Document 653 1357

Basic Business Statistics 13th Edition
Berenson Solutions Manual

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Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 235
CHAPTER 6
6.1 PHStat output:
Normal Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.57
X Value 1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.57) 0.9417924 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
Probability for X > P(X<=1.84) 0.9671
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
P(X>1.84) 0.0329 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Probability for X<1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<1.57 or X >1.84) 0.9747 X Value 1.644854
(a) P(Z < 1.57) = 0.9418
(b) P(Z > 1.84) = 1 – 0.9671 = 0.0329
(c) P(1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.9418 = 0.0253
(d) P(Z < 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.9418 + (1 – 0.9671) = 0.9747
6.2 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 0
X Value -1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value -1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=-1.57) 0.0582076 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
Probability for X<-1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-1.57 or X >1.84) 0.0911 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(– 1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.0582 = 0.9089
Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

236 Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution and Other Continuous Distributions
6.2 (b) P(Z < – 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.0582 + 0.0329 = 0.0911
cont. (c) If P(Z > A) = 0.025, P(Z < A) = 0.975. A = + 1.96.
(d) If P(–A < Z < A) = 0.6826, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. So 68.26% of the area is captured between
–A = – 1.00 and A = + 1.00.
6.3 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Normal
Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
X Value 1.08 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.08 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.08) 0.8599289 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
X Value -0.21 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value -0.21
P(X>-0.21) 0.5832 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Probability for X<1.08 or X >-0.21 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<1.08 or X >- 1.4431 X Value 0.999815
0.21)
P(Z < 1.08) = 0.8599
(b) P(Z > – 0.21) = 1.0 – 0.4168 = 0.5832
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >0
P(X<-0.21 or X >0) 0.9168
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 0) = 0.4168 + 0.5 = 0.9168
(d) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 1.08) = 0.4168 + (1 – 0.8599) = 0.5569

6.4 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 0
Probability for X <= From X Value -1.96
X Value -0.21 To X Value -0.21
Z Value -0.21 Z Value for -1.96 -1.96
P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168338 Z Value for -0.21 -0.21
P(X<=-1.96) 0.0250
Probability for X > P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168
X Value 1.08 P(-1.96<=X<=-0.21) 0.3918
Z Value 1.08
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(Z > 1.08) = 1 – 0.8599 = 0.1401
(b) P(Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168
(c) P(– 1.96 < Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168 – 0.0250 = 0.3918
(d) P(Z > A) = 0.1587, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. A = + 1.00.
Common Data
Mean 100
Probability for X <=

X Value 70
Z Value -3
P(X<=70) 0.0013499
Probability for X >

X Value 75
Z Value -2.5
P(X>75) 0.9938
X–μ 75 –100
Z= = = – 2.50
σ 10
P(X > 75) = P(Z > – 2.50) = 1 – P(Z< – 2.50) = 1 – 0.0062 = 0.9938
X–μ 70 – 100
(b) Z= = = – 3.00
σ 10
P(X < 70) = P(Z < – 3.00) = 0.00135

6.5 (c) Partial PHStat output:

cont.
Common Data
Mean 100
X Value 80
Z Value -2
P(X<=80) 0.0227501
Probability for X >

X Value 110
Z Value 1
P(X>110) 0.1587
Probability for X<80 or X >110

P(X<80 or X >110) 0.1814
X–μ 80 – 100 X–μ 110 – 100
Z= = = –2.00 Z= = = 1.00
σ 10 σ 10
P(X < 80) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228
P(X > 110) = P(Z > 1.00) = 1 – P(Z < 1.00) = 1.0 – 0.8413 = 0.1587
P(X < 80) + P(X > 110) = 0.0228 + 0.1587 = 0.1815
(d) P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.80
P(– 1.28 < Z) = 0.10 and P(Z < 1.28) = 0.90
X lower –100 Xupper – 100
Z = –1.28 = Z = +1.28 =
10 10
Xlower = 100 – 1.28(10) = 87.20 and Xupper = 100 + 1.28(10) = 112.80

Common Data
Mean 50
Probability for X <= From X Value 42
X Value 42 To X Value 43
Z Value -2 Z Value for 42 -2
P(X<=42) 0.0227501 Z Value for 43 -1.75
P(X<=42) 0.0228
Probability for X > P(X<=43) 0.0401
X Value 43 P(42<=X<=43) 0.0173
Z Value -1.75
P(X>43) 0.9599 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Probability for X<42 or X >43 Z Value -1.644854
P(X<42 or X >43) 0.9827 X Value 43.42059
P(X > 43) = P(Z > – 1.75) = 1 – 0.0401 = 0.9599

6.6 (b) P(X < 42) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228

cont. (c) P(X < A) = 0.05,
A − 50
Z = −1.645 = A = 50 – 1.645(4) = 43.42
4
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Z Value 0.841621
X Value 53.36648
P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.60
P(Z < – 0.84) = 0.20 and P(Z < 0.84) = 0.80
Xlower – 50 Xupper – 50
Z = –0.84 = Z = +0.84 =
4 4
Xlower = 50 – 0.84(4) = 46.64 and Xupper = 50 + 0.84(4) = 53.36
6.7 (a) P(X > 32) = P(Z > 0.12) = 0.4522

Probability for X >
X Value 32
Z Value 0.12
P(X>32) 0.4522
(b) P(10 < X < 20) = P(-2.08 < Z < -1.08) = 0.1213
FromX Value 10
To X Value 20
Z Value for 10 -2.08
P(X<=10) 0.0188
P(X<=20) 0.1401
P(10<=X<=20) 0.1213
(c) P(X < 10) = P(Z < -2.08) = 0.0188
X Value 10
Z Value -2.08
P(X<=10) 0.0187628
A − 30.8
(d) P(X < A) = 0.99 Z = 2.3263= A = 54.0635
10
Z Value 2.326348
X Value 54.06348
Note: The above answers are obtained using PHStat. They may be slightly different
when Table E.2 is used.

6.8 Partial PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 50
Standard
Deviation 12
Z Value -1.666667 Z Value for 34 -1.333333
P(X<=30) 0.0477904 Z Value for 50 0
P(X<=34) 0.0912
X Value 60 P(34<=X<=50) 0.4088
Z Value 0.8333333
P(X<30 or X >60) 0.2501 X Value 39.90055
(a) P(34 < X < 50) = P(– 1.33 < Z < 0) = 0.4088
(b) P(X < 30) + P(X > 60) = P(Z < – 1.67) + P(Z > 0.83)
= 0.0475 + (1.0 – 0.7967) = 0.2508
A – 50
(c) P(X > A) = 0.80 P(Z < – 0.84) ≅ 0.20 Z = –0.84 =
12
A = 50 – 0.84(12) = 39.92 thousand miles or 39,920 miles
Common Data
Mean 50
Standard
Deviation 10
Z Value -2 Z Value for 34 -1.6
P(X<=30) 0.0227501 Z Value for 50 0
P(X<=34) 0.0548
X Value 60 P(34<=X<=50) 0.4452
Z Value 1
P(X<30 or X >60) 0.1814 X Value 41.58379
The smaller standard deviation makes the Z-values larger.
(a) P(34 < X < 50) = P(– 1.60 < Z < 0) = 0.4452
(b) P(X < 30) + P(X > 60) = P(Z < – 2.00) + P(Z > 1.00)
= 0.0228 + (1.0 – 0.8413) = 0.1815
(c) A = 50 – 0.84(10) = 41.6 thousand miles or 41,600 miles

6.9 Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >
X Value 15
Z Value 0.6
P(X>15) 0.2743
(a) P(X > 15) = PZ > 0.6) = 0.2743
Partial PHStat output:
FromX Value 10
To X Value 12
Z Value for 10 -1.9
Z Value for 12 -0.9
P(X<=10) 0.0287
P(X<=12) 0.1841
P(10<=X<=12) 0.1553
(b) P(10 < X < 12) = P(-1.9< Z < -0.9) = 0.1553
Partial PHStat output:
Z Value 1.9600
X Value 17.71993
(c) P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.95
P(Z < – 1.96) = 0.0250 and P(Z < 1.96) = 0.9750
X lower –13.8 X upper –13.8
Z = –1.96 = Z = +1.96 =
2 2
Xlower = 9.8801 and Xupper = 17.7199
6.10 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 73
Z Value 2.25 Z Value for 65 -1
P(X<=91) 0.9877755 Z Value for 89 2
P(X<=65) 0.1587
X Value 81 P(65<=X<=89) 0.8186
Z Value 1
Probability for X<91 or X >81 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<91 or X >81) 1.1464 X Value 86.15883

6.10 (a) P(X < 91) = P(Z < 2.25) = 0.9878

cont. (b) P(65 < X < 89) = P(– 1.00 < Z < 2.00) = 0.9772 – 0.1587 = 0.8185
(c) P(X > A) = 0.05 P(Z < 1.645) = 0.9500
A – 73
Z = 1.645 = A = 73 + 1.645(8) = 86.16%
8
(d) Option 1: P(X > A) = 0.10 P(Z < 1.28) ≅ 0.9000
81 – 73
Z= = 1.00
8
Since your score of 81% on this exam represents a Z-score of 1.00, which is below the
minimum Z-score of 1.28, you will not earn an “A” grade on the exam under this grading
option.
68 – 62
Option 2: Z = = 2.00
3
Since your score of 68% on this exam represents a Z-score of 2.00, which is well above
the minimum Z-score of 1.28, you will earn an “A” grade on the exam under this grading
option. You should prefer Option 2.
6.11 PHStat output:

(a) P(X < 321) = P(Z < – 1.50) = 0.0668
X Value 321
Z Value -1.5
P(X<=321) 0.0668
(b) P(320 < X < 471) = P(– 1.52 < Z < 1.50) = 0.8689
FromX Value 320
To X Value 471
Z Value for 471 1.5
P(X<=320) 0.0643
P(X<=471) 0.9332
P(320<=X<=471) 0.8689
(c) P(X > 471) = P(Z > 1.50) = 0.0668
Probability for X >
X Value 471
Z Value 1.5
P(X>471) 0.0668
(d) P(X < A) = 0.01 P(Z < -2.3263) = 0.01
A = 396 – 50(2.3263) = 279.6826
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 279.6826

6.12 (a) P(X > 60) = P(Z > 1.1429) = 0.1265

Probability for X >
X Value 60
Z Value 1.1428571
P(X>60) 0.1265
(b) P(15 < X < 30) = P(-2.0714 < Z < -1) = 0.1395
FromX Value 15
To X Value 30
Z Value for 30 -1
P(X<=15) 0.0192
P(X<=30) 0.1587
P(15<=X<=30) 0.1395
(c) P(X < 15) = P(Z < -2.0714) = 0.0192
X Value 15
Z Value -2.0714
P(X<=15) 0.0192
(d) P(X < A) = 0.99 Z = 2.3263 A = 76.5689
Z Value 2.3263
X Value 76.5689

From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22
Z Value for 21.99 -2.4
Z Value for 22 -0.4
P(X<=21.99) 0.0082
P(X<=22) 0.3446
P(21.99<=X<=22) 0.3364
P(21.99 < X < 22.00) = P(– 2.4 < Z < – 0.4) = 0.3364
(b) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22.01
Z Value for 22.01 1.6
P(X<=21.99) 0.0082
P(X<=22.01) 0.9452
P(21.99<=X<=22.01) 0.9370
P(21.99 < X < 22.01) = P(– 2.4 < Z < 1.6) = 0.9370


cont.
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0123
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0123
(d) (a) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22
Z Value for 21.99 -3
Z Value for 22 -0.5
P(X<=21.99) 0.0013
P(X<=22) 0.3085
P(21.99<=X<=22) 0.3072
P(21.99 < X < 22.00) = P(– 3.0 < Z < – 0.5) = 0.3072
(d) (b) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22.01
Z Value for 21.99 -3
Z Value for 22.01 2
P(X<=21.99) 0.0013
P(X<=22.01) 0.9772
P(21.99<=X<=22.01) 0.9759
P(21.99 < X < 22.01) = P(– 3.0 < Z < 2) = 0.9759
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0102
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0102
6.14 With 39 values, the smallest of the standard normal quantile values covers an area under the normal
curve of 0.025. The corresponding Z value is -1.96. The middle (20th) value has a cumulative area
of 0.50 and a corresponding Z value of 0.0. The largest of the standard normal quantile values covers
an area under the normal curve of 0.975, and its corresponding Z value is +1.96.
6.15 Area under normal curve covered: 0.1429 0.2857 0.4286 0.5714 0.7143 0.8571
Standardized normal quantile value: – 1.07 – 0.57 – 0.18 + 0.18 + 0.57 + 1.07

6.16 (a) Excel output:

MPG
Mean 22.52941
Standard Error 0.446536
Median 22
Mode 22
Standard Deviation 1.841115
Sample Variance 3.389706
Kurtosis 0.340209
Skewness 0.525947
Range 7
Minimum 19
Maximum 26
Sum 383
Count 17
First Quartile 21.5
Third Quartile 23.5
Interquartile Range 2
CV 8.17%
6*std.dev 11.04669
1.33*std.dev 2.448683
The mean is about the same as the median. The range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot
30
25
20
MPG
15
10
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot indicates departure from normal distribution. The kurtosis is
0.3402, indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 0.5259 indicates a slightly right-skewed
distribution.

6.17 Excel output:

Cost($)
Mean 207.6667
Median 197
Mode 225
Kurtosis 1.160659
Skewness 1.141341
Range 191
Minimum 146
Maximum 337
Sum 6230
Count 30
First Quartile 172
Third Quartile 225
6 * std.dev 292.8909
1.33 * std.dev 64.92416
(a) The mean is higher than the median. The range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation. The interquartile range is smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
(b)
400
350
300
250
Cost($)
200
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
According to the normal probability plot, the data appear to be right skewed. The kurtosis
is 1.1607 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.1413 indicates a right-skewed
distribution.

6.18 Excel output:

Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
Mean 1332.235
Median 1230
Mode #N/A
Kurtosis 0.539467
Skewness 0.918321
Range 2479
Minimum 506
Maximum 2985
Sum 67944
Count 51
First Quartile 867
Third Quartile 1633
6 * std.dev 3466.985
1.33 * std.dev 768.515
(a) Because the mean is slightly larger than the median, the interquartile range is slightly less
than 1.33 times the standard deviation, and the range is much smaller than 6 times the
standard deviation, the data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
(b)
3500
3000
Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be right-skewed. The kurtosis
is 0.5395 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. A skewness of 0.9183 indicates a right-skewed distribution.

6.19 Excel output:

Market Cap ($billions)
Mean 142.93
Median 121.6
Mode #N/A
Range 394.6
Minimum 9.1
Maximum 403.7
Sum 4287.9
Count 30
First Quartile 73.4
Third Quartile 210.5
Interquartile Range 137.1
6 * std.dev 521.1614
1.33 * std.dev 115.5241
(a) The mean is greater than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is greater than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
The data do not appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
450
400
350
Market Cap ($billions)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are skewed to the right.
(c)
Histogram of Market Cap ($billions)
10
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-- 75 125 175 225 275 325 375 425
Midpoints
The histogram suggests that the data are skewed to the right.

6.20 Excel output:

Error
Mean -0.00023
Median 0
Mode 0
Sample Variance 2.88E-06
Range 0.008
Minimum -0.003
Maximum 0.005
First Quartile -0.0015
Third Quartile 0.001
1.33 Std Dev 0.002255
Interquartile Range 0.0025
6 Std Dev 0.010175
(a) Because the interquartile range is close to 1.33S and the range is also close to 6S, the data
appear to be approximately normally distributed.
(b)
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
Error
0.001
0
-0.001 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.

6.21 Excel output:

One-Year Five-Year
Mean 0.645652 1.276087
Standard Error 0.064859 0.085282
Median 0.8 1.41
Mode 0.9 1.2
Standard Deviation 0.311051 0.408998
Sample Variance 0.096753 0.167279
Kurtosis -1.34232 0.635713
Skewness -0.51054 -1.11364
Range 0.95 1.5
Minimum 0.1 0.35
Maximum 1.05 1.85
Sum 14.85 29.35
Count 23 23
First Quartile 0.3 1.05
Third Quartile 0.9 1.54
Interquartile Range 0.6 0.49
CV 48.18% 32.05%
6 * std.dev 1.866308 2.453989
1.33 * std.dev 0.413698 0.543967
One-year CD:
(a) The mean is smaller than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is slightly greater than 1.33 times the standard
deviation. The data do not appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
1.2
0.8
One-Year
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are left skewed. The kurtosis is
-1.3423 indicating a distribution that is less peaked than a normal distribution, with fewer
values in the tails. The skewness of -0.5105 indicates that the distribution is left-skewed.

6.21 Five-Year CD:

cont. (a) The mean is slightly smaller than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the
standard deviation and the interquartile range is roughly equal to 1.33 times the standard
deviation. The data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
(b)
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Five-Year
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are left skewed. The kurtosis is 0.6357
indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of -1.1136 indicates that the distribution is left-
skewed.
6.22 (a) Five-number summary: 82 127 148.5 168 213 mean = 147.06
range = 131 interquartile range = 41 standard deviation = 31.69
The mean is very close to the median. The five-number summary suggests that the
distribution is quite symmetrical around the median. The interquartile range is very close
to 1.33 times the standard deviation. The range is about $50 below 6 times the standard
deviation. In general, the distribution of the data appears to closely resemble a normal
distribution.
Note: The quartiles are obtained using PHStat without any interpolation.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot of Electricity Cost
250
200
150
Utility Charge
100
50
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Z Value
The normal probability plot confirms that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.

6.23 (a) P(5 < X < 7) = (7 – 5)/10 = 0.2

(b) P(2 < X < 3) = (3 – 2)/10 = 0.1
(10 − 0 )
2
0 + 10
(c) μ= =5 (d) σ = = 2.8868
2 12
6.24 (a) P(0 < X < 20) = (20 – 0) /120 = 0.1667

(b) P(10 < X < 30) = (30 – 10)/120 = 0.1667
(c) P(35 < X < 120) = (120 – 35)/120 = 0.7083
(120 − 0 )
2
0 + 120
(d) μ= = 60 σ= = 34.6410
2 12
6.25 (a) P(25 < X < 30) = (30 – 25)/(40 – 20) = 0.25
(b) P(X < 35) = (35 – 20)/(40 – 20) = 0.75
(c) μ=
20 + 40
= 30 σ=
(40 − 20)2 = 5.7735
2 12
6.26 (a) P(X < 19) = (19 – 18)/(24 – 18) = 0.1667

(b) P(X < 23) = (23 – 18)/(24 – 18) = 0.8333
(c) P(20 < X < 22) = (22 – 20)/(24 – 18) = 0.3333
(18 + 24 ) = 21 ( 24 − 18 )
2
(d) μ= σ= = 1.7321
2 12
6.27 (a) P(X < 70) = (70 – 64)/(74 – 64) = 0.6

(b) P(65 < X < 70) = (70 – 65)/(74 – 64) = 0.5
(c) P(X > 65) = (74 – 65)/(74 – 64) = 0.9
( 64+74 ) = 69 ( 74 − 64 )
2
(d) μ= σ= = 2.8868
2 12
6.28 (a) PHStat output:

Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 10
X Value 0.1
Results
P(<=X) 0.6321
– λx –(10)( 0.1)
P(arrival time < 0.1) = 1 – e = 1– e = 0.6321
(b)P(arrival time > 0.1) = 1 – P(arrival time ≤ 0.1) = 1 – 0.6321 = 0.3679

6.28 (c) PHStat output:

cont.
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 10
X Value 0.2
Results
P(<=X) 0.8647
P(0.1 < arrival time < 0.2) = P(arrival time < 0.2) – P(arrival time < 0.1)
= 0.8647 – 0.6321 = 0.2326
(d) P(arrival time < 0.1) + P(arrival time > 0.2) = 0.6321 + 0.1353 = 0.7674

Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 30
X Value 0.1
Results
P(<=X) 0.9502
P(arrival time < 0.1) = 1 − e − λx = 1 − e − (30 )(0.1) = 0.9502
(b) P(arrival time > 0.1) = 1 – P(arrival time ≤ 0.1) = 1 – 0.9502 = 0.0498
(c) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 30
X Value 0.2
Results
P(<=X) 0.9975
= 0.9975 – 0.9502 = 0.0473
(d) P(arrival time < 0.1) + P(arrival time > 0.2) = 0.9502 + 0.0025 = 0.9527


Data
Mean 5
X Value 0.3
Results
P(<=X) 0.7769
P(arrival time < 0.3) = 1 − e ( )( ) = 0.7769
− 5 0.3
(b) P(arrival time > 0.3) = 1 – P(arrival time < 0.3) = 0.2231
(c) PHStat output:
Data
Mean 5
X Value 0.5
Results
P(<=X) 0.9179
= 0.9179 – 0.7769 = 0.1410
(d) P(arrival time < 0.3 or > 0.5) = 1 – P(0.3 < arrival time < 0.5) = 0.8590

Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 50
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.9179
P(arrival time ≤ 0.05) = 1 – e –(50 )( 0.05) = 0.9179
(b) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 50
X Value 0.0167
Results
P(<=X) 0.5661
P(arrival time ≤ 0.0167) = 1 – 0.4339 = 0.5661


cont.
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 60
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.9502
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 60
X Value 0.0167
Results
P(<=X) 0.6329
If λ = 60, P(arrival time ≤ 0.05) = 0.9502,
P(arrival time ≤ 0.0167) = 0.6329
(d) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 30
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.7769
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 30
X Value 0.0167
Results
P(<=X) 0.3941
If λ = 30, P(arrival time ≤ 0.05) = 0.7769
P(arrival time ≤ 0.0167) = 0.3941

Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 2
X Value 1
Results
P(<=X) 0.8647
P(arrival time ≤ 1) = 0.8647
(b) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 2
X Value 5
Results
P(<=X) 0.999955
(c) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 1
X Value 1
Results
P(<=X) 0.6321
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 1
X Value 5
Results
P(<=X) 0.993262
If λ = 1, P(arrival time ≤ 1) = 0.6321,


Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 15
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.5276
–(15 )(0.05)
P(arrival time ≤ 0.05) = 1 – e = 0.5276
(b) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 15
X Value 0.25
Results
P(<=X) 0.9765
P(arrival time ≤ 0.25) = 0.9765
(c) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 25
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.7135
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 25
X Value 0.25
Results
P(<=X) 0.9981
P(arrival time ≤ 0.25) = 0.9981


Exponential Probabiliti
Data
Mean 0.2
X Value 3
Results
P(<=X) 0.4512
P(next call arrives in < 3) = 0.4512
(b) PHStat output:
Data
Mean 0.2
X Value 6
Results
P(<=X) 0.6988
P(next call arrives in > 6) = 1 - 0.6988 = 0.3012
(c) PHStat output:
Data
Mean 0.2
X Value 1
Results
P(<=X) 0.1813
P(next call arrives in < 1) = 0.1813

Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 0.05
X Value 14
Results
P(<=X) 0.5034
P(X < 14) = = 1 – e –(1/ 20)(14) = 0.5034

6.35 (b) PHstat output:

cont.
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 0.05
X Value 21
Results
P(<=X) 0.6501
( )
P(X > 21) = = 1 − 1 – e –(1/ 20)(21) = 0.3499
(c) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 0.05
X Value 7
Results
P(<=X) 0.2953
P(X < 7) = = 1 – e –(1/ 20)(7) = 0.2953

Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 8
X Value 0.25
Results
P(<=X) 0.8647
P(arrival time ≤ 0.25) = 0.8647
(b) PHStat output:
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 8
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.3297
P(arrival time ≤ 0.05) = 0.3297


cont.
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 15
X Value 0.25
Results
P(<=X) 0.9765
Exponential
Probabilities
Data
Mean 15
X Value 0.05
Results
P(<=X) 0.5276
P(arrival time ≤ 0.05) = 0.5276

Exponential Probabilities
Data
Mean 0.6944
X Value 1
Results
P(<=X) 0.5006
−( 0.6944 )(1)
P(X < 1) = 1 − e = 0.5006
(b) PHStat output:
Data
Mean 0.6944
X Value 2
Results
P(<=X) 0.7506
− ( 0.6944 )( 2 )
P(X < 2) = 1 − e = 0.7506


cont.
Data
Mean 0.6944
X Value 3
Results
P(<=X) 0.8755
(
P(X > 3) = 1 − 1 – e –(0.6944)(3)
) = 0.1245
(d) The time between visitors is similar to waiting line (queuing) where the exponential
distribution is most appropriate.
6.38 Using the tables of the normal distribution with knowledge of μ and σ along with the
transformation formula, we can find any probability under the normal curve.
6.39 Using Table E.2, first find the cumulative area up to the larger value, and then subtract the
cumulative area up to the smaller value.
6.40 Find the Z value corresponding to the given percentile and then use the equation X = μ + zσ .
6.41 The normal distribution is bell-shaped; its measures of central tendency are all equal; its middle
50% is within 1.33 standard deviations of its mean; and 99.7% of its values are contained within
three standard deviations of its mean.
6.42 Both the normal distribution and the uniform distribution are symmetric but the uniform
distribution has a bounded range while the normal distribution ranges from negative infinity to
positive infinity. The exponential distribution is right-skewed and ranges from zero to infinity.
6.43 If the distribution is normal, the plot of the Z values on the horizontal axis and the original values
on the vertical axis will be a straight line.
6.44 The exponential distribution is used to determine the probability that the next arrival will occur
within a given length of time.


From X Value 0.75
To X Value 0.753
Z Value for 0.753 0
P(X<=0.75) 0.2266
P(X<=0.753) 0.5000
P(0.75<=X<=0.753) 0.2734
P(0.75 < X < 0.753) = P(– 0.75 < Z < 0) = 0.2734
From X Value 0.74
To X Value 0.75
P(X<=0.74) 0.0006
P(X<=0.75) 0.2266
P(0.74<=X<=0.75) 0.2261
P(0.74 < X < 0.75) = P(– 3.25 < Z < – 0.75) = 0.2266 – 0.00058 = 0.2260
Probability for X >

X Value 0.76
Z Value 1.75
P(X>0.76) 0.0401
P(X > 0.76) = P(Z > 1.75) = 1.0 – 0.9599 = 0.0401
X Value 0.74
Z Value -3.25
P(X<=0.74) 0.000577
P(X < 0.74) = P(Z < – 3.25) = 0.00058
(e) Partial PHStat output:
Z Value -1.475791
X Value 0.747097
P(X < A) = P(Z < – 1.48) = 0.07 A = 0.753 – 1.48(0.004) = 0.7471


From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2 0
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2) 0.5000
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.4772
P(1.90 < X < 2.00) = P(– 2.00 < Z < 0) = 0.4772
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2.1 2
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2.1) 0.9772
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9545
P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = P(– 2.00 < Z < 2.00) = 0.9772 – 0.0228 = 0.9544
Probability for X<1.9 or X >2.1
P(X<1.9 or X >2.1) 0.0455
P(X < 1.90) + P(X > 2.10) = 1 – P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = 0.0456

Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.883683
P(X > A) = P( Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.00 – 2.33(0.05) = 1.8835
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.128791
P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.00 – 2.58(0.05) = 1.8710 B = 2.00 + 2.58(0.05) = 2.1290


From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 2 -0.4
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2) 0.3446
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.3364
P(1.90 < X < 2.00) = P(– 2.40 < Z < – 0.40) = 0.3446 – 0.0082 = 0.3364
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = P(– 2.40 < Z < 1.60) = 0.9452 – 0.0082 = 0.9370
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
P(X < 1.90) + P(X > 2.10) = 1 – P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = 0.0630

Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.903683
P(X > A) = P(Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.02 – 2.33(0.05) = 1.9035
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.148791
P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.02 – 2.58(0.05) = 1.8910 B = 2.02 + 2.58(0.05) = 2.1490


X Value 1000
Z Value -1.0780
P(X<=1000) 0.1405
P(X < 1000) = P(Z < -1.0780) = 0.1405
(b)
FromX Value 2500
To X Value 3000
Z Value for 2500 1.9220
Z Value for 3000 2.922
P(X<=2500) 0.9727
P(X<=3000) 0.9983
P(2500<=X<=3000) 0.0256
P(2500 < X < 3000) = P(1.9220 < Z < 2.922) = 0.0256
(c)
Z Value 1.2816
X Value 2179.7758
P(X < A) = P(Z < 1.2816) = 0.90 A = 1539 + 500(1.2816) = $2,179.7758
(d)
Z Value 1.2816
X Value 2179.7758
P(A < X < B) = P(– 1.2816 < Z < 1.2816) = 0.80
A = 1539 – 1.28(500) = $898.2242
B = 1539 + 1.28(500) = $ 2,179.7758

6.49 Excel output:

Alcohol % CaloriesCarbohydrate
Mean 5.235592 154.3092 11.96395
Standard Error 0.115999 3.616004 0.399234
Median 4.9 150 12.055
Mode 4.2 110 12
Standard Deviation 1.430127 44.58109 4.922091
Sample Variance 2.045263 1987.473 24.22698
Kurtosis 4.370843 2.960631 1.238173
Skewness 1.434988 1.211924 0.478508
Range 11.1 275 30.2
Minimum 0.4 55 1.9
Maximum 11.5 330 32.1
Sum 795.81 23455 1818.52
Count 152 152 152
First Quartile 4.4 129 8.3
Third Quartile 5.6 166 14.5
Interquartile Range 1.2 37 6.2
6 * std dev 8.580762 267.4865 29.53255
1.33 * std dev 1.902069 59.29285 6.546381
Alcohol %:
The mean is slightly greater than the median; the range is larger than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
The data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
14
12
10
Alcohol %
8
6
4
2
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that data are not normally distributed. The kurtosis
is 4.3708 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.4350 suggests that the distribution is right-
skewed.

6.49 Calories:
cont. The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is slightly greater than 6 times
the standard deviation and the interquartile range is much smaller than 1.33 times the
standard deviation. The data appear to deviate away from the normal distribution.
350
300
250
Calories
200
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat right-skewed. The
kurtosis is 2.9606 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.2119 suggests that the distribution is
right-skewed.
Carbohydrates:
(a) The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is approximately equal to 6
times the standard deviation and the interquartile range is approximately equal to 1.33
times the standard deviation. The data appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
35
30
25
Carbohydrates
20
15
10
5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are approximately normally
distributed. The kurtosis is 1.2382 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked
than a normal distribution, with more values in the tails. The skewness of 0.4785
indicates that the distribution deviates slightly from the normal distribution.

6.50 (a) Waiting time will more closely resemble an exponential distribution.
(b) Seating time will more closely resemble a normal distribution.
(c)
Histogram
60 100.00%
50 80.00%
Frequency
40
60.00% Frequency
30
40.00% Cumulative %
20
10 20.00%
0 0.00%
6
14
22
30
38
---
Midpoints
45
40
35
30
Waiting
25
20
15
10
5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that waiting time more closely
resembles an exponential distribution.
(d)
Histogram
30 100.00%
25 80.00%
Frequency
20
60.00% Frequency
15
40.00% Cumulative %
10
5 20.00%
0 0.00%
35
43
51
59
67
---
Midpoints

6.50
cont.
80
70
60
50
Seating
40
30
20
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that seating time more closely
resembles a normal distribution.

Probability for X >
X Value 0
Z Value -0.6705
P(X>0) 0.7487
P(X > 0) = P(Z > 0) = 0.7487
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -0.1705
P(X>10) 0.5677
P(X > 10) = P(Z > -0.1705) = 0.5677
(c)
X Value -20
Z Value -1.6705
P(X<=-20) 0.0474102
P(X < -20) = P(Z < -1.6705) = 0.0474
(d)
X Value -30
Z Value -2.1705
P(X<=-30) 0.0150
P(X < -30) = P(Z < -2.1705) = 0.0150

6.51 (e) (a)

cont.
PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0
Z Value -0.530333
P(X>0) 0.7021
P(X > 0) = P(Z > -0.5303) = 0.7021
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -0.1970
P(X>10) 0.5781
P(X > 10) = P(Z > -0.1970) = 0.5781
(c)
X Value -20
Z Value -1.1970
P(X<=-20) 0.1157
P(X < -20) = P(Z < -1.1970) = 0.1157
(d)
X Value -30
Z Value -1.5303
P(X<=-30) 0.0630
P(X < -30) = P(Z < -1.5303) = 0.0630

X Value 2
Z Value -1.720769
P(X<=2) 0.0426464
P(X < 2) = P(Z < -1.7208) = 0.0426
FromX Value 1.5
To X Value 2.5
Z Value for 1.5 -2.105385
Z Value for 2.5 -1.336154
P(X<=1.5) 0.0176
P(X<=2.5) 0.0907
P(1.5<=X<=2.5) 0.0731
P(1.5 < X < 2.5) = P(-2.1054 < Z < -1.3362) = 0.0731


cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 1.8
Z Value -1.874615
P(X>1.8) 0.9696
P(X > 1.8) = P(Z > -1.8746) = 0.9696
Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.212748
P(A < X) = 0.01 Z = -2.3263 A = 1.2127
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.959964 Z Value 1.959964
X Value 1.689047 X Value 6.784953
P(A < X < B) = 0.95 Z = -1.9600 A = 1.6890
Z = 1.96 B = 6.7850
(f) (a) P(X < 2) = (2 – 1)/(9 – 1) = 0.125
(b) P(1.5 < X < 2.5) = (2.5 – 1.5)/(9 – 1) = 0.125
(c) P(X > 1.8) = (9 – 1.8)/(9 – 1) = 0.9

X Value 2
Z Value -3.249412
P(X<=2) 0.0005782
P(X < 2) = P(Z < -3.2494) = 0.0006
From X Value 1.5
To X Value 2.5
Z Value for 1.5 -3.543529
Z Value for 2.5 -2.955294
P(X<=1.5) 0.0002
P(X<=2.5) 0.0016
P(1.5<=X<=2.5) 0.0014
P(1.5 < X < 2.5) = P -3.5435 < Z < -2.9553) = 0.0014


cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 1.8
Z Value -3.367059
P(X>1.8) 0.9996
P(1.8 < X) = P -3.3671< Z) = 0.9996
Z Value -2.326348
X Value 3.569209
P(A < X) = 0.99 Z = –2.3263 A = 3.5692
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.959964 Z Value 1.959964
X Value 4.192061 X Value 10.85594
P(A < X < B) = 0.99 Z = –1.9600 A = 4.1921
Z = 1.9600 B = 10.8559
(f) (a) P(X < 2) = (2 – 1)/(14 – 1) = 0.0769
(b) P(1.5 < X < 2.5) = (2.5 – 1.5)/(14 – 1) = 0.0769
(c) P(1.8 < X) = (14 – 1.8)/(14 – 1) = 0.9385
(d) A = 1 + (14 – 1)*0.01 = 1.13

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Basic Business Statistics 13th Edition

Berenson Solutions Manual

6.1 PHStat output:

6.2 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.3 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.4 PHStat output:

6.5 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X <=

Probability for X >

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.5 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >

Probability for X<80 or X >110

6.6 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.6 (b) P(X < 42) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228

6.7 (a) P(X > 32) = P(Z > 0.12) = 0.4522

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.8 Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.9 Partial PHStat output:

6.10 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.10 (a) P(X < 91) = P(Z < 2.25) = 0.9878

6.11 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.12 (a) P(X > 60) = P(Z > 1.1429) = 0.1265

6.13 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.13 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.16 (a) Excel output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.17 Excel output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.18 Excel output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.19 Excel output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.20 Excel output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.21 Excel output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.21 Five-Year CD:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.23 (a) P(5 < X < 7) = (7 – 5)/10 = 0.2

6.24 (a) P(0 < X < 20) = (20 – 0) /120 = 0.1667

6.26 (a) P(X < 19) = (19 – 18)/(24 – 18) = 0.1667

6.27 (a) P(X < 70) = (70 – 64)/(74 – 64) = 0.6

6.28 (a) PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.28 (c) PHStat output:

6.29 (a) PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.30 (a) PHStat output:

6.31 (a) PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.31 (c) PHStat output:

Copyright ©2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.32 (a) PHStat output: