Biochemistry 4Th Edition Mathews Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Biochemistry 4th Edition Mathews Test
Bank
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Mathews, van Holde, Appling, and Anthony-Cahill, Biochemistry 4th edition
Chapter 9: Carbohydrates: Sugars, Saccharides, Glycans
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following formulas would be a carbohydrate
A) C5H12O5
B) C4H8O6
C) C6H10O6
D) C3H8O3
E) C6H12O6
Answer: E
Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides
2) How many carbon atoms are found in the smallest molecules that are classified as
carbohydrates?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
Answer: C
3) Dihydroxyacetone is classified as a(n) _______.
A) aldotriose
B) ketotriose
C) aldotetrose
D) ketotetrose
E) none of the above
Answer: B
1
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4) Which stereoisomer of threose is shown below?
A) D
B) L
C) D, L
D) L, D
Answer:
5) How many stereoisomers would be expected from a ketohexose?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64
Answer: B
6) What is the C-4 epimer of glucose?
A) allose
B) mannose
C) gulose
D) galactose
E) fructose
Answer: D
2
7) Which of the following would be the correct Haworth projection for -D-gulose, whose
linear form is seen below?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E) None of the above
Answer: A

3
8) Which of the following is a ketose?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Answer: B
9) Which of the following is a diastereomer of D-mannose?
A) D-gulose
B) D-altrose
C) D-idose
D) D-talose
E) all of the above
Answer: E
4
10) Which of the following would be an anomer of -D-galactopyranose?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Answer: D
11) Gluconic acid is derived from ________ while glucuronic acid is derived from _______.
A) glucose; gulose
B) gulose; glucose
C) glucose; glucose
D) glucose; galactose
E) galactose; glucose
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Topic: Derivatives of Monosaccharides
5
12) Of the following phosphate esters of monosaccharides, which has the most spontaneous
G´ of hydrolysis?
A) -D-glucose-6-phosphate
B) -D-glucose-6-phosphate
C) -D-glucose-1-phosphate
D) -D-fructose-6-phosphate
E) D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Answer: C
13) The two most common amino sugars, -D-glucosamine and -D-galactosamine are formed
from their respective carbohydrates by substitution of an amine group for the hydroxyl on
carbon _____.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6
Answer: A
14) The reaction of a cyclic monosaccharide with an alcohol converts a(n) _________ into
a(n) ________.
A) acetal; hemiacetal
B) hemiacetal; acetal
C) acetal; ether
D) hemiacetal; ether
E) alcohol; ether
Answer: B
6
15) Which of the following designations best characterizes the following disaccharide?
A) Glc(1→4)Gal
B) Glc(1→4)Gal
C) Gal(1→4)Gal
D) Gal(1→4)Gal
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2 Topic: Oligosaccharides
16) Lactose, the disaccharide of galactose and glucose, is synthesized from which of the
following activated monosaccharides?
A) uridine triphosphate glucose

B) uridine triphosphate galactose
C) uridine diphosphate glucose
D) uridine diphosphate galactose
Answer: D
17) Which of the following explains the importance of sucrose as a disaccharide?
A) the glycosidic bond is much more stable than a typical glycosidic bond
B) the presence of two glucose residues provides a readily available glucose source
C) -glycosidic bonds are much more stable than -glycosidic bonds
D) since both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic bond, oxidation is limited
Answer: D
7
18) Which of the following polysaccharides contains exclusively glucose in (1→4)

glycosidic bonds?
A) amylose
B) amylopectin
C) glycogen
D) cellulose
E) chitin
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Topic: Polysaccharides
19) The role of collagen in vertebrate bones as a matrix for mineral deposition is most
analogous to the role of _________ in ___________.
A) cellulose; plant cell walls

B) chitin; invertebrate exoskeletons
C) xylan; plant cell walls
D) keratan sulfate: mammalian skin
E) amylose: plant cell walls
Answer: B
20) All glycosaminoglycans contain which of the following?
A) a sulfate ester
B) a (1→4) glycosidic bond
C) a carboxylate
D) an amine group that is either acetylated or sulfated
E) all of the above
Answer: D
8
21) Which of the following correctly identifies key elements present on the exterior of Gram-
negative (GN) and Gram-positive (GP) bacteria?
A) GN: single lipid bilayer; GP: two lipid bilayers

B) GN: single peptidoglycan layer; GP: multiple peptidoglycan layers
C) GN: extensively crosslinked peptidoglycans; GP: uncrosslinked peptidoglycan
D) GN: contains both N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine; GP: contains only
N-acetylmuramic acid
Answer: B
22) An N-linked glycan would be attached to ______ while an O-linked glycan would be
attached to ________.
A) Asn; Ser
B) Lys; Tyr
C) Gln; Thr
D) Arg; Ser
E) Lys; Ser
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2 Topic: Glycoproteins
23) Oseltamivir, also known as Tamiflu, is effective as an antiviral against the influenza virus
due to its ability to block the action of which protein associated with the surface of the
viral particle?
A) hemagglutinin
B) neuraminidase
C) M1
D) M2
Answer: B
9
24) The source of nitrogen for the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate from fructose-6-
phosphate is the amino acid ___________.
A) aspartate
B) asparagine
C) glutamate
D) glutamine
E) lysine
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1 Topic: Biosynthesis of Glycoconjugates—Amino Sugars
25) Antibiotic inhibition of cell wall synthesis can be facilitated by a number of agents. The
crosslinking of peptidoglycan strands is inhibited by _________ while polymerization of
the growing peptidoglycan is inhibited by __________.
A) penicillin; bacitracin
B) penicillin; vancomycin
C) vancomycin; bacitracin
D) vancomycin; penicillin
E) bacitracin; vancomycin
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Topic: Glycoconjugates of Interest
10
Short Answer Questions
1) Using the structure of D-altrose, shown below, show a Haworth projection for the  anomer.
Answer:
2) Given the structure of D-galactose, draw the structure of L-galactose in both open chain and
Haworth projections ( anomer).
Answer:
11
3) Draw a -disaccharide composed of glucose linked to its C-2 epimer by an (1→4) glycosidic
bond with the anomeric carbon of glucose contributing to the glycosidic bond.
Answer:
4) Show the interaction that would take place between the R-group of asparagine in a protein and
the substituent on C-2 of an N-acetylglucosamine residue of a glycan.
Answer:
Shown are 2 different possible interactions.
12
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railroads with all large shippers, and that competitors of the
Standard had received similar favors. …
"Much greater differences of opinion exist with reference to

the condition of affairs since the passage of the
interstate-commerce act. It has been charged as a matter of
general belief on the part of almost all of the opponents of
the Standard Oil Company that these discriminations in various
forms have been continually received even up to date. On the
other hand, these charges have been denied in toto and most
emphatically by every representative of the Standard Oil
Company with reference to all cases excepting one, which they
claim was a mistake, the amount of freight due being promptly
paid on discovery of the error. … Certain opponents of the
company claimed that the Standard Oil Company received
commissions for shipping freight over railroads, which
commissions amounted to rebates. This charge is emphatically
denied by the Standard Oil Company and no positive proof on
the subject has been offered."
United States Industrial Commission,

Preliminary Report (56th Congress, 1st Session,
House Document Number 476, part 1). pages 25.
Of testimony on the subject of pipe-line consolidations in the

oil business, the report says:
"Mr. Boyle [publisher of the 'Oil City Derrick'] gives a

somewhat detailed history of the development of pipe-line
transportation in the oil business. The first successful pipe
lines were established in 1864 from Pithole to the Miller
farm. Others were soon constructed in the same district. These
were usually short, scarcely over 5 miles in length, and at
first did not even connect directly with the wells themselves,
although this practice was soon established. Numerous lines
soon grew up in different parts of the oil region, but the
first more extended systems date from 1869, when the Mutual
Pipe Line was laid more or less throughout Clarion County.
Vandergrift and Forman later established a system through
Butler County which became the nucleus of what is now known as
the United Pipe Line System. The original pipe lines were only
transporters of oil, but the nature of their work soon led them
to purchase oil, although at first it was not in the name of
the company itself. …
"Mr. Emery [of Bradford] also makes a brief statement of the

early history of pipe lines. He states that the first attempt
to combine separate pipe lines into a more complex system was
made by William H. Abbott and Henry Harley, beginning about
1866. By 1869 they had a capital of nearly $2,000,000, and 500
miles of pipe centering in the Miller farm. The concern was
then known as the Pennsylvania Transportation Company.
"Several witnesses describe the process by which the Standard

Oil Company gradually secured control of the various pipe
lines throughout the oil regions. The opponents of the trust
attribute the success of the Standard Oil Company in this
movement to the railway discriminations upon oil received from
pipe lines controlled by that company. It appears that for a
considerable period a rebate of 22 cents per barrel was
allowed on oil from pipe lines maintaining the agreed rates of
pipage. … Other opponents of the combination ascribe its
success in driving out competing pipe lines largely to the
practice of paying premiums upon oil in the territory of such
competing lines.
"Mr. Boyle gives the fullest statement of the growth of the

pipe-line consolidation during the seventies and attributes it
to the natural advantages arising from large capital and from
skill in organizing. He testifies that during the early part
of that decade very numerous pipe lines had been established.
These were at first constructed on a small scale by separate
oil producers, but, having entered the business, many
producers were inclined to extend their lines and form a
system. There thus arose an excessive number of competing
lines, and the solvency and integrity of some of them became a
matter of doubt. This excessive competition was the cause of
driving the pipe lines into a more complete organization. As
early as 1873 or 1874 a pooling arrangement was made by some
of the pipe lines, and rebates were paid by railways on oil
received from such lines. The United Pipe Line Company was
established in 1877, with a capital at first of $3,000,000,
and acquired by purchase a large number of lines. The new
company included many producers and stockholders of the
smaller companies, but it is estimated that the persons
controlling the Standard Oil Company had somewhat more than a
one-half interest in the United Pipe Lines. The National
Transit Company is the present owner of the United Pipe Lines
System, and the Standard Oil Company controls the National
Transit Company. …
{533}
"It was pointed out by several witnesses that the almost

complete control of the pipe-line system by the Standard Oil
Company gives it great power in fixing the prices of crude
oil, since producers can dispose of their product only through
the pipe lines, especially in view of the further fact, which
is alleged, that railway rates on crude oil are by agreement
kept at least as high as, if not higher than, the pipe-line
charges. The pipe-line system also gives the combination great
advantage over other refiners, who must pay the rates of
pipage fixed by the Standard, which are claimed to be
excessively high, or the high rates of freight."

House Document Number 476, part 1), pages 100.
TRUSTS:
Sugar Trust.
The following is from the testimony of Mr. Henry O. Havemeyer:
"Q. The history and organization of the Sugar Refining Company

has been gone over so many times in testimony before that it
is not worth while to dwell on it at length, but in order that
we may have the record somewhat complete, will you give a
brief sketch of its development, going back to the conditions
of the old sugar trust? [1887]
A. There were about twenty-five different firms or

corporations in the sugar business. I think the evidence
before some one of the Congressional committees was that for a
period of 5 or 6 years before the formation of the trust, 18
of those failed or went out of business.
"Q. Eighteen out of 25?
A. Not out of 25; 18 out of about 40. It occurred to some one

to consolidate the others, and 18 out of 21, I believe, went
into the trust, leaving 3 or 4 outside, who represented, I
think, 30 per cent. Then Spreckles built a refinery in
Philadelphia, and, 2 or 3 years after the formation of the
trust, the trust or its successor bought the Philadelphia
refineries.
"Q. Will you explain in a word or two the difference between

the trust and its successor and the reason for its going into
this other form?
A. The trust was attacked, and the courts decided it was

illegal, and a company was organized in New Jersey which
bought outright and paid for the different companies, which
were the constituent companies of the trust. They then
represented, I think, over 90 per cent of the output; then
other refineries began to be constructed, until now I think
they would represent 50 per cent of the consumption. …
"Q. The condition before the formation of the trust was about
this: When these 18 different companies failed, business was
in such a condition, as a whole, that it was considered
unprofitable?
A. Very unprofitable—ruinous.
"Q. Now, can you tell what special advantages—if you can give
this in some detail I shall be glad—come from this
organization, and in what way you make your savings?
A. The greatest advantage is in working the refinery full and

uninterruptedly. Of course, if you have a capacity of
140,000,000 and can only melt 100,000,000 somebody has got to
cut down materially. The moment you cut down you increase the
cost; by buying up all the refineries … and concentrating the
meltings in four refineries and working them full, you work at
a minimum cost. That enables us to pay a dividend on the
common stock.
"Q. SO the chief advantage in the combination was in

concentrating the production and destroying the poor
refineries?
A. Precisely."

House Document Number 476, part 2). pages 109.
See, also (in this volume),

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1897 (MARCH-JULY).
TRUSTS:
The earlier combinations in steel production.
Mr. Reis, president of the National Steel Company, states that
that company was organized in February, 1899, under the laws
of New Jersey, with a capital of $59,000,000, $27,000,000 of 7
per cent cumulative preferred stock and $32,000,000 of common
stock. The company includes six steel plants, located at New
Castle, Youngstown, Sharon, Mingo Junction, Bellaire, and
Columbus. These plants are engaged in producing steel billets
and slabs, which are the raw materials for making tin plates
and various other products. The plants include 15 blast
furnaces. The company also owns iron mines in northern
Michigan at Iron Mountain and Ishpeming. These are expected to
produce from 1,250,000 to 1,400,000 tons of ore annually, the
total amount required for the use of the steel plants in the
combination being about 3,000,000 tons. The National Steel
Company also owns nine lake boats for transporting ore,
capable of carrying about 1,000,000 tons annually. … Mr. Reis
testifies that the National Steel Company is not a 'trust' in
the ordinary sense, since it makes no attempt to secure
control of a large proportion of the output of steel. Its
economies are sought in the combination of steel plants with
sources of raw materials. The National Steel Company produces
only about 18 per cent of the Bessemer steel made in this
country. The other chief concerns engaged in steel production
are the Carnegie Steel Company; Federal Steel Company; the
Maryland; Jones & Laughlin Steel Company; Wheeling Steel and
Iron Company, and the Lorain Steel Company. …
"Mr. Reis states that the tariff, so far as it is placed upon

steel billets, bars, and sheets, is no longer necessary for
the protection of the industry. No steel is imported, and
during the past 8 or 10 years the tariff has cut no figure.
But if the tariff should be removed from tin plate or from
certain other branches of the iron and steel industry there
would be an indirect effect upon the making of steel. …
"Mr. Gary states that the Federal Steel Company owns all the
capital of the Minnesota Iron Company, the Illinois Steel
Company, the Lorain Steel Company, and the Elgin, Joliet and
Eastern Railroad Company. The Minnesota Iron Company is the
owner of 150,000 acres of iron ore property on the Vermilion
and Mesaba ranges. It owns the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad
Company, connecting its mines with Lake Superior at Two
Harbors and Duluth. It owns large ore docks and also 22 steel
lake vessels capable of carrying 2,000,000 tons per annum. The
product of the Minnesota Iron Company will probably be
3,500,000 tons in 1900. The Lorain Steel Company manufactures
chiefly steel rails for street railways, and to some extent
steel billets. It produces about 500,000 tons of pig iron per
year. The Illinois Steel Company has plants at North Chicago,
West Chicago, South Chicago, Milwaukee, and Joliet. It
produces about 1,500,000 tons of pig iron per year, and also
manufactures steel rails, billets, plates, etc. It owns the
Chicago, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway, which connects its
plants in the neighborhood of Chicago. It also owns large
tracts of coal property in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and
makes there about 1,500,000 tons of coke per year. This
company also owns iron mines in Wisconsin and Michigan. …
{534}
"Mr. Stetson, a lawyer, who drafted the charter and conducted

the legal arrangements in the organization of the Federal
Steel Company, testified that it was organized in September,
1898, with an authorized capital of $100,000,000 6 per cent
noncumulative preferred stock and $100,000,000 common stock.
Of this, $98,000,000 in all was originally issued. … Mr. Gary
states that the Federal Steel Company is not a trust in any
sense. It has not sought to restrict competition and has not
brought together companies which were competing with one
another, as is the case with most so-called trusts. The
company has bought the stocks of companies doing different
lines of business, just as an individual might do. …
"The American Steel and Wire Company operates iron mines in

the Lake Superior region. It controls, perhaps, one-sixth or
one-seventh of the output of that region. It owns and operates
coal mines and burns coke. It operates 8 or 9 blast furnaces, 17
open-hearth furnaces, from 22 to 25 rod rolling mills, and
from 20 to 30 wire mills. Its finished product is plain wire,
barbed wire, wire fencing, rope, etc., wire nails, and all
kindred articles. … Mr. Gates, chairman of the American Steel
and Wire Company of New Jersey, testified concerning the
formation of that company. It was organized on January 12,
1899. A gradual process of consolidating wire plants had been
going on previously. As early as 1890 companies in which Mr.
Gates was interested practically controlled the manufacture of
barbed wire in this country. In December, 1897, and January,
1898, J. P. Morgan & Co. investigated the value of the various
wire plants throughout the country with a view to further
consolidation. The American Steel and Wire Company of
Illinois, formed in March, 1898, seems to have resulted from
this effort. … The combination into the American Steel and
Wire Company was not rendered necessary by excessive
competition and consequent losses among the wire companies.
The Consolidated Steel and Wire Company, for example, made
between 27 and 28 per cent during the last three years of its
existence. It was believed, however, that more profit would be
made through better management under consolidation.

House Document Number 476, part 1), pages 190.
TRUSTS:
Tin Plate Industry.
"The American Tin Plate Company was incorporated under the

laws of New Jersey on January 6, 1899. Its authorized capital
is $20,000,000 of 7 per cent cumulative preferred stock and
$30,000,000 of common stock. Of this, $18,000,000 of preferred
and $28,000,000 of common stock has been issued. … It is made
clear by the evidence of all the witnesses that the tin-plate
industry in the United States has been built up practically
since the McKinley tariff of 1890, which raised the duty on
tin plates from 1 to 2.2 cents per pound. Without the
protection, all the witnesses agree, the industry could not
have been profitably established. Having once been
established, it was able to submit to the reduction of the
duty to 1.2 cents by the Wilson tariff of 1894, and is now
sufficiently protected by the duty of 1.5 cents under the
Dingley tariff of 1897."

House Document Number 476, part 1), pages 174 and 187.
TRUSTS:
The climax of consolidation in steel industries.
Formation of the United States Steel Corporation.
In February, 1901, the climax was reached in movements of

industrial combination, so far as concerns the production and
greater uses of iron and steel, by the formation of one
gigantic corporation, to embrace not only the companies named
above, but to purchase the enormous interests of the Carnegie
Company outright, and to take in several organizations of more
than considerable magnitude besides. The combination was
effected by the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., New York, as
"syndicate managers," and an official statement of its
essential terms was published in a circular from that firm, on
the 2d of March, addressed to the stockholders of the Federal
Steel Company, National Steel Company, National Tube Company,
American Steel and Wire Company of New Jersey, American Tin
Plate Company, American Steel Hoop Company, American Sheet
Steel Company, to whom the following announcement was made:
"The United States Steel Corporation has been organized under

the laws of the State of New Jersey, with power, among other
things, to acquire the outstanding preferred stocks and common
stocks of the companies above named, and the outstanding bonds
and stock of the Carnegie Company. A syndicate, comprising
leading financial interests throughout the United States and
Europe, of which the undersigned are managers, has been formed
by subscribers to the amount of $200,000,000, (including among
such subscribers the undersigned and many large stockholders
of the several companies,) to carry out the arrangement
hereinafter stated, and to provide the sum in cash and the
financial support required for that purpose. Such syndicate,
through the undersigned, has made a contract with the United
States Steel Corporation, under which the latter is to issue
and deliver its preferred stock and its common stock and its
five per cent. gold bonds, in consideration for stocks of the
above named companies and bonds and stock of the Carnegie
Company and the sum of $25,000,000 in cash.
"The syndicate has already arranged for the acquisition of

substantially all the bonds and stock of the Carnegie Company,
including Mr. Carnegie's holdings. The bonds of the United
States Steel Corporation are to be used only to acquire bonds
and 60 per cent. of the stock of the Carnegie Company. The
undersigned, in behalf of the syndicate, and on the terms and
conditions hereinafter stated, offer, in exchange for the
preferred stocks and common stocks of the companies above
named, respectively, certificates for preferred stock and
common stock of the United States Steel Corporation, upon the
basis stated."
Details relating to the terms and the procedure of exchange

are then given, and several statements of public interest are
made, among them these: "The authorized issue of capital stock
of the United States Steel Corporation presently provided for
in said contract is $850,000,000, of which one-half is to be
seven per cent. cumulative preferred stock and one-half is to
be common stock. The company will also issue its five per
cent. gold bonds to an aggregate amount not exceeding
$304,000,000. In case less than all of the bonds and stock of
the Carnegie Company or less than all of the stocks of the
other companies above referred to shall be acquired, the
amounts of bonds and stocks to be issued will be reduced as
provided in said contract. The forms of the new bonds and of
the indenture securing the same, and of the certificates for
the new preferred and common shares, and the entire plan of
organization and management of the United States Steel
Corporation, shall be determined by J. P. Morgan & Co.
{535}
Every depositor shall accept in full payment and exchange for
his deposited stock the shares of the capital stock of the
United States Steel Corporation, to be delivered at the rates
above specified, in respect of the stock by him so deposited;
and no depositor or holder of any receipt issued hereunder
shall have any interest in the disposition of any other of the
shares of stock, or of the bonds of the United States Steel
Corporation, by it to be issued and delivered to or for
account of the syndicate or of any proceeds thereof. All
shares of the United States Steel Corporation deliverable to
or for account of the syndicate, which shall not be required
for the acquisition of the stock of the Carnegie Company or
for delivery to depositors under the terms of this circular,
are to be retained by and belong to the syndicate. … It is
proper to state that J. P. Morgan & Co. are to receive no
compensation for their services as syndicate managers beyond a
share in any sum which ultimately may be realized by the
syndicate."
Subsequently the American Bridge Company and the Lake Superior

Consolidated Iron Mines were taken into the consolidation,
and, on the 1st of April, 1901, the United States Steel
Corporation filed with the Secretary of State at Trenton, New
Jersey, amended articles of incorporation increasing its
authorized capital stock to $1,100,000,000. The stock is
equally divided into 7 per cent. cumulative preferred stock
and common stock. The total is greater by $250,000,000 than
the amount stated in the circular issued by J. P. Morgan &
Co., on March 2, as "presently provided for," and with the 5
per cent. gold bonds, not exceeding $304,000,000, brings the
security issues of the great steel combination up to
$1,404,000,000.
TRUSTS:
Industrial combinations in European countries.
"Trusts of the magnitude and influence of those now so

numerous in the United States are as yet rare in the Old
World. … It is in Germany, … of all European countries, that
trusts have spread most extensively and have been most
successful. … The German technical journals for 1897 enumerate
about 180 trusts, of which, it is true, only a few would
correspond to American ideas, but all of which demonstrate a
capacity for wider combination and fuller development. … As
regards great industrial combinations, the most striking
advance has been made in the German coal industry; the most
prominent organization in this department being the
Rheinisch-Westfälische Kohlensyndikat, which is distinguished
by the characteristics of a genuine trust, exercising within
its sphere of activity almost unlimited power. Like the
American Standard Oil Company, it directly controls the sales,
leaving the matter of production entirely to the separate
companies. Under the innocent title of 'eines Vereins zum
Ankauf und Verkauf von Kohlen' (a society for the buying and
selling of coal), this trust has, for the past five years,
completely controlled the West German coal industry, and
dictated prices. …
"In Austria and Hungary trusts have not yet extended so

rapidly. Nevertheless, on various occasions several of them
have given rise to such unfavorable comment that the sentiment
in favor of a legislative restriction of the movement is
to-day much more pronounced in the Austrian than in the German
Parliament. …
"As far as England is concerned, it must be admitted that,
notwithstanding her great industrial activity and a
competitive warfare not less pronounced than that of other
states, the Trust system has as yet found but tardy acceptance
in that country. This is doubtless due in some degree to the
thorough application of the principle of Free Trade; for it is
well known that the largest trusts are powerless unless their
interests are secured by a protective tariff excluding from
the home market the products of foreign countries.
Furthermore, we should remember that in England the principle
of individual freedom is regarded as inviolable. There, it
still obtains more widely than in most other countries; and
the majority of British merchants consider the principle
involved in the formation of trusts as a serious menace to the
freedom of the individual. …
"France is a country in which the Trust system has long

flourished and assumed extensive proportions. In the iron
trade, great trust companies—local in their character, it is
true—have existed for the last twenty years; and the most
powerful of these, like those of Germany, limit their activity
to the establishment of sales-depots. The chemical industry of
France, like that of Germany, is now controlled almost
exclusively by combinations. … Several international trusts,
such as the Zinc Trust, also have their headquarters at Paris.
Belgium, like France, is interested in most of the
international trusts; and there, as in France, the Trust
system has been successful largely in those enterprises which,
in other industrial countries, have hitherto maintained a
stubborn resistance to the inroads of the Trust. …
"In respect to the economic value of trusts in Europe, it may

be said that the influence exerted by them, both for good and
for evil, is, in its essential features, similar to that
exerted by the trusts of America."
W. Berdrow,
Trusts in Europe
(Forum, May. 1899).
TRUSTS:
Industrial combinations in England.
"England no longer enjoys that immunity from monopoly which

was the boast of its own economists and the object-lesson of
American free-traders. While the position of trusts has not
greatly changed in the United States during the past ten
years, except to develop on the same lines, a commercial
revolution is taking place in England. The country is becoming
honey-combed with combinations and trusts; and, what is more
and perhaps worse, there is no agitation against the system.
No effort is made to check trusts or control them. … There are
a large number of informal combines in England which give some
advantages of monopoly without unity of control or financial
association. Thus, the railroad corporations have long ceased
to compete as regards rates. It is perfectly well understood,
and has been admitted over and over again by railroad men
before Parliamentary committees, that the railroad companies
combine. They agree in their rates, but compete in facilities,
speed, etc. If it were not that the railroad companies are
strictly regulated by the Board of Trade, this system of
concerted action would be a very serious factor. As it is, the
railroads represent the most powerful interest in Parliament. …
Similarly, the leading shipping companies have fixed rates for
freight, to stop under-cutting, competing only in speed and
facilities. … There are various understandings and agreements
in the coal-trade. …
{536}
"Until a few years ago, England was not ripe for trusts. The
early efforts failed either through the overcapitalization of
the concerns, opposition from outsiders, or defective
management. … The monopoly that has been most prejudicial to
public interests—the National Telephone Company—is now being
undermined. … The agitation against this monopoly on the part
of municipalities became so strong that in 1898 the House of
Commons appointed a committee to investigate the question. The
result was that last year an act was passed giving
municipalities the right to establish telephones, and
authorizing the post-office to spend $10,000,000 in creating a
competitive system in London. …
"During the last three years, there has been a prolific crop
of amalgamations—half-way houses to trusts. … There is one
kind of amalgamation taking place that deserves special note.
Great mining, iron, engineering, and shipbuilding firms have
come together. Instead of having between the raw material and
the completed ship or engineering work the intermediary
profits of the iron-ore miner, the coal-miner, the
iron-master, the steel-maker, the iron-founder, the forger,
the marine-engine builder, and so forth,—all these middlemen
are got rid of, and the whole business placed, as it were,
under one roof. …
"Consumers in England have not so much to fear from combines

regulated by the Companies' Act, and held in check by free
trade, as consumers in the United States."
R. Donald,
Trusts in England
(Review of Reviews, November, 1900).
TRUSTS:
The question in American politics.
See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).
----------TRUSTS: End--------
TSUNG-LI-AMEN, The Chinese.

CHINA: A. D. 1899 (MARCH).
TUBUAI ISLANDS.

AUSTRAL ISLANDS.
TUGELA RIVER, Military operations on the.

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER); and 1900 (JANUARY-
FEBRUARY).
TUNIS: A. D. 1881-1898.
During the French Protectorate.
In 1881, under pretexts which were much condemned at the time,

the government of France compelled the Bey of Tunis to sign a
treaty by which he submitted himself and country to the
Protectorate of France.
See, in volume 2,
FRANCE: A. D. 1875-1889.
This action gave bitter offense to the Italians, who had been
intending to lay their own hands on Tunis, and it is to be
counted among the causes of the entrance of Italy into the
Dreibund or Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary
in 1882. But time had so far worn away the grievance that the
Tunisian protectorate was practically recognized by the
Italian government in a treaty with France, signed in
September, 1896. In 1898, the general results produced in
Tunis by seventeen years of French control were described in
an elaborate report to the British government by its
representative in the Protectorate, or Regency, Sir H.
Johnston. The following is quoted from that report:
"The protectorate of Tunis is nominally an Arab Kingdom, ruled

by a prince of Turkish descent under the guidance and control
of a French Minister Resident-General and a staff of French
officials. The present Bey of Tunis, Sidi Ali Pasha-Bey, is, I
believe, the most aged ruler living, having been born in the
year 1817. He was Heir Apparent at the time of the French
treaty of protection, concluded with his elder brother, Sidi
Sadok Bey. Sidi Ali at his accession to the throne in 1882
accepted the inevitable with a good grace, and has from the
very first lent himself unreservedly to the French efforts for
the regeneration of his country. Two of his ministers are
Arabs (the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Pen), the
remainder of the Council are French officials. M. René Millet,
the Resident-General of France, is at the same time Minister
for the Foreign Affairs of the Tunisian Government and
President of the Council. … The personal staff of the
Resident-General consists of about nine members. In addition,
the French Government is more or less directly represented
throughout the Regency by officials corresponding almost
exactly to our vice-consuls, collectors and
assistant-collectors in our African Protectorates, with this
difference, that the collectors are called 'contrôleurs.' …
"The whole of Tunisia is now under civil administration,

except the Saham district to the south of Gabes, which still
remains under military control. … In the districts which I
visited, the natives, talking to me freely, said that they
would sooner be under the rule of any Frenchman than under
that of their own kaids. The French are face to face here with
the same problem that we find so difficult in other oriental
countries—that of creating amongst the natives a body of
public officials who will keep their hands from picking and
stealing, and their tongues from evil speaking, lying and
slandering. No tyrant is so cruel to an Arab as an Arab; no
one is harder on Muhammadans than their co-religionists.
Justice is administered to Europeans, and to the protected
subjects of European powers, by French tribunals, which
equally deal with cases arising between Europeans and
Tunisians. … Justice is administered to natives, in cases
where natives alone are concerned, by Arab courts depending
directly on the Tunisian Government, but with a Frenchman at
the head of each principal department. At all the centres of
population there are Arab courts of justice. The Court of
Appeal for the French courts in Tunis is the Supreme Court of
Algiers; the appeal from the Arab courts is to the Bey. …
Public works are entirely under French control, though
Tunisians are employed in minor posts. …
"Public education is under French and Arab direction. The

schools and colleges more or less directly supported by the
Government in the city of Tunis are the following:—
The Lycée Carnot,
the College Sadiki,
the secondary school for girls,
the Alawi College,
two lay schools for boys,
a school for Jewish children of the Israelite Alliance,
a Jewish agricultural school,
two schools for Jewish girls,
three schools for boys under the direction of friars, and a
primary school for little girls.
{537}
There is a Muhammadan university at the Great Mosque in Tunis,
and there are 113 primary Muhammadan schools in the same town.
In the interior there are about 98 primary schools for boys
and girls, supported by the Government, and mainly under
French direction. There are also about 500 Muhammadan schools
in the interior, either private or assisted by Government
funds. In addition to Government-supported schools, a large
number of private establishments have sprung up at Tunis and
at Sfax, wherein surprisingly good teaching is given, even in
such subjects as music. … The progress of education is having
very marked results on the indigenous population of the coming
generation—good results in the dissipation of Muhammadan
fanaticism and prejudice, results less pleasing, however, when
the recipient of this education is turned out a creature with
no particular religion, with no principles, and a contempt for
manly labour. …
"In 1880 life and property were thoroughly insecure. The

property of Europeans, perhaps, was safe, provided they were
the subjects of a Power able to coerce the Government of
Tunis, and their lives were not in any great danger in the
principal towns; but it would have been impossible for any
European to have travelled about many parts of the Regency
without a considerable escort; impossible, indeed, to
penetrate some parts of the Regency at all unless at the head
of an army. … It was as difficult, and dangerous, and
expensive to travel about the Regency 18 years ago as it is
now to visit the far interior of Morocco. I spent eight months
in Tunisia at that time, but never succeeded in visiting
Kairwan, the Holy City. … Now, I can go from Tunis to Kairwan
in a few hours by railway, see all the sights unhindered,
enter the mosques without offence, dine and sleep at an
excellent hotel, and be back again at my work in Tunis the
next day. I may further add that I have just traversed much of
the Tunisian Sahara and a good deal of the Jerid country with
no other escort than my servant, and a native cavalryman to
act as guide. I should have been equally safe had I been
alone. The whole Regency of Tunis is now as safe for tourists
as France."
Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command, 1898, C. 8649-18, pages 10-15, and 2-3).
TUNNELS, New York Rapid Transit and East River.

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-SEPTEMBER).
TURBINES, Steam, The invention of.

SCIENCE, RECENT: MECHANICS.
----------TURKEY: Start--------
TURKEY: A. D. 1895.
Revolt and massacres in Armenia.
Atrocities on both sides.
A horrible condition of things in Armenia was beginning to

cause excitement throughout the world. On one hand, the
Armenians were in revolt against the foul Turkish government,
and avenging themselves savagely upon their oppressors
whenever they found the opportunity; on the other hand the
Turks were making the revolt an excuse for the atrocities that
are habitual to them in every such case. A special
correspondent sent in January by Reuter's news agency to
investigate the situation reported his conviction "that both

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Biochemistry 4th Edition Mathews Test

Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following formulas would be a carbohydrate

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides

3) Dihydroxyacetone is classified as a(n) _______.

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides

4) Which stereoisomer of threose is shown below?

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides

5) How many stereoisomers would be expected from a ketohexose?

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides

6) What is the C-4 epimer of glucose?

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Monosaccharides

E) None of the above

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Monosaccharides

8) Which of the following is a ketose?

E) None of the above

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Monosaccharides

9) Which of the following is a diastereomer of D-mannose?

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Monosaccharides

10) Which of the following would be an anomer of -D-galactopyranose?

E) None of the above

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Derivatives of Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Derivatives of Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Derivatives of Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Derivatives of Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Oligosaccharides

A) uridine triphosphate glucose

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Oligosaccharides

17) Which of the following explains the importance of sucrose as a disaccharide?

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Oligosaccharides

18) Which of the following polysaccharides contains exclusively glucose in (1→4)

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Polysaccharides

A) cellulose; plant cell walls

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Polysaccharides

20) All glycosaminoglycans contain which of the following?

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Polysaccharides

A) GN: single lipid bilayer; GP: two lipid bilayers

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Polysaccharides

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Glycoproteins

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Glycoproteins

Difficulty: 1 Topic: Biosynthesis of Glycoconjugates—Amino Sugars

Difficulty: 3 Topic: Glycoconjugates of Interest

Short Answer Questions

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 3 Topic: Monosaccharides

Difficulty: 2 Topic: Oligosaccharides

Shown are 2 different possible interactions.

Difficulty: 3 Topic: Glycoproteins

"Much greater differences of opinion exist with reference to

United States Industrial Commission,

Of testimony on the subject of pipe-line consolidations in the

"Mr. Boyle [publisher of the 'Oil City Derrick'] gives a

"Mr. Emery [of Bradford] also makes a brief statement of the

"Several witnesses describe the process by which the Standard

"Mr. Boyle gives the fullest statement of the growth of the

"It was pointed out by several witnesses that the almost

United States Industrial Commission,

"Q. The history and organization of the Sugar Refining Company

A. There were about twenty-five different firms or

"Q. Eighteen out of 25?