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Environment and Biodiversity

Multiple threats
to Himalayan
biodiversity-
Zoological Survey
Post Independence India of India Report
May 17, 2018
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 May 17, 2018
Major Environmental Movements in India


 September 2, 2017  7707 Views  Environmental Movements The

Indian
The contemporary India experiences an almost Himalayas, which
unrestricted exploitation of resources because of the lure constitute about 12% of the
of new consumerist lifestyles. The balance of nature is disrupted. This has country’s landmass, is

led to many conflicts in the society. In this article, we discuss the major home to about 30.16% of
its fauna, says
environmental movements in India.
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What is an Environmental Movement?

An environmental movement can be defined as a social or political

movement, for the conservation of environment or for the
improvement of the state of the environment. The terms ‘green
movement’ or ‘conservation movement’ are alternatively used to
denote the same. International Relations
The environmental movements favor the sustainable management of
natural resources. The movements often stress the protection of the Pacific Islands
environment via changes in public policy. Many movements are
centered on ecology, health and human rights.
Forum
 May 17, 2018
Environmental movements range from the highly organized and
formally institutionalized ones to the radically informal activities. The
The spatial scope of various environmental movements ranges from
Pacific
being local to the almost global.
Islands Forum has been
granted approval to
Some of the major environmental movements in India during the period establish a Permanent
1700 to 2000 are the following. Observer Office at the
United Nations Office at
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 United Nations Office at
1.Bishnoi Movement:
You Can Share
Year: 1700s
Place: Khejarli,
Marwar region,
Rajasthan state.
Leaders: Amrita
Devi along with
Bishnoi villagers Polity & Governance
in Khejarli and
surrounding Senior Citizen
villages. draft Bill
Aim: Save
 May 16, 2018
sacred trees
from being cut The
down by the Ministry
king’s soldiers
of Social Justice and
for a new palace.
Empowerment has drafted
the Maintenance and
about the movement: Amrita Devi, a female villager could not bear to Welfare of Parents and
witness the destruction of both her faith and the village’s sacred trees. She Senior Citizen Draft Bill,
hugged the trees and encouraged others to do the same. 363 Bishnoi
You Can Share
villagers were killed in this movement. The Bishnoi tree martyrs were
influenced by the teachings of Guru Maharaj Jambaji, who founded the
Bishnoi faith in 1485 and set forth principles forbidding harm to trees and
animals. The king who came to know about these events rushed to the
village and apologized, ordering the soldiers to cease logging operations.
Soon afterward, the maharajah designated the Bishnoi state as a protected Economy

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 area, forbidding harm to trees and animals. This legislation still exists today
in the region.
Prompt
Corrective Action
2. Chipko Movement:  May 16, 2018

Year: Reserve
1973 Bank
Place: has initiated prompt
In corrective action against
public sector lender Dena
in view of high non-
performing loans,
restricting the

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Chamoli district and later at Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand.

Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi,
Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi,
Shamsher Singh Bisht and Ghanasyam Raturi. International Relations
Aim: The main objective was to protect the trees on the Himalayan
slopes from the axes of contractors of the forest. Action Plan of the
Comprehensive
about the movement: Mr. Bahuguna enlightened the villagers by Strategic
conveying the importance of trees in the environment which checks the Partnership
erosion of soil, cause rains and provides pure air. The women of Advani between India
village of Tehri-Garhwal tied the sacred thread around trunks of trees and and Vietnam
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 and Vietnam
they hugged the trees, hence it was called ‘Chipko Movement’ or ‘hug the  May 15, 2018
tree movement’. The main demand of the people in these protests was that
The
the benefits of the forests (especially the right to fodder) should go to local
people. The Chipko movement gathered momentum in 1978 when the President of the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam had
women faced police firings and other tortures. The then state Chief Minister,
recently paid a State Visit
Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna set up a committee to look into the matter,
to the Republic of
which eventually ruled in favor of the villagers. This became a turning point
India. The delegation
in the history of eco-development struggles in the region and around the
world. You Can Share

3. Save Silent Valley Movement:

Year: 1978
Place: Silent Valley, an
evergreen tropical
Schemes of GOI
forest in the Palakkad
district of Kerala, Science and Technology

India.
Leaders: The Kerala Govt approves
Sastra Sahitya green licence
Parishad (KSSP) an
NGO, and the poet
plates for e-
activist vehicles
Sughathakumari  May 15, 2018
played an important
role in the Silent The
Valley protests. government has approved
Aim: In order to protect the Silent Valley, the moist evergreen forest
this new move to a
from being destroyed by a hydroelectric project.
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 from being destroyed by a hydroelectric project.
different coloured plate
specially for zero emissions
about the movement: The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) proposed a vehicles for both private
hydroelectric dam across the Kunthipuzha River that runs through Silent
Valley. In February 1973, the Planning Commission approved the project at You Can Share

a cost of about Rs 25 crores. Many feared that the project would submerge
8.3 sq km of untouched moist evergreen forest. Several NGOs strongly
opposed the project and urged the government to abandon it. In January
1981, bowing to unrelenting public pressure, Indira Gandhi declared that
Silent Valley will be protected. In June 1983 the Center re-examined the Current Affairs

issue through a commission chaired by Prof. M.G.K. Menon. In November

1983 the Silent Valley Hydroelectric Project was called off. In 1985, Prime
UNDP to Set Up
Minister Rajiv Gandhi formally inaugurated the Silent Valley, National Park.
Skill Development
Centre in
4. Jungle Bachao Andolan: Hyderabad
 May 15, 2018
Year: 1982
UNDP
has
proposed to set up a skill
development centre
exclusively for clients of
Bharosa. Last year, the
Hyderabad Police

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 Place: Singhbhum district of Bihar
Leaders: The tribals of Singhbhum.
Aim: Against governments decision to replace the natural sal
forest with Teak. Economy Uncategorised

India Largest
about the movement: The tribals of Singhbhum district of Bihar started the
Remittance-
protest when the government decided to replace the natural sal forests with
Receiving
the highly-priced teak. This move was called by many as “Greed Game
Political Populism”. Later this movement spread to Jharkhand and Orissa.
Country in the
world
5. Appiko Movement:  May 15, 2018

According to a report
Year: 1983 ‘RemitSCOPE – Remittance
Place: Uttara
markets and opportunities
Kannada and
Shimoga districts of – Asia and the Pacific’, India
Karnataka State was the largest remittance-
Leaders: Appiko’s
greatest strengths You Can Share
lie in it being neither
driven by a
personality nor
having been formally institutionalized. However, it does have a
facilitator in Pandurang Hegde. He helped launch the movement in
1983.
Schemes of GOI
Aim: Against the felling and commercialization of natural forest and the

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 Aim: Against the felling and commercialization of natural forest and the
ruin of ancient livelihood.
Skill
Development:
about the movement: It can be said that Appiko movement is the southern
Present
version of the Chipko movement. The Appiko Movement was locally known
government
as “Appiko Chaluvali”. The locals embraced the trees which were to be felled
by contractors of the forest department. The Appiko movement used
initiatives
 May 12, 2018
various techniques to raise awareness such as foot marches in the interior
forest, slide shows, folk dances, street plays etc. The second area of the Skill

movement’s work was to promote afforestation on denuded lands. The development is perhaps
movement later focused on the rational use of eco-sphere through the most important link in
introducing alternative energy resources to reduce pressure on the forest. chain of aspired economic
The movement became a success. The current status of the project is – vitality of India. India has
as low
stopped.
You Can Share
6. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA):

Year:
1985

International Relations

15th Asia Media

Summit
 May 12, 2018

The

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 15th
Asia Media Summit (AMS)
Place: Narmada River, which flows through the states of Gujarat, 2018 is being hosted by the
Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
Ministry of Information and
Leaders: Medha Patkar, Baba Amte, Adivasis, farmers,
Broadcasting, Government
environmentalists and human rights activists.
Aim: A social movement against a number of large dams being built of India,
across the Narmada River.
You Can Share

about the movement: The movement first started as a protest for not
providing proper rehabilitation and resettlement for the people who have
been displaced by the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam.Later on, the
movement turned its focus on the preservation of the environment and the
May 2018
eco-systems of the valley. Activists also demanded the height of the dam be
reduced to 88 m from the proposed height of 130m. World Bank withdrew M T W T F S S
from the project.
1 2 3 4 5 6

The environmental issue was taken into court. In October 2000, the 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Supreme Court gave a judgment approving the construction of the Sardar
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Sarovar Dam with a condition that height of the dam could be raised to 90
m. This height is much higher than the 88 m which anti-dam activists 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
demanded, but it is definitely lower than the proposed height of 130 m. The
28 29 30 31
project is now largely financed by the state governments and market
borrowings. The project is expected to be fully completed by 2025. « Apr

Although not successful, as the dam could not be prevented, the NBA has
created an anti-big dam opinion in India and outside. It questioned the
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 paradigm of development. As a democratic movement, it followed the
Gandhian way 100 per cent.

7. Tehri Dam Conflict:

Year: 1990’s
Place: Bhagirathi River
near Tehri in
Uttarakhand.
Leaders: Sundarlal
Bahuguna
Aim: The protest was
against the
displacement of town
inhabitants and
environmental
consequence of the
weak ecosystem.

about the movemnt: Tehri dam attracted national attention in the 1980s
and the 1990s. The major objections include the seismic sensitivity of the
region, submergence of forest areas along with Tehri town etc. Despite the
support from other prominent leaders like Sunderlal Bahuguna, the
movement has failed to gather enough popular support at national as well
as international levels.

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