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    solid state physics

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    SSP NOTES (S2R)

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    solid state physics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    27 views146 pages

    SSP Notes (S2R)

    Uploaded by

    211910
    solid state physics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Solid Atate Physics 1 > « Pui and Brbber Books + Kittel , «Aschrof! and mermir “ ' wW@hteh yn no: cf points pP Matter Rd = fe 3q 232 These Gne jour Atats of mathen we ofits, 9 Soltd cn BIe ") squire ce & 12 @ W) gas Wy) Plasma We nud to Atudy the woPerHes ef Soxias Elec cal properties: 43 UdjounHate bw Insutater , and Semi conclu chen Magnetic proper: magnets Wu fromagnilic mat _ Te know about pare , MO, tonne 1 Ih prwprury Therma pow eA TS prow which Cr Henmal Agud 5 Con olucton , Me thani cal pr trong crronme prope to makr solar GU 4s chord ebeeun” PSSST IIIT SUT I TTA T UT TTT t et is a Types ef Soticts Sold | Cry ating Non- Cryaraliuns ( Amerphouna ) 1 -esH— PlosHe glans Sungur Poly Cupbalins (Beant, dimond) = (tu, Au, 9) Csyafaltin Sods yy Chonaveninsd by regular on pevodic arsangement 6{ alms Or metol. | Every Aoud LB made up ef Qoms a molecules Atoms ane nepeating themédms after Q wan dutance Non Cryfolline seis ane chara Ueruscel by ynoamdom amangemend @f atoms on metecules — Axovamgement of atoms wut oleercl fhein proper hes — Plauc is Non cryttall ne = Capper in Oysratiens > Dumond and capper beth We cryyatune but eiomond woo unge cryarad md ci we puly. cystatine- + _Yngle + through-out the Cnptal, we haw some fype of amrongemend then oysay wall fag Single — ny ress Ne Single sty Poly enpatauiine Cmps allure Fly cyanea Ogg gad Of ange nee of dngte » known ( crpptaitine + The smal Aingie cytes 07 known a Craw ara boundones separating these crplals anu mo Boundary _ ap a ahh nenbneseoenae“”eeeoeaan ooo" EE TET FTESSSSEEECTITZETULECOCCe H we Conmata — qnaphite axe! Quartz then Mer properHes Ser cifferenr “bes Hea preperties dlapensd upon thery bonsting Sm Nature ey 4S Ant An the fou 6} cap atu, Sates bey Cry adton Souls 4s mone Cmorpr | o — As CTRL etl be mone Sake os Compan: to epergy metaired during the 4) mone than Selects as formation "YALE materi at amorphous Solid Mere energy Tell ased fy the formats on of aoys ac, | MH Able Helium nueteus ay formes by 2 ou lerium nuclu’ ome 2 + Energy rbeared —» smev - Te Hts gHe tem, oe ue moe alias i beak He into HY 4,H™ we 6) © me, heed to supply 5 may Gnergy Stan€ © mey Stent emev STuoy laitice :- Latuce eg The Crystat structune Peucetic wrangement of Amasinory points th Space. Ths wa per odi’c Grrongenunt at Pe a Sf atom Thy 1» a mathemati cat apo te | Cencepr. th iy : . | Tho lattice mul be a Arauts os _loliice an spac saterce Af e0ch Launree pant has | Adtndh Cal puurcundang.s lattice point 0 ard 0! hax same dyrmeby {| |, mo bw Sk | aboy ur Ua Pan a wp unt — . : an ; " in mp yum 2 + aos dre ymomuyuca uo Yoryr? ~ ie awwy aur or 79 UA Th yw “worv + gg wt bururony va oh ong =m" : im qn + prho mp -md mq pms on suwdaTy | M oe ie oo ward oy smoned! avo wund ant Woe al! Orchyd eo hk mEq ae mer oY gad arzHT0} — pa ua yom tunporo vo am f wot pra 7 wom | wy BDU ” j—~ sap PMO oY wot fy erie pr = MOY + pnp] a a types ~ Uni cette ef nm of enaet cece 400s 1) Penmittve aim of 0 ut coharl dustanes Non - prumitve je ere int will aa we itaet{ ] D Py . 2 Prd mitt ve Lattice pants cur kelonging only 16 te corners Gf Fhe Umit tet ok Edfectiue no: ef Aattfce pecnt> per mit ult iA ome (li) Non. primitive: Lattice points aw belonging teu Conners ay well as “to the atm : e{ ths unit a OR Eevee nes ot Rattice peinks au mere than Or 4 atom basis - &ach fatice peut WAU Centaun fan 2 atom bars - . . . ( staes Sf Unit cell —+ Lattice constant or fatrice paramesy) Number 6f Anttace point per cat Sn Pro mutive cell dattice points aut focated 4 comnts , whitB each cornta of He ci Eight = petgnbubor nM yn a3 cf NN atoms of melts = mE OD ; . density sf unif GM p- eS r no- of at per uut cll eg-mel Gf crystalline material wnta . x10 atoms of mole oy layvcan mele 7 Na = . h=- BON N 10) 3 ) 8 x \ 1s : ne 3 ney Pp. geo ky) m mel wt of = S lawice coratont = for n= 0 pM Na . 4 Qa 3A ex og : Q= 3.990 mel fattice poromeer 26 joy 3 { 03 = (3-59 x1) nm N 03 4 - thee canme & SFPFFFFFF FF FFFFF FGFS FEEuessseeee mo Ome. Ie Wey3 Je = = : b sae araxjor® x (359% 3 3 s fe 2 a ! Pl has fee ney az? P= TIMID KIM od: Mn _ 4x 26.98 = GG 9exIe*” ae : | 26 f a? xp? yeorerl fle Qe Woesn ' fe [8 EES 28 eg ~-%@ . a0 ' o-£-8 ae yA Lb rey ew x . ete gay Oi at ata pe ae AE aan Symmeny Chemurta d b= 20 fy (9 Pune fFramtanion (8) Proper Rutatron ; . 3) Relection Hough Geen atu oc plan (#4) Gnverson throush A potnt (3) Mapreper rakection: Reto xf lector) kere tnvewyon Proper _Retation d= 2M] py ne fold symme hy. Helens hy Gus ( (0 ne of SUCh O28) ( SUCH ones Afotd — oy cad ong MPS Fed by () Bfosd oF iad 4 oT q- fold =) quad 6 fold (boxed p EEE EE FFF FSS F SSG SELL FEF EEECE OS OT & aX amply Show that 7 (on wads) in eguajvat+ fo O rune Ploy 7 ' > 1 Relation + Reflevion 4 ( : Ros atton 1- fold rebatron 0’ ov 360 now Peflecsing. THOU to ths relation axis fopodus Same , 4 on C f a : rare I - | ford 1 ae / & » ~ ON LNve sion contry J TN oo 2 faut ci _ nea == = [80 Tus a _ t tela] reratlon—» Refuchon anwesion Cone Rete tn version An Anverion with @ wah na Fo produc 9 rote th vention pee si omy Reto inviwion Refotion + invition Fo distinguish there axa both from PUNE relakon and Rr Rflegion , @ bar (~) Wy ploud over Hy numitel Synkat &: 7,25 T— cnke of symory g & - Micror plane (m) 1 5 - 3 ford rete thuvaion é T -ufeid “ * = fa - 6 feeds * 3 3 Ry Find ane total nor exit 4 0 Cake RI Relation Oo ty i @ fact ayonal and parsing thr (i & fF Ox) panatier there aw Six such ox nl . ‘ 3- fold roto Union OX passing through Hu body cliagon : . - pocky cleagonaf There au 4 such axes (iii 4° feld symmehy about on cf fwo opposi tH an aces Ivy Lune é ( hue mirror plomy & * ofaganat ( Para f Mattel fy (vy) ow Cos > G- tals + Y Macks 4 3-lebraolk= 13 aah , 3 Sua shi ee F plo, + Sou als > g plans + | CoS = 1343! Combination of symmemy element (point qzup) obt ane A given symmery element Could be Suitabte Combinations ef other symmehy eter j nation such @ comb pik PUP Sead: PAM ES symmuhy petrs Caled pout groups do 0 cupfeun Combi nati on> ef vavous sym es ai fie met 32 allowed pou grt ae oe gmm 0 _— * hur am m IT yopection taky one clot inn thr GH , . e ) M- Mirror amm fel! Aus anit , O- ated (arr) mirror para; thee 1S * cuutomasi Cale ‘second Qmirror ce . j @ Gy ER LS — + &e A Crystal has a bass ef ons atom por [euttres pou and sit of pHMitHvE fomlatton peor wv (in FD) Q-3i, be 35 cs ns (itp +h) e whar is +e dattica type of thu UysteL Cakenlal the volums of Hy conven onl unit call ond the PUM Umit ctl Sp H ue take cls gk C= os (at bte! use v whith 4% te body cenred position of @ Cubic unt alt aeyned as by the primitive trams lawon Ue Chor Q.b,c’ The volume a3: g397h7 pomitive unt alt yim = “hasy of Hy conventional unt aw vim = 135 A3 anavan Lottie Jn thaze oimensions: Spaw sathe Brovawr Lathe ub. ¢ re An sbtiqus Lathice DB Anvauant only anda ™ “ &) (with nei and 2) bout omy Lauter pau nD p > t 3-0 Plone Lothice \ a a . Ly. froo possibili M4 ab G4b fp = amy vatur snclucling ge Sulbabakle combjnaton ef pheye powibiltten Leads fo 4 porible Rioroea — fotties fibers the Raw Sptacs Completely : Squane Q=b b=50 Rrekemgulan ath = a0" Rhombus Q=b #90 . ouigu =a b 49h Panahtlo : Paraltwodnam a4, g#a0 © ws xagonad a-b 44260 H n a Conventional) Ayes f. Points qroups UF nit au omg Symmetry aout @ Churque poral Logram adb o=¢° lather potnt @ — squars Square Orb peo NS dint B pexasenas 60 Rnombus [a= > $1? hs Gm ¥ ® primitive Reckmyle afd o-9| amm y rec hemgue © cannes Reckomgs fade Fe smn, Rechamgube 4m & Qo Feld I . 6 ford 4 fold mirror miner ase Rravals Lata 27 ad : space Lath EE Q. b, € a BY only ya types of Aaltice z Gre possible sn 3d e Be b ent frieuinic and Oey + thin been speciat t They ane cettectively known as * paved Jatt O) Trieltnic - has ne symmery (peur grou 1) or Canb)e of symmuby 7 only Sole ptr e adbFC # Occasinally cand omor Hic (ie non-orbhege © ULun € ‘ @ monenle + a yett symmeny ow gat bt c > ~ ~ > ~> ~— ~ W= A= 90 Bp yd 90 one angle has to be specif eo hence fee hovu mmonoclouc Patbte & eye as tas ( faratucopire”) @ ontho rhombic ® 8 fatd symmery in 3 muhualy LY dir = = _ » = ™ > > » > > > , ) —s unit Ue orthogonal Os¢b#¢C os PHY= 90 @ whic + Higher symmehic "of B=V= go , Q=b=c — 3 hats SC, bee, Fe ® Trigonat CRpomboheolnas ) * Qeb=ec , = B= miler anclices of quredior [ ] ‘ 4 «Planes ( ) * Miuer Ln cli netulton Jon nesanive n = [ 1 f unt ) ( ) QO bis P 4@ Coe RO ~ = 4a-2b | “ae miller. Lnalrce cui] . @ ynust be Simpl fied rail Gn Cubic (3D) from 0 do P 1 LT @'r Scout ry [100] FA | from ote @ lal Js of 1/8 ¥ [a10] Pp mag rulucle Tree Bare L > forere [100] = cut edge cite] = Fac arggone I~ Cai] = Bony atiagenss 44Pe ni tuolt frog ove coal mumbed whith have some mag of family ef clivtcH OMA rec on membe “| pre} Core], Cee], > Fomity of oi ws in Family < 1002 [ Foe] cere) fool] *angu Braket mumbew Ln Family (for ureic fates) | nolne < 1007 6 < 1107 R e147 8 Cognit cy cond Cea ci] ceed critd [hks] powricatan direcHon chks> family of aurecton Excmples guineramble ad bac Croolu . Ctee) incuas ef plome ° sk gs ofS z 1 z= ma yenb 2=pe _ wh O.b,c 2 fatice yp porn ee om I > mon p antsers N , Cake Loe We ' Ss Som wnten in th form of - Comnp)) 4 fa megane (—) cars & <0 = eel tod foul pire] Ene tio] [rol fioi | ror] Celt foul % an denote! a Anns whew the inter plane” Qn ter plan a7 spacing hk, £ - mister anues ond dw Spacing je Apacens byw two wmpecuH’ ponotus part in given unit cell d= Lt —— ony vaud for cubic, fefrogonad {#8 + ay and anthorhombl ¢ ee ce ; sys for cubic a= b=e ithe 7299 aie a le Po Seeker for tetragonal ab +6 Me é = beek™ d= [#3 +4 a “Angle blw fwo crystal directions Chk tu) t Chk bl In cubic coysiat | brhat bhp Lda cos b = Cor thse ae) Cnt bw ye | Angte bw [iti] and Cool] sn wb\ crptas | hel Ret hel kee mee bet cop = to+rhott! (4 pty ( oust Hye ag 8 fe=%] Note Hod same for aM the planes | dhe planus Qe (ated (he member of forily of plane and — family af plume clenotd hy ¢ bt FY fy Fon Mmemborr {100} (100),(o1e), (001) ¢ foo), Coro) (ooj) ds a {1.1.94 (Hoy Crol)Con), Ctro), Cito) (ror) Croh) (oft) fry, Lire) Crop) (oi) d~ & J Gus Planes aus antercepts 9 aq, 3b, 866 © Determine (mi Gin jnsercepls ga ab Gc ctrursiod by. oa 3b 6c Ul prema lations a “6 te a 3 TECIprocal a 4 4 mut bt smatlat & C © ; 2 3 C Common divi Sor mt @ a4) @ fand mi of plume which in porary to x ~ ‘ 9 and cat interop 19 ond + Gtong og mie ' Sin: an dir cep) a ab 3° l md z a a oe 00 2 d * m= (014) 1 \ ca a 7 0 1 4 t crthorhembjc cryste ~ Qe pa A b=pey wb (237) cans sin hed = 8! . 2 pray 3 Serystel pyamifoe — frambl ator ws r ce sv af prame worth find ardnaphs of yard 7K gs a 2p 4 me cds Ratio ef qeruas sngih of inv A 4D Le bg a he aA a be 3547 fquction ef imu = pa: qb: re = pa . pow, 73? =" fa) + 3, t null by 2 2 nays 3682 ~ 3°94 3 Ke bey Ga b oc” Seps for ms () Inter apes (1) Division by Unit trams labors (ili) (wy) Rici process Atier Cleoaing prow on | 2 The reguind mj of Hu pum aw ( ) | | i tof api thar oo —— & an mi ef apr that may intraph of oh, 3h, an on He Courdenalt gxLd Of gn gythorhombic crystal with gi bce 4232 Sin interest a 3 4 division by horetal~ Auk Be) Aer HQ 3° 3 eci prot ra red pre a = Cheikh} frecion 2 1 m= (42) orthorhombic crystal punt Hue franslatiom ant plone with 0! TT Qe pA banaue CF 197A oF as (237) xaxn find anhrepls of yond 20 hk ho = BER ch RET . - -1 pyr ad: 5 Ratro of actias Length of ine he he & = pa: gb: ¥¢ = Pay, 1ee 13? 5) 3 7 mult by he Bdge pays B68. —9°9F * 3 aS he ean 7 > = ~394A uation of pluru x, 472. - ¢ ec! Seps for Ms (1) Gnker apes (1) pivision by unit frame la ons (iD Reciprocars aw pyter cling fraction 2 The regpund om} of the plore aw ( ) & peembe nl of cam hab Wa ae = es of aplims that meky inioaa of | oh, 36,4n on the covrdinate OxLs 6f om enthorhombrc crystal with @: b. C= 45352 Sin: interapt 2 304+ division by frontal 2. a 1 ga Pe ar® ji f recipe 1 oa 3 2 Chih} prauion + 2 4 ae ee PET FFF SSS FSI EERSTE SO mre (42) rma mr ef a plant that make Aber op on ab 4 Qea ejual to 3A, UA, BA an fehagunal crys with € yao OA ES eee ~ ab qd nsa = porns onieraphs 3 4 P aa 4 + ho ef atom per pramo|ecHors z q emif ang of 3 + . ; a. a 2 gle (010 of multiplying by. a eee ak. Reciprocat ! i qu ar L 4 3 A : Muth plying by 12 Rising °Y e & 3 \ mt Cu 36) Peprreralron of Plans 6{ Known miler Smelter, Prowdua (D Re Reciprocaty of given mr They neprescu ¢he inter cepts tn bam of unit awual (i) maak the Length ef Phe Anker cep on thy reapeciog 9%" — Tein ends pein — the reauting . } Skerch will Mprasert gn vieguins of Riome 2z fy (ole) oie) = (ol) A, ot (ol) oa ~ o> 1 oom 4 MH | 2 pov - . , / 7 3 V7 ‘t (ii) (reo) 1, 0,0 (Fee) (@, 0, 1) ae cg a ee Now (oll) poncate! Three to * ae co or Clinalt eS 2 r 3 mt L$ ak pelss inccees $a} "2 , |p ] ay t x a9 9) Pea w c \e 5. n @ r x ns mi (o) o, 1” {o 1 0) 1 (s) pg 4 fw 0 eae ® tle Lice fo bR (hrs) m -~pervpPpepreperepeeeserereeerere7eer ee ec eee eepepenennaeeaeeeat. Ne nal W nbd it md eigen & My The duokan engl ih for whic Yn teleags gnih aber with Hy plane bf Connect (iit) pian yan O cuba af dabermard tha Wiha pansmb a 4 [ove TF | eA a} nas cng hed WW) dtyny oe [Ee diy * pyyé perp lanion spony in 56,8 pt oe = ee im ft Pine oF yess ory IM corns die) 6 a One Ome & ! yt fe ij “wy foun Oo Ayo: Su = ! 5 § = je 3 = ‘ fA UN | t wo vy A! | [N74 Te dco) q@ < i 7 wus © Be C100) = 4 (ipo) Simpur culate Ae 7 . a ditto) = — Simplt cechic tauia (dlije) = E. a(w) = © ih Slo a a 1 ya. xy * o a she of "@) Uno = af. 4 a" ) (8 Gay = 5 . ——— [ve dno On= VEG pee ite 4 ae fi — ~ by: Cafcwate d ta) ae yaa wa uth a - : a dan * hae yr foot ~ ~_peeenthtepeeeseeeeer#sensreseeegeee8e@aeeneennhrenhennnineoennm s SeSeS SESS FSGS FSESCFSESG SLCC Re ee ® sce or prim’ Q pce FCC oa end centeral Ecc. corners a rte a- copposi He pow: ¢ Nor of fom 12 = nee nf 4 nbe nec l a $cc zn cf ators : nes ace | 2 Aiemit vaste fcc 4 gece | Q sce geet rf pee vaa= qr _ fea 7 = Fee faa = ye ee. Wea ¢ — + fe ‘ cc & SEO y.copm a? face asogensl, § Bat Gn sce au a¥ s az op” fas eigen = ra = f2xlro pm Booly diagonal = Ina = 3a = ¥3x0 pm 2 fee FEC gap byw two cxysrel forming Seis SERS is sopm find 0 ae a- ar = 70pm ease wugih = or 766M = 9Spm eer) prws Q-2u= FOp™ =e BDF ia ‘ ~ ale Sm Fee or ye 4 Dear se ° ae Sota = OW a(t pes iL 14 xenon cr ystatls zen IP Q Fee lattice and « emu is opm tohat is the neaust Neighbour atom amd thar is the radtias of the xenon atom . fe Sir Qe GexIe mM Qn FCC fraz UU =yY ae “ 9 c v D4 Now nearer atom aco” Teg / =~ af XM = . d= @ = ats ie 6 a en Ts anremgement amd LK unit att edselengih iy 4oo pm. Catcutate the inte ron cluster i Foo | = An Cs ce smn Q= 4oopm inter joe clten in Q@- Gord CryshalU 30s in a {ace Centred unit ctl. eohat matt be, Hu staelergth of Hu att? ( atomic yastian ef Gold =o ly nr Sin gm Fee Bon 4 v V2 Qe ot Q= a&rexXoluy om Gus Hoo dems aay given” Thin find the aber of sce unit cls , FCC unit ails, , and Ec uik aft trese Bcc Unit abs can be framed to form meee RARER an yee arn ww ae . pe ? < % ie ® gee a. pane @ © of wut ctl ae aes 5 gate no at amet tl ) Ay toe a , ’ : sare 2 auny @ AdAK Nee & A & preet ab > presen oat! tayatet eh Pin Ay 8s Formats eA ue cores S8PECECESE SFG FECES TCECCeHe’” att garners faces ai att iv mage by A med ate face CURARNS, shes and body Conky nev ‘ } goo gow vee 1 ) ae no op nad ceeds (OE reo BC patie @ of we coated co Hey Cryst amd bealy cere whetr 6 Bina Ae fovnteer ‘i he nee * pete amd 8 as A oeoupres at whole GB oconpits ale Pit the fovrade of Me ney nes y abs + Ne grg rete 4 - 2 4 we: o+ortet B ~ + Ay B = AG Ram a mode wp FW and B Cond Hueant pavicle ) ay fr odrev at fhe comers and "Bat the body center yen ne fined #8 ty and nu frrots’ of He nya! cry st tothe oun: aiom = woo con” 9 nc nf nbe » net an rey 4 Gn sce z- f atem ' / fo no Cl grul lA ; ° gr Bcc Om FCC 9m ECC 9 atoms goo «ORS no ot unt aus = aH of unit ott ze yom ro of antl - Us 2. gatom > m0 of unt O yal, un they Cry sha @ A md 8 former am sore Ov A» present bw preset crystal pody cnba while ap a cornes id tutes Find Hu formals fer tt jn au ty nbe , ne i + in des at the connes qm cmd ‘Boat tu bedy center 0 ‘Al yah is nplavd by. chan find Hu ote and nw formula of He try ) , . » . 2 ». ” » » = -~— “~ e* 3 me 2+ Hei +0 ; 6 2 7 = % grote 23 - AQ G3 @ Amilo v made by Amd B aa A occupies af aut corner and au fou Contes, while GB occupies at eage cents amd body camper FIND Hu formats of H Jastics , ye REE Ee HE rE toro | %- peotrt+ Bat 1 + yy By = A @ Amit ou ay med’ Pon ma PCH tual pasha ) ® DIGG ON Ax Axe 0 ax t¢ of 17) (ID nf ne a ti ne f 4 + yn + yorot c Ay fos symnmeln ea total Por cf op Ax Se eee fold symmery : nea p= Po Wt body He opposite Comes long O° parsing for eps diagonal gfeld symmemy nen 2160 ar poms fhreugh foo a - gage =" pow of opposite odtgas = 6 parit§ fhret @= 36° agonally oppoy’ 65 Cont s bef symme sgh Bocly col cexppted_system_ond Gnu See sce ; ste | 3 spacr laiticr g plames of Sy pe 13 axis 1 ces CubiC Tetragenat SCC] yspao iabne | POS Bee ] 5 ans j r ke sey pbce; orthorhombic adr ‘TF Pes prnvivard —seeht | yal” __ tL (Tiger 7 POS Hexagon Sec \t 1 ois! “ a 0 see pos Qeb4c Mono clea ae 2 ; ris]? a Tree Sef ~- |. « apd 1408 ! Coser 2 @ cose poy dn {POC OOOC:- Coordinaien no-= 2 (hesush nesghhow u fa) (B) more Gfivent patking WO compas te 9) - ONE forma tabic wo b } Spheas of nd row ed Pack chu, oe pacurs un 20 Moe: pee Creed Packtrg 19 3D of a peuhw? _ cred packus (AAA type) re c A Eqn row IS placed exarryy Oe oboe the b dower row cp ore NEY Hexagon! Sp ole (neag type) HOS A 8 Co-ordination Nor = ptt you @ as plac aoe SB he aeprniom of tyre A AAA type ap ded favtog from 00 tyre Exh row 1S Placid exorty Above Hy Each tayer 1S Plot eKavly below fu front layer umit cebi jit rote a gene yatw $cc ARAB Ty fon go vom Pocting from APD TURE (OD, By plans plans fhe and fayen oom JF foyer 3 comm the tetiaheaias vate WN? are formed ph. combinahon 2 9 sphere of 4% row ond ~ hhmehlmuwemhlc em me PRO Eee see ee eee ea eOaesreeee ee ee & Terenas’ is covers by E weg A oo Os oe a ~ 3 from | aft pon wh He stg and row TB rw pecan Speen P (Wy py placing ad Layer Ove the ond ray. (ay covering jehahwlial vers (HP. Mexa gonat ctored / prckiins, ) = 8] HONS 2, i WE of the ores av exauty. same in the grt layea as thet ayer then it coverar — fetrahectaat valds- - fs, &® . cep. cubic ord (b) qe By covering Ochahdnel voids ( —Pacen§ ) Position of 3°4 gayen in not Same a jst layer cr 2PO fayer (6) , and Coverd octahedra’ yards SO ar Layer is type ¢ . -gth layer wilt be some ca ve 26 ot (nA) a type A. at is ABC ABC type Qt bn the f of total space fitted by the combituent pauicles. mo) 2 MS anf, neo rhe of ato ns NE, Hb one 2x1, present is See Pockins effiden Y A z (ne ofa volume ef fhe cubic unit oe for see Qe: 23 -fotat velum = (ar) ars » rr SVE xt x ier 3x GY es JT yjoe eae p pope 0000000000000088020@0¢8080@8 88208088 @ & & & & . a oe} SSF FEF FFF FGECFCEFG EEC SO av Yficenty an WC Packing {rachor A , 24143 z <6 _ fetal velume ef NCP (Area of am equar taser! Priamgile XG ) xh Sex yetume of Ore sphere = ges G pp of equate! Now 2 / 2x 473 ? if x LTP eo yolunne of HP = exam 3 VB atxgeh Bars 16 mre x1e x5 " 2 C > qzar ie 3 zh how we fra rao of oO h See the 4 part ( Sky blue dot ---) 0 >A ® ame plane O 4 just above © O Bb vald Dis just over O AARC WL |eguitlateratel AOER dots ~ ox fB=60 , 2OBE=30 Cob 30 = BE o8 ABR og _ 08. QQ ” ‘ a DPOB , 2 poe=qv (P8)*= (o0)*+(o8)> (po*= (P8)*—(08)* —@® po=- b = - puiclt 3¢ present 2 DB=- @ ( two conseguent particlr 3 prese x nsee +) age a. ar 8 toh - * ia we ey 8 bh ote ae s TT ylov Bin Numerical An elemut has a Bee Shucws with acl eye of deus). 300 pm: Tu chunsity of Hu eluent b Ogejems How mony atend au prestal in 2004. of elumunt - ae Sain: yotum: of umd cll = q3 a= aoc pm = axiom ve (3x18)? nds arate’ on? Total velume of S00 9 elumurt = mrss flour ty. 4 = 200 HON gsm? ar No of umub cll present Lo toral vet <_fote_vall™ of Hu eturant vel” of ou unit wht - 9S 23 3 . = 9259xI0 exe? S ¢ Tate no. of atoms prusont gn ace ze gam ip ene unital | | So total no Of aterm 2 axgussxie” | = 10-518 x10” atoms | Quy: ¢ Shroctus . oo @ 2 on FC a a etemnent has cult edge of acopm | ni denaity ef the element is f0kG/ m3. How many. . atoms ame prusent in OS ie + lemurs: Sa, Velume eff unit aus a3 Q= dov pm W203 3 Ve (goo xil?) =o x10 total ulm of os kg elment = OS No: 6f unit GU in +tehel vim = of0S 103 g ne (el z es t direclion Cosine " Coke, CSP , cos] wall be Lhe cel duechon Co OM cine ON ema Wwe Rnow frat Nou $y O ONA > aad — — ~) , — - — —_ Z : _ 5 — — — —, h = < a sates — a, C ary m AO . fr he | \ | [a peewee] la t J J dis [h+5+4 ) jad only for @unogens! Cui c J ‘ _ . fy Diff nackon and Bnasq's Low — Von [aur in (912 Auggeitct that X-rays can be aiffracid by owystals LoL. Enbecbuich amd Kni ppang- Succen fully demestratid — the diffewetton 4 x au hy ZnS eryrald: The inter ptoman Spocuny (dd) 4n @ crystal i of the Oholr of VA ang wave [eng yh (4) + X= vays 4s also ef same - ory je. d= Aray.

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