DOMINANT APPROACHES

AND IDEAS

RATIONAL CHOICE
B R A ITNHSETO
ORRY
MING
How do we choose when we have to
make a decision?

Which one will we give more

consideration?

Would you rather know an

uncomfortable truth or believe a
comforting lie
 RATIONAL CHOICE
THEORY

Human action and behavior are product of

choice or decision.

It is the view that people behave as they

do because they believe that performing
their chosen actions has more benefits than
costs. That is, people make rational choices
based on their goals, and those choices
govern their behavior. (Berroya 2017)
 COST - BENEFIT

COST
An amount that has to be paid or spent to
buy or obtain something.

BENEFIT

An advantage or profit gained from

something.
HISTORICAL ROOTS

ADAM SMITH

in 1770s, Adam smith, the father of modern economics

and a philosopher, is credited with developing the
rational choice theory.

The important elements associated with the

implementation of the rational choice theory are:
RATIONAL ACTORS, SELF-INTEREST, INVISIBLE HAND
GEORGE HOMANS JAMES COLEMAN PETER BLAU

Fast forward a couple centuries to the 1950s when

sociologists George C. Homans, Peter Blau, and James
Coleman advocated for rational social theory in the
context of social exchange (think friendships or any
mutual relationship between two people).
 APPLICATION OF
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

SOCIOLOGY

Rational choice can help sociologists to understand the

phenomena behind some of the decisions that people make and how
their decisions affect others. Social interactions are actually
looked at as an exchange.
INSTITUTIONALISM
FAMILY N
RELIGION
UCATIO NOMICS ERNMENT
ED ECO GOV
 A society or organization founded for a
1 religious, educational, social, or similar

WHAT IS
purpose

INSTITUTION
An established law, practice, or
2 custom

Stable patterns of behavior that

3 define, govern, and constrain action.
 TYPES OF
INSTITUTIONALISM

1 Descriptive - Inductive

Traditional 2 Formal - Legal

/ Classical
3 Historical - Comparative
 TYPES OF
INSTITUTIONALISM

Political behavior is
embedded in an institutional
new structure of rules, norms,
1
institutionalism expectations and traditions
that several limited free play
of individual will and
calculation
 TYPES OF
INSTITUTIONALISM

Argues that political institutions

1
influence actors' behavior by
shaping their values, norms,
interests, identities and beliefs.
normative
institutionalism
Hence "normative" refers to a
2 concern with the norms and
values as explanatory variables
 TYPES OF
INSTITUTIONALISM

Political institutions influence

rational choice behavior by affecting the
1 structure of a situation in which
institutionalism individuals select strategies for
the pursuit of their preferences
Feminist
Theory
 Studies gender and its relation to
power and the dynamics these two
FEMINISM concepts play out in economics,
politics, sexuality, race and nationality
among others.
Aims to promote gender equality,
social justice and women's rights.
The primary concern is to address the
oppression of women in the society
and the patriarchal structure of most
societies.
3 Waves of
Feminism
19th and early 20th
centuries

Women surrendered their

Challenged the
properties to their
legal issues husbands, not allowed to
concerning hold public office, and were
not given the rights of
women suffrage
19th and early 20th
centuries

World War 1: Men were

Also advocated sent to battlefield leaving
the women on factory
their right to
jobs.. This development
choose their showed that women are
own profession. more productive than
men.
1960s up to the
1980s
Born out of the
Tried to address sexual
civil rights equality and reproductive
movement rights. Saw feminine objects
such as bras, lipsticks and
Encompassed
high heels as forms of male
women of all
oppression and an
economic classes,
races, and
objectification of women
nationalities beauty pageants)
late 1980s up to the
present

Emphasized the
difference of Embraced the
Gender and Sex symbol of Feminism
and intensified its
Eradiction on
meaning in the
the concept of
society
rape culture
 Liberal also called mainstream feminism,
Feminism is a main branch of feminism
defined by its focus on achieving
gender equality through political
and legal reform within the
framework of liberal democracy.
 Marxist built on the tenets of Marxism
Feminism particularly on the critique of
how women's oppression and
necessary to the development
of capitalism
 a theoretical and political perspective
Radical that focuses on the domination of
Feminism women by men. This domination is
viewed as the most fundamental
form of human oppression that
occurs in all societies, regardless of
class, race, or ethnicity.
 Hermeneutics Phenomenology

Study of the
Discipline of study
consciousness based on
focused on providing
human experience. It
interpretation based
is also considered as
on beliefs, actions,
the philosophy of
and experience experience.
Focused on the concept of
Hermeneutics
The search for truth is based on
the interpretation of experience

What is the meaning of life

events?
Throwness - before
mankind existed, the world
has set a standard.

The world has influenced or

consciousness as individuals
Centered on the concept of
Phenomenology, emphasized the value of
experience in understanding social events.

Universal Truth can be fully enjoyed if

the impression is removed from a
situation. (Prejudgment, Prejudice,
biases)
Human
Environment
Systems
Society shapes Nature
Nature shapes Society
 Human
Environment
Systems
Any actions
Theory Emphasizes
we do to
focused on the interaction
nature directly
the discipline of man and his
affects us as
of geography environment
human beings
 Human
System
Consists of the institutions and activities that
make up the man-made society.

Examples:
Government, Politics, Industrial Waste Management,
Agriculture, Urbanization, Culture and Tradition
 Environment
System
Based on the geographical aspect
Focused on the biological and ecological systems
of the planet (Natural Systems)

Examples:
Biodiversity of the Earth, Global Weather, Landscapes
 Human
Environment
Systems
The political and
The context of The Human
economic system in
the society the law is usually System has a
generates laws that anchored in the great impact on
can protect or production of the state of the
harm the food provided by Environment
environment and
nature to man System
the nature.