Biopsychology 10Th Edition Pinel Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System
CHAPTER 8
THE SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM: HOW YOU MOVE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Like the sensory systems, the sensorimotor system is
a. hierarchical.
b. parallel.
c. functionally segregated.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 196–197
Topic: Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The chapter is organized around these concepts, which are explicitly discussed.
2. Which of the following is a principle of sensorimotor organization?
a. The sensorimotor system is hierarchically organized.

b. Motor output is guided by sensory input.
c. Learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor control.
d. all of the above
e. both B and C
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 196–197
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: All three principles are emphasized in the text.
483
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3. Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback?
a. innate movements
b. unpracticed movements
c. practiced movements
d. ballistic movements
e. reflexive movements
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 197
Type: Factual
Rationale: Ballistic movements are too fast to be affected by sensory feedback.
4. Without the sensory feedback carried by the somatosensory nerves of the arms, human
neurological patients, such as G.O., have difficulty
a. swatting a fly.
b. maintaining a constant appropriate level of manual muscle contraction.
c. adjusting the output of the muscles of their arms to compensate for unexpected
external disturbances (e.g., somebody brushing against an arm).
d. all of the above
e. both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 197
Type: Applied
5. With respect to sensorimotor learning, the advantage of transferring control to lower

circuits of the neural hierarchy is that it
a. frees the higher levels of the nervous system to deal with more complex issues.
b. increases the reliability of movements.
c. increases validity.
d. increases conscious awareness of the response.
e. all of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 197
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: B, C, and D are either wrong, irrelevant, or incomprehensible.
484
6. During sensorimotor learning,
a. the locus of control is often shifted to lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy.
b. the locus of control is often shifted from conscious to unconscious control
mechanisms.
c. individual responses are often integrated into continuous motor programs.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 197
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: All three of these principles of sensorimotor learning are emphasized in the text.
7. Which structure is thought to be involved in the integration of the sensory information

that is the basis for initiating a movement?
a. posterior parietal cortex

b. primary somatosensory cortex
c. primary auditory cortex
d. frontal cortex
e. primary visual cortex
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 198
Topic: Sensorimotor Association Cortex
Type: Factual
8. Much of the output of the posterior parietal cortex goes to the
a. dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex.

b. frontal eye fields.
c. various areas of secondary motor cortex.
d. all of the above
e. both B and C
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 198
Type: Factual
485
9. Apraxia is usually caused by lesions to the
a. the left parietal lobe.

b. the right parietal lobe.
c. the right primary motor cortex.
d. the right secondary motor cortex.
e. either temporal lobe.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 199
Type: Applied
10. Apraxia typically affects
a. only the left side of the body.

b. only the right side of the body.
c. both sides of the body.
d. only the arms.
e. only the legs.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 199
Type: Applied
Rationale: The bilateral nature of the deficits is difficult to understand; it is one of the main
defining criteria of the disorder.
11. Large lesions to the right parietal lobe sometimes produce
a. ipsilateral astereognosia.
b. contralateral neglect.
c. apraxia.
d. all of the above
e. both A and C
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 199
Type: Applied
Rationale: Apraxia is produced by left parietal lesions, and astereognosia is not produced by
parietal lesions, therefore only B can be correct.
486
12. A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left
arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right
a. premotor area.
b. supplementary motor cortex.
c. posterior parietal lobe.
d. dorsolateral frontal lobe.
e. primary motor area.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 199–200
Type: Applied
Rationale: Contralateral neglect usually results from right parietal damage, which affects the
left side of the body.
13. Contralateral neglect is usually associated with large lesions of the
a. right parietal lobe.

b. left parietal lobe.
c. right frontal lobe.
d. left frontal lobe.
e. right temporal lobe.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 200
Type: Applied
14. The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex
a. appears to be important in the initiation of complex voluntary movements.

b. sends projections to the primary and secondary motor cortices.
c. plays a critical role in the elicitation and blocking of reflexes.
d. both A and B
e. both B and C
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 200
Type: Factual
487
15. Evidence suggests that the decision to initiate a voluntary response comes from the
____________ in concert with other areas of cortex.
a. posterior occipital cortex

b. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
c. primary motor cortex
d. premotor cortex
e. supplementary motor area
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Type: Factual
Rationale: Other areas that appear to participate in the initiation of a response, but none of
these other areas is listed as an option.
16. The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are considered to be areas of
a. the parietal lobe.

b. association cortex.
c. secondary somatosensory cortex.
d. secondary motor cortex.
e. the primary motor cortex.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Topic: Secondary Motor Cortex
Type: Factual
17. The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are in the
a. frontal lobe.
b. temporal lobe.
c. parietal lobe.
d. occipital lobe.
e. limbic lobe.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 201
Type: Factual
488
18. Some of the supplementary motor area is in the
a. longitudinal fissure.
b. lateral fissure.
c. parietal cortex.
d. temporal cortex.
e. inferotemporal cortex.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Type: Factual
19. Small areas of secondary motor cortex were discovered in the
a. dorsolateral frontal lobe.

b. lateral prefrontal lobe.
c. cingulate gyrus.
d. posterior parietal lobe.
e. cerebellum.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Type: Factual
20. In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to
a. terminate response sequences.

b. specialize in guiding learned sequences.
c. program specific patterns of movement.
d. mediate reflexes.
e. provide the major input to spinal motor circuits.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201
Type: Factual
489
21. Neurons that fire in response to making a particular response, observing somebody else
making the response, or just thinking about the response are called
a. supplementary motor neurons.

b. premotor neurons.
c. mirror neurons.
d. ballistic neurons.
e. somatotopic neurons.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 203
Type: Factual
22. In 1937, the primary motor cortex was mapped by electrically stimulating the cortex of
conscious human patients who were undergoing neurosurgery. This was accomplished by
a. Hebb.
b. Pinel.
c. Jackson.
d. Penfield and Boldrey.
e. Sperry.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 203
Topic: Primary Motor Cortex
Type: Factual
23. The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the
a. motor homunculus.
b. somatosensory homunculus.
c. stereognosis.
d. somatotopic homunculus.
e. supplementary map.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
490
24. Which part of the body has been found to be doubly represented in each primary motor
area of monkeys?
a. tongue
b. contralateral lip
c. contralateral hand
d. genitals
e. contralateral foot
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
25. The only parts of each motor homunculus to receive somatosensory feedback directly
from the skin are the
a. genital areas.
b. lip areas.
c. hand areas.
d. foot areas.
e. face areas.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
26. The primary motor cortex receives cutaneous feedback from only one part of the body:
the hands. This feedback likely plays an important role in
a. stereognosis.
b. astereognosia.
c. the homunculus.
d. the cingulate motor areas.
e. apraxia.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
491
27. Long bursts of stimulation applied to the primary motor cortex elicit
a. simple movements of one joint.

b. simple contractions of one muscle.
c. complex natural-looking response sequences.
d. reflexes.
e. either A or B
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
28. In the primary motor cortex, the neurons that participate in the movement of a particular
finger are
a. located in one somatotopically segregated finger area.

b. widely distributed over the somatotopic hand area.
c. all located in a single column.
d. all located in the left parietal lobe.
e. all located in the right parietal lobe.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
29. A study of the firing of primary motor cortex neurons while monkeys moved freely about
indicated that their firing was often related to the
a. direction of the movement.

b. speed of the movement.
c. end point (i.e., target) of the movement.
d. acceleration of the movement.
e. purpose of the movement.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
492
30. In a remarkable demonstration, Belle, the owl monkey, controlled the movements of a
robotic arm
a. by pressing buttons.
b. with the activity of neurons in her primary motor cortex.
c. with speech sounds.
d. with monkey calls.
e. by providing visual feedback to the arm.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 205
Type: Applied
Rationale: This indicates that, eventually, paralyzed patients might be able to control robots with
the activity of their brains.
31. A deficit in the ability to recognize objects by touch is called
a. apraxia.
b. asomatognosia.
c. stereognosis.
d. astereognosia.
e. homunculus.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 205
Type: Applied
Rationale: C refers to the ability; D refers to a deficit in the ability: D is incorrect.
32. The effects of damage to the primary motor cortex include
a. astereognosia.
b. difficulty in moving one part of the body independently of others.
c. paralysis.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 205
Type: Applied
Rationale: Many students assume that paralysis is consequence of primary motor cortex lesions.
493
33. It has been estimated that over half the neurons of the brain are in a structure that
constitutes only 10% of the brain’s total mass. This structure is the
a. neocortex.
b. cerebellum.
c. hippocampus.
d. brain stem.
e. corpus callosum.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 206
Topic: Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
Type: Factual
34. The cerebellum is thought to
a. correct ongoing movements that deviate from their intended course.

b. play a major role in motor learning, particularly when timing is critical.
c. mediate astereognosia.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
35. The consequences of widespread cerebellar damage include
a. difficulty in maintaining steady postures.

b. inability to precisely control the direction, force, velocity, and amplitude of
movements.
c. inability to adapt patterns of motor output to changing conditions.
d. severe disturbances of balance, gait, speech, and eye movement.
e. all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 206
Type: Applied
Rationale: The text emphasizes the devastating effects of diffuse cerebellar damage, including
the four effects listed here.
494
36. Recent fMRI studies have challenged the traditional view of the cerebellum by
suggesting that in addition to its sensorimotor functions it is involved in
a. motor learning.
b. control and learning of cognitive responses.
c. learning motor sequences.
d. correcting motor sequences.
e. integrating motor sequences.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
Rationale: The cerebellum seems to be involved in all five of the options, but only C was recently
demonstrated by fMRI studies and only it has substantially changed how we think about the
cerebellum.
37. Which of the following receives information from various parts of the cortex and feeds it
back to motor cortex?
a. basal ganglia
b. cerebellum
c. red nucleus
d. reticular formation
e. substantia nigra
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
38. Which structure is part of a neural loop including the cortex and the basal ganglia?
a. thalamus
b. vestibular nucleus
c. cerebellum
d. red nucleus
e. substantia nigra
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
495
39. Current theories of the function of the basal ganglia emphasize their
a. role in modulating motor output.

b. involvement in a variety of cognitive processes.
c. systematic anatomical organization.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
40. Signals from the left primary motor cortex descend through the spinal cord white matter
in one of
a. three major tracts.

b. four major tracts.
c. five major tracts.
d. six major tracts.
e. eight major tracts.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 207
Topic: Descending Motor Pathways
Type: Factual
41. The decussation in the medullary pyramids is part of the
a. dorsolateral corticospinal tract.

b. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract.
c. ventromedial corticospinal tract.
d. ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract.
e. both C and D
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
496
42. The cell bodies of Betz cells are found in the
a. premotor cortex.
b. primary motor cortex.
c. supplementary motor cortex.
d. cerebellum.
e. basal ganglia.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
43. The axons of Betz cells are part of the
a. dorsolateral corticospinal tract.

b. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract.
c. anterolateral pathway.
e. ventromedial corticospinal tract.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
44. In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the
a. thighs.
b. body core.
c. hands and feet.
d. proximal limbs.
e. legs.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
497
45. Only primates and a few other species, such as hamsters and raccoons, have cortical
neurons that synapse directly on
a. muscles.
b. muscles of the fingers and thumb.
c. motor neurons that project to the muscles of the fingers and thumb.
d. spinal interneurons.
e. targets in the PNS.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
46. In neuroanatomy, “rubro” refers to the
a. substantia nigra.
b. vestibular system.
c. caudate.
d. red nucleus.
e. cerebellum.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
47. Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on
a. muscles of the fingers and thumb.

b. muscles of the hands and wrists.
c. interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that
project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs.
d. motor neurons that project to the fingers.
e. Betz cells.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
498
48. In contrast to the ventromedial corticospinal tract, before descending to the spinal cord,
the ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract interacts with the
a. tectum.
b. reticular formation.
c. vestibular nuclei.
d. all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
49. Which of the following brain stem structures receives direct sensory information about
balance?
a. cerebellum
b. reticular formation
c. vestibular nucleus
d. tectum
e. red nucleus
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
50. Which midbrain structure receives visual and auditory information about spatial location?
a. tectum
b. cerebellum
c. basal ganglia
d. tegmentum
e. vestibular nucleus
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
499
51. The descending pathway illustrated here is the
a. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract.

b. dorsolateral corticospinal tract.
c. ventromedial corticospinal tract.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
500
52. In contrast to the axons of the descending dorsolateral motor pathways, individual axons
of the ventromedial pathways often terminate
a. directly on motor neurons.

b. in two or more segments.
c. on both sides of the spinal cord.
d. both A and B
e. both B and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
53. In contrast to the descending dorsolateral motor pathways, the ventromedial pathways
a. control the trunk.

b. are more diffuse.
c. are more strictly contralateral.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
54. In general, the ventromedial descending motor tracts control the muscles of the
a. thumbs.
b. fingers.
c. trunk.
d. toes.
e. face.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
501
55. In one classic experiment, monkeys had difficulty letting go of food after their
a. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tracts were transected.

b. dorsolateral corticospinal tracts were transected.
c. ventromedial corticospinal tracts were transected.
d. cerebellum was lesioned.
e. basal ganglia were lesioned.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 209
Type: Factual
56. In the classic transection experiments of Lawrence and Kuypers, monkeys with all their
dorsolateral motor pathways transected sat with their arms hanging limply by their sides.
However, these same monkeys had no difficulty
a. picking up pieces of food and then releasing them.

b. using their arms for standing, walking, and climbing.
c. reaching for moving objects.
d. moving their fingers independently.
e. all of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 209
Type: Factual
57. In the classic experiments of Lawrence and Kuypers, the descending motor tracts of
monkeys were transected. The results of these experiments suggest that the function of
the ventromedial pathways is the control of
a. posture.
b. movements of the body core and associated arm movements.
c. reaching for objects.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 209
Type: Factual
502
58. When a motor neuron fires, all of the muscle fibers of its motor
a. unit contract together.

b. pool contract together.
c. segment contract together.
d. equivalence contract together.
e. feedback contract together.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Topic: Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits
Type: Factual
59. In which of the following structures would the motor units likely be the smallest?
a. finger
b. leg
c. arm
d. foot
e. back
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
60. The motor units of the thumb, fingers, and face contain the
a. fewest muscle fibers.

b. most muscle fibers.
c. fewest motor neurons.
d. most motor neurons.
e. most extensors.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
503
61. About how many motor neurons are there in the typical motor unit?
a. 4
b. 1
c. 100
d. 1,000
e. 150
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
Rationale: By definition, a motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it
controls.
62. All of the motor neurons that innervate the fibers of a single muscle are called its
a. motor unit.
b. discharge unit.
c. motor pool.
d. antagonists.
e. agonists.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
63. So-called fast muscle fibers
a. are pale.
b. are bright red.
c. can generate great force for long periods.
d. are found exclusively in extensors.
e. are found exclusively in flexors.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
Rationale: Fast muscle fibers are pale because they are poorly vascularized.
504
64. The biceps and triceps are
a. synergistic.
b. dynamic.
c. isometric.
d. extensors.
e. antagonistic.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
65. Bob tried to open a jar of pickles, but the lid did not budge. As he struggled against the
unmoving lid, the muscles of his hands and arms were
a. in isometric contraction.
b. in dynamic contraction.
c. locked in a stretch reflex.
d. in motor pools.
e. in extension.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
66. Increases in muscle tension in the absence of any shortening of the muscle are said to be
a. contractions.
b. dynamic.
c. extensions.
d. isometric.
e. synergistic.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
505
67. The tension of a muscle can be increased by increasing
a. the number of active neurons in its motor pool.

b. the level of activity of neurons in its motor pool.
c. the number of active neurons in its motor unit.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
Rationale: C is incorrect because by definition all motor units have one neuron; also, muscles do
not have motor units.
68. Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by
a. gamma efferents.
b. spindle afferents.
c. extrafusal motor pools.
d. Golgi tendon organs.
e. synergistic muscles.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
69. Muscle spindles provide the CNS with information about muscle
a. fatigue.
b. length.
c. tension.
d. color.
e. location.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
506
70. Intrafusal is to extrafusal as
a. voluntary is to ballistic.
b. muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle.
c. voluntary is to reflex.
d. dynamic is to static.
e. CNS is to PNS.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Type: Factual
71. The patellar tendon reflex is a
a. withdrawal reflex.
b. reciprocal reflex.
c. stretch reflex.
d. recurrent reflex.
e. multisynaptic reflex.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 212
Type: Factual
507
72. The tiny muscle at the end of the pointer line is
a. an intrafusal muscle.
b. an extrafusal muscle.
c. a skeletal muscle.
d. both A and C
e. Both B and C
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
Type: Factual
508
73. The tiny motor neuron illustrated here is
a. a spindle afferent neuron.

b. an intrafusal neuron.
c. an extrafusal neuron.
d. an agonist neuron.
e. an antagonist neuron.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 212
Type: Factual
509
74. Illustrated here is a
a. patellar tendon reflex.

b. withdrawal reflex.
c. stretch reflex.
d. both A and B
e. both A and C
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 212
Type: Factual
75. The patellar tendon reflex is a
a. conditioned reflex.
b. stretch reflex.
c. withdrawal reflex.
d. monosynaptic reflex.
e. both B and D
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 213
Type: Factual
510
76. During a stretch reflex, the extrafusal motor neuron is excited directly by the
a. intrafusal motor neuron.

b. muscle spindle receptor.
c. spindle afferent neuron.
d. intrafusal muscle.
e. muscle.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 213
Type: Factual
77. The latency of withdrawal reflexes indicates that they involve
a. no synapses.
b. at least 1 synapse.
c. at least 2 synapses.
d. at least 3 synapses.
e. more than 3 synapses.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 213
Type: Factual
78. Which of the following requires an inhibitory interneuron?
a. reciprocal innervation
b. recurrent collateral inhibition
c. isometric contraction
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 214
Type: Factual
511
79. Which of the following helps distribute the work between different motor neurons of a
muscle’s motor pool?
a. cocontraction
b. recurrent collateral inhibition
c. reciprocal inhibition
d. muscle-spindle feedback
e. withdrawal reflex
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 214
Type: Factual
80. Recurrent collateral inhibition is mediated by
a. cocontraction.
b. Renshaw cells.
c. Golgi organs.
d. muscle spindles.
e. reciprocal innervation.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 214
Type: Factual
81. If given the correct sensory feedback, the cat spinal cord is capable of controlling
a. walking movements.
b. volition.
c. problem solving.
d. the grasp reflex.
e. astereognosia.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 215
Type: Factual
512
82. The results of the treadmill experiment by Grillner (1985) suggest that part of the central
sensorimotor program for walking is in the
a. cerebellum.
b. spinal cord.
c. primary motor cortex.
d. primary sensory cortex.
e. red nucleus.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 215
Type: Factual
83. According to current theory, the sensorimotor system
a. is largely ballistic.
b. is largely, if not entirely, ipsilateral.
c. comprises a hierarchy of central sensorimotor programs.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 216
Topic: Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning
Type: Conceptual
Rationale: The concept of central sensorimotor programs is emphasized in the text; A and B are
clearly incorrect.
84. The fact that the same basic movement can be carried out in different ways involving
different muscles is called
a. cocontraction.
b. a central sensorimotor program.
c. motor equivalence.
d. recurrent collateral inhibition.
e. sensorimotor equipotentiality.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 216
Type: Factual
513
85. One fMRI study indicated that the central sensorimotor programs for signing one’s name
are stored in
a. primary motor cortex.

b. secondary motor cortex.
c. association cortex.
d. spinal interneuronal pools.
e. descending motor pathways.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 216
Type: Factual
86. An important point made by Fentress’s study of grooming movements in forelimbless

mice was that
a. the complex species-common grooming movements of mice are not learned.

b. feedback is an important component of the central sensorimotor program for
mouse grooming.
c. feedback is necessary to shape paw movements but not to shape those of the
proximal limbs.
d. species-common grooming movements must be learned.
e. both A and B
Answer: E
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 217
Type: Factual
514
87. A highly skilled typist can type 120 words per minute only because
a. the neural circuits responsible for activating each key press become active before
the preceding key press has been completed.
b. different neural circuits at the lower levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy can be
simultaneously active without interfering with one another.
c. the key presses have been chunked.
d. all of the above
e. he receives flowers from his boss at least once a month.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 217–218
Type: Factual
88. Response chunking and changing the level of control are thought to be important
processes in
a. the stretch reflex.

b. walking.
c. sensorimotor learning.
d. the withdrawal reflex.
e. recurrent collateral inhibition.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 217
Type: Factual
515
89. Theories of sensorimotor learning emphasize two kinds of learning-related changes in

sensorimotor programs:
a. chunking and increasing conscious control of the learned sensorimotor response.

b. transferring the neural control of the learned sensorimotor response to lower
levels of the CNS and increasing conscious control of it.
c. chunking and increasing the degree of neural control.
d. transferring the neural control of the learned sensorimotor response to higher
levels of the CNS and increasing the conscious control of it.
e. chunking and transferring much of the control of the response to lower levels of
the nervous system.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 217
Type: Factual
90. Which of the following is a major finding of the Jenkins and colleagues PET study of
motor learning?
a. Posterior parietal cortex was more activated during the performance of both
newly learned sequences than during the performance of well-practiced
sequences.
b. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated during the performance of newly
learned but not well-practiced sequences.
c. The cerebellum was activated during both newly learned and well-practiced
sequences but more during newly learned sequences.
d. Contralateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices were equally activated
during the performance of newly learned and well-practiced sequences.
e. all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 218
Type: Factual
516
91. Which of the following is a major finding of the Jenkins and colleagues PET study of
motor learning?
a. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated during well-practiced but not newly
learned sequences.
b. The cerebellum was more active during well-practiced than during newly learned
sequences.
c. Contralateral primary motor and somatosensory cortexes were activated during
both well-practiced and newly learned sequences.
d. all of the above
e. both A and B
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 218
Type: Factual
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS
1. The only movements that are not greatly influenced by sensory feedback are __________
movements.
Answer: ballistic
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 197
Type: Factual
2. The area of association cortex that is thought to integrate the spatial information that is
required to initiate an accurate movement is the __________ cortex.
Answer: posterior parietal

Diff: 2
Page Ref: 198
Type: Factual
3. Patients with __________ have particular difficulty making accurate movements when
asked to do so, particularly when they are asked to make them out of context.
Answer: apraxia
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 199
Type: Applied
517
4. Contralateral neglect typically results from damage to the __________ posterior parietal
lobe.
Answer: right
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 199
Type: Applied
5. The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the motor __________.
Answer: homunculus
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
6. The only part of the primary motor cortex to receive sensory feedback from the skin is
that part that controls the contralateral __________.
Answer: hand
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
7. __________ is the ability to recognize objects by touch.
Answer: Stereognosis
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 204
Type: Factual
8. The __________ constitutes about 10% of the brains total mass but includes over half its
neurons.
Answer: cerebellum
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
518
9. The basal ganglia receive signals from various parts of the cortex and transmit them back
to the cortex via the __________.
Answer: thalamus
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 206
Type: Factual
10. The particularly large pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex are known as
__________ cells.
Answer: Betz
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
11. Neurons descending from the primary motor cortex in the corticorubrospinal tract
synapse in the __________ before the tract reaches the spinal cord.
Answer: red nucleus

Diff: 3
Page Ref: 207
Type: Factual
12. The two descending __________ motor pathways control movements of the trunk.
Answer: ventromedial
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 208
Type: Factual
13. The number of motor neurons in a motor unit is __________.
Answer: one
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
519
15. Two muscles whose contraction produces the same movement of a joint are said to be
__________ muscles.
Answer: synergistic
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 210
Type: Factual
14. Muscle contraction in the absence of movement is called __________ contraction.
Answer: isometric
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
16. Muscle spindles are receptors that respond to changes in muscle __________.
Answer: length
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 211
Type: Factual
17. The patellar tendon reflex is an example of a __________ reflex.
Answer: stretch
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 212
18. __________ inhibition is mediated by Renshaw cells and helps distribute the work
among the motor neurons of a muscle’s motor pool.
Answer: Recurrent collateral

Diff: 3
Page Ref: 214
Type: Factual
520
19. The same basic movement (such as signing one’s name) can be made in a variety of ways
involving different limbs and muscles: This important principle is called motor
__________.
Answer: equivalence
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 216
Type: Factual
20. Theories of sensorimotor learning emphasize two kinds of changes to sensorimotor

programs: transfer of control to lower levels of the neural hierarchy and response
__________.
Answer: chunking
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 217
Type: Factual
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Discuss three principles of sensorimotor function.
Answer:
50% for naming the three principles: hierarchical organization, critical role of sensory input,
and learning changes the nature and locus of neural control
50% for discussion of the three principles
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 196–198
Type: Conceptual
2. Discuss the two effects of damage to the posterior parietal cortex.
Answer:
20% for identifying apraxia
20% for identifying contralateral neglect
30% for discussing apraxia
30% for discussing contralateral neglect
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 198–200
Type: Applied
521
3. Discuss the organization and functions of primary motor cortex. Compare the traditional
view with the modern view, emphasizing the relevant evidence.
Answer:
20% for describing traditional view
30% for describing the modern view
50% for describing relevant research
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 201–205
Type: Factual
4. Describe the four descending motor pathways and their function. Include a description of
the classic study of Lawrence and Kuypers, who lesioned these pathways in monkeys and
assessed the effects.
Answer:
40% for describing the anatomy of the four pathways
40% for describing the study of Lawrence and Kuypers
20% for describing the functions of the four pathways
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 207–210
Type: Factual
5. Discuss the anatomy, circuitry, and function of muscle spindles. Use diagrams of the
muscle spindle feedback circuit in your answer.
Answer:
20% for describing the anatomy of muscle spindles
30% for describing the feedback circuit
30% for describing the function
20% for effective use of drawings
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 211–215
Type: Factual
522
6. Discuss the concept of central sensorimotor programs. Describe and discuss three of their
important features.
Answer:
25% for explaining the concept
75% for describing and discussing three important features
Diff: 2
Page Ref: 216–218
Type: Conceptual
7. Many aspects of the sensory motor system are demonstrated by the chapter-ending PET
study of Jenkins and colleagues. Describe their methods, four major results, and the
conclusions based on them. Illustrate the results with a drawing of the study.
Answer:
20% for describing the methods
60% for describing four major results and the related conclusions
20% for illustrating the results
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 218
Type: Factual
523
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOM_8.1.1
The main advantage to a hierarchical organization of the sensorimotor system is that
a. parallel processing can occur with less interference from other input sources.
b. the brain is better able to compensate for deficiencies caused by impairment.
c. many alternate routes are available for sensory feedback.
d. higher levels of the hierarchy are left free to perform more complex functions.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 In the context of the sensorimotor system, explain what
hierarchically organized means.
Skill: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty: Easy
EOM_8.1.2
The only responses that are not normally guided by sensory feedback are
a. parallel movements.
b. ballistic movements.
c. sideways movements.
d. stereotypical movements.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Explain the important role of sensory input for motor output.
Difficulty: Easy
524
EOM_8.1.3
Sensorimotor learning is characterized by
a. the organization of individual responses into continuous motor programs.

b. the transfer of control of individual movements to lower levels of the CNS.
c. the segregation of the control response chains into a series of independent motor
programs.
d. both a and b
Answer: D
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe how learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor
control.
Difficulty: Moderate
EOM_8.1.4
Association cortices are _______________ in the sensorimotor hierarchy than secondary motor
cortices.
a. much lower
b. higher
c. lower
d. more parallel
Answer: B
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe and/or draw the general model of sensorimotor function.
Skill: Remember the Facts
Difficulty: Easy
525
EOM_8.1.5
Hannah, a dancer, has been learning a new routine. As she practices her moves, she watches
herself carefully in the mirror, thinks about each movement, and takes mental note of any errors
she makes. With continued practice, Hannah’s sensorimotor system will allow her to
a. adjust sensory feedback with conscious regulation.

b. adjust sensory feedback without conscious regulation.
c. anticipate movements as she subvocalizes.
d. break down each movement into separate units to sub-visually analyze while she
dances.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Describe how learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor
control.
Skill: Apply What You Know
Difficulty: Moderate
EOM_8.2.1
A striking consequence of posterior parietal cortex damage is
a. apraxia.
b. contralateral neglect.
c. auditory agnosia.
d. both a and b
Answer: D
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Explain the role of the posterior parietal cortex in sensorimotor
function, and describe what happens when it is damaged or stimulated.
Difficulty: Easy
526
EOM_8.2.2
Much of the output of the posterior parietal cortex goes to areas of motor cortex in the
___________ lobe.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. temporal
Answer: A
function, and describe what happens when it is damaged or stimulated.
Difficulty: Easy
EOM_8.2.3
Most patients with contralateral neglect display deficits in responding to stimuli on the
______________ of their bodies.
a. left side
b. right side
c. lower half
d. upper half
Answer: A
function, and describe what happens when it is damaged.
Difficulty: Easy
527
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CHAPTER II
THE GATEWAY TO EGYPT
I am again in Alexandria, the great sea-port of the valley of the

Nile. My first visit to it was just before Arabi Pasha started the
rebellion which threw Egypt into the hands of the British. I saw it
again seven years later on my way around the world. I find now a
new city, which has risen up and swallowed the Alexandria of the
past.
The Alexandria of to-day stands upon the site of the greatest of
the commercial centres of antiquity, but its present buildings are as
young as those of New York, Chicago, or Boston. It is one of the
boom towns of the Old World, and has all grown up within a century.
When George Washington was president it was little more than a
village; it has now approximately a half million inhabitants.
This is a city with all modern improvements. It has wide streets as
well paved as those of Washington, public squares that compare
favourably with many in Europe, and buildings that would be an
ornament to any metropolis on our continent. It is now a city of street
cars and automobiles. Its citizens walk or ride to its theatres by the
light of electricity, and its rich men gamble by reading the ticker in its
stock exchange. It is a town of big hotels, gay cafés, and palaces
galore. In addition to its several hundred thousand Mohammedans, it
has a large population of Greeks, Italians, and other Europeans,
among them some of the sharpest business men of the
Mediterranean lands. Alexandria has become commercial, money
making, and fortune hunting. The rise and fall of stocks, the boom in
real estate, and the modern methods of getting something for
nothing are its chief subjects of conversation, and the whole
population is after the elusive piastre and the Egyptian pound as
earnestly as the American is chasing the nickel and the dollar.
The city grows because it is at the sea-gate to Egypt and the
Sudan. It waxes fat on the trade of the Nile valley and takes toll of
every cent’s worth of goods that comes in and goes out. More than
four thousand vessels enter the port every year and in the harbour
there are steamers from every part of the world. I came to Egypt
from Tripoli via Malta, where I took passage on a steamer bound for
India and Australia, and any week I can get a ship which within
fifteen days will carry me back to New York.
One of the things to which Alexandria owes its greatness is the
canal that Mehemet Ali, founder of the present ruling dynasty of
Egypt, had dug from this place to the Nile. This remarkable man was
born the son of a poor Albanian farmer and lived for a number of
years in his little native port as a petty official and tobacco trader. He
first came into prominence when he led a band of volunteers against
Napoleon in Egypt. Later still he joined the Sultan of Turkey in
fighting the Mamelukes for the control of the country. The massacre
of the Mamelukes in 1811 left the shrewd Albanian supreme in the
land, and, after stirring up an Egyptian question that set the Powers
of Europe more or less by the ears with each other and with the
Sultan of Turkey, he was made Viceroy of Egypt, with nominal
allegiance to the Turkish ruler. When he selected Alexandria as his
capital, it was a village having no connection with the Nile. He dug a
canal fifty miles long to that great waterway, through which a stream
of vessels is now ever passing, carrying goods to the towns of the
valley and bringing out cotton, sugar, grain, and other products, for
export to Europe. The canal was constructed by forced labour. The
peasants, or fellaheen, to the number of a quarter of a million,
scooped the sand out with their hands and carried it away in baskets
on their backs. It took them a year to dig that fifty-mile ditch, and they
were so overworked that thirty thousand of them died on the job.
Ismail Pasha, grandson of Mehemet Ali, made other
improvements on the canal and harbour, and after the British took
control of Egypt they bettered Alexandria in every possible way.
It has now one of the best of modern harbours. The port is
protected by a breakwater two miles in length, and the biggest ocean
steamers come to the quays. There are twenty-five hundred acres of
safe anchorage inside its haven, while the arrangements for coaling
and for handling goods are unsurpassed.
These conditions are typical of the New Egypt. Old Mother Nile,
with her great dams and new irrigation works, has renewed her
youth and is growing in wealth like a jimson weed in an asparagus
bed. When I first saw the Nile, its valley was a country of the dead,
with obelisks and pyramids as its chief landmarks. Then its most
interesting characters were the mummified kings of more than twenty
centuries ago and the principal visitors were antiquity hunters and
one-lunged tourists seeking a warm winter climate. These same
characters are here to-day, but in addition have come the ardent
dollar chaser, the capitalist, and the syndicate. Egypt is now a land of
banks and stock exchanges. It is thronged with civil engineers,
irrigation experts, and men interested in the development of the
country by electricity and steam. The delta, or the great fan of land
which begins at Cairo and stretches out to the Mediterranean, is
gridironed with steel tracks and railroad trains, continuing almost to
the heart of central Africa.
I find Egypt changing in character. The Mohammedans are being
corrupted by the Christians, and the simple living taught by the
Koran, which commands the believer to abstain from strong drink
and other vices, has become infected with the gay and giddy
pleasures of the French. In many cases the system of the harem is
being exchanged for something worse. The average Moslem now
has but one wife, but in many cases he has a sweetheart in a house
around the corner, “and the last state of that man is worse than the
first.”
The ghouls of modern science are robbing the graves of those
who made the Pyramids. A telephone line has been stretched out of
Cairo almost to the ear of the Sphinx, and there is a hotel at the base
of the Pyramid of Cheops where English men and women drink
brandy and soda between games of tennis and golf.
Cotton warehouses and docks extend for a mile along the Mahmudiyeh Canal
connecting the port of Alexandria with the Nile River, and the prosperity of the city
rises and falls with the price of cotton in the world’s markets.
Nubian women sell fruit and flowers on the streets of Alexandria to-day, but once
their kings ruled all Egypt and defeated the armies of Rome. They became early
converts to Christianity but later adopted Mohammedanism.
The Egypt of to-day is a land of mighty hotels and multitudinous

tourists. For years it has been estimated that Americans alone spend
several million dollars here every winter, and the English, French,
and other tourists almost as much. It is said that in the average
season ten thousand Americans visit the Nile valley and that it costs
each one of them at least ten dollars for every day of his stay.
When I first visited this country the donkey was the chief means of
transport, and men, women, and children went about on long-eared
beasts, with Arab boys in blue gowns following behind and urging
the animals along by poking sharp sticks into patches of bare flesh,
as big as a dollar, which had been denuded of skin for the purpose.
The donkey and the donkey boy are here still, but I can get a street
car in Alexandria that will take me to any part of the town, and I
frequently have to jump to get out of the way of an automobile. There
are cabs everywhere, both Alexandria and Cairo having them by
thousands.
The new hotels are extravagant beyond description. In the one
where I am now writing the rates are from eighty to one hundred
piastres per day. Inside its walls I am as far from Old Egypt as I
would be in the Waldorf Astoria in New York. The servants are
French-speaking Swiss in “swallow-tails”, with palms itching for fees
just as do those of their class in any modern city. In my bedroom
there is an electric bell, and I can talk over the telephone to our
Consul General at Cairo. On the register of the hotel, which is
packed with guests, I see names of counts by the score and lords by
the dozen. The men come to dinner in steel-pen coats and the
women in low-cut evening frocks of silk and satin. There is a babel of
English, French, and German in the lounge while the guests drink
coffee after dinner, and the only evidences one perceives of a land of
North Africa and the Moslems are the tall minarets which here and
there reach above the other buildings of the city, and the voices of
the muezzins as they stand beneath them and call the
Mohammedans to prayer.
The financial changes that I have mentioned are by no means
confined to the Christians. The natives have been growing rich, and
the Mohammedans for the first time in the history of Egypt have
been piling up money. Since banking and money lending are
contrary to the Koran, the Moslems invest their surplus in real estate,
a practice which has done much to swell all land values.
Egypt is still a country of the Egyptians, notwithstanding the
overlordship of the British and the influx of foreigners. It has now
more than ten million people. Of these, three out of every four are
either Arabs or Copts. Most of them are Mohammedans, although
there are, all told, something like eight hundred and sixty thousand
Copts, descendants of the ancient Egyptians, who have a rude kind
of Christianity, and are, as a body, better educated and wealthier
than the Mussulmans.
The greater part of the foreign population of Egypt is to be found in
Alexandria and Cairo, and in the other towns of the Nile valley, as
well as in Suez and Port Said. There are more of the Greeks than of
any other nation. For more than two thousand years they have been
exploiting the Egyptians and the Nile valley and are to-day the
sharpest, shrewdest, and most unscrupulous business men in it.
They do much of the banking and money lending and until the
government established banks of its own and brought down the
interest rate they demanded enormous usury from the Egyptian
peasants. It is said that they loaned money on lands and crops at an
average charge of one hundred and fifty per cent. per annum.
This was changed, however, by the establishment of the
Agricultural Bank. The government, which controls that bank, lends
money to the farmers at eight per cent. to within half of the value of
their farms. To-day, since the peasants all over Egypt can get money
at this rate, the Greeks have had to reduce theirs.
The Italians number about forty thousand and the French twenty
thousand. There are many Italian shops here in Alexandria, while
there are hundreds of Italians doing business in Cairo. They also
furnish some of the best mechanics. Many of them are masons and
the greater part of the Aswan Dam and similar works were
constructed by them.
There are also Germans, Austrians, and Russians, together with a
few Americans and Belgians. The British community numbers a little
over twenty thousand. Among the other foreigners are some Maltese
and a few hundred British East Indians.
Sitting here at Alexandria in a modern hotel surrounded by the
luxuries of Paris or New York, I find it hard to realize that I am in one
of the very oldest cities of history. Yesterday I started out to look up
relics of the past, going by mile after mile of modern buildings,
though I was travelling over the site of the metropolis that flourished
here long before Christ was born. From the antiquarian’s point of
view, the only object of note still left is Pompey’s Pillar and that is
new in comparison with the earliest history of Old Egypt, as it was
put up only sixteen hundred years ago, when Alexandria was already
one of the greatest cities of the world. The monument was supposed
to stand over the grave of Pompey, but it was really erected by an
Egyptian prefect in honour of the Roman emperor, Diocletian. It was
at one time a landmark for sailors, for there was always upon its top
a burning fire which was visible for miles over the Mediterranean
Sea. The pillar is a massive Corinthian column of beautifully polished
red granite as big around as the boiler of a railroad locomotive and
as high as a ten-story apartment house. It consists of one solid block
of stone, standing straight up on a pedestal. It was dug out of the
quarries far up the Nile valley, brought down the river on rafts and in
some way lifted to its present position. In their excavations about the
pedestal, the archæologists learned of its comparatively modern
origin and, digging down into the earth far below its foundation,
discovered several massive stone sphinxes. These date back to old
Alexandria and were chiselled several hundreds of years before
Joseph and Mary brought the baby Jesus on an ass, across the
desert, into the valley of the Nile that he might not be killed by Herod
the King.
This city was founded by Alexander the Great three hundred and
thirty-two years before Christ was born. It probably had then more
people than it has to-day, for it was not only a great commercial port,
but also a centre of learning, religion, and art. It is said to have had
the grandest library of antiquity. The manuscripts numbered nine
hundred thousand and artists and students came from all parts to
study here. At the time of the Cæsars it was as big as Boston, and
when it was taken by the Arabs, along about 641 a.d., it had four
thousand palaces, four hundred public baths, four hundred places of
amusement, and twelve thousand gardens. When Alexander the
Great founded it he brought in a colony of Jews, and at the time the
Mohammedans came the Jewish quarter numbered forty thousand.
At Alexandria St. Mark first preached Christianity to the Egyptians,
and subsequently the city became one of the Christian centres of the
world. Here Hypatia lived, and here, as she was about to enter a
heathen temple to worship, the Christian monks, led by Peter the
Reader, tore her from her chariot and massacred her. They scraped
her live flesh from her bones with oyster shells, and then tore her
body limb from limb.
Here, too, Cleopatra corrupted Cæsar and later brought Marc
Antony to a suicidal grave. There are carvings of the enchantress of
the Nile still to be seen on some of the Egyptian temples far up the
river valley. I have a photograph of one which is in good preservation
in the Temple of Denderah. Its features are Greek rather than
Egyptian, for she was more of a Greek than a Simon-pure daughter
of the Nile. She was not noted for beauty, but she had such
wonderful charm of manner, sweetness of voice, and brilliancy of
intellect, that she was able to allure and captivate the greatest men
of her time.
Cleopatra’s first Roman lover was Julius Cæsar, who came to
Alexandria to settle the claims of herself and her brother to the
throne of Egypt. Her father, who was one of the Ptolemies, had at his
death left his throne to her younger brother and herself, and
according to the custom the two were to marry and reign together.
One of the brother’s guardians, however, had dethroned and
banished Cleopatra. She was not in Egypt when Cæsar came. It is
not known whether it was at Cæsar’s request or not, but the story
goes that she secretly made her way back to Alexandria, and was
carried inside a roll of rich Syrian rugs on the back of a servant to
Cæsar’s apartments. Thus she was presented to the mighty Roman
and so delighted him that he restored her to the throne. When he left
for Rome some time later he took her with him and kept her there for
a year or two. After the murder of Cæsar, Cleopatra, who had
returned to Egypt, made a conquest of Marc Antony and remained
his sweetheart to the day when he committed suicide upon the report
that she had killed herself. Antony had then been conquered by
Octavianus, his brother-in-law, and it is said that Cleopatra tried to
capture the heart of Octavianus before she took her own life by
putting the poisonous asp to her breast.
CHAPTER III
KING COTTON ON THE NILE
The whole of to-day has been spent wandering about the cotton
wharves of Alexandria. They extend for a mile or so up and down the
Mahmudiyeh Canal, which joins the city to the Nile, and are flanked
on the other side by railroads filled with cotton trains from every part
of Egypt. These wharves lie under the shadow of Pompey’s Pillar
and line the canal almost to the harbour. Upon them are great
warehouses filled with bales and bags. Near by are cotton presses,
while in the city itself is a great cotton exchange where the people
buy and sell, as they do at Liverpool, from the samples of lint which
show the quality of the bales brought in from the plantations.
Indeed, cotton is as big a factor here as it is in New Orleans, and
the banks of this canal make one think of that city’s great cotton
market. The warehouses are of vast extent, and the road between
them and the waterway is covered with bales of lint and great bags
of cotton seed. Skullcapped blue-gowned Egyptians sit high up on
the bales on long-bedded wagons hauled by mules. Other Egyptians
unload the bales from the cars and the boats and others carry them
to the warehouses. They bear the bales and the bags on their backs,
while now and then a man may be seen carrying upon his head a
bag of loose cotton weighing a couple of hundred pounds. The
cotton seed is taken from the boats in the same way, seed to the
amount of three hundred pounds often making one man’s load.
Late in the afternoon I went down to the harbour to see the cotton
steamers. They were taking on cargoes for Great Britain, Russia,
France, Germany, and the United States. This staple forms three
fourths of the exports of Egypt. Millions of pounds of it are annually
shipped to the United States, notwithstanding the fact that we raise
more than two thirds of all the cotton of the world. Because of its
long fibre, there is always a great demand for Egyptian cotton, which
is worth more on the average than that of any other country.
For hundreds of years before the reign of that wily old tyrant,
Mehemet Ali, whose rule ended with the middle of the nineteenth
century, Egypt had gone along with the vast majority of her people
poor, working for a wage of ten cents or so a day, and barely out of
reach of starvation all the time. Mehemet Ali saw that what she
needed to become truly prosperous and raise the standard of living
was some crop in which she might be the leader. It was he who
introduced long-staple cotton, a product worth three times as much
as the common sort, and showed what it could do for his country.
Since then King Cotton has been the money maker of the Nile valley,
the great White Pharaoh whom the modern Egyptians worship. He
has the majority of the Nile farmers in his employ and pays them
royally. He has rolled up a wave of prosperity that has engulfed the
Nile valley from the Mediterranean to the cataracts and the
prospects are that he will continue to make the country richer from
year to year. The yield is steadily increasing and with the improved
irrigation methods it will soon be greater than ever. From 1895 to
1900 its average annual value was only forty-five million dollars; but
after the Aswan Dam was completed it jumped to double that sum.
Though cotton is the big cash crop of Egypt, small flocks of sheep are kept on
many of the farms and the women spin the wool for the use of the family.
Sugar is Egypt’s crop of second importance. Heavy investments of French and
British capital in the Egyptian industry were first made when political troubles
curtailed Cuba’s production.
The greater part of Upper and Lower Egypt can be made to grow
cotton, and cotton plantations may eventually cover over five million
five hundred thousand acres. If only fifty per cent. of this area is
annually put into cotton it will produce upward of two million bales
per annum, or more than one sixth as much as the present cotton
crop of the world. In addition to this, there might be a further increase
by putting water into some of the oases that lie in the valley of the
Nile outside the river bottom, and also by draining the great lakes
about Alexandria and in other parts of the lower delta.
Egypt has already risen to a high place among the world’s cotton
countries. The United States stands first, British India second, and
Egypt third. Yet Egypt grows more of this staple for its size and the
area planted than any other country on the globe. Its average yield is
around four hundred and fifty pounds per acre, which is far in excess
of ours. Our Department of Agriculture says that our average is only
one hundred and ninety pounds per acre, although we have, of
course, many acres which produce five hundred pounds and more.
It is, however, because of its quality rather than its quantity that
Egyptian cotton holds such a commanding position in the world’s
markets. Cotton-manufacturing countries must depend on Egypt for
their chief supply of long-staple fibre. There are some kinds that sell
for double the amount our product brings. It is, in fact, the best cotton
grown with the exception of the Sea Island raised on the islands off
the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. The Sea Island cotton has
a rather longer fibre than the Egyptian. The latter is usually brown in
colour and is noted for its silkiness, which makes it valuable for
manufacturing mercerized goods. We import an enormous quantity
of it to mix with our cotton, and we have used the Egyptian seed to
develop a species known as American-Egyptian, which possesses
the virtues of both kinds.
There is a great difference in the varieties raised, according to the
part of the Nile valley from which each kind comes. The best cotton
grows in the delta, which produces more than four fifths of the
output.
A trip through the Nile cotton fields is an interesting one. The
scenes there are not in the least like those of our Southern states.
Much of the crop is raised on small farms and every field is marked
out with little canals into which the water is introduced from time to
time. There are no great farm houses in the landscape and no barns.
The people live in mud villages from which they go out to work in the
fields. They use odd animals for ploughing and harrowing and the
crop is handled in a different way from ours.
Let me give you a few of the pictures I have seen while travelling
through the country. Take a look over the delta. It is a wide expanse
of green, spotted here and there with white patches. The green
consists of alfalfa, Indian corn, or beans. The white is cotton,
stretching out before me as far as my eye can follow it.
Here is a field where the lint has been gathered. The earth is
black, with windrows of dry stalks running across it. Every stalk has
been pulled out by the roots and piled up. Farther on we see another
field in which the stalks have been tied into bundles. They will be
sold as fuel and will produce a full ton of dry wood to the acre. There
are no forests in Egypt, where all sorts of fuel are scarce. The stalks
from one acre will sell for two dollars or more. They are used for
cooking, for the farm engines on the larger plantations, and even for
running the machinery of the ginning establishments. In that village
over there one may see great bundles of them stored away on the
flat roofs of the houses. Corn fodder is piled up beside them, the
leaves having been torn off for stock feed. A queer country this,
where the people keep their wood piles on their roofs!
In that field over there they are picking cotton. There are scores of
little Egyptian boys and girls bending their dark brown faces above
the white bolls. The boys for the most part wear blue gowns and dirty
white skullcaps, though some are almost naked. The little girls have
cloths over their heads. All are barefooted. They are picking the fibre
in baskets and are paid so much per hundred pounds. A boy will
gather thirty or forty pounds in a day and does well if he earns as
much as ten cents.
The first picking begins in September. After that the land is
watered, and a second picking takes place in October. There is a
third in November, the soil being irrigated between times. The first
and second pickings, which yield the best fibre, are kept apart from
the third and sold separately.
After the cotton is picked it is put into great bags and loaded upon
camels. They are loading four in that field at the side of the road. The
camels lie flat on the ground, with their long necks stretched out.
Two bags, which together weigh about six hundred pounds, make a
load for each beast. Every bag is as long and wide as the mattress
of a single bed and about four feet thick. Listen to the groans of the
camels as the freight is piled on. There is one actually weeping. We
can see the tears run down his cheeks.
Now watch the awkward beasts get up. Each rises back end first,
the bags swaying to and fro as he does so. How angry he is! He
goes off with his lower lip hanging down, grumbling and groaning like
a spoiled child. The camels make queer figures as they travel. The
bags on each side their backs reach almost to the ground, so that
the lumbering creatures seem to be walking on six legs apiece.
Looking down the road, we see long caravans of camels loaded
with bales, while on the other side of that little canal is a small drove
of donkeys bringing in cotton. Each donkey is hidden by a bag that
completely covers its back and hides all but its little legs.
In these ways the crop is brought to the railroad stations and to the
boats on the canals. The boats go from one little waterway to
another until they come into the Mahmudiyeh Canal, and thence to
Alexandria. During the harvesting season the railroads are filled with
cotton trains. Some of the cotton has been ginned and baled upon
the plantations, and the rest is in the seed to be ginned at
Alexandria. There are ginning establishments also at the larger
cotton markets of the interior. Many of them are run by steam and
have as up-to-date machinery as we have. At these gins the seed is
carefully saved and shipped to Alexandria by rail or by boat.
The Nile bridge swings back to let through the native boats sailing down to
Alexandria with cargoes of cotton and sugar grown on the irrigated lands farther
upstream.
A rainless country, Egypt must dip up most of its water from the Nile, usually by
the crude methods of thousands of years ago. Here an ox is turning the creaking
sakieh, a wheel with jars fastened to its rim.
Egypt is a land that resists change, where even the native ox, despite the
frequent importation of foreign breeds, has the same features as are found in the
picture writings of ancient times. He is a cousin of the zebu.
The Egyptians put more work on their crop than our Southern
farmers do. In the first place, the land has to be ploughed with
camels or buffaloes and prepared for the planting. It must be divided
into basins, each walled around so that it will hold water, and inside
each basin little canals are so arranged that the water will run in and
out through every row. The whole field is cut up into these beds,
ranging in size from twenty-four to seventy-five feet square.
The cotton plants are from fourteen to twenty inches apart and set
in rows thirty-five inches from each other. It takes a little more than a
bushel of seed to the acre. The seeds are soaked in water before
planting, any which rise to the surface being thrown away. The
planting is done by men and boys at a cost of something like a dollar
an acre. The seeds soon sprout and the plants appear in ten or
twelve days. They are thinned by hand and water is let in upon them,
the farmers taking care not to give them too much. The plants are
frequently hoed and have water every week or so, almost to the time
of picking. The planting is usually done in the month of March, and,
as I have said, the first picking begins along in September.
I have been told that cotton, as it is grown here, exhausts the soil
and that the people injure the staple and reduce the yield by
overcropping. It was formerly planted on the same ground only every
third year, the ground being used in the interval for other crops or
allowed to lie fallow. At present some of the cotton fields are worked
every year and others two years out of three. On most of the farms
cotton is planted every other year, whereas the authorities say that in
order to have a good yield not more than forty per cent. of a man’s
farm should be kept to this crop from year to year. Just as in our
Southern states, a year of high cotton prices is likely to lead to
overcropping and reduced profits, and vice versa. Another trouble in
Egypt, and one which it would seem impossible to get around, is the
fact that cotton is practically the only farm crop. This puts the
fellaheen more or less at the mercy of fluctuating prices and
changing business conditions; so that, like our cotton farmers of the
South, they have their lean years and their fat years.
Egypt also has had a lot of trouble with the pink boll weevil. This
pestiferous cotton worm, which is to be found all along the valley of

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Biopsychology 10th Edition Pinel Test

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Like the sensory systems, the sensorimotor system is

2. Which of the following is a principle of sensorimotor organization?

a. The sensorimotor system is hierarchically organized.

3. Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback?

5. With respect to sensorimotor learning, the advantage of transferring control to lower

6. During sensorimotor learning,

7. Which structure is thought to be involved in the integration of the sensory information

a. posterior parietal cortex

8. Much of the output of the posterior parietal cortex goes to the

a. dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex.

9. Apraxia is usually caused by lesions to the

a. the left parietal lobe.

10. Apraxia typically affects

a. only the left side of the body.

11. Large lesions to the right parietal lobe sometimes produce

13. Contralateral neglect is usually associated with large lesions of the

a. right parietal lobe.

14. The dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

a. appears to be important in the initiation of complex voluntary movements.

a. posterior occipital cortex

a. the parietal lobe.

18. Some of the supplementary motor area is in the

19. Small areas of secondary motor cortex were discovered in the

a. dorsolateral frontal lobe.

a. terminate response sequences.

a. supplementary motor neurons.

a. simple movements of one joint.

a. located in one somatotopically segregated finger area.

a. direction of the movement.

31. A deficit in the ability to recognize objects by touch is called

32. The effects of damage to the primary motor cortex include

34. The cerebellum is thought to

a. correct ongoing movements that deviate from their intended course.

35. The consequences of widespread cerebellar damage include

a. difficulty in maintaining steady postures.

a. role in modulating motor output.

a. three major tracts.

41. The decussation in the medullary pyramids is part of the

a. dorsolateral corticospinal tract.

42. The cell bodies of Betz cells are found in the

43. The axons of Betz cells are part of the

a. dorsolateral corticospinal tract.

46. In neuroanatomy, “rubro” refers to the

47. Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on

a. muscles of the fingers and thumb.

51. The descending pathway illustrated here is the

a. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract.

a. directly on motor neurons.

a. control the trunk.

a. dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tracts were transected.

a. picking up pieces of food and then releasing them.

a. unit contract together.

a. fewest muscle fibers.

63. So-called fast muscle fibers

64. The biceps and triceps are

67. The tension of a muscle can be increased by increasing

a. the number of active neurons in its motor pool.

68. Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by

70. Intrafusal is to extrafusal as

71. The patellar tendon reflex is a