 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – This one of

the major branches in geography and

From Greek: geographia, literally “earth
description” is a field of science devoted to
the study of the lands, features, inhabitants,
and phenomena of Earth.
The history of geography includes many
histories of geography which have differed
over time and between different cultural
and political groups.
it mainly covers studies of the human
race.
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY – is a major
branch of the science of geography,
and it mainly deals with the study of
the natural characteristics of the
Earth.

1. PLACES AND REGION – Regions area

areas defined by unifying physical
and/or human characteristics. A region
is a space that shares one or more
qualities or characteristics.
2. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – Human
geography is concerned with
populations, their movements and
migrations, their cultures and religions,
and their economic activity.
 Physical geography was conventionally
subdivided into geomorphology,
climatology, hydrology, and
biogeography, but is now more holistic
in systems analysis of recent
environmental and quaternary
change.

 Thales and Anaximander are

considered as the founders of
mathematical geography. Thales and
Aristotle established the spherical
shape of the earth. Eratosthenes
calculated the circumference of the
earth as 250,000 stadia (25,000
miles)
  The system of rues which a particular country or
 Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms
community recognizes as regulating the actions
that belong to every person in the world, from
of its members and which it may enforce by the
birth until death. They apply regardless of where
imposition of penalties.
you are from, what you believe or how you choose
to live your life.

1. CORPORATE LAW – Business’ legal boundaries

2. CRIMINAL LAW – Ensuring every citizen to abide
 A citizen is a participatory member of a political
the laws.
community. Citizenship is gained by meeting the
3. ENERGY LAW – Oversee the taxation of energy
legal requirements of a national, state or local
and approving licenses to industries.
government.
4. INTERNATIONAL LAW – Improving relations of
one nation with the other

1. EXTERNAL LAW – Law of God

2. NATURAL LAW – which is revealed through
1) Right to life (Section 1) “reason”
a. Right to Property 3. DIVINE LAW – The law of Scriptures
b. Right to Liberty
4. HUMAN LAW – which we now called ‘Positive
c. Right to equal protection of the law
Law’

2) Right against unreasonable search and seizures

(Section 2)
 A law enacted by the legislative branch of a
3) Freedom of speech (Section 4) government.

4) Freedom of religion (Section 5)

 Classification by object
a. DECLARATORY STATUTES - defined as an
Act to remove doubts existing as to the
 Human Dignity common law, or the meaning or effect of any
 Justice Statute such Acts are held to be retrospective.
 Equality b. CODIFYING AND CONSOLIDATING
STATUTES
 Codifying - Statute which presents a
detail authoritative statement of the
 Respect
rules of law on a given subject.
 Responsibility
 Understanding
  Consolidating - Statute which presents the
whole body of statutory law on the subject
in complete form repealing the former
 a court that hears cases and decides them on
Statute.
the basis of statutes or the common law
c. REMEDIAL STATUTE - which provide the remedy
for a wrongful act in the form of damages or
compensation to the aggrieved party but do not
make a wrongdoer liable for any penalty. 1) Filing complaints
d. ENABLING STATUTE - Statute which enables 2) Answers and demurrers
something to be done. It basically gives the power 3) Serving documents on the opposition
to do something. 4) Setting hearings
e. AMENDING STATUTE - As we all know, 5) Depositions
Amendment means a change in the existing law. 6) Motions
f. REPEALING STATUTE - Statute which repeals 7) Petitions
Statute which already exists. 8) Interrogatories
g. TAXING STATUTE - A tax is imposed for the public 9) Preparing orders
purpose for raising general revenue of the state. A 10) Giving notice to the other parties
taxing statute is to be strictly construed. 11) Conduct of trials
h. PENAL STATUTE - which punishes certain acts or 12) And all the rules and laws governing that process.
wrong. Such Statute may be in the form of a
comprehensive criminal code or large number of
sections providing punishment for different wrongs
 A document issued by a legal or government
 Classification by method official authorizing the police or some other body
a. MANDATORY OR DIRECTORY STATUTE to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out
 Mandatory - may be defined as one some other action relating to the administration
whose provisions or requirements, if not of justice
complied with, will render the proceedings
to which it relates illegal and void.
 Directory - is one where noncompliance
will not invalidate the proceedings to  is a court form which notifies the defendant that
which it relates. they are being sued and lists the day the
defendant needs to appear in court (the Return
Date).

 Classification by reference to duration

a. TEMPORARY STATUTE - Statutes which are
in existence for a known Period such
Statutes are called Temporary Statute.
b. PERMANENT / PERPETUAL STATUTE - The
dictionary meaning of the term 'perpetual' is
forever. Therefore perpetual Statutes are
those which remain in force forever.
 refers to a person authorized to make decisions.
A judge is a court officer authorized to decide
legal cases. A judge presiding over a case may
initiate investigations on related matters, but
generally judges do not have the power to
conduct investigations for other branches or
agencies of government.
 The party who brings a legal action or in whose
name it is brought—as opposed to the defendant,
the party who is being sued.
 The party sued in a civil lawsuit or the party
charged with a crime in a criminal prosecution. In
some types of cases (such as divorce) a defendant
may be called a respondent.
 is a person who testifies under oath at a trial, or
in a deposition, regarding experiences of which he
or she has personal knowledge.
 In legal terms, evidence covers the burden of
proof, admissibility, relevance, weight and
sufficiency of what should be admitted into the
record of a legal proceeding.
 is one type of evidence, as distinguished from
writings, videotapes, and other forms of evidence.
 EXPERT TESTIMONY - This is the testimony given
by a specialist in the subject matter.
 LAY TESTIMONY - This testimony can be given
by any person who has information about the
case.
 PRESTIGE OR CELEBRITY TESTIMONY - This is
testimony presented by someone famous but not
an expert on the theme case.
 INTERESTED WITNESS - are those witnesses who
wish to give relevant information to the Court in
respect of any matter to make the offender
punishable.
 CHANCE WITNESS - Any person who is
accidentally present at the crime scene or is
passing through the crime scene and has seen the
incident happening, then it is called the chance
witness.
 STOCK WITNESS - A stock witness is a person
who stays on the back foot of the police and
comes to testify in Court as per the directions of
the police.
 EYE WITNESS - means any person who is present
at the crime scene and sees with his own eyes
what happened at the crime scene so such a
person is called an eyewitness.
 RELATED WITNESS - is the one who has been
called by his relative to be a witness or to be
produced as a witness.
 MATERIAL WITNESS - The witness who talks
related to the critical facts or related issues in the
suit or prosecution is known as a material witness.
 OFFICIAL WITNESS - When an individual
belongs to the police force and gives his
statement in the Court of law, it will consider as
an official witness. The person on duty gives
evidence in favour of the prosecution that’s why
it is termed as an official witness.
 CHILD WITNESS - If a child has the intellectual
capacity to grant reasonable testimony relating
to any case and the court is satisfied with his
statement, then that evidence shall be
considered. Any child can testify in court within a
reasonable sound.
 DEFENCE WITNESS - In a criminal proceeding,
the defence contests the validity and veracity of
the prosecution’s case. At the request of the
defence, a witness is called to be known as a
defence witness.
 TRIAL COURTS - is where a case, either civil or
criminal, is presented to a judge or jury; cases can
only be presented to trial courts if and only if the
case does not fall under the jurisdiction of
another court. In trial court, the parties involved
with the case will abide by certain rules and
regulations in preparation of their evidence for
the court and will likewise have a fair hearing.
 APPELLATE COURT - consists of a committee of
judges who will oversee the trial courts ruling and
determine whether the proper legal procedure
was followed or not.

 a court in which legal proceedings are begun or

first heard

 A court exercising jurisdiction to rehear a case de

novo (see rehearing), or its appellate jurisdiction
to hear an appeal, from the court of first instance
in which the matter originated.

 A third instance appeal in a civil law system is

more or less comparable to a direct appeal in a
common law system, where appellate issues are
largely confined to disputes of law and the facts
found by the second instance court (as well as the
first instance court findings that were not
disturbed on appeal to the second instance court)
are taken as established (again, usually without
a verbatim transcript based upon a written order
of the second instance panel).
 - A good written constitution must possess three
characteristics: brief, broad, and definite. Brief:
since its outlines the objectives of the state not on
 The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines was a limited scope but in a measurable extent. It is a
signed into law by President Corazon C. written instrument that should not contain many
Aquino and presented to him on October 12, details in form.
1986. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines is
the supreme law of the Philippines. It was
ratified on February 2, 1987, and provides for a
presidential, representative, and unitary form
of government, as well as a bill of rights. The
Constitution is based on the principles of
democracy, social justice, and human rights.

1) EVOLVED AND ENACTED - An evolved

constitution is the result of the historical
development. It is not framed at a
particular time. Enacted constitutions are
framed at a particular time
2) LEGAL AND REAL CONSTITUTION - The
written elements of the constitution
constitute legal constitution and when the
conventions and decisions of the courts are
added to it, it becomes the real constitution.
3) WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN
CONSTITUTION - Written constitution is one
whose basic principles are written. An
unwritten constitution is one whose major
portion is not written. Mostly it includes
customs and the decisions of the courts.
4) FLEXIBLE AND RIGID
 • Natural born Citizen

• Able to read and write

• Registered Voter

 • Age 25 years old on the day of election

Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in

the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist
of a Senate and a House of Representatives,
except to the extent reserved to the people by the
- All legislative power in the government is vested
provision on initiative and referendum.
in Congress, meaning that it is the only part of
Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of the government that can make new laws or
twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large change existing laws. Executive Branch agencies
by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may issue regulations with the full force of law, but
be provided by law. these are only under the authority of laws
enacted by Congress.
Section 3. No person shall be a senator unless he is
a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on
the day of the election, is at least thirty-five years
of age, able to read and write, a registered voter,
and a resident of the Philippines for not less than
two years immediately preceding the day of the - Congress may propose constitutional
election. amendments by a two-thirds vote in each of its
houses. Congress also has certain rarely used
electoral duties. The House may elect a President
if no candidate wins a majority of electoral votes.

- The House of Representatives of the Philippines is

the lower house of Congress, the bicameral
legislature of the Philippines, with the Senate of
the Philippines as the upper house. The lower
house is usually called Congress, although the
term collectively refers to both houses

- are indirectly elected via a party-list election

wherein the voter votes for the party and not for
the party's nominees (closed list)

 POWER TO CONFIRM APPOINTMENTS
- The Appointments Clause of Article II,
Section 2, Clause 2, of the United States
Constitution empowers the President of the
United States to nominate and, with the
advice and consent (confirmation) of the
United States Senate, appoint public
officials.
 POWER TO APPROPRIATE FUNDS
- It is the action taken by the legislature to
authorize the expenditure of a designated
amount of public funds for a specific
purpose.
 POWER TO IMPEACH
- The power of impeachment is limited to
removal from office but also provides a
means by which a removed officer may be
disqualified from holding future office. Fines
and potential jail time for crimes committed
while in office are left to civil courts.
 captain, and other officers whose appointments
Article VII, Section 1, of the 1987 Constitution vests
executive power on the President of the
Philippines. The President is the Head of State
and Head of Government, and functions as the
commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines.
Section 2. The qualifications for an individual
aspiring to become the President of the
Philippines are outlined in Article VII, Section 2 of
the 1987 Constitution. According to the
constitution, an individual may become President
provided he meets the following criteria:
1. Natural born Filipino;
2. A registered voter;
3. Must be able to read and write;
4. 40 years of age at the day of the election;
and
5. Must have resided in the Philippines ten
years before the election is held.
Section 3. There shall be a Vice-President who
shall have the same qualifications and term of
office and be elected with, and in the same
manner, as the President. He may be removed
from office in the same manner as the President.
Section 4. The President and the Vice-President
shall be elected by direct vote of the people for a
term of six years which shall begin at noon on the
thirtieth day of June next following the day of the
election and shall end at noon of the same date,
six years thereafter. The President shall not be
eligible for any re-election. No person who has
succeeded as President and has served as such for
more than four years shall be qualified for
election to the same office at any time“
Section 16. The President shall nominate and,
with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments, appoint the heads of the
executive departments, ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls, or officers of the
armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval
are vested in him in this Constitution.
The President shall have the power to make
appointments during the recess of the Congress,
whether voluntary or compulsory, but such
appointments shall be effective only until
disapproved by the Commission on
Appointments or until the next adjournment of
the Congress.
Section 17. The President shall have control of all
the executive departments, bureaus, and offices.
He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully
executed.
Section 18. The President shall be the
Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the
Philippines and whenever it becomes necessary,
he may call out such armed forces to prevent or
suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion.
 Section 19. Except in cases of impeachment, or as
otherwise provided in this Constitution, the
President may grant reprieves, commutations,
and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures,
after conviction by final judgment.
Section 20. The President may contract or
guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic
of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of
the Monetary Board, and subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
(English: Support of the Nation[2]) is a
special appellate collegial court in
the Philippines that has jurisdiction over criminal
and civil cases involving graft and corrupt
practices and other offenses committed by public
officers and employees, including those
in government-owned and controlled
corporations.

Section 21. No treaty or international agreement

shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by
at least two-thirds of all the Members of the
Senate.
- The Court of Tax Appeals, a special Court
Section 22. The President shall submit to the mandated to address the adjudication of appeals
Congress, within thirty days from the opening of involving internal revenue tax and customs cases
every regular session as the basis of the general of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and the
appropriations bill, a budget of expenditures and Commissioner of Customs, respectively.
sources of financing, including receipts from
existing and proposed revenue measures.

Section 23. The President shall address the

Congress at the opening of its regular session. He
may also appear before it at any other time.


The Judicial branch holds the power to settle
controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch
determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part and
instrumentality of the government.

- is the highest court in the Philippines.

- Consists of 14 associate justice and chief justice
- Judicial
- Administrative