BIOTECH 8 Q3W1

INTRODUCTION TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY
MRS. JERLYN C. JARITO
BIOTECHNOLOGY TEACHER
 01
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
TECHNOLOGY
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Biotechnology deals with techniques of
using live micro-organisms, plants, or
animal cells or their components or
enzymes from organisms to produce
products and processes (services) useful
to human beings.
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
• The term biotechnology was coined in 1919 by a
Hungarian Engineer, Károly Ereky to describe a
process for large scale production of pigs.
• Since then, a number of historical discoveries have
propelled biotechnology to become one of the most
dynamic industries and scientific disciplines of the
late twentieth century, similar to the advances in
technology that have allowed humans to penetrate
Earth’s atmosphere and land on the moon 30 years
ago.
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
• The definition of biotechnology that covers
Traditional and Modern Biotechnology was given
by European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB).
• According to them, Biotechnology is the integrated
use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering
sciences in order to achieve technological
(industrial) application of the capabilities of
microorganisms, cultured tissues/cells and parts
thereof.
 TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Refers to a number of ancient ways of using living
organisms to make new products or modify existing
ones. In its broadest definition, traditional
biotechnology can be traced back to human's
transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer.

• As farmers, humans collected wild plants and

cultivated them and the best yielding strains were
selected for growing the following seasons.
 TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Microorganisms were first used to produce some organic
compounds like citric acid. They were also used to produce
antibodies. The levels of production of penicillin yield has
been improved, but the types of products are not changed.

• They remain the same as those obtained from the natural

strains/cell lines. In all these processes, only the natural
capabilities of the organisms and cells are exploited. These
activities are called old biotechnology.
 MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Human insulin is also produced from a
transgenic Escherichia coli stain that contains
and expresses the insulin gene. Proteins
produced by transgenes are called recombinant
proteins. The production technologies based on
genetic engineering are termed as modern
biotechnology. It developed during 1973.
LEARNING COMPETENCY
Differentiate traditional
and modern biotechnology
 02
TRADITIONAL VS MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
 TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Refers to the traditional techniques using living

organisms to yield new products or modify
foods or other useful products for human use.

Example:
Recombinant DNA techniques, tissue
culture, and mutagenesis.
 TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Involves the use of natural organisms to create

or modify food or other useful products for
human use.

Example:
Breeding animals and crops to make cheese,
yoghurt, beer, and wine. Microorganisms to produce
enzymes for laundry detergent and its techniques.
 MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

• The diversity of microorganisms and

development of genetic expanded the
potential of traditional biotechnology.

Example:
DNA Profiling, genome analysis, transgenesis,
DNA Cloning, tissue engineering
 MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Involves manipulations of genes and living

tissues in a controlled environment.

• Includes techniques that is used in many areas

such as food, agriculture, forestry, healthcare,
environment, minerals and industrial purposes.
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Discuss techniques or practices used
in traditional biotechnology
• Identify commonly used microbes in
biotechnology.
 03
TECHNIQUES IN TRADITIONAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Fermentation, Mushroom Production, Traditional
Selection, Traditional Breeding and Selection, Plant
tissue culture, Mutagenesis, Cloning, MMAS, and ARTs
 01 FERMENTATION
• Uses bacteria or fungi such as yeast to change
food.
• We have been using it since time immemorial
to make a range of foods.

EXAMPLE:
Wine, Sorghum Beer , sour porridge
(incwanca, emahewu), Marula beer
FERMENTED PICKLES AND TOMATOES
 02 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION
• Is an example of a bioconversion application.
• Bioconversion refers to the use of microorganisms to
convert organic material such as plant or animal,
into usable products or energy resources.
• Mushroom are high source of protein and a source
of income.
• The resulting residue can be either used as animal
feed stock or as a soil conditioner.
MUSHROOM PRODUCTION
 03 TRADITIONAL SELECTION
• Has been used by mankind by over a
millennia.
• The farmer examines a population of
individuals that show variation for a specific
trait. From these, those that meet particular
criteria are selected and kept aside to grow a
new population which is then maintained
SELECTING COW BREEDS
 04 TRADITIONAL BREEDING AND
SELECTION
• A slightly more advanced technique than
traditional breeding.
• The breeder selects one or few individuals as
above but then crosses these with other
individuals in order to incorporate a new trait.
 04 TRADITIONAL BREEDING AND
SELECTION
EXAMPLE:
• farmers prefer to mate their cows with large
strong bulls in an effort to combine desirable
traits into their own herd
• Plant and animal breeders often combine traits
from other varieties, wild relatives in the same
or closely related species using this method.
 04 TRADITIONAL BREEDING AND
SELECTION

• In addition to the gene(s) for the desired trait,

other undesirable genes are also dragged
along.

• Makes it necessary to invest time in weeding

these out through repeated backcrossing.
BREEDING OF PIGS
 05 PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

• Also called in-vitro culture.

• Bits of plant tissue referred to as an explant are
grown in laboratory conditions on an artificial
medium
• The starting material could be obtained from
the leaf, stem, roots, buds, etc.
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
 06 MUTATION BREEDING
• Also called mutagenesis.
• Plants are exposed to irradiation sources with the
intent of inducing mutations.
• A mutation is a change in the change in the genetic
material of an organism. (Could be deleterious or
harmful)
• Could be useful in genetic variability.
• Thousand of crops in the market today are result of
mutation breeding.
COVID 19 MUTATION
 07 CLONING

• Used by scientists to refer to a range of

applications in which copies of cells or
organism are produced from a single ancestor.
• Genetically identical to each other.
SHEEP CLONING
08 MOLECULAR MARKER ASSISTED
SELECTION (MMAS)
• Based on the understanding of the link between
DNA and the appearance or characteristics of an
individual.
• Breeders use DNA-Based Markers to identify genes
associated with desirable traits.
• Allows progeny to be screened for the genes
interest even before they express it and reduce
breeding times significantly.
MOLECULAR MARKER ASSISTED
SELECTION (MMAS)
09 ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)

• A range of technologies broadly

referred to as Assisted Reproductive
Technologies have been developed and
applied in animals.
09 ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
THESE INCLUDE:
1. ESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION
• Refers to the use of hormones to ensure
that female animals are in heat at the same
time.
ESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION
09 ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
THESE INCLUDE:
2. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
• Semen obtained from a choice bull is
introduced into the female.
• This is sometimes referred to as “bull in a
bottle”.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
09 ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
THESE INCLUDE:
3. EMBRYO TRANSFER
• In this case, a superior cow is induced to
super-ovulate. Semen is then introduced to
effect fertilization
EMBRYO TRANSFER