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Biology Life On Earth 11Th Edition Audesirk Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Biology Life On Earth 11Th Edition Audesirk Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
LECTURE OUTLINE
c. Citrate goes through a series of rearrangements in a cycle of reactions called the Krebs cycle, also
called the citric acid cycle
d. The end products of the Krebs cycle per molecule of pyruvate are two CO2, one ATP, one FADH2,
and three NADH; the 4-C molecule is regenerated
In Greater Depth: Acetyl CoA Production and the Krebs Cycle (Figure E8-2)
C. Cellular Respiration Stage 2: High-Energy Electrons Traverse the Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmosis Generates ATP (Figure 8-6)
1. From glycolysis and the mitochondrial matrix reactions, the cell has accumulated 4 ATP, 10 NADH,
and 2 FADH2
2. The electron carriers NADH and FADH2 release their electrons to the electron transport chains
located in the inner mitochondrial membrane
3. The electron transport chain releases energy in steps
a. Energy released by these electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix to the
intermembrane space to produce ATP by chemiosmosis
b. At the end of the electron transport chain (ETC), the energy-depleted electrons are transferred to
oxygen, forming water
Have You Ever Wondered: Why Cyanide Is So Deadly?
4. Chemiosmosis captures energy in ATP
a. During chemiosmosis, the flow of hydrogen ions provides enough energy to produce 32 to 34 ATP
5. ATP is transported out of the mitochondrion
a. The ATP diffuses out of the mitochondria to the cytoplasm through the outer membrane, which is
permeable to ATP
Lecture Activity 8.2: Cell Respiration Summary
Lecture Activity 8.3: Mitochondrial Disorders
6. A summary of glucose breakdown in eukaryotic cells (Figure 8-7)
a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid
b. This process produces two pyruvate molecules, two ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules
c. Cellular respiration breaks down the two pyruvates during the Krebs cycle
i. This process produces NADH and FADH2 and a small amount of ATP
ii. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are donated to the electron transport chain, producing 32 or
34 ATP through chemiosmosis
Case Study Continued: Raising a King
D. Cellular Respiration Can Extract Energy from a Variety of Foods (Figure 8-8)
1. Cellular respiration can extract energy from sugars, fats, and amino acids
Health Watch: How Can You Get Fat by Eating Sugar? (Figure E8-3)
8.4 How Does Fermentation Allow Glycolysis to Continue When Oxygen Is Lacking?
A. Glycolysis Is Used by Virtually Every Organism on Earth
1. Under aerobic conditions, when oxygen is present, most organisms use cellular respiration,
regenerating NAD+ from the ETC
2. Under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen), cellular respiration does not occur, so NAD+ must be
regenerated another way to allow glycolysis to occur
a. This metabolic pathway is called fermentation and can occur in microorganisms as well as most
vertebrates, which use lactate fermentation
3. Fermentation allows NAD+ to be recycled and keep glycolysis going
B. Fermentation Produces Either Lactate or Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide
1. Muscle cells undergo lactate fermentation during vigorous exercise when not enough oxygen is
available (Figures 8-9 and 8-10)
2. Most of the lactate will be converted back to pyruvate in the liver, and cellular respiration will resume
Case Study Continued: Raising a King
3. Many microorganisms, including some bacteria and yeast, engage in alcoholic fermentation,
converting pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide
a. This process also converts NADH to NAD+ and keeps glycolysis going (Figure 8-11)
C. Fermentation Has Played a Long and Important Role in the Human Diet
1. Alcoholic fermentation can be used to produce alcoholic beverages and bread (Figure 8-12)
2. Lactate fermentation can be used to make cheese and sauerkraut
Lecture Activity 8.4: Demonstration of Fermentation
KEY TERMS
aerobic fermentation lactate fermentation
alcoholic fermentation flavin adenine dinucleotide matrix
anaerobic (FAD or FADH2) mitochondrion
cellular respiration glycolysis (plural, mitochondria)
chemiosmosis intermembrane space nicotinamide adenine
electron transport chain (ETC) Krebs cycle dinucleotide (NAD+ or NADH)
LECTURE ACTIVITIES
Section Reference
8.1 How Do Cells Obtain Energy?
Introduction
Using molecular modeling kits, students will build the reactants of cell respiration and trace a “radioactive” atom in
the formation of products.
Materials Needed
Molecular modeling kits
Tape
Procedures
1. Provide the students with molecular modeling kits. Instruct them to build a molecule of carbon dioxide and
a molecule of water.
2. Mark either the oxygen molecule or the carbon in glucose with a piece of tape to represent a radioactive atom.
3. Now build the products (carbon dioxide and water), making the appropriate product “radioactive.”
4. If you would like to “balance” the equation, have a group of students work together to provide six molecules
of oxygen and one molecule of glucose for the reactants and six molecules of carbon dioxide and six
molecules of water for the products.
Assessment Suggestions
Use the questions on the following page for individual assessment or group discussion.
2. Which product would be radioactive if you began the reaction with radioactive carbon atoms in the glucose
molecule?
3. Which product would be radioactive if you began the reaction with radioactive oxygen?
4. What else is required for cell respiration, other than oxygen and glucose?
5. Suppose you are carrying out the reaction anaerobically in human cells. What radioactive product(s) would
be formed if you began with radioactive glucose?
Section Reference
8.3 How Does Cellular Respiration Extract Energy from Glucose?
Introduction
This is a good review of cell respiration to do in small groups in class at the end of the lecture(s) on cell respiration.
The entire process is summarized on a one-page handout.
Materials Needed
The key words may be provided on a separate handout.
Key Words
2 ATP (used twice)
2 lactate or 2 ethanol and 2 CO2
32–34 ATP
4 CO2
Acetyl CoA
Fermentation
Glucose
Glycolysis
H2O
Krebs cycle
O2
Pyruvate
Procedures
Hand out the worksheets to students in small groups. After allowing them to work on it together for about 10 minutes,
review the worksheet as a class.
Assessment Suggestions
Portions of the handout or the entire worksheet can be given as a quiz. Alternatively, students can use the worksheets
in conjunction with Lecture Activity 8.3, which deals with metabolic defects in the pathway.
Estimated Time to Complete: 10 minutes for group work, followed by 10 minutes for class discussion
Section Reference
8.3 How Does Cellular Respiration Extract Energy from Glucose?
Introduction
In this activity, students are asked to apply their knowledge of cell respiration to predict the symptoms of genetic
diseases and exposure to mitochondrial poisons.
The sequence of the metabolic pathways involved in cell respiration has been elucidated in part from the study of
inherited metabolic disorders. These mostly rare disorders affect the functioning of one enzyme. The location and the
function of the enzyme can be determined from studying the buildup of intermediates that occur ahead of the
deficiency in the pathway. Some mitochondrial disorders are due to genetic defects in the cell’s nuclear DNA.
However, other defects are due to genetic defects in mitochondrial DNA. For a good review of disorders affecting
mitochondria, perform an Internet search using “mitochondrial disorders” as the search term.
Materials Needed
Use the case studies on the following pages. You may want to assign one case study per group.
Procedures
1. Divide the class into groups.
2. Assign a case study to each group.
3. For each condition, ask students to consider:
a. How will cell respiration be affected? Be as specific as possible.
b. What symptoms will be observed?
Assessment Suggestions
Include similar scenarios on an essay exam.
Case 1
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency
This is a fairly rare genetic disorder. The enzyme that
converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA is deficient. How will cell
respiration be affected? What symptoms will be observed?
For more information, perform an Internet search using
“pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency” as
the search term.
Case 2
Mitochondrial cytochrome b deficiency
Cytochrome b is part of the electron transport chain in
mitochondria. In this rare genetic disorder, only the
mitochondria in the muscle are affected. Very early in their
embryonic development, a mutation occurred in the
cytochrome b gene in a cell destined to produce their
muscles. How will cell respiration be affected? What
symptoms will be observed? What will be observed during
mild exercise? For more information, perform an Internet
search using “mitochondrial cytochrome b deficiency” as
the search term.
Case 3
Thiamine deficiency
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an important cofactor in one of
the reactions in the Krebs cycle and also the reaction that
converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. It is normally found in the
diet in yeast, pork, legumes, cereal grains, and rice. It may
become deficient during malnutrition or conditions that
cause malnutrition, such as alcoholism, HIV, and anorexia
nervosa. How will cell respiration be affected? What
symptoms will be observed? For more information,
perform an Internet search using “thiamine deficiency” as
the search term.
Case 5
Uncouplers such as 2, 4 Dinitrophenol
An uncoupler allows hydrogen ions to leak back across the
membrane. It uncouples the process of proton pumping
with ATP production. How will cell respiration be affected?
What symptoms will be observed? This drug was used in
the 1930s as a weight-loss drug but was banned in 1938
because of incidences of death. Why would weight loss
occur? Why did some patients die? For more information,
perform an Internet search using “uncouplers” as the
search term.
Case 6
Oligomycin
This drug is a direct inhibitor of ATP synthase in the
electron transport system. How will cell respiration be
affected? What symptoms will be observed?
For more information, perform an Internet search using
“oligomycin” as the search term.
For background information, perform the same Internet searches as listed in the student handout.
Case 2
Mitochondrial cytochrome b deficiency If there is a genetic defect in the electron transport
Cytochrome b is part of the electron transport chain in system of these cells, they will not be able to produce
mitochondria. In this rare genetic disorder, only the ATP. During mild exercise, lactic acid buildup is
mitochondria in the muscle are affected. Very early in their observed as well as extreme exercise intolerance—these
embryonic development, a mutation occurred in the patients are unable to exercise without becoming
cytochrome b gene in a cell destined to produce their exhausted. Because only the muscle mitochondrial DNA
muscles. How will cell respiration be affected? What are affected, these patients do not have other
symptoms will be observed? What will be observed during symptoms.
mild exercise?
Case 3
Thiamine deficiency
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an important cofactor in one If thiamine is deficient, the reactions beyond glycolysis
of the reactions in the Krebs cycle and also the reaction will not be efficient. This will lead to muscle weakness,
that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. It is normally found disorders of the nervous system (which requires a good
in the diet in yeast, pork, legumes, cereal grains, and rice. It supply of ATP), and possibly metabolic acidosis as
may become deficient during malnutrition or conditions lactate levels increase.
that cause malnutrition, such as alcoholism, HIV, and
anorexia nervosa. How will cell respiration be affected?
What symptoms will be observed?
Case 4
Electron transport chain inhibitors such as rotenone, In high enough concentrations, these inhibitors can
antimycin, cyanide prevent the formation of ATP, thus leading to almost
These inhibitors block one of the steps in the electron immediate death.
transport system. How will cell respiration be affected?
What symptoms will be observed?
Case 6
Oligomycin The proton gradient becomes greater than normal, but
This drug is a direct inhibitor of ATP synthase in the no ATP can be made. In high enough concentrations,
electron transport system. How will cell respiration be this will lead to death.
affected? What symptoms will be observed?
Estimated Time to Complete: This activity will require about 10 minutes of setup at the beginning of lecture and
about 10 minutes at the end of lecture for observation and discussion.
Section Reference
8.4 How Does Fermentation Allow Glycolysis to Continue When Oxygen Is Lacking?
Introduction
This is a demonstration of fermentation in yeast. The oxygen supply to the yeast is cut off in the tail of the
fermentation tube. As carbon dioxide gas is produced, it will collect in the tail. The ability of the yeast to ferment
glucose is compared to its ability to ferment the disaccharide lactose.
Materials Needed
4 fermentation tubes
4 small beakers
Stirring rod
10% glucose solution
10% lactose solution
Yeast solution: add one packet of baker’s yeast to 500 ml of warm, distilled water
Water
Metric ruler
Procedures
1. Set up four small beakers as follows (you may need to adjust the volumes to fit your fermentation tubes):
Beaker #
1 15 ml of 10% glucose + yeast
2 15 ml of 10% lactose + yeast
3 15 ml of water + yeast
4 15 ml of water
2. Stir gently.
3. Pour into fermentation tubes. When filling the fermentation tube, cover the opening and invert so that the
tail of the tube is filled with the liquid.
4. At the end of the lab period, measure the distance from the tip of the tail to the top of the liquid. Record data
in Table 1.
Assessment Suggestions
Use the questions on the following page for individual assessment or group discussion.
3 15 ml of water + yeast
4 15 ml of water
Questions
6. Compare and contrast fermentation and cell respiration. Which process produces more ATP per molecule of
glucose?