves and stems can be harvested from the young plants 60 days after seeding and then
another seven times in the year. At every harvest, the plants are cut back to within 60 cm
(2') of the ground. In some production systems, the leaves are harvested every 2 weeks.
The cultivation of M. oleifera can also be done intensively with irrigation and fertilization
with suitable varieties. Trials in Nicaragua with 1 million plants per hectare and 9
cuttings/year over 4 years gave an average fresh matter production of 580 metric
tons/ha/year (230 long tons per acre), equivalent to about 174 metric tons of fresh leaves.
Oil
One estimate for yield of oil from kernels is 250 L/ha (22 imperial gallons per acre). The oil
can be used as a food supplement, as a base for cosmetics, and for hair and the skin. Seeds
of Moringa can also be used in production of biofuel.

Toxicity
Toxicity data in humans are limited, although laboratory studies indicate that certain
compounds in the bark and roots or their extracts may cause adverse effects when
consumed in excess. Supplementation with M. oleifera leaf extract is potentially toxic at
levels exceeding 3,000 mg/kg of body weight, but safe at levels below 1,000 mg/kg.
M. oleifera may interfere with prescription drugs affecting cytochrome
P450 (including CYP3A4) and may inhibit the antihyperglycemic effect of sitagliptin.

Uses
M. oleifera has numerous applications in cooking throughout its regional distribution.
Edible parts of the plant include the whole leaves (leaflets, stalks and stems); the
immature, green fruits or seed pods; the fragrant flowers; and the young seeds and roots.
Nutrition

Moringa oleifera leaf, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 64 kcal (270 kJ)

Carbohydrates 8.28 g

Dietary fiber 2.0 g

Fat 1.40 g

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 26

Protein 9.40 g

Vitamins Quantity
%DV†

Vitamin A equiv. 47%

378 μg

Thiamine (B1) 22%

0.257 mg

Riboflavin (B2) 55%

0.660 mg

Niacin (B3) 15%

2.220 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5) 3%

0.125 mg

Vitamin B6 92%
1.200 mg

Folate (B9) 10%

40 μg

Vitamin C 62%
51.7 mg

Minerals Quantity
%DV†

Calcium 19%
185 mg

Iron 31%
4.00 mg

Magnesium 41%
147 mg

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 27

Manganese 17%
0.36 mg

Phosphorus 16%
112 mg

Potassium 7%
337 mg

Sodium 1%
9 mg

Zinc 6%
0.6 mg

Other constituents Quantity

Water 78.66 g
 Units
 ug = micrograms • mg = milligrams
 IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Food Data Central

M. oleifera pods, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 37 kcal (150 kJ)

Carbohydrates 8.53 g

Dietary fiber 3.2 g

Fat 0.20 g

Protein 2.10 g

Vitamins Quantity
%DV†

Vitamin A equiv. 1%

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 28

4 μg

Thiamine (B1) 5%
0.0530 mg

Riboflavin (B2) 6%
0.074 mg

Niacin (B3) 4%
0.620 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5) 16%

0.794 mg

Vitamin B6 9%
0.120 mg

Folate (B9) 11%

44 μg

Vitamin C 170%
141.0 mg

Minerals Quantity
%DV†

Calcium 3%
30 mg

Iron 3%
0.36 mg

Magnesium 13%
45 mg

Manganese 12%
0.259 mg

Phosphorus 7%
50 mg

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 29

Potassium 10%
461 mg

Sodium 3%
42 mg

Zinc 5%
0.45 mg

Other constituents Quantity

Water 88.20 g
 Units
 μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
 IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Food Data Central
Various parts of moringa are edible:

 Immature seed pods, called "drumsticks"

 Leaves
 Mature seeds
 Oil pressed from seeds
 Flowers
 Roots

Flowers prepared for cooking

Nutritional content of 100 g of fresh M. oleifera leaves (about 5 cups) is shown in the table
(USDA data).
The leaves are the most nutritious part of the plant, being a significant source
of B vitamins, vitamin C, provitamin A as beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and protein.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 30

Some of the calcium in moringa leaves is bound as crystals of calcium oxalate. Oxalate levels
may vary from 430 to 1050 mg/100g, compared to the oxalate in spinach (average 750
mg/100g).
Culinary
Seeds
The seeds can be removed from mature pods, cut, and cooked for consumption.
In Nigeria, the seeds are prized for their bitter flavor; they are commonly added to sauces
or eaten as a fried snack. The edible seed oil may be used in condiments or dressings.
Ground, debittered moringa seed is suitable as a fortification ingredient to increase the
protein, iron and calcium content of wheat flours
Fruit pods

Drumstick vegetable pods at a market

The young, slender fruits, commonly known as "drumsticks", are often prepared as a
culinary vegetable in South Asia. They are prepared by parboiling, commonly cut into
shorter lengths, and cooked in a curry or soup until soft. Their taste is described as
reminiscent of asparagus, with a hint of green beans, though sweeter due to the immature
seeds contained inside. The seed pods, even when cooked by boiling, remain high in
vitamin C (which may be degraded variably by cooking), and are also a good source
of dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, and manganese.
In India and Bangladesh, drumstick curries are commonly prepared by boiling immature
pods to the desired level of tenderness in a mixture of coconut milk and spices (such
as poppy or mustard seeds). The fruit is a common ingredient in dals and lentil soups, such
as drumstick dal and sambar, where it is pulped first, then simmered with other vegetables
and spices such as turmeric and cumin. Mashed drumstick pulp commonly features
in bhurta, a mixture of lightly fried or curried vegetables.
Because the outer skin is tough and fibrous, drumsticks are often chewed to extract the
juices and nutrients, with the remaining fibrous material discarded. Others describe a
slightly different method of sucking out the flesh and tender seeds and discarding the tube
of skin.
Seed oil
Mature seeds yield 38–40% edible oil called ben oil from its high concentration of behenic
acid. The refined oil is clear and odorless, and resists rancidity. The young fruits can be
boiled and the oil skimmed off the water surface. The seed cake remaining after oil

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 31

extraction may be used as a fertilizer or as a flocculent to purify water. Moringa seed oil
also has potential for use as a biofuel.
Roots
The roots are shredded and used as a condiment with sharp flavor qualities deriving from
significant content of polyphenols.
Leaves
Edible raw or cooked (depending on hardiness), the leaves can be used in many ways. They
are perhaps most commonly added to clear broth-based soups, such as the Filipino
dishes tinola and utan. Tender moringa leaves, finely chopped, are used as garnish for
vegetable dishes and salads, such as the Kerala dish thoran. It is also used in place of or
along with coriander leaves (cilantro). The leaves are also cooked and used in ways similar
to spinach, and are commonly dried and crushed into a powder for soups and sauces.
For long-term use and storage, moringa leaves may be dried and powdered to preserve
their nutrients. Sun, shade, freeze and oven drying at 50–60 °C are all acceptable methods,
albeit variable in their retention efficacy of specific micro- and macronutrient. The powder
is commonly added to soups, sauces, and smoothies. Owing to its high nutritional density,
moringa leaf powder is valued as a dietary supplement and may be used to enrich food
products ranging from dairy, such as yogurt and cheese, to baked goods, such as bread and
pastries, with acceptable palatability.

Dunt-dalun chin-yei, Burmese drumstick sour soup

Traditional Thai kaeng som with drumstick pods and fresh pla thu

Bread in Benin with moringa powder as one of the ingredients

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management

 P a g e | 32

Sabaw sa kalamunggay, a Visayan fish soup from the Philippines with moringa leaves
Medical
Traditional medicine and research
The bark, sap, roots, leaves, seeds, and flowers are used in traditional medicine.
Research has examined how it might affect blood lipid profiles and insulin secretion
Extracts from leaves contain various polyphenols, which are under basic research to
determine their potential effects in humans. Despite considerable preliminary research to
determine if moringa components have bioactive properties, no high-quality evidence has
been found to indicate that it has any effect on health or diseases.
Other uses
In developing countries, moringa has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food
security, foster rural development, and support sustainable land care. It may be used
as forage for livestock, a micronutrient liquid, a natural anthelmintic, and
possible adjuvant.
Moringa trees have been used to combat malnutrition, especially among infants and
nursing mothers. Since moringa thrives in arid and semiarid environments, it may provide
a versatile, nutritious food source throughout the year in various geographic regions. Some
140 organizations worldwide have initiated moringa cultivation programs to lessen
malnutrition, purify water, and produce oils for cooking.
Moringa oleifera leaf powder was as effective as soap for hand washing when wetted in
advance to enable antiseptic and detergent properties from phytochemicals in the leaves.
Moringa oleifera seeds and press cake have been implemented as wastewater conditioners
for dewatering and drying fecal sludge.
Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter
water using flocculation to produce potable water for animals or humans. Moringa seeds
contain dimeric cationic proteins, which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in turbid
water, causing the colloidal particles to clump together, making the suspended particles
easier to remove as sludge by either settling or filtration. Moringa seed cake removes most
impurities from water. This use is of particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable
compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions where drinking water is affected
by pollutants.

Punda Rover Crew I Solid Waste Management