Boot sherg anlum

Phyti
Schaum çeres
Nucleau Phygics
Jlit-)

SAucuxe
cluments u due to the abilty
nuclet to pacess
multiple eluchic chauges natwal poceLses
învad in almost al
1h the9y transfuTMatons.
be traced to nucleax HXhS an d
byUe
Nucleat compositon e &tsuctue wasundestDodd

the compo 6iffeu of nucles

Reasons fMcas holding nucleus togtpL togtthe ax
than the elechíc toca whitu hoLd the
vastiy Stronqek Gudingly haxdex to
es to the nucleus and it s O Up
a nucleu to fnd, what is 2nside
bAeak apat photo emisslBe Qt
Changes in etectnnic shouctue (bs chemical bond)
an oh toxmatiou / biaking sa
ev. while changes i.
hucleut shuctue inyalve hgy o eHdU fe
more Mev.
OHdinay h-atom ’ Anuclew with Single (pkoton
Qn eleayes

ato m

3'
Rest masA Me = 4-1095 Xo
ame a e = "6 X lo
chaqe

VOu a
 # ll atht cmns hJL ucle witth neutro n and pr0ton:

P'opetia nuto ns ’ neural

m,, - 675o E- 21ka)
mp mH* l6t26E 21)
httyons andy potons ae Callec neutro n

ihmic Numbe No pHoto ns in each ato mi G nudlel

ohich s game as Yo es in ancutral
om
atom cf elument
equal
4 au nucl the gam& elment heed not hae
on lement Lic some no
nD f neutrons Yhu vaiety f neutng
poto ns) oith dyl no ' in ther nuciel
(sotnps
Masb-AVo.

ANo
X
isotps
no c nutnon O,y 2
H,D, T LRadioactve
Cstable) oY un st abte )
85
C

Atomic Mass (A) ’ Mass o nutral ato m

MKa ltpmic ma nit =1u -2
1: 66054 0 kg
-93l-5 Me\ enox
- 14
J
 Jtorrun d by hu
a) e l ent
’ Ctsnlcal popeuties of an
th mA no
wtth Hu mass
SPhysicat duamaicalls peavad
tist ctimat ese
Sicet
NieaK SNucleak
czpuinent
by Aatoxtokd siateun g
MecleDne fr
Hhe no

fm vt2*to m
2
not homogeu
chax ge
Nucleay matte and nucleae h nucleu
disibuted thraughaut th

Radus of
1Xlox33x 44m

fönd te dengity 14:9264g X10

Mass
Vaum
Repulsivc force blw wo protons =
cachh Gthet

F=

X 10
Viny

ntubal puicles n, anatien tn gotp photong e nlipr

Mn 00866 6799 XIa

tt can, be detumined by ptosmi ng

o Siatfcing xpuiments in which fast ei, instad a
tanqet nade up
patticla aHe pHofeciLes that bgmbanded Vauaus elments
g raiaus eliments , the digea of nucla
nae b Cen accwHaely neaswcl

R=RoA'|: 15m

dunsity f nucli is inaupendu nt of A

En Mass -Entvqy cquation
Aco Káing to Linstún thecy f spaiak lativity,
wheu C: 3xomgl

Nucleau Binding tncgy

Enegy &E1A+ tigho
tyanctormstou BE|A leskeu
nudeus Some
oMass
As6
Cuve
Bindi
ng eindingtlA
EbA tbn ton nucl peu tncugy Binding Naws
dyect
cUgy binding (E)
podicls
m , censtitucrt sthu n tus nucl the bkeak T0
)mn)M (n
impt AM-I ayect Mass
 pn An d. Magrnttt o*

chsUved S nChuding!
bypantis o prüncipte
2

Spin anqda 2

magnctic quantum my - 2

Hhu mag nutic aShaaat e wtth the

momentk aHC
Spins pand n and expHes ed in nucleat

Qm

=3152 XJo

Cân es , Boht Maqnetun le n

y1836 L

Maqnetigm d to nuto ns s

popuoty dut to the spire of change paticle .

 öpin maqntio moment compenunta in ant dt

Spn Maqntit mement poton

(jor n)
Anutopn wuth no nt change nay be assumedh to CEntaur
wth non -uniorm
equay amount tive and -lye chan ,
distibuhion giving sse to
COmplex nueles Lathe than
angulat momentum de to mot Bu
may hae @HbItal momentur
spih angul
ngiau thu nucleus as well as Spih as
hgula'6

stabße Nuclei ’
rable
N
When o o! potonß inHeases
Aepulsive fance Tea, amal
neutone to mahe ut
stable
Not alb conibinat ans of andu p fom stable
 cppHoimalely
3
nuclel LAa a0) ave. N=
Boron B
N=t,=5 L
unetable ndt
and t hongs

decay
diates to be stable PP Aupu
) Ag i Tes ,
N-1lin ka that CLLesS
with {z lo.
eVeh with
stronge% even lo
&to belomis
neutns
enly attractive forces both eveh Z an
evenN. Ihise
the nuclides have
(stahle )
aHe cale even - even nucides add A nuclides
des ae mo e than
yNo even Ynuoids knonn
gtable edd-add, nucoous
’Bny S
N
3 MaHks
Nuchcles with NA-) = d,Qo,50,
big
8,128 Uquite
maQic numb
gtable.hse numbeA aue calle d

cfhae nO
Ihee ae anallgo to file d Shels enexgy
hlutro ns e aabumed to c0mpity nucle at
luves omd hinte ln ik lus ikely to panticlpatu
in nuclean OXn n form of eLlments
S Nuclsons intuacts sangby nIth they neaxest nughbQu
aue shoxte w thee ae

cautd satwnatiou c hucle ax force

 Couiumbic kepiow s appueiable thoctughau the heclug
fhis sete hu n i i to the aiity of
pevent destructiou of laqe n ucles neutoo
Tt is &E ern hat anshucles ith >83 an d Alot
SpccntanuDLsly transtoamea to ight e hucli by emtg
-pauiclc ("He).
he heaviest st able, hucle is f s6
E)
Hw EM speehrum

HomynaHk Electnomagncic &pectrum- Range aall

paasible fsuq uenciea EM
Hadiatin
naveltngth aiatinquished by difoent

Radio waveb TR Wavs

Gamme
Waslength Jes Enugy Tes Rays
tam må Rays hau higheat
’ Vigble spectrum
enugt
iDD 38ooA
n7600f
Red and vialt

yamma has fhom tadço active elements -

missirg 1ntu
&epatate
no
Same
as

the, nucteusn
buak
thee
ot
Bmaing
tnegy enqy m
of of Ja=
93)-49
Mevjenucleu
equralunt = mas -
AE AE Mev NmCi)
?H pineHe
t
= thar
of 2-
deuteinm
H m
cng4 than t
mas t
A seen to =LZmH)
HoweVeH
mlaswcLd
mats
mass Do0
23) hucles
qesa u
tapcteal kequiud
fhe chanq
Gcatet
the
BE t a neuto
arnd
H
apat1
Expementay
tnogy- wil ef bh
Eru
qy d enYgy
Miing bueakenegy
Eq amount
Ernding to
BE
1H
 JMey

V, nd
Ne l l6o. 6'"T Me
alao ezpuULerd Bt into kI|ke
atomic Mas And
160-64 lox AN 1-to 2826 + l0x
100R 66 S

m=19992d Mev
1&6054 XIoRe
-16
33:786 X lo keI

56
RFe

A
GMtat eu A)A no te stable s the nule 0
56
Fe th og Mev s
Cnugy
 A
Iuith
milhen hury
medum pbunina
nueleaUs HeStE
called, ee
(a) Wuch Tt two
(6) (a)
timesSuch huclus
3
a ightor th
6 13 usknonwn So
siac splitng
moe totab A thantheo (an
more nucli 35
150 as ic eneqy 924 p
3 8 2 èn
stablenuclean the egy e
pained heavi6 bHeaks wuglna
to
nw given
hspe nucle0u
02Mev
tusto nucl to aro mto medum
tclLaue
nuclew
and
eehanism m
nucleus
tus qia Og
188-0Meu
huceons tuo
&ihas ngie a
ascan Mev]ncleon sige
c0patu nuclá
moTe invaue
b
nuclee
nucleus khti
AEb to x2
loo
sL
 tec

(a) Statu B- duoau Sxns ur

la) (6)o
(3) Eh 24
Eb fo 1 Mq 1426
14R26 Me V
ind ts ato me mnas

findEb;A
20
(a) Ne 26

93 1· 44
L8x100 28625+ 4X o008 665- m
X 931" y9

8,0
Eb L3X o 0825 +X l"00866S -m
for A X931"y

()

tive dcay
(o) +
 |989 MeV

P9XJ0O2665 -m]X
tb= 2
2XIO082S +
43)"49
)2X|"00825 2X|° 002665
|98-2
93-44
m=Q3-486 Mev]u

) A()npmp t nnmn t me ne

Adc emly these

 Class col Mechanicg vuw pant
P pianct tyawung avound, the eun
Cnqulan momentum , :ilxp
ou tha Hhitae
anqulau mot ntum
As o also hav CoutnuO Us Value,
po ssible values thoqeu L wulalao haue al hano
value CAsi-HX k and p-m)
IZI can haa any valu
no cstochion:
Diy Li- no Hesticticu, cam ha any ci" dptnai
q upon the încin atiew plan abit
LOtation aSpin angulao momntum

angulau
vLodty
Radus bady
A8 mass and, ads ae
Qs censtant
w ha cutinuo us valuea SuiL
als yalues
 MOmtntum
) nbital Anqulau
Magnitudu L:lJLLeDh
l=0,l, --,(n-)
| cannot tak all valus
quantiatio.

- Dieckicon Y-ay (6) o C

quantised () 1 12h -0,)
(a)2 -2,-,0,)
L

ubit ol Anqul at momuntum

amag nitude is quani sed
has dicHete vauess
his is called quantisaou
magniuae
spaue dquantisaony

quautiad
 the cme.
hu vectoy L keccc us along mo mentum
dlant lngth qivem byed
So, al anglea ae alloweo
Ceutain angla a

omntum
# Spin Anguan
(o Maantude Quantisato radiu vecot phestsses
joym a One

Dia Quantization-(tit)
(6) &pac|

Remoscks 2
Hm

# fotal Anqula NOmentam -(7)

)épin 8 Jalst)
Sz= M

Bo, we can di
iand sepaualely but thuy a hot induptrdin
as they au

2 2

a) DikLcio Quontfsation

2
2

2 2 2

# Nuclea &pin And Anque ak Momenn

 rltron

H nucl can be considvud to be

patemtial teld -As discussed iu Nuelew
Cntra dectiors foresthe
the toT nutps and
Can be madb
siilau analbgy an b. anqutae momntum and
iki, hes haye so subitab
by quntiaation ult
spiw anquan momntum yovnid
sin glu cnittthusan
nucleat epiM
(we en can talk of
Nucleak spîn )T(Magnituaa) z(rtD

Naqni tude s Quaniced

whue M=-I to I in &teps of

2 2 2Iyaus
2 2 2
2

312
Such a to hay quantsed
Ualues e hReatichins
ahe thete’or 6ame I we
Can ha many M b ut
fixcd
2
wt Yalub Nucleak apln lus1ng 0of pkotoru and nauhnn

Even -tven nuel HAl nutrons pat up th each 0Hu 6n.,

do,thu pÂUInq ancels &pin and tbital angulau

knon o
mOmentun in bath cass: Ihis us
&o, I 0
paizing ect
4He,,"g

li) t n- Qdal hucler tn za, odd

3He

nube n, 1pHoton QHe kyt unpaicd

t us RsUne
so that
applicd to the system hucli (tnal v¥a)' nucie
maanehic dd is dakLn an x-d .Au tht allen
t t themselves Wtt din". duch that the quanti sah 8n
Tule nuclean spin s qua ntiecd

# NucleaH Spin MOment

tlauic alty)
Magnthe dupatu mo ment :
 IA C
2

tobital angulae
momentum

m
aL

Guantu mNechanical orzection’ LOTTchons as Ouhintodu

in casscal exp as tolo ws -
-Ced un

0 Ocbital angula momntm- m

magnttic el
2m
dipal
mOm

Spin angula Mamntun

mOment
 Oxital

quorlam o

Fop @xn y (Nucdeak Na¡n etron)

on 3mp
5 43Xlo "ev|T

pso to

3-8263

-5"5858
Sz
Whn 2

hu tnxgis o thst. levels Qe not 8ame

Qnd hune spliting givels taktk

piacu in the psenc oe any eztonal
magntYo iid
Naqntio Enkgy Ba,Nagnat Um zi-8

total óimilaudy
fatigy for pHotons, Um -l8b.B pzbz B
Nucdeus : Espinup (E1) Espinan

to-pb
|AE = QMy,8 daxmoM'4 (queny lh)
appicatieu this
jkuqueny
rucleax m0gnatic HeGnancç
n s tound
technongy.
 1Oct lo28
u) Ceven-pQuh)
(oad pai)
-&) P4 (z4z
’OveHOe

Pquantum no ’ thu peopety whch dafin

acaued paxity
P= 1leven)
P-(odd)
eg’ H-atom
P= l-)
Ps only a quontum mecharica, aspecty t halno
classical analog , because paxity a oniy talkud o
pasity s olen to be cerseeol
Uit-4