Math in Our World 3Rd Edition Sobecki Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Math in Our World 3rd Edition Sobecki
Solutions Manual
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7 Additional Topics in Algebra
Exercise Set 7-1
1. If you look at the signs of the coordinates, you 7. If you are looking at the graph it is much
know what quadrant the point will be in. easier to see the change in the data values than
Points in I are (+, +), points in II are (−, +), when you are looking at the data in a table.
points in III are (−, −), and points in IV are (+, When you are looking at the equation, then
−). you have to be able to interpret the equation
since no data values are given.
2. Slope tells you how steep a line is. If the
amount of “rise” is bigger than the amount of 8. The slope tells us the rate of change of the
“run,” then the line is steep. The bigger the real-world quantity. For example, if an
difference the steeper the line. If the “rise” and equation represents the growth of a plant, and
“run” are equal, then it is a 45degree angle. If 5
the “run” is bigger than the “rise,” then the line the slope is , then it might mean that the
3
is not very steep. The bigger the difference the
plant is growing 5 cm every 3 days.
less steep the line.
3. The x-intercept is the point on the graph that 9. (−2, −5) is plotted by starting at the origin and
lives on the x-axis. If a point lives on the x- moving two units left and five units down.
axis, then it must have a y value of zero. The
y-intercept is the point on the graph that lives
on the y-axis. If a point lives on the y-axis,
then it must have a x value that is zero.
4. If the line is vertical, then it will have no y

variable when it is simplified. If the line is
horizontal it will have no x variable when it is
simplified.
5. Draw horizontal and vertical segments, as

shown, and measure their lengths. Then for 10. (−3, −8) is plotted by starting at the origin and
case A, moving three units left and eight units down.
slope = PQ ÷ QR; for case B,
slope = −(PQ ÷ QR).
6. Suppose two points have coordinates ( x1 , y1 )

and ( x2 , y2 ) . The slope, m, of the line
containing the points is defined as
y −y
=m 2 1,x ≠ x
x −x 2 1
2 1
311
11. (−6, 4) is plotted by starting at the origin and 15. (0, 3) is plotted by starting at the origin and
moving six units left and four units up. moving three units up.
12. (3, −7) is plotted by starting at the origin and 16. (0, −2) is plotted by starting at the origin and
moving three units right and seven units down. moving two units down.
13. (6, 0) is plotted by starting at the origin and 17. (5.6, −3.2) is plotted by starting at the origin
moving six units right. and moving 5.6 units right and 3.2 units down.
14. (−4, 0) is plotted by starting at the origin and 18. (−4.8, 7.3) is plotted by starting at the origin
moving four units left. and moving 4.8 units left and 7.3 units up.
312
 1 1
19.  3 , 6  is plotted by starting at the origin
23. Since the point 4 units left of the origin and 2
 2 3 units above the origin, the point is ( −4, 2 ) .
1 1 24. Since the point is 1 unit left of the origin and 4
and moving 3 units right and 6 units up.
2 3 units below the origin, the point is ( −1, −4 ) .
25. Since the point is 3 units right of the origin and

4 units above the origin, the point is ( 3, 4 ) .
26. Since the point is on the y-axis and is 5 units

above the origin, the point is ( 0, 5 ) .
In exercises 27 – 30, answers are approximate.
27. Since the point is 3 units left of the origin and

3 units below the origin, the point is ( −3, −3 ) .
 1 1
20.  4 , 5  is plotted by starting at the origin
 4 8 1
28. Since the point is unit right of the origin and
1 1 2
and moving 4 units right and 5 units up.
4 8 1 
14 units above the origin, the point is  ,14 
2 
.
1
29. Since the point is on the x-axis and is 3 units
2
( ) 1
right of the origin, the point is 3 , 0 .
2
21. (−45, −2) is plotted by starting at the origin
and moving 45 units left and two units down. 30. Since the point is 1 unit right of the origin and
15 units below the origin, the point is (1, –15).
31. Substitute x = 2, x = 3, and x = 4 in the

equation 5x + y = 20 and solve each equation
for y. The three points are (2, 10), (3, 5), and
(4, 0). Plot the points on the plane and draw a
straight line through them.
22. (−2, −200) is plotted by starting at the origin

and moving two units left and 200 units down.
313
32. Substitute x = 0, x = 4, and x = 8 in the 35. Substitute x = −7, x = 0, and x = 7 in the
equation x + 4y = 24 and solve each equation equation 4x + 7y = 140 and solve each
for y. The three points are (0, 6), (4, 5), and (8, equation for y. The three points are ( −7, 24) ,
4). Plot the points on the plane and draw a (0, 20) , and (7,16) . Plot the points on the
plane and draw a straight line through them.
36. Substitute x = −8, x = 0, and x = 8 in the

33. Substitute x = 4, x = 5, and x = 6 in the equation 3x − 8y = 120 and solve each
equation 3x − y = 15 and solve each equation equation for y. The three points are (−8, −18),
for y. The three points are (4, −3), (5, 0), and (0, −15), and (8, −12). Plot the points on the
(6, 3). Plot the points on the plane and draw a plane and draw a straight line through them.
34. Substitute x = 1, x = 5, and x = 7 in the 37. Substitute x = −4, x = 3, and x = 10 in the

equation 2x − y = 10 and solve each equation equation 2x + 7y = −120 and solve each
for y. The three points are (1, −8), (5, 0), and equation for y. The three points are (−4, −16),
(7, 4). Plot the points on the plane and draw a (3, −18) and (10, −20). Plot the points on the
straight line through them. plane and draw a straight line through them.
314
38. Substitute x = −6, x = 0, and x = 6 in the y2 − y1 −5 − 0 −5
42. =
m = = = 5
equation 5x − 3y = −180 and solve each x2 − x1 3− 4 −1
equation for y. The three points are (−6, 50), The slope is 5.
(0, 60) and (6, 70). Plot the points on the plane
and draw a straight line through them. y2 − y1 7 − 0 7 7
43. m = = = = −
x2 − x1 0 − 4 −4 4
7
The slope is − .
4
y2 − y1 9 − 10 −1 1
44. m = = = = −
x2 − x1 4 − 2 2 2
1
The slope is − .
2
2 17
3 − ( −2)
y −y 3 34
39. Substitute x = −4, x = 6, and x = 16 in the 45. m = 2 1 = = 3 = −
x2 − x1 5
4 −8 −
19 19
3 5
equation x − y = 12 and solve each 6 6
4 6 34
The slope is − .
equation for y. The three points are (−4, −18), 19
(6, −9) and (16, 0). Plot the points on the plane
and draw a straight line through them. 1 11
11 − (6)
y2 − y1 2 22
46. m = = = 2 = −
x2 − x1 −2 3 − ( −1) − 7 7
4 4
22
The slope is − .
7
y2 − y1 3.1 − (−1.2) 4.3 43

47. m = = = = −
x2 − x1 2.2 − 3.8 −1.6 16
43
The slope is − .
16
40. Substitute x = −6, x = 9, and x = 24 in the
2 5 y2 − y1 −2.8 − (−6.1) 3.3 33
equation x − y = 6 and solve each 48. =
m = = =
3 8 x2 − x1 3.4 − 2 1.4 14
equation for y. The three points are (−6, −16), 33
(9, 0) and (24, 16). Plot the points on the plane The slope is .
and draw a straight line through them. 14
49. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for

x.
3x + 4 y = 24
3 x + 4(0) = 24
3 x = 24
x=8
To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for
y.
3x + 4 y = 24
3(0) + 4 y = 24
y2 − y1 7 − (−2) 9 4 y = 24
41. m= = = = 1
x2 − x1 6 − (−3) 9 y=6
The slope is 1.
315
So, the x intercept is (8, 0) and the 53. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for
y intercept is (0, 6). x.
1 2
50. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x− y = 18
4 3
x. 1 2
x − (0) = 18
−2 x + 7 y = −28 4 3
−2 x + 7(0) = −28 1
−2 x = −28 x = 18
4
x = 14 x = 72
To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for
y. y.
−2 x + 7 y = −28 1 2
−2(0) + 7 y = −28 x− y = 18
7 y = −28 4 3
1 2
y = −4 (0) − y = 18
4 3
So, the x intercept is (14, 0) and the 2
y intercept is (0, −4). − y= 18
3
y = −27
51. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for So, the x intercept is (72, 0) and the
x. y intercept is (0, −27).
−5 x − 6 y = 30
−5 x − 6(0) = 30
−5 x = 30 54. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for
x = −6 x.
To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for 9 1
− x+ y = −3
y. 10 3
−5 x − 6 y = 9 1
30 − x + (0) = −3
−5(0) − 6 y = 30 10 3
−6 y = 30 9
− x= −3
y = −5 10
10
So, the x intercept is (−6, 0) and the x=
y intercept is (0, −5). 3
52. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for y.
x. 9 1
− x+ y = −3
x + 6y = 10 10 3
x + 6(0) = 10 9 1
x = 10 − (0) + y = −3
10 3
To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for 1
y = −3
y. 3
x + 6y = 10 y = −9
0 + 6y = 10
6 y = 10 So, the x intercept is 
 10 , 0  and the

y=
5  3 
3 y intercept is (0, −9).
So, the x intercept is (10, 0) and the
 5
y int ercept is  0,  .
 3
316
55. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for 58. Solve the equation for y.
x. −2 x + 7 y =
14
−0.7 x − 0.5 y = 28 7=y 2 x + 14
−0.7 x − 2(0) = 28 7 y 2 x 14
−0.7 x = 28 = +
x = −40 7 7 7
2
To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for =y x+2
7
y.
−0.7 x − 0.5 y = 28 2
The slope is and the y intercept is (0, 2). To
5(0) − 0.5 y = 28 7
−0.5 y = 28 graph, use (0, 2) as one point and from this
y = −56 point move down 2 units and left 7 units. The
Hence, the x intercept is (–40, 0) and the second point is (−7, 0). Draw a line through
y intercept is (0, −56). the two points.
56. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for

x.
0.04 x + 0.07 y = 28
0.04 x + 0.07(0) = 28
0.04 x = 28
x = 700
y.
0.04 x + 0.07 y = 28
0.04(0) + 0.07 y = 28
0.07 y = 28
y = 400 59. Solve the equation for y.
Hence, the x intercept is (700, 0) and the x − 4y = 16
y intercept is ( 0, 400 ) . −4 y =− x + 16
−4 y − x 16
= +
57. Solve the equation for y. −4 −4 −4
1
7x + 5y =35 =y x−4
5y =−7 x + 35 4
5 y −7 x 35 1
= + The slope is and the y intercept is (0, −4).
5 5 5 4
7 To graph, use (0, −4) as one point. From this
y=− x+7
5 point move up 1 unit (or 2 units) and right 4
7 units (or 8 units). A second point is (4, −3) (or
The slope is − and the y intercept is (0, 7).
5 (8, −2)). Draw a line through the two points.
To graph, use (0, 7) as one point and from this
point move down 7 units and right 5 units. The
second point is (5, 0). Draw a line through the
two points.
317
60. Solve the equation for y. 61. Solve the equation for y.
4x − 8 y = 15 3x − 8 y = 100
−8 y = −4 x + 15 −8 y = −3x + 100
−8 y −4 x 15 −8 y −3x 100
= + = +
−8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8
1 15 3 25
=y x− =y x−
2 8 8 2
1 3
The slope is and the The slope is and the y intercept is
2 8
 15   0, − 25  . To graph, use  0, − 25  as one
y intercept is  0, −  . To graph, use    
 8  2   2 
 15  point. From this point move up 3 units and
 0, −  as one point. From this point move
 8  19 
right 8 units. A second point is  8, −  . The
down 1 unit and left 2 units. A second point is  2 
(−2, −2.875). Draw a line through the two graph shows another point on the line. Draw a
points. The graph shows another point on the line through the two points.
line.
62. Solve the equation for y.

−12 y + 5 x =160
−12 y =−5 x + 160
−12 y −5 x 160
= +
−12 −12 −12
5 40
= y x−
12 3
5
The slope is and the y intercept is
12
 40 
 0, −  .
 3 
318
64. Solve the equation for y.
 40  7 7 11 
To graph, use  0, −  as one point. From y +=
 3   2x + 
2 4 2
this point move up 5 units and right 12 units. 7 7 77
y+ = x+
 25  2 2 8
A second point is 12, −  . Draw a line 7 49
 3  =y x+
through the two points. 2 8
7
The slope is and the
2
 49 
y intercept is  0,  . To graph, use
 8 
 49 
 0,  as one point. From this point move
 8 
up 7 units and right 2 units. A second point is
 108 
 2,  Draw a line through the two points.
 8 
63. Solve the equation for y. The graph shows two other points on the line.
5 2 3
y− = − x− 
6 3 4
5 2 1
y− = − x+
6 3 2
2 4
y= − x+
3 3
2  4
The slope is − and the y intercept is  0,  .
3  3
 4
To graph, use  0,  as one point. From this
 3
point move down 2 units and right 3 units. A
 2
second point is  3, −  . Draw a line through
 3
the two points. The graph shows two other 65. The graph of x = −3 is a vertical line passing
points on the line.
through (−3, 0) on the x axis.
319
66. The graph of y = 2 is a horizontal line passing
through (0, 2) on the y axis. 69. Let y = cost of running the ad and let
x = number of weeks. Since it costs $6.50 per
week, the cost of x weeks is 6.5x. This together
with the setup charge of $50.00 gives us the
equation y = 6.5x + 50.
(a) For 3 weeks:

=y 6.5(3) + 50= 69.50
The cost for 3 weeks is $69.50.
(b) For 5 weeks:

=y 6.5(5) + 50= 82.50
67. Solve the equation for y. The cost for 5 weeks is $82.50.
−3 y = 8
8
y= − (c) For 10 weeks:
3 =y 6.5(10) + =50 115
8
The graph of y = − is a horizontal line The cost for 10 weeks is $115.
3
 8 70. Let y = cost of painting and let x = number of
passing through  0, −  on the y axis.
 3 rooms. Since it costs $210 per room, the cost
of x rooms is 210x. This together with the
initial cost of $60 gives us the equation y =
210x + 60.
(a) For a five-room house:

y = 210(5) + 60
The cost for a five-room house is $1,110.
(b) For a seven-room house:

y = 210(7) + 60
The cost for a seven-room house is
$1,530.
(c) For a twenty-room house:

68. Solve the equation for x. y = 210(20) + 60
5 x = 42 The cost for a nine-room house is $4,260.
42
x=
5 71. Let y = rental cost and let x = number of miles.
42 Since it costs $0.20 per mile, the cost of x
The graph of x = is a vertical line passing miles is 0.2x. This, together with the charge of
5
$26 for one day, gives us the equation
 42 
through  , 0  on the x axis. y = 0.2x + 26.
 5 
(a) For 30 miles:
y = 0.2(30) + 26 = 32
The cost for 30 miles is $32.
(b) For 55 miles:

y = 0.2(55) + 26 = 37
(c) For 220 miles:

y = 0.2(220) + 26 = 70
320
72. The cost can be modeled by the equation: 75. The number of alcohol related traffic fatalities
C= 25 + 4.99 x where x is the number of can be modeled by the equation
months. = F 17, 524 − 797 x , where x is the number of
a) Substitute 3 for x: years since 2003.
= 25 + 4.99(3)
C
= 25 + 14.97
C In 2012, which is 9 years from 2003, the
number of fatalities will be:
C = $39.97 F = 17, 524 − 797(9) = 10, 351
b) Substitute 6 for x:
The first year in which the number of fatalities
= 25 + 4.99(6)
C
will be less than 7,000 can be found by solving
= 25 + 29.94
C the equation:
C = $54.94 =7, 000 17, 524 − 797 x
c) Two years = 24 months, substitute 24 for x: −10, 524 = 797 x
C= 25 + 4.99(24) 13.26 ≈ x
C= 25 + 119.76 So, it will be 14 years from 2003 when the
number is less than 7,000, so the year will be
C = $144.76 2017.
73. The number of emails can be modeled by the 76. The percentage of Americans over the age of
equation= E 13 x + 167 , where x is the number 25 that had completed less than 12 years of
of years since 2009. school can be modeled by= P 21.1 − .4 x ,
where x is the number of years since 1970.
In 2020, which is 11 years from 2009, the
number of average daily emails will be: The first year in which the percentage reached
E= 13(11) + 167= 310 7.85 can be found by solving the equation:
The year in which the average number of = 21.1 − 0.4 x
7.85
emails will pass 400 can be found by solving −13.25 = −0.4 x
the equation: x = 33.125
= 13 x + 167
400 The year in which the percentage would be
233 = 13 x 7.85 is approximately 1970 + 33.125 =
18 ≈ x 2003.125. So between the years 2003 and
2009 + 18 is the year 2027. 2004.
74. The number of civilian mental health care 77. We are given two pieces of data: in 2004 there
providers can be modeled by the equation were 36.3 million and in 2050 (46 years later)
= C 395 x + 1, 950 , where x is the number of there will be 86.7 million. Find the slope of the
years since 2007. line containing (0, 36.3) and (46, 86.7).
86.7 − 36.3 50.4
In 2010, which is 3 years from 2007, the = m = ≈ 1.1
number of average daily emails will be: 46 − 0 46
C = 395(3) + 1, 950 = 3,135 The number of millions of Americans 65 and
over can be modeled by:= P 1.1x + 36.3 :
The number of years it will take the number of
providers to double ( 2 ⋅ 1, 950 =
3, 900 ) can be where x is the number of years since 2004.
found by solving the equation:
To find the year in which the population will
3,=
900 395 x + 1, 950
reach 100 million, solve the following
1, 950 = 395 x equation for x to find the number of years
5≈ x since 2040:
It will take about 5 years to double, so the year = 1.1x + 36.3
100
will 2007 + 5 = 2012. 63.7 = 1.1x
58 = x
2004 + 58 = 2062.
The population is expected to reach 100
million in 2062.
321
78. We are given the data points (0, 10) and (12, 80. a) Substitute 0, 4, and 8 for x in the equation.
13.32). The slope is = y 33.285 x + 220.458
13.32 − 10 3.32 =y 33.285(0) + 220.458
=m = ≈ 0.28
12 − 0 12 y = 220.458
The cost of the item can be modeled by: The expenditures will be $220.458 billion in
= C 0.28 x + 10 , where x is the number of 2000.
years since 2000. = y 33.285 x + 220.458
= y 33.285(4) + 220.458
To find the number of years for the cost to
double, solve the following equation for x: y = 353.598
= 20 0.28 x + 10 The expenditures will be $353.598 billion in
10 = 0.28 x 2004.
35.7 ≈ x = y 33.285 x + 220.458
= y 33.285(8) + 220.458
It will take approximately 35.7 years for the
cost of the item to double, or sometime in y = 486.738
2035. The expenditures will be $486.738 billion in
2008.
79. a) Substitute 0, 4, and 8 for x in the equation. b) To find the year in which the expenditures
= y 26.237 x + 181.153 will exceed $1 trillion, solve the equation:
= y 26.237(0) + 181.153 =
1000 33.285 x + 220.458
779.542 = 33.285 x
y = 181.153 23.42 ≈ x
The expenditures will be $181.153 billion in So in 2000 + 24 = 2024, the expenditures will
2000. exceed 1 trillion dollars.
= y 26.237 x + 181.153 c) Actual answers may vary. Projected amount
is:
= y 26.237(4) + 181.153
= y 33.285 x + 220.458
y = 286.101 = y 33.285(11) + 220.458
The expenditures will be $286.101 billion in y = 586.593
2004. The projected amount of expenditures in 2011
= y 26.237 x + 181.153 is $586.593 billion.
= y 26.237(8) + 181.153
y = 391.049 81. a) The total cost can be modeled by the
The expenditures will be $391.049 billion in =
equation C 12, 000 + 1.73 x where x is the
2008. number of slingshots. Substitute 1,000 in for x
b) The find the year in which the expenditures in the equation.
will exceed $1 trillion, solve the equation: = C 12, 000 + 1.73 (1, 000 )
= 1000 26.237 x + 181.53
818.47 = 26.237 x C = 13, 730
31.2 ≈ x It will cost them $13,730 to produce 1,000
So in 2000 + 32 = 2032, the expenditures will slingshots.
exceed 1 trillion dollars. b) The revenue can be modeled by R = 12.99 x .
c) Actual answers may vary. Projected amount Substitute 1,000 in for x in the equation:
is: R = 12.99(1,000)
= y 26.237 x + 181.153
= y 26.237(11) + 181.153 R = 12,990
y = 469.76 They would make $12,990 selling 1,000
The projected amount of expenditures in 2011 slingshots.
is $469.76 billion. So, the company’s profit on 1,000 slingshots
produced and sold would be C – R = 12,990 –
13,730 = –740. They would have a loss of
$740.
322
82. a) The total cost can be modeled by the 86. The number of viruses can be modeled by the
equation= C 4,000 + 1.29 x where x is the =
equation y 4, 000 + 400 x where x represents
number of CDs. Substitute 2,000 in for x in the the number of weeks since the beginning of
equation. 2012. The find when the number will top
= C 4, 000 + 1.29(2, 000) 100,000, solve the equation:
C = 6,580
It will cost them $6,580 to produce 2,000 CDs. 100,= 000 40, 00 + 400 x
b) The revenue can be modeled by R = 7.99 x . 60, 000 = 400 x
Substitute 2,000 in for x in the equation: 150 = x
R = 7.99(2, 000) It will take about 150 weeks after the
beginning of 2012, which is about 6 weeks
R = 15, 980 before the beginning of 2015.
They would make $15,980 selling 2,000 CDs.
So, the company’s profit on 2,000 CDs 87. a)
produced and sold would be C – R = 15,980 –
6,580 = 9,400. They would make $9,400.
83. Sandi’s weight can be modeled by the

equation =w 160 − 3 x where x is the number
of months on the diet. Substitute 130 in for w
in the equation.
= 160 − 3 x
130
130 − 160 = 160 − 160 − 3 x
−30 = −3 x
b) The percentage either declines or stayed
−30 −3 x
= about the same for twenty years, from 1968
−3 −3 until 1988. There was a one-year spike in
x = 10 1992, but then it started to increase steadily
It will take her 10 months to reach 130 pounds. after 1996.
84. The amount of money in the pot can be 88. a) The largest percentage was in 1968, and the
modeled by the equation smallest in 1996.
= y 2, 000, 000 + 0.5 x , five years is 0.5 b) The largest decrease appears to be either
decade, where x is the number of tickets sold. from 1968 to 1972, or from 1992 to 1996.
Substitute 250,000 in for x in the equation. Going back to the table would be a good idea
= y 2, 000, 000 + 0.5(250, 000) to find out for sure. The largest increase was
1988 to 1992.
y = 2,125, 000
c) Answers may vary.
The jackpot will be $2,125,000.
89. a)
85. The number of diseases in the community can
be modeled by the equation= y 350 − 5 x
where x is the number of years. Substitute 0 in
for y.
= 0 350 − 5 x
0 − 350 = 350 − 350 − 5 x
−350 = −5 x
−350 −5 x
=
−5 −5
70 = x b) Other than one down year in 2001, the
It will take 70 years to eliminate all diseases. number of adoptions increased vary rapidly
from 1999 to 2005, then suddenly decreased
very rapidly for the next three years.
323
90. a) The largest number of adoptions occurred in 95. Solve ax + by = c for y.
2005, and the smallest number in 2008. x =1
b) The largest increase was in 2002 and the ax + by = c
largest decrease was in 2008. by = − ax + c
c) Answers may vary. − ax + c
y=
91. The denominator of the fraction for the slope b
a c
will always be zero. y= − x+
b b
92. The numerator of the fraction for the slope will
always be zero. Find two points on the line ax + by = c.
x intercept: Set y = 0:
93. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) be two points on a ax + b ( 0 ) = c
line. Then y2 − y1 is the vertical distance ax = c
between the points and x2 − x1 is the c
x=
horizontal distance between the points. By the a
Pythagorean theorem, c= 2
a 2 + b 2 , the c 
The x intercept is  , 0  ,
distance, d, between the two points on the line a 
is d 2 = ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( x2 − x1 )2 or y intercept: Set x = 0:
a ( 0 ) + by = c
d= ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( x2 − x1 )2 . by = c
c
94. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) be two points on y=
b
the line.
 c
The y intercept is  0,  ,
The x coordinate of the midpoint is half the  b
distance from x1 to x2. xm = x1 + 12 ( x2 − x1 ) Using these two points, the slope is:
=x1 + 12 x2 − 12 x1 c
= 22 x1 − 12 x1 + 12 x2 −0
b c  a a
= 12 x1 + 12 x2 m= = ⋅  −  =−
c b  c b
x +x 0−
= 1 2 a
2
The y coordinate of the midpoint is half the 96. They have the same rate of change.
distance from y1 to y2. ym = y1 + 12 ( y2 − y1 )
=y1 + 12 y2 − 12 y1 97. 1980 – 1990:
= 22 y1 − 12 y1 + 12 y2 6.3 − 8.8
= −0.25
= 12 y1 + 12 y2 1990 − 1980
y + y2 1990 – 2000:
= 1
2 5.8 − 6.3
= −0.05
Thus the coordinates for the midpoint, 2000 − 1990
2000 – 2005:
 x + x2 , y1 + y2  .
( xm , ym ), are  1  3.4 − 5.8
 2 2  = −0.24
2005 − 2000
2005 – 2010:
2.7 − 3.4
= −0.07
2010 − 2005
A linear model would be a bad idea because
the rates of change vary a lot.
324
98. 1980 – 1990:
17, 839 − 11, 269
= 657
1990 − 1980
1990 – 2000:
23, 533 − 17, 839
= 569.40
2000 − 1990
2000 – 2010:
29, 887 − 23, 533
= 635.40
2010 − 2000
A linear model would be pretty good because

the rates of change are close enough to being
the same.
Exercise Set 7-2

1. A solution to a system of two equations is an 7. Substitute the coordinates into each equation
ordered pair (x, y) that satisfies both equations. to see if it’s a true statement for both.
3x − y = 5
2. To solve a system of linear equations x + 2y = 11
graphically, sketch the graph of each equation
and find the point or points of intersection (if Check (3,4):
there is one). ? ?
3 ( 3) − 4 =
5 ( 3) + 2 ( 4 ) =
11
? ?
3. A point common to both lines is a solution to a 9− 4= 5 3+ 8= 11
system of linear equations because the 5=5 11 = 11
coordinates of the point, when substituted into Since the point (3, 4) satisfies both equations it
both equations, will result in a true statement. is a solution to the system.
4. Algebraic methods for solving systems of Check (5, 10):
equations are important because graphing ? ?
lacks accuracy. 3 ( 5 ) − 10 =
5 ( 5) + 2 (10 ) =
11
? ?
15 − 10 = 5 5 + 20 = 11
5. Answers may vary.
5=5 25 ≠ 11
Since the point (5, 10) does not satisfy both
6. Two intersecting lines will have one solution;
equations it is not a solution to the system.
parallel lines will have no solution; if the
equations represent the same line there will be
infinitely many solutions.
325
8. Substitute the coordinates into each equation 10. Substitute the coordinates into each equation
to see if it’s a true statement for both. to see if it’s a true statement for both.
2x + 4 y = 4 7x − 3y = 12
x − 3y = −8 −4 x − 6 y = −12
Check (4, −1):  2
? ? Check  2,  :
2 ( 4 ) + 4 ( −1) =
4 4 − 3 ( −1) =
−8  3
? ?
2 ? 2 ?
8− 4= 4 4+7= −8 7 ( 2) − 3  = 12 −4 ( 2 ) − 6   = − 12
4=4 11 ≠ −8 3 3
? ?
Since the point (4,−1) does not satisfy both 14 − 2 =12 −8 − 4 =− 12
equations it is not a solution to the system. 12 = 12 −12 = −12
 2
Check (−2, 2): Since the point  2,  satisfies both equations
? ?  3
2 ( −2 ) + 4 ( 2 ) =
4 −2 − 3 ( 2 ) =
−8 it is a solution to the system.
? ?
−4 + 8 = 4 −2 − 6 =
−8 Check (3, 3):
4=4 −8 =−8 ? ?
Since the point (−2, 2) satisfies both equations 7 ( 3) − 3 ( 3) =
12 −4 ( 3) − 6 ( 3) =
− 12
? ?
it is a solution to the system. 21 − 9 = 12 −12 − 18 = − 12
12 = 12 −30 ≠ −12
9. Substitute the coordinates into each equation Since the point (3, 3) does not satisfy both
to see if it’s a true statement for both. equations it is not a solution to the system.
6x + 7 y =24
11. Substitute the coordinates into each equation
−2 x + y =2
to see if it’s a true statement for both.
Check (11,−6):
3
? ? x + 6y = 32
6 (11) + 7 ( −6 ) =
24 −2 (11) + ( −6 ) =2 4
1 367
x+ y =
? ?
66 − 42 = 24 −22 − 6 =2 5 15
24 = 24 −28 ≠ 2
Since the point (11,−6) does not satisfy both  7
Check  24,  :
equations it is not a solution to the system.  3
7
( 24 ) +   =
3 1 7 367
1  (24) + 6   = 32
Check  , 3  : 4 3 5  3  15
2  18 + 14 = 32 360 7 367
32 = 32 + =
1 ?
1 ? 15 15 15
6   + 7 ( 3) = 24 −2   + ( 3) = 2 367 367
2 2 =
? ? 15 15
3 + 21 =24 −1 + 3 =2
24 = 24 2=2  7
Since the point  24,  satisfies both
1   3
Since the point  , 3  satisfies both equations equations it is a solution to the system.
2 
it is a solution to the system. 
Check  −16,  :
10 
 3 
3  10  1  10  367
(−16) + 6   = 32 ( −16 ) +   =
4 3 5  3  15
−12 + 20 = 32 240 10 367
8 ≠ 32 − + =
15 15 15
46 367
− ≠
3 15
 10 
Since the point  −16,  does not satisfy
 3 
either equation, it is not a solution to the
system.
326
12. Substitute the coordinates into each equation 14. Draw the graphs for both equations on the
to see if it’s a true statement for both. Cartesian plane.
20 25
x− y= 18
3 8
3 759
5x − y =
4 100
Check 
 147 
,6 :
 4 
20  147  25  147  3 759
  − (6) = 18 5   − (6) =
3  4  8  4  4 100
735 75 735 18 759
− = 18 − =
3 4 4 4 100 The point of intersection is (3, −1). So, the
8,820 225 717 759 solution set is {(3, −1)}.
− = 18 ≠
12 12 4 100
905
≠ 18 15. Multiply each equation through by its LCD in
4 order to remove the fractional coefficients.
Draw the graphs for both equations on the
Since the point 
 147 , 6  does not satisfy Cartesian plane.
 2
 4  1 
 x− y = −2 
either equation, it is not a solution to the 1 2 
system.
2x − y = −4
 259  :
Check  1, −  3 1 2
 75  1
x+ y =
− 
3  259  759

1 3 3
(1) −  −  =
20 25 259 3
18 5 (1) −  − =
3 8  75  4  75  100 x+ y = −2
20 259 259 759
+ = 18 5+ =
3 24 100 100
160 259 500 259 759
+ = 18 + =
24 24 100 100 100
419 759 759
≠ 18 =
24 100 100

Since the point  1, −
259 
 does not satisfy
 75 
both equations it is not a solution to the
system. The point of intersection is (−2, 0). So, the
solution set is {(−2, 0)}.
13. Draw the graphs for both equations on the
Cartesian plane.
The point of intersection is (7, 0). So, the

solution set is {(7, 0)}.
327
16. Multiply each equation through by its LCD in 19. Draw the graphs for both equations on the
order to remove the fractional coefficients. Cartesian plane.
Draw the graphs for both equations on the
Cartesian plane.
4 1 1 1
 x+ y =
1 4 4 2 
x+ y = 2
6 1 1 3
 x− y = − 
1 2 3 2 The lines do not intersect, so the system is
inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ .
3x − 2 y = −9
20. Draw the graphs for both equations on the
Cartesian plane.
The point of intersection is (−1, 3). So, the

solution set is {(−1, 3)}.
The lines coincide. The solution set is
17. Draw the graphs for both equations on the {(x, y) | 3x − 5y = −2}. The system is
Cartesian plane. dependent.
21. Select one equation and solve for one variable.

x+ y = 0
x = −y
Substitute x = −y into the second equation and
solve for y.
x − 2y + 9 = 0
−y − 2y + 9 = 0
−3 y = −9
−3 y −9
=
The point of intersection is (2, −2). So, the −3 −3
y=3
solution set is {(2, −2)}.
Substitute y = 3 into one equation and solve
18. Draw the graphs for both equations on the for x.
Cartesian plane. x+ y = 0
x+3 = 0
x = −3
The solution set is {(−3, 3)}.
The point of intersection is (0, 0). So, the

solution set is {(0, 0)}.
328
22. Substitute x = 2 − y into the second equation 25. Substitute x = y + 2 into the first equation and
and solve for y. solve for y.
3x − 2 y = 1 2x − 3y = 1
3(2 − y ) − 2 y = 1 2( y + 2) − 3 y =
1
6 − 3y − 2 y = 1 2 y + 4 − 3y =1
−5 y = −5 − y =−3
−5 y −5 y=3
=
−5 −5 Substitute y = 3 into one equation and solve
y =1 for x.
Substitute y = 1 into one equation and solve x=y+2
for x. x=3+2
x=2−y x=5
x=2−1 The solution set is {(5, 3)}.
x=1
The solution set is {(1, 1)}. 26. Substitute x = y − 13 into the first equation and
solve for y.
23. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 2x + 3y = −1
x − 3y = 7 2( y − 13) + 3 y = −1
=x 3y + 7 2 y − 26 + 3 y = −1
5 y = 25
Substitute x = 3y + 7 into the second equation y=5
and solve for y. Substitute y = 5 into one equation and solve
4x + 3y = 13 for x.
4(3 y + 7) + 3 y = 13
12 y + 28 + 3 y = 13 x = y − 13
15 y = −15 x = 5 − 13
15 y −15 x = −8
=
15 15 The solution set is {(−8, 5)}.
y = −1
Substitute y = −1 into one equation and solve
for x.
x − 3y = 7
x − 3(−1) = 7
x+3= 7
x=4
The solution set is {(4, −1)}.

x + 2y = 11
x= 11 − 2 y
Substitute x = 11 − 2y into the second equation
and solve for y.
2x − y = 7
2(11 − 2 y ) − y = 7
22 − 4 y − y = 7
−5 y = −15
−5 y −15
=
−5 −5
y=3
for x.
x + 2y = 11
x + 2(3) = 11
x+6 = 11
x=5
The solution set is {(5, 3)}.
329
27. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 28. Select one equation and solve for one variable.
4x + 3y = 24 −8 x + 2 y = −32
3=y 24 − 4 x 2=y 8 x − 32
4x =y 4 x − 16
y= 8 −
3 Substitute y = 4x − 16 into the first equation
4x and solve for x.
Substitute y= 8 − into the second equation 4 x − 3(4x − 16) = 26
3
4 x − 12 x + 48 = 26
and solve for x. −8 x + 48 = 26
3x + 5 y = 22 −8 x = −22
 4x  11
3x + 5  8 −  = 22 x=
 3  4
20 x
3 x + 40 − = 22 Substitute x =
11
into one equation and solve
3 4
20 x
3x − = −18 for y.
3
3 20 x  11 
3 ⋅ 3x − ⋅ = 3(−18) = y 4   − 16
1 3 4
9 x − 20 x = −54 y= 11 − 16
−11x = −54 y = −5
54
x=  11 
11 The solution set is  , −5   .
54  4 
Substitute x = into one equation and solve
11
for y.
3=x 5 y + 16
4x + 3y = 24 5 16
 54  = x y+
4  + 3y = 24 3 3
 11 
216 5 16
+ 3y = 24 Substitute = x y+ into the second
11 3 3
264 216 equation and solve for y.
=3y −
11 11 5 y − 3x =−16
48 5 16 
3y = 5 y − 3 y +  = −16
11
16 3 3
y= 5 y − 5 y − 16 =−16
11 −16 = −16
 54 16   Since the variables are eliminated and the
The solution set is  ,   .
 11 11   equation −16 = −16 is true, the system is
dependent. The solution set is
{(x, y) | 3x = 5y + 16}.

−5 x + y = 10
=
y 5 x + 10
Substitute = y 5 x + 10 into the second
equation and solve for y.
20 x − 4(5 x + 10) =−40
20 x − 20 x − 40 = −40
−40 = −40
Since the variables are eliminated and the
equation −40 = −40 is true, the system is
dependent. The solution set is
{(x, y) | –5x + y = 10}.
330
31. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 34. Multiply the first equation by 2. Then subtract
x + 2y =6 the second equation from the first equation.
x= 6 − 2 y 10 x − 2 y = 20
Substitute x= 6 − 2 y into the second equation − x + 2 y =−18
and solve for y. 9x = 2
−3(6 − 2 y ) − 6 y =
18 2
x=
−18 + 6 y − 6 y =
18 9
−18 =18 2
Since the variables are eliminated and the 9
equation −18 = 18 is not true, the system is for y.
inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ . 5x − y =10
2
5  − y = 10
32. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 9
4x − y = 7 10
− y = 7 − 4x −y= 10
9
=y 4x − 7 80
Substitute = −y =
y 4 x − 7 into the second equation 9
80
and solve for y. y= −
−16 x + 4(4 x − 7) =
2 9
−16 x + 16 x − 28 =
2  2 80  
The solution set is  , −   .
−28 =2  9 9 
Since the variables are eliminated and the
equation −28 = 2 is not true, the system is 35. Multiply the second equation by 3. Then add
inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ . the second equation to the first equation to
eliminate the x variable and solve for y.
33. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c. −3 x + 3 y =−9
3x − 2 y = 10 3x + 4 y = 2
−3 x + 9 y = −7
7 y = −7
Add the equations to eliminate the x variable.
Then solve for y. y = −1
3x − 2 y = 10 Substitute y = −1 into one equation and solve
−3 x + 9 y = −7 for y.
7y = 3 −1 − x =−3
3 − x =−2
y=
7 x=2
3 The solution set is {(2, −1)} .
Substitute y = into one equation and solve
7
for x. 36. Multiply the first equation by 5. Then subtract
3=x 2 y + 10 the second equation from the first equation to
3 eliminate a variable.
= 3 x 2   + 10 5 x − 15 y =
45
7
3 x=
6 70
+ 5 x − 15 y = −30
7 7 0 = 75
76
3x = Since both variables are eliminated and the
7 equation 0 = 75 is not true, the system is
1 1 76
⋅ 3x = ⋅ inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ .
3 3 7
76
x=
21
 76 3  
The solution set is  ,   .
 21 7  
331
37. Multiply the first equation by −3. Then add the 40. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c.
equations. 2x − 6 y = 4
−15 x + 6 y =−33 5x − 4 y =12
15 x − 6 y = 33 Multiply the first equation by 5 and multiply
0= 0 the second equation by 2. Then subtract the
second equation from the first equation to
Since the variables are eliminated and 0 = 0 is eliminate the x variable.
true, the system is dependent. The solution set 10 x − 30 y = −20
is {(x, y) | 5x − 2y = 11}.
10 x − 8 y =
24
38. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c. −22 y =−44
−x + 2 y = 11 y=2
x + 3y = 14 Substitute y = 2 into one equation and solve
Add the equations to eliminate the x variable for x.
and solve for y.
4 + 2x = 6(2)
− x + 2 y =11
4 + 2x = 12
x + 3y = 14
5 y = 25 2x = 8
y= 5 x=4
Substitute y = 5 into one equation and solve The solution set is {(4, 2)} .
for x.
x + 3y = 14 41. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c.
x + 3(5) = 14 2x − 3y = −2
x + 15 = 14 5x − 2 y = −9
x = −1
Multiply the first equation by −2 and the
The solution set is {(−1, 5)}.
second equation by 3. Add the equations to
eliminate the y variable. Then solve for x.
39. Multiply the first equation by 4 and multiply
the second equation by 3. Then add the first −4 x + 6 y = 4
equation to the second equation to eliminate 15 x − 6 y = −27
the x variable. 11x = −23
−12 x − 24 y = −96 23
x= −
12 x + 24 y = 96 11
0=0 23
Substitute x = − into one equation and
Since both variables are eliminated and the 11
equation 0 = 0 is true, the system is dependent solve for y.
and the solution set is {(x, y) | 4x + 8y = 32}, 2x − 3y = −2
or {( x, y ) | x + 2 y =
8} .  23 
2 −  − 3y = −2
 11 
46
− − 3y = −2
11
24
−3 y =
11
8
y= −
11
 23 8 
The solution set is  − , −   .
 11 11  
332
42. Multiply the first equation by 3 and multiply 44. Multiply each equation through by its least
the second equation by 5. Then add the first common denominator to change the
equation to the second equation to eliminate coefficients to integers.
the x variable. 6x − 3y = −25
15 x − 45 y = 18 4x + 3y = −5
−15 x + 45 y = −30 Add the equations together to eliminate the y
0 = −12 variable. Then solve for x.
Since both variables were eliminated and the 6x − 3y = −25
equation 0 = –12 is not true, the system is 4x + 3y = −5
inconsistent and the solution set is ∅ . 10 x = −30
43. Multiply each equation through by its least x = −3
common denominator to change the Substitute x = –3 into one equation and solve
coefficients to integers. for y.
2x + 3y = 108 4( −3) + 3 y =−5
4x − 2 y =64 −12 + 3 y = −5
Multiply the first equation by 2. Then subtract 3y = 7
the second equation from the first equation to 7
eliminate the x variable. Then solve for y. y=
3
4x + 6 y =216
 7 
4x − 2 y =
64 The solution set is  −3,   .
  3 
8 y = 152
y = 19 45. Select one equation and solve for one variable.
Substitute x = 19 into one equation and solve 4x + y = 2
for y. y= 2 − 4 x
4 x + 6(19) = 216 Substitute y = 2 − 4x into the second equation
4 x + 114 = 216 and solve for x.
7x + 3y = 1
4 x = 102 7 x + 3(2 − 4 x) =1
51 7 x + 6 − 12 x =1
x= −5 x =−5
2 x =1
 51   Substitute x = 1 into one equation and solve
The solution set is  ,19   .
 2  for y.
4x + y = 2
4(1) + y = 2
4+ y = 2
y = −2
The system is consistent. The solution set is
{(1, −2)}.
333
46. Multiply the first equation by −3 and the 48. Multiply the first equation by 3 and add the
second equation by 8. Then add the equations equations to eliminate the y variable. Then
to eliminate the x variable. Solve for y. solve for x.
−24 x + 6 y =6 12 x − 3 y = 33
24 x − 40 y = 32 7x + 3y = 14
−34 y = 38 19 x = 47
19 47
y= − x=
17 19
Substitute y = –19/17 into one equation and 47
solve for x. Substitute x = into one equation and solve
19
 19  for y.
8x − 2  −  = −2
 17  7x + 3y = 14
8x +
38
= −2  47 
7   + 3y = 14
17  19 
72 329
8x = − + 3y = 14
17 19
9 63
x= − 3y = −
17 19
The system is consistent. The solution set is 21
y= −
 9 19   19
 − , −   . The system is consistent. The solution set is
 17 17 
 47 21  
 , −   .
47. Select one equation and solve for one variable.  19 19  
x − 6y = 19
=x 6 y + 19 49. Multiply the first equation by −5 and the
Substitute x = 6y + 19 into the second equation second equation by 3. Add the equations to
and solve for y. eliminate the x variable. Then solve for y.
2x + 7 y = 0 −15 x + 25 y = −25
2(6 y + 19) + 7 y = 0
12 y + 38 + 7 y = 0 15 x − 21 y =3
19 y = −38 4 y = −22
y = −2 22
y= −
Substitute y = −2 into one equation and solve 4
for x. 11
y= −
x − 6y = 19 2
x − 6(−2) = 19
x + 12 = 11
19 Substitute y = − into one equation and
x=7 2
The system is consistent. The solution set is solve for x.
{(7, −2)}. 3x − 5 y = 5
 11 
3x − 5  −  = 5
 2
55
3x + =5
2
45
3x = −
2
15
x= −
2
 15 11  
 − , −   .
 2 2 
334
50. Substitute x = 3y + 2 into the second equation 53. Multiply the first equation by 100 to make all
and solve for y. of the coefficients integers.
x + 3y = 14 6 x + 20 y = 22
3y + 2 + 3y = 14 Multiply the second equation by 3 and subtract
6 y = 12 it from the first equation to eliminate the x
y=2 variable. Then solve for y.
Substitute y = 2 into one equation and solve 6 x + 20 y = 22
for x. 6 x − 15 y = 48
x = 3y + 2 35 y = −26
x = 3(2) + 2 26
y= −
x=6+2 35
x=8 26
The system is consistent. The solution set is Substitute y = − into one equation and
35
{(8, 2)}. solve for x.
 26 
2x − 5 −  = 16
51. Draw the graphs for both equations on the  35 
26
Cartesian plane. 2x + = 16
7
86
2x =
7
43
x=
7
 43 26  
 , −   .
6
 7 35  
54. Multiply the first equation by 10 to make all of

the coefficients integers.
The lines coincide. The system is dependent.
20 x − 31 y =84
The solution set is {(x, y) | 4x − y = 3}.
Select one equation and solve for one variable.
6x + y = −8
52. Substitute y = 4x + 7 into the second equation y= −6 x − 8
and solve for x.
−12 x + 3(4 x + 7) = −11 Substitute y = –6x – 8 into the first equation
12 x + 12 x + 7 =−11 and solve for x.
7 = −11 20 x − 31(−6 x − 8) = 84
Since both variables were eliminated and the 20 x + 186 x + 248 = 84
equation 7 = –11 is not true, the system is 206 x + 248 = 84
206 x = −164
inconsistent and the solution set is ∅ . 82
x= −
103
82
Substitute x = − into one equation and
103
solve for y.
 82 
6 −  + y =−8
 103 
492
− + y =−8
103
332
y= −
103
 82 332  
 − ,−  .
 103 103  
335
55. Multiply each equation by the least common 57. Let A = the amount Lane gets paid at
denominator to make all of the coefficients Starbucks and B = the amount he gets paid at
integers. the computer lab.
2x + 3y = −6 The system is
x − 15 y = 36 0.1A + 0.3B = 127
Multiply the first equation by 5 and add the 0.2 A + 0.4 B =184
first equation to the second equation to Multiply the first equation by 2 and solve by
eliminate the y variable. Then solve for x. the addition method.
10 x + 15 y = −30 0.2 A + 0.6 B = 254
x − 15 y = 36 −0.2 A − 0.4 B = −184
11x = 6 0.2 B = 70
6
x= B = 350
11 Substitute 350 into the first equation in place
6 of B:
11 0.1A + 0.3(350) = 127
for y. 0.1A + 105 = 127
6 0.1A = 22
− 15 y = 36
11 A = 220
390 Lane makes $220 a week at Starbucks and
−15 y =
11 $350 a week at the computer lab.
26 220 + 350 – 127 – 184 = 259
y= −
11 $259 goes into Lane’s checking account each
The system is consistent. The solution set is week.
 6 26  
 , −   . 58. Let x = number of pounds at $6.40 per pound
 11 11   and let y = number of pounds at $10.80 per
pound.
56. Multiply each equation by the least common The system is
denominator to make all of the coefficients x+ y = 30
integers. 6.4 x + 10.8 y = 9.04(30)
4x + y = 20
x + 4y = 35 Solve by the substitution method.
x+ y = 30
Multiply the first equation by 4 and subtract =y 30 − x
the second equation from the first equation to
eliminate the y variable. Then solve for x. Substitute y = 20 – x into the second equation.
16 x + 4 y = 80 6.4 x + 10.8 y = 9.04(30)
x + 4y = 35 6.4 x + 10.8(30 − x) = 9.04(30)
15 x = 45 6.4 x + 324 − 10.8 x = 271.2
x=3 −4.4 x = −52.8
Substitute x = 3 into one equation and solve x = 12
Substitute x = 12 into one equation and solve
for y.
for y.
3+ 4y = 35
4 y = 32 x+ y = 30
y =8 12 + y = 30
y = 18
She would have to use 12 pounds of $6.40
{( 3,8)} . coffee and 18 pounds of $10.80 coffee.
336
59. Let x = number of adults and 61. Let C = amount of chicken in pounds and
let y = number of children. let F = amount of steak in pounds.
The system is The system is
x+ y = 92 4.53C + 8.28 F =144.66
38 x + 22 y = 3,160 5.72C + 7.54 F =147.68
Solve by the substitution method. Solve the system by substitution.
x+ y = 92
=
y 92 − x
Substitute y = 92 − x into the second equation.
38 x + 22(92 − x ) = 3,160 Substitute into the
38 x + 2,024 − 22 x = 3,160 other equation and solve for C.
16 x + 2,024 = 3,160
16 x = 1,136
x = 71
for y.
x+ y = 92 Substitute C = 10 into one of the previous
71 + y = 92 equations and solve for F.
y = 21
There were 71 adults and 21 kids who took the
tour. The producer bought 10 pounds of chicken
and 12 pounds of steak.
60. Let x = cost of tickets from Delta and
let y = the cost of tickets from United. 62. Let x = pounds of spearmint candy and
The system is let y = pounds of cinnamon candy.
3x + 2 y = 800 The system is
x + 4y = 850 x+ y = 10
Solve the system by substitution. 0.99 x + 0.89 y = 0.94(10)
x + 4y = 850 Solve by the substitution method.
= x 850 − 4 y x+ y = 10
Substitute=x 850 − 4 y into the first equation. =
y 10 − x
3(850 − 4 y ) + 2 y = 800 Substitute y = 10 − x into the second equation.
2,550 − 12 y + 2 y = 800 0.99 x + 0.89 y = 0.94(10)
2,550 − 10 y = 800 0.99 x + 0.89(10 − x) = 0.94(10)
−10 y = −1, 750 0.99 x + 8.9 − 0.89 x = 9.4
y = 175 0.10 x = 0.5
x=5
Substitute y = 175 into one of the previous
equations and solve for x. for y.
=x 850 − 4 (175 ) x+ y = 10
=x 850 − 700 5+ y = 10
x = 150 y=5
The tickets cost $150 on Delta and $175 on There were 5 pounds of each type mixed
United. together.
337
63. Let x = cost of sandwich and 65. Let x = number of student tickets and
let y = cost of French fries. let y = number of general admission tickets.
The system is The system is
3x + 2 y =8.87 x+ y =500
5x + 4 y =15.55 5x + 8 y =
3, 034
Multiply the first equation by −2 and solve by Multiply the first equation by −5 and solve by
the addition method. the addition method.
−6 x − 4 y = −17.74 −5 x − 5 y =−2,500
5x + 4 y = 15.55 5x + 8 y = 3, 034
−x = −2.19 3y = 534
y = 178
x = 2.19
Substitute x = 2.19 into one equation and solve for x.
for y. x+ y = 500
3x + 2 y = 8.87 x + 178 = 500
3(2.19) + 2 y = 8.87 x = 322
6.57 + 2 y = 8.87 There were 322 students attending the concert
2 y = 2.30
y = 1.15 and 178 general admission tickets sold.
The cost for one sandwich is $2.19 and one 66. Let x = number of CDs and
order of French fries is $1.15. let y = number of DVDs.
The system is
64. Let x = amount invested at 9% and
x+ y = 18
let y = amount invested at 6%. 5x + 3 y = 78
The system is
x+ y = 2, 400 Multiply the first equation by −3 and solve by
0.09 x + 0.06 y = 189 the addition method.
Solve by the substitution method. −3 x − 3 y = −54
x+ y = 2, 400 5x + 3 y = 78
= y 2, 400 − x 2x = 24
Substitute y = 2,400 − x into the second x = 12
equation and solve for x. Substitute x = 12 into one equation and solve
0.09 x + 0.06 y = 189 for y.
0.09 x + 0.06(2, 400 − x) = 189 x+ y = 18
0.09 x + 144 − 0.06 x = 189 12 + y = 18
0.03 x = 45 y=6
x = 1,500
Joe bought 12 CDs and 6 DVDs.
Substitute x = 1,500 into one equation and
solve for y.
x+ y = 2, 400
1,500 + y = 2, 400
y = 900
Jamal should invest $1,500 at 9% and $900 at
6%.
338
67. Let t = the cost of a top and Since the question only asked for the price of a
let p = the cost of a pair of pants. general admission ticket there is no need to
The system is find l. The price of a general admission ticket
3t + 5 p = 42 is $22.
t + 2p = 16
Solve the system by substitution.
t + 2p = 16
=t 16 − 2 p
Substitute= t 16 − 2 p into the first equation.
3(16 − 2 p ) + 5 p = 42
48 − 6 p + 5 p =42
48 − p = 42
− p =−6
p=6
Substitute p = 6 into one of the previous
equations and solve for x.
=
t 16 − 2 p
=
t 16 − 2(6)
t=4
The tops cost $4 and the pants cost $6.
68. Let x = the smaller number
let y = the larger number.
The system is
2 x − y =−7
4x + 2 y = 54
2 x − y =−7
=
y 2x + 7
Substitute = y 2 x + 7 into the other equation.
4 x + 2(2 x + 7) = 54
4 x + 4 x + 14 = 54
8 x + 14 = 54
8 x = 40
x=5
Substitute x = 5 into one of the previous
equations and solve for y.
=y 2x + 7
=y 2 ( 5) + 7
y = 17
The smaller number is 5 and the larger number
is 17.
69. Let l = the cost of a lawn seat

let g = the cost of a general admission ticket.
The system is
g +l = 38
3 g + 2l = 98
g +l = 38
=
l 38 − g
Substitute=l 38 − g into the second equation.
3 g + 2 ( 38 − g ) =98
3 g + 76 − 2 g = 98
g + 76 = 98
g = 22 339
70. Let s = the price of a song and 72. Let p = number of feet of poplar and
let v = the price of a video let m = number of feet of mahogany.
Then, $10 per 8-foot board = $1.25 per foot and $12
3v + 10 s =105 per 8-foot board = $1.50 per foot.
2v + 12 s = 94 The system is
3 p+m = 200
Multiply the second equation by − and solve 1.25 p + 1.50m = 288.75
2
by the addition method. Solve the system by substitution.
3v + 10 s = 105 p+m = 200
−3v − 18s = −141 = p 200 − m
−8s = − 36 Substitute= p 200 − m into the second
s = 4.5
equation.
Substitute 4.5 into the second equation in place
of s: 1.25(200 − m) + 1.50m = 288.75
250 − 1.25m + 1.50m = 288.75
2v + 12(4.5) = 94
250 + 0.25m = 288.75
2v + 54 = 94
0.25m = 38.75
2v = 40
m = 155
v = 20
A song cost $4.50 and a video costs $20. Substitute m = 155 into one of the previous
equations and solve for p.
71. Let C = the number of carnations sold =p 200 − m
let B = the number of bagels sold. =p 200 − 155
The system is p = 45
C+B= 800 He needs 45 feet of poplar and 155 feet of
5C + 3B = 2,800 mahogany.
C+B= 800 73. Let p = the original price of the paperbacks
=C 800 − B and let h = the original price of the hardcover
Substitute= C 800 − B into the second books.
equation. The sale price of the paperbacks is
p − 0.1 p =0.9 p and the sale price of the
5 ( 800 − B ) + 3B = 2,800
4, 000 − 5 B + 3B = 2,800 hardcover books is h − 0.05h = 0.95h .
4, 000 − 2 B = 2,800 The system is
−2 B = −1, 200 3 p + 2h = 55.96
B = 600 3 ( 0.9 p ) + 2 ( 0.95h ) =
51.96
Substitute B = 600 into one of the previous
equations and solve for C: or
=
C 800 − B 3 p + 2h =
55.96
=
C 800 − 600 2.7 p + 1.9 h = 51.96
C = 200 Multiply the first equation by −0.9 and solve
They sold 200 carnations and 600 bagels. by the addition method:
−2.7 p − 1.8h = −50.364
2.7 p + 1.9 h = 51.96
0.1h = 1.596
h = 15.96
Substitute h = 15.96 into the first equation.
3 p + 2 (15.96 ) = 55.96
3 p + 31.92 = 55.96
3 p = 24.04
p ≈ 8.01
The sale price of the paperbacks is
0.9(8.01) ≈ $7.21 and the sale price of the
hardcover books is 0.95(15.96) ≈ $15.16.
340
74. Let x = time spent going 65 mph 83. a) −3 x + 2 y + z =−6
let y = the time spent going 75. Since d = rt x − 2 y + 5z = 38
the distance she traveled at 65 mph is 65x and −2 x + 6 z = 32
the distance she traveled at 75 mph is 75y. The new equation only has an x and z, just like
The system is the first equation.
x+ y = 7 b) Add the new equation and the first equation
65 x + 75 y = 485 to eliminate the x variable and then solve for z.
2x + z = 10
Solve the system by substitution. −2 x + 6 z = 32
x+ y = 7 7 z = 42
y= 7 − x z=6
Substitute y= 7 − x into the second equation. Substitute z = 6 into one of the previous
65 x + 75(7 − x) =485 equations and solve for x.
65 x + 525 − 75 x =485 2x + z = 10
2x + 6 = 10
525 − 10 x =485 2x = 4
−10 x = −40 x=2
x=4 c) Substitute z = 6 and x = 2 into the third
Substitute x = 4 into one of the previous equation and solve for y.
equations and solve for y. Substitute z = 6 into one of the previous
y= 7 − x equations and solve for x.
y= 7 − 4 x − 2 y + 5z = 38
y=3 2 − 2 y + 5(6) = 38
She spent 4 hours going 65 mph and 3 hours 2 − 2 y + 30 = 38
32 − 2 y = 38
going 75 mph. −2 y = 6
y = −3
The solution is ( 2, − 3, 6 ) .
76. Answers may vary. 84. a) Multiply the second equation by 2 and add
it to the first equation to eliminate the z
77. Answers may vary. x − 5 y + 2z =−41
variable. 6 x + 2 y − 2 z = −8
78. Substitution: You have to divide by coefficient 7x − 3y = −49
to solve and may end up with fractions. b) Multiply the second equation by 3 and add
it to the third equation to eliminate the z
79. The answer by graphing will not be exactly the
9 x + 3 y − 3z =−12
same as the answer by addition/subtraction. variable. 4 x + 3 y + 3z = 2
When using graphing, sometimes only an 13x + 6 y = −10
approximate answer can be obtained. The c) Multiply the equation from a) by 2 and add
5 3
solution is  , 4  . it to the equation from b).
6 4 14 x − 6 y = −98
13x + 6 y = −10
27 x = −108
80. Answers may vary. x = −4
Substitute x = –4 into one of the previous
equations and solve for y.
82. Since two lines can only cross at most one 7( −4) − 3 y = −49
time, the system of equations can’t be linear if −28 − 3 y = −49
−3 y = −21
it has two solutions. y=7
c) Substitute x = –4 and y = 7 into one of the
original equations and solve for z.
x − 5 y + 2z = −41
−4 − 5(7) + 2 z =−41
−4 − 35 + 2 z =−41
−39 + 2 z = −41
2 z = −2
z = −1
The solution is ( −4, 7, − 1) .
341
85. Let m = number of microwaves, s = number of 86. Let i = Indiana, s = South Carolina and t =
stoves and d = number of dishwashers. Using Texas. Using the table, write three equations:
the table, write three equations: 100i + 700s + 600t = 21,500
45m + 30s + 20d = 35,000 200i + 500s + 800t = 23,000
40m + 50s + 35d = 50,000 400i + 300s + 900t = 25,000
10m + 25s + 15d = 20,000 Multiply the first equation by 2 and subtract
Multiply the third equation by 4 and subtract the second equation from it to eliminate the i
the second equation from it to eliminate the m variable:
variable: 200i + 1, 400 s + 1, 200t = 43, 000
40m + 100s + 60d = 80,000 − ( 200i + 500 s + 800t ) = − ( 23, 000 )
40m + 50s + 35d = 50,000 900 s + 400t = 20, 000
50s + 25d = 30,000 Multiply the first equation by 4 and subtract
Multiply the first equation by 2 and the third the third equation from the first equation to
equation by 9 and subtract the third equation eliminate the i variable:
from the second equation to eliminate the m 400i + 2,800 s + 2, 400t = 86, 000
variable: − ( 400i + 300 s + 900t ) = − ( 25, 000 )
90m + 225s + 135d = 180, 000 2,500 s + 1,500t = 61, 000
− ( 90m + 60 s + 40d ) = − ( 70, 000 ) Use the two equations that only contain s and t
165s + 95d = 110, 000 and solve for s and t.
Use the two equations that only contain s and Multiply the first equation by 15 and the
d and solve for s and d. second equation by 4, then subtract the second
Multiply the second equation by 10 and the equation from the first equation to eliminate
first equation by 33 then subtract the first the t variable. Then solve for s.
equation from the second equation to eliminate 13,500 s + 6, 000t = 300, 000
the s variable. Then solve for d. − (10, 000 s + 6, 000t ) = − ( 244, 000 )
1, 650 s + 950d = 1,100, 000 3,500 s = 56, 000
− (1, 650 s + 825d ) = − ( 990, 000 ) s = 16
125d = 110, 000 Substitute s = 16 into one of the previous
d = 880 equations and solve for t.
Substitute d = 990 into one of the previous 900(16) + 400t = 20, 000
equations and solve for s. 14, 400 + 400t = 20, 000
50s + 25(880) = 30, 000 400t = 5, 600
50s + 22, 000 = 30, 000 t = 14
50s = 8, 000 Substitute t = 14 and s = 16 into one of the
s = 160 original equations and solve for i.
Substitute d = 880 and s = 160 into one of the 100i + 700(16) + 600(14) = 21,500
original equations and solve for m. 100i + 11, 200 + 8, 400 = 21,500
10m + 25(160) + 15(880) = 20,000 100i + 19,600 = 21,500
10m + 4,000 + 13, 200 = 20,000 100i = 1,900
10m + 17, 200 = 20,000 i = 19
10m = 2,800 To fill this order exactly, Indiana will need to
m = 280 operate 19 days, South Carolina will need to
To use up all of her weekly allocations, the operate 16 days and Texas will need to operate
plant should produce 280 microwaves, 160 14 days.
stoves, and 880 dishwashers.
342
Exercise Set 7-3
7. Graph the solid (since the inequality sign is ≥)
1. A solid line indicates the points on the line line 2x − y = 5 using two points, such as (3, 1)
are part of the solution; a dashed line and (0, −5). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
indicates the points on the line are not part of 2x − y ≥ 5
the solution. 2(0) − 0 ≥ 5?
0 ≥ 5 False
2. Pick a test point not on the line, if it makes Since this is a false statement, shade the area
the inequality true then every point on that that does not contain the test point.
side of the line makes the inequality true; if it
makes the inequality false, then every point
on that side of the line makes the inequality
false.
3. Draw a solid vertical line that crosses the x
axis at −3 and shade to the right since it’s ≥.
4. Draw a dashed horizontal line that crosses the

y axis at 5 and shade below it since it’s <.
6. That point is not part of the solution set for

the system because that point is not part of
the solution set for the inequality that is
dotted.
343
8. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is 10. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is
<) line x + 4y = −3 using two points, such as >) line 12x − 3y = 10 using two points, such as
(−3, 0) and (1, −1). Select (0, 0) as a test point.  25   5 
 , 5  and  − , − 5  . Select (0, 0) as a
 12   12 
x + 4 y < −3
0 + 4(0) < −3? test point.
0 < −3 False 12 x − 3 y > 10
Since this is a false statement, shade the area 12(0) − 3(0) > 10?
0 > 10 False
that does not contain the test point.
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
9. Graph the solid (since the inequality sign is ≤)

line 3x − 4y = 12 using two points, such as
11. To graph x ≥ 5, use x = 5 and draw a solid
(0, −3) and (4, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test point. vertical line passing through 5 on the x axis.
3 x − 4 y ≤ 12
3(0) − 4(0) ≤ 12? Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 ≥ 5 is a
0 ≤ 12 True false statement, shade the half plane that does
Since this is a true statement, shade the area not contain (0, 0).
that contains the test point.
12. To graph y < −6, use y = −6 and draw a dashed

horizontal line passing through −6 on the y
axis. Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 <
−6 is a false statement, shade the half plane
that does not contain (0, 0).
344
13. To graph y ≤ 0, use y = 0 and draw a solid 16. Graph the solid (since the inequality sign is ≥)
horizontal line passing through 0 on the y axis. line −2x + y = 0 using two points such as
Then use (0, −1) as a test point. Since −1 ≤ 0 is (−2, −4) and (2, 4). Select (0, 2) as a test point.
a true statement, shade the half plane below −2 x + y ≥ 0
the line. −2(0) + 2 ≥ 0?
2 ≥ 0 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area
14. To graph x > −3, use x = −3 and draw a dashed

vertical line passing through −3 on the x axis.
Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 > −3 is
a true statement, shade the half plane that 17. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is
contains (0, 0). 3
>) line x = − y + 3 using two points, such as
4
(0, 4) and (–3, 8). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
3
x > − y+3
4
3
0 > − (0) + 3
4
0 > 3 False
15. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is

<) line 3x + y = −6 using two points, such as
(−2, 0) and (0, −6). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
3 x + y < −6
3(0) + 0 < −6?
0 < −6 False
345
2 20. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is
18. Graph the line 3 y= 6 − x using two points, <) line −0.4 x = 2.1 y − 5 using two points,
3
such as (0, 2) and (9, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test 
such as  0,
50 
 and (12.5, 0). Select (0, 0) as
point.  21 
2 a test point.
3y ≤ 6 − x
3 −0.4 x < 2.1 y − 5
2
3(0) ≤ 6 − (0) −0.4(0) < 2.1(0) − 5
3 0 ≤ −5 False
0 ≤ 6 True Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Since this is a true statement, shade the area that does not contain the test point.
19. Graph the line 0.3 y= 6 − 0.5 x using two

points, such as (6, 10) and (12, 0). Select (0, 0)
as a test point.
1
0.3 y ≥ 6 − 0.5 x 21. Graph the line y+3= 0 . It is a horizontal
0.3(0) ≥ 6 − 0.5(0) 4
0 ≥ 6 False line since it does not contain an x variable. The
Since this is a false statement, shade the area equation is y = –12.
that does not contain the test point. 1
y+3≥ 0
4
1
(0) + 3 ≥ 0
4
3 ≥ 0 True
346
22. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is 24. Graph x − 3y < 10 using a dashed line (since
5 the inequality sign is <) and two points, such
>) line 11 − x = 0 . It is a y vertical line since as
2
 5 4
22 (10, 0) and  − , − 3  . Select (0, 0) as a test
it does not contain a variable. Graph x = .  7 7 
5 point.
Select (0, 0) as a test point. x − 3 y < 10
5 0 − 3(0) < 10?
11 − x > 0 0 < 10 True
2
5 Since this is a true statement, shade the area
11 − (0) > 0 that contains the test point.
2
11 > 0 True Graph 3x − 2y ≥ 5 using a solid line (since the
Since this is a true statement, shade the area inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
that does contains the test point. 5   5 4
 , 0  and  − , − 3  . Select (0, 0) as a
 3   7 7 
test point.
3x − 2 y ≥ 5
3(0) − 2(0) ≥ 5?
0 ≥ 5 False
The solution is the intersection of the two half
planes and part of the line 3x − 2y = 5.
23. Graph 2x − y ≤ 6 using a solid line (since the

inequality sign is ≤) and two points, such as
(0, −6) and (3, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
2x − y ≤ 6
2(0) − 0 ≤ 6?
0 ≤ 6 True
Graph x + y > 3 using a dashed line (since the
25. To graph x ≥ −2, use x = −2 and draw a solid
inequality sign is >) and two points, such as
vertical line passing through −2 on the x axis.
(3, 0) and (0, 3). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
x+ y >3 Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 ≥ −2 is
0 + 0 > 3? a true statement, shade the half plane to the
0 > 3 False right of the line.
Since this is a false statement, shade the area To graph y < −3, use y = −3 and draw a dashed
that does not contain the test point. The horizontal line passing through −3 on the y
solution is the intersection of the two half axis. Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 <
planes and part of the line 2x − y = 6. −3 is a false statement, shade the half plane
below the line.
planes and part of the line x = −2.
347
26. To graph x < −3, use x = −3 and draw a dashed 28. Graph x − y < 6 using a dashed line (since the
vertical line passing through −3 on the x axis. inequality sign is <) and two points, such as
Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 < −3 is (6, 0) and (0, −6). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
a false statement, shade the half plane to the x− y <6
left of the line. 0 − 0 < 6?
To graph y ≥ 0, use y = 0 and draw a solid 0 < 6 True
horizontal line passing through 0 on the y axis. Since this is a true statement, shade the half
Then use (0, 1) as a test point. Since 1 ≥ 0 is a plane that contains the test point.
true statement, shade the half plane above the Graph 2x − y ≥ 3 using a solid line (since the
line. inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
The solution is the intersection of the two half (−3, −9) and (2, 1). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
planes and part of the line y = 0. 2x − y ≥ 3
2(0) − 0 ≥ 3?
0 ≥ 3 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the half
plane that does not contain the test point.
planes and part of the line 2x − y = 3.
27. Graph 5x − 3y ≥ 15 using a solid line (since the

inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
(0, −5) and (3, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
5 x − 3 y ≥ 15
5(0) − 3(0) ≥ 15?
0 ≥ 15 False 29. Graph x + y ≥ 7 using a solid line (since the
Since this is a false statement, shade the area inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
that does not contain the test point. (0, 7) and (1, 6). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
Graph 3x − 8y ≥ 12 using a solid line (since the x+ y ≥7
inequality symbol is ≥) and two points, such as 0 + 0 ≥ 7?
(0, −1.5) and (4, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test 0 ≥ 7 False
point. Since this is a false statement, shade the half
3 x − 8 y ≥ 12 plane that does not contain the test point.
3(0) − 8(0) ≥ 12? Graph x − y < −5 using a dashed line (since the
0 ≥ 12 False inequality sign is <) and two points, such as
Since this is a false statement, shade the area (5, 10) and (1, 6). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
that does not contain the test point. x − y < −5
The solution is the intersection of the two half 0 − 0 < −5?
planes and parts of the lines 5x − 3y = 15 and 0 < −5 False
3x − 8y = 12. Since this is a false statement, shade the half
planes and part of the line x + y = 7.
348
30. Graph 3x − y ≤ −6 using a solid line (since the The solution is the intersection of the two half
inequality sign is ≤) and two points, such as planes. In this case, it is the region that lies
(0, 6) and (−2, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test point. between the parallel lines.
3 x − y ≤ −6
3(0) − 0 ≤ −6?
0 ≤ −6 False
Graph 2x + y > 6 using a dashed line (since the
inequality sign is >) and two points, such as
2x + y > 6
2(0) + 0 > 6?
0 > 6 False
The solution is the intersection of the two half 32. Graph x + 7y < −5 using a dashed line (since
planes and part of the line 3x − y = −6. the inequality sign is <) and two points, such
as
 13 9
(−5, 0) and  , −  . Select (0, 0) as a test
 10 10 
point.
x + 7 y < −5
0 + 7(0) < −5?
0 < −5 False
below the line.
Graph 7x − y ≤ 10 using a solid line (since the
inequality sign is ≤) and two points such as
31. Graph 4x − 2y < 6 using a dashed line (since  13 9
(0, −10) and  , −  . Select (0, 0) as a test
the inequality sign is <) and two points, such  10 10 
as (2, 1) and (0, −3). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
point. 7 x − y ≤ 10
4x − 2 y < 6 7(0) − 0 ≤ 10?
4(0) − 2(0) < 6? 0 ≤ 10 True
0 < 6 True Since this is a true statement, shade the area
Since this is a true statement, shade the area containing (0, 0).
above the line. The solution is the intersection of the two half
Graph 8x − 4y > −3 using a dashed line (since planes and part of the line 7x − y = 10.
the inequality sign is >) and two points, such
 3  13 
as  0,  and  −2, −  . Select (0, 0) as a
 4  4
test point.
8 x − 4 y > −3
8(0) − 4(0) > −3?
0 > −3 True
below the line.
349
2 1 8
33. Graph y = − x + 6 using a dashed line (since 34. Graph x + y =using a solid line (since the
3 3 3
the inequality sign is <) and two points, such inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
as (5, 1) and (11, –1). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
(0, 6) and (3, 4). Select (0, 0) as a test point. 1 8
2 x+ y ≥
y < − x+6 1
3 3
8
3
2 (0) + 0 ≥
0 < − (0) + 6 3 3
8
3
0 < 6 True 0 ≥ False
3
below the line. above the line.
1
Graph= y x + 3 using a dashed line (since 1
Graph x − y =
1 9
using a dashed line
2 2 4 4
the inequality sign is >) and two points such as (since the inequality sign is <) and two points
(0, 3) and (2, 4) Select (0, 0) as a test point. such as (5, 1) and (0, –9). Select (0, 0) as a test
1
y > x+3 point.
2 1 1 9
1 x− y <
0 > (0) + 3 2 4 4
2 1 1 9
0 > 3 False (0) − (0) <
2 4 4
Since this is a false statement, shade the area 9
above the line. 0 < True
The solution is the intersection of the two half 4
planes. Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line.
planes.
350
3 5 3 3
35. Graph x − y = using a dashed line (since 36. Graph x − =
6 or x = 6 using a solid line
4 2 4 4
the inequality sign is >) and two points, such (since the inequality sign is ≥). Select (0, 0) as
as (–2, –4) and (2, –1). Select (0, 0) as a test a test point.
point. 3
x− ≥6
3 5 4
x− y >
4 2 3
3 5 0− ≥ 6
(0) − 0 > 4
4 2 3
0 ≥ 6 False
5 4
0 > False
2 Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Since this is a false statement, shade the area to the right of the line.
below the line. 1 1
1 1 1 Graph y − = 0 or y = using a dashed line
Graph x + y = using a solid line (since 8 8
3 2 6 (since the inequality sign is<). Select (0, 0) as
the inequality sign is ≥ ) and two points such a test point.
as (2, –1) and (–4, 3). Select (0, 0) as a test 1
point. y− <0
8
1 1 1
x+ y ≥ 1
0− < 0
3 2 6 8
1 1 1
(0) + (0) ≥ 1
− < 0 True
3 2 6 8
1 Since this is a true statement, shade the area
0 ≥ False
6 below the line.
Since this is a false statement, shade the area The solution is the intersection of the two half
above the line. planes.
planes.
351
37. Graph x + y = 7 using a solid line (since the 38. Graph x − y = 3 using a dashed line (since the
inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as inequality sign is <) and two points, such as
(1, 6) and (3, 4). Select (0, 0) as a test point. (4, 1) and (8, 5). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
x+ y ≥7 x− y <3
0+0 ≥ 7 0−0 < 3
0 ≥ 7 False 0 < 3 True
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line. above the line.
Graph 2 x + 3 y = 18 using a dashed line (since Graph x + 2 y = −3 using a solid line (since
the inequality sign is <) and two points such as the inequality sign is ≥) and two points such as
(3, 4) and (6, 2). Select (0, 0) as a test point. (–9, 3) and (3, –3). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
2 x + 3 y < 18 x + 2 y ≥ −3
2(0) + 3(0) < 18 0 + 2(0) ≥ −3
0 < 18 False 0 ≥ −3 True
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a true statement, shade the area
Graph y = −2 using a dashed line (since the Graph y = 4 using a dashed line (since the
inequality sign is>). Select (0, 0) as a test inequality sign is <). Select (0, 0) as a test
point. point.
0 > −2 True 0 < 4 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line. below the line.
Graph x = 10 using a solid line (since the Graph x = −2 using a solid line (since the
inequality sign is ≤). Select (0, 0) as a test inequality sign is ≥). Select (0, 0) as a test
point. point.
0 ≤ 10 True 0 ≥ −2 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area to Since this is a true statement, shade the area to
the right of the line. the right of the line.
The solution is the intersection of the four half The solution is the intersection of the four half
planes. planes.
352
39. Graph 4 x + 2 y = 100 using a solid line (since 40. Graph −6 x + y = −280 using a dashed line
the inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such (since the inequality sign is <) and two points,
as such as (40, –40) and (50, 20). Select (0, 0) as
(5, 5) and (10, 30). Select (0, 0) as a test point. a test point.
4 x + 2 y ≥ 100 −6 x + y < −280
4 ( 0 ) − 2 ( 0 ) ≥ 100 −6 ( 0 ) + 0 < −280
0 ≥ 100 False 0 < −280 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a false statement, shade the area
above the line. below the line.
Graph −3 x − 6 y = −150 using a solid line Graph 4 x + 6 y = 320 using a dashed line
(since the inequality sign is ≤) and two points (since the inequality sign is >) and two points
such as (50, 0) and (0, 25). Select (0, 0) as a such as (80, 0) and (5, 50). Select (0, 0) as a
test point. test point.
−3 x − 6 y ≤ −150 4 x + 6 y > 320
−3 ( 0 ) + 6 ( 0 ) ≤ −150 4 ( 0 ) + 6 ( 0 ) > 320
0 ≤ −150 False 0 > 320 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Graph y = 0 and x = 0 using the x-axis and the Graph y = 0 and x = 0 using the x-axis and the
y-axis as the solid lines. Shade to the right of y-axis as the solid lines. Shade to the right of
the y-axis and above the x-axis to indicate that the y-axis and above the x-axis to indicate that
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 . x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 .
The solution is the intersection of the four half The solution is the intersection of the four half
planes. planes.
353
41. Graph 3 x + y = 18 using a solid line (since the 9
inequality sign is ≤) and two points, such as 42. Graph=
y x − 5 using a solid line (since the
2
inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
3 x + y ≤ 18
(0, –5) and (2, 4). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
3 ( 0 ) + 0 ≤ 18 9
y ≤ x −5
0 < 18 True 2
Since this is a true statement, shade the area 9
below the line. 0 ≤ (0) − 5
2
Graph −2 x − 4 y = −20 using a dashed line 0 ≤ −5 False
(since the inequality sign is >) and two points Since this is a false statement, shade the area
such as (6, 2) and (0, 5). Select (0, 0) as a test above the line.
point. 1
−2 x − 4 y > −20 Graph x = − y + 6 using a solid line (since
2
−2 ( 0 ) − 4(0) > −20 the inequality sign is ≥) and two points such as
0 > −20 True (6, 0) and (5, 2). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
Since this is a true statement, shade the area 1
x ≥ − y+6
below the line. 2
Graph x − 5 y = 30 using a dashed line (since 1
the inequality sign is <) and two points such as x ≥ − y+6
2
(0, –6) and (10, –4). Select (0, 0) as a test
0 ≥ 6 False
point.
x − 5 y < 30 above the line.
x − 5(0) < 30 Graph y − x = 8 using a dashed line (since the
0 < 30 True inequality sign is >) and two points such as
Since this is a true statement, shade the area (10, 2) and (0, –8). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
above the line. y−x>8
Graph x = −2 using a dashed line (since the 0−0 >8
inequality sign is >). Select (0, 0) as a test
point. 0 > 8 False
0 > −2 True Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Since this is a true statement, shade the area to above the line.
the right of the line. Graph y = 5 using a solid line (since the
The solution is the intersection of the four half inequality sign is ≥). Select (0, 0) as a test
planes. point.
0 > 5 False
above the line.
The solution is the intersection of the four half
planes.
354
43. a) Let x = number of computational problems 45. Let w = number of chicken wraps and let p =
and Let y = number of word problems. number of pita chips.
The total number of problems is at most 12; There are 5 g of protein in a wrap and 7 g of
the total amount of time is at most 60 minutes; protein in the pita chips so, 5w + 7 p ≥ 35
they must do at least 5 word problems, and (since total protein must be greater than 35 g).
can’t do less than 0 of either. There are 6 g of fat in a wrap and 3 g of fat in
x + y ≤ 12 the pita chips so 6 w + 3 p ≤ 24 (since the total
4 x + 6 y ≤ 60 fat must be less than 24 g).
Graph all of x + y = 12 , y = 5, x = 0 and Graph 5w + 7 p = 35 and 6 w + 3 p = 24 using
4 x + 6 y ≤ 60 using solid lines. Test (0, 0) into solid lines.
each inequality and shade in the appropriate Test (0, 0) in the first inequality and get false,
half planes. The solution is the intersection of in the second inequality get true. Shade the
the four half planes. corresponding region. All variables have to be
at least zero ( x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ) , so shade only in
the first quadrant.
b) 5 word problems and 7 computation

problems, or 6 of each.
44. Let L = the number of tubes of body lotion and

46. Let A = the number of Model A storage units
let S = the number of loofah sponges she sells
and let B = the number of Model B storage
each week. The amount of lotion is at most 60
units. Model A costs $7 each and Model B
tubes and at least 25 tubes. The number of
cost $10 each, so the total cost is 7 A + 10 B
sponges is at most 100 and at least 40.
25 ≤ L ≤ 60 and must be at most $70. Model A uses 6
40 ≤ S ≤ 100 square feet of space and Model B uses 4
L + S ≥ 80 square feet of space so the total space needed
Graph the vertical lines L = 25 and L = 60 and is 6 A + 4 B and must be at most 36 square feet.
the horizontal lines S = 40 and S = 100. Shade We’re told she will buy at least 1 of each.
the rectangular region between the lines that 7 A + 10 B ≤ 70
satisfies the inequalities. 6 A + 4 B ≤ 36
Graph L + S ≥ 80 , and use (0,0) as a test point Graph the lines 7 A + 10 B = 70 and
to shade the inequality. 6 A + 4B = 36 using solid lines and test (0, 0)
to find both inequalities are true. Shade the
corresponding region.
b) She would want to sell 4, 5, or 6 cases of

lotion to make it worth her effort.
355
Another random document with
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En sortant du Campo Santo, nous vîmes s’avancer, marchant en
bon ordre, de longues files d’hommes habillés de gris. Je pensai à
des équipes de forçats commandés pour la corvée des routes. Ils
portaient des blouses de toile et des pantalons rapiécés, de
grossières espadrilles laissant voir leurs pieds nus, et ils étaient
coiffés de méchants bonnets de police. Un coup de clairon m’apprit
que j’avais en face de moi la troupe. C’étaient, en effet, deux
compagnies d’infanterie garnisonnées à Estella qui partaient pour la
manœuvre. On les accoutre ainsi par économie, afin de ménager la
tenue de drap réservée pour les grandes occasions. Pauvreté n’est
pas vice, et l’économie est une belle chose, mais je doute que des
fantassins ainsi affublés se sentent fiers d’être soldats.
Je recommande ce costume à nos niveleurs économes qui
réclament à grands cris l’unification de l’uniforme militaire, ainsi
qu’aux intelligents champions de la suppression des armées
permanentes ; ils ne pourront mieux dégoûter la jeunesse du métier
de Mars. Le nec plus ultra du misérable et du bon marché sera d’un
seul coup atteint.
L’aspect de ces fantassins, petits et grêles, ne rappelle guère
cette redoutable infanterie espagnole « dont les gros bataillons
serrés, dit Bossuet, semblables à autant de tours, mais à des tours
qui sauraient réparer leurs brèches, demeuraient inébranlables au
milieu de tout le reste en déroute… » Certes, je ne mets pas un seul
instant en doute leur énergie et leur vaillance, je ne parle que de
l’extérieur, et il ne paye pas de mine. Il est vrai que leur uniforme, qui
semble une copie maladroite du nôtre, n’est pas de nature à la
rehausser. A Gibraltar surtout, à côté des superbes et corrects
soldats anglais, cette apparence défectueuse d’une armée mal
accoutrée, mal payée et mal nourrie, frappe l’œil désintéressé de
l’étranger.
C’est à Estella que je fus, pour la première fois, réveillé en
sursaut par une voix lamentable. Elle jetait par intervalles, des
profondeurs d’une rue voisine, des modulations prolongées et
lugubres qui approchaient grandissant, éclataient sous mes fenêtres,
puis s’éloignaient et retournaient se perdre dans la nuit.
Ce sont les serenos, gardes de nuit, qui crient le temps et l’heure
en commençant par une invocation à la Vierge : « Ave Maria
sanctissima ! Il est minuit. Le temps est serein ! » Ce chant nocturne,
car il est rythmé comme tous les cris de rue, restant de vieilles
coutumes générales dans presque toute l’Europe, ne manque pas
d’originalité. L’usage, il n’y a pas longtemps encore, existait chez
nous dans nombre de villes de province. A Douai, il y a dix ou quinze
ans, un homme criait les heures au beffroi. Mais c’est surtout au
siècle dernier que le veilleur de nuit offrait un aspect fantastique.
Vêtu d’une longue robe brune, bigarrée de têtes de mort et de tibias
en sautoir, il passait à pas lents, agitant une cloche et criant d’une
voix sépulcrale :
Réveillez-vous, gens qui dormez,

Priez pour les trépassés.
Les serenos, à Madrid, ouvrent la porte aux locataires attardés.

Chaque quartier, chaque rue, a les siens ; ils ont les clefs de toutes
les maisons. On se passe ainsi de concierge, et les bourgeois
peuvent dormir sur leurs deux oreilles :
Car sur la grande ville

Veille un brave gardien,
C’est le bon mile, mile,
C’est le bon milicien !
X
LOGROÑO
Depuis notre entrée en Espagne, nous avons traversé de

merveilleux paysages, d’abord en côtoyant le golfe, puis, à mesure
que nous nous enfoncions par les chemins de la montagne, le
panorama se déroulait pittoresque, varié ; villages enfouis dans des
nids de verdure, bourgades échelonnées sur les flancs d’un mont,
vieux ponts croulants jetés sur des abîmes.
Mais passé Estella, la scène n’est plus la même, l’aspect du pays
change presque subitement ; la végétation diminue ; de grandes
roches à aiguille se dressent çà et là au milieu de bouquets de
chênes qui vont en s’éclaircissant.
Après la Navarre, nous entrons dans la vieille Castille. Ce sont
des montagnes arides, des bourgades qu’on aperçoit tout à coup
comme des forteresses arabes au sommet d’un pic, sans un arbre,
sans un brin de verdure, le pays brûlé. Mais dans une trouée, une
crevasse du roc, au fond d’un vallon reparaît tout à coup la
luxuriante flore des chaudes régions, vignes, figuiers, oliviers. Il
semble que le sol séché et grisâtre ait craqué, laissant de longues
déchirures où la végétation s’entasse comme si la nature féconde
voulait se dédommager de la stérilité d’alentour. D’Estella à Logroño,
la route large et soutenue par des travaux de maçonnerie a dû
coûter gros, vu les accidents de terrain. L’Espagne est sillonnée de
ces belles routes ne servant guère et se détériorant de distance en
distance par morceaux qui s’effritent et s’écroulent. Les Espagnols
qui voyagent soit à pied — et ils sont rares — soit à cheval ou à
mule, prennent autant que possible les chemins de traverse. C’est
ce que nous faisions généralement, laissant la voie royale aux
piétons sybarites qui craignent de s’échauffer par les sentiers
raboteux. Reste la diligence qui s’arrange comme elle peut. Quant
aux cantonniers, ils en prennent à leur aise et travaillent à leurs
heures. « Le cantonnier en Espagne, disait plaisamment le vieux
Dumas, voyageur fantaisiste, est un individu qui a pour mission,
drapé dans un grand manteau amadou, de regarder passer les
gens. » Le fait est qu’ils ont chacun trois kilomètres à entretenir, en
plein soleil, travail terrible pour un Espagnol. De six kilomètres en six
kilomètres, on leur a bâti de petites maisons pour deux familles.
Dans les grandes plaines désolées de la Manche, dans les gorges
profondes des Sierras, je me suis demandé bien souvent ce que
pouvait faire la femme livrée à la solitude tout le jour. Il est vrai qu’il y
a la marmaille, graine absorbante, les visites des bergers du
voisinage, le passage des coches et des muletiers. Quelques-unes
vendent en cachette, car l’administration le leur défend, de
l’aguardiente à un sou le verre ; maigre ressource, le débit d’une
bouteille est une affaire qui demande du temps.
Nous en avons rencontré une dans la Sierra Morena qui nous
offrit l’hospitalité : bon feu et gîte passable ; quant au reste… le mari
le saisit. C’était une belle luronne de vingt-cinq à vingt-six ans, brune
à souhait, aux seins dodus, méritant mieux que l’incessant
tripotement d’un affreux marmot qui semblait payé pour les
déformer. Elle baragouinait un peu de français, et nous raconta au
souper, non entre la poire et le fromage — le luxe du dessert n’ayant
pas encore pénétré dans la Sierra — mais entre la soupe à l’huile
alliacée et le vin goudronné, qu’elle avait été jadis servante dans une
fonda de Logroño, et qu’un caballero français des mieux tournés lui
avait proposé de l’emmener là-bas, là-bas, tra los montes. Elle
faisait de grands gestes avec la main pour indiquer que la France
était à ses yeux si éloignée, qu’elle se perdait dans l’espace. Le
cantonnier écoutait d’un air admiratif le jargon pour lui
incompréhensible de son épouse tout en fumant philosophiquement
sa cigarette.
Nous demandâmes à la jeune femme s’il était jaloux. Elle leva les
yeux au ciel avec un geste expressif.
Il a chassé malhonnêtement le padre du village voisin parce que
le saint homme venait ici en son absence.
Sur la poitrine velue du mari s’étalent cependant un scapulaire
fort crasseux et deux ou trois médailles de cuivre usées, indice d’un
long usage, et qui eussent dû témoigner de plus de confiance de sa
part. Mais, en Espagne, catholicisme n’implique pas cléricalisme. En
nombre de provinces, on est froid pour le prêtre tout en fanatisant
chaudement au pied de l’autel ; on ferme sa porte à l’apôtre, d’autant
plus qu’on a jolie femme, mais on écoute dévotement le sermon.
L’abolition des dîmes, le désamortissement des biens du clergé,
la suppression des couvents, la sécularisation de l’enseignement ont
été partout accueillis avec enthousiasme, et cependant pas de
peuple ne s’agenouille avec plus de foi devant les images et
n’invoque avec plus de ferveur la Virgen Santissima, ne baise plus
dévotement ses chapelets et ses agnus.
Logroño est une ville de quinze à vingt mille âmes, avec une
garnison qui m’a paru nombreuse ; elle n’offre de curieux que ses
églises et quelques vieilles rues. Nous avions une lettre
d’introduction pour le gouverneur, appelé ici brigadier général. Il ne
nous fut donné de voir que son premier aide de camp, que nous
rencontrâmes sur une promenade assez sèche et poudreuse
appelée las Delicias, où lui seul, superbe garçon, semblait faire en
effet les délices d’un groupe animé de jeunes señoritas.
Après l’absorption de consommations à la glace — pour la
confection desquelles les limonadiers espagnols n’ont pas de rivaux
— nous gagnâmes le comedor, où nous trouvâmes la banalité
commune à tous les hôtels.
Seulement, pas de garçon. De jolies filles fort dégourdies les
remplaçaient avantageusement.
De la salle à manger j’aperçois les deux étranges flèches
guillochées de l’église de Santiago, où se fonda, dit-on, l’ordre de
chevalerie de ce nom. De gros nids de cigognes sont accrochés à
chacune des aiguilles et, perchées sur le bord, elles claquent
mélancoliquement du bec. En bas, dans la rue étroite, monte le
chant doux et un peu traînard de jeunes filles qu’accompagne un
tambour de basque, musique bientôt couverte par les aigres
disputes des servantes de l’hôtel qui, avec la verbosité méridionale,
s’apostrophent abominablement au sujet d’une carafe cassée.
Après dîner, le hasard me pousse dans une antique petite église
d’extérieur assez misérable ; mais quel luxe au dedans ! Luxe de
vieux tableaux surtout ; l’un presque dissimulé dans un coin sombre
attira spécialement mon attention. Il représentait une sainte à robe
montante jusqu’au menton, avec un voile couvrant le front et les
épaules, ne laissant à découvert que les mains et le visage, mais
dans un drapement si savamment voluptueux qu’il valait toutes les
splendeurs du nu. C’est Rose de Lima. Agenouillée, bras en croix,
corps en arrière, dans l’extase, elle semble jouir par avance de
célestes béatitudes. Et il y a de quoi, car un beau séraphin accourt
impatient, perçant les nues pour lui apporter une couronne de roses.
Sur le divin corps de la sainte pâmée, l’artiste a collé, comme une
draperie mouillée, sa robe de dominicaine, dessinant avec une telle
exactitude les provocantes ampleurs des hanches et les contours du
ventre et des seins que, dans la pénombre, elle semblait
entièrement nue. Un voile sombre comme une chevelure noire
couvrant ses épaules jusqu’à ses rotondités postérieures complète
l’illusion. Jamais lascive abbesse posant pour la chaste Suzanne
aux yeux ravis de quelque Rubens monacal ne fut plus
scrupuleusement et plus amoureusement peinte. Le visage, surtout,
est remarquable d’ardente passion. En s’approchant, on distingue de
petites touffes crépelées d’un blond vénitien s’échappant de chaque
côté du voile, près de la mignonne oreille. Il était visible que la belle
créature avait exigé de l’artiste admirateur ce sacrifice à la sincérité
du costume pour paraître plus séduisante. L’œil bleu foncé se noyait
dans la jouissance extatique ; la bouche entr’ouverte aux lèvres
sensuelles humait des plaisirs inconnus aux humains.
« Eh bien, voilà comme j’aime les saintes ! » m’exclamai-je in
petto, pour ne pas profaner le lieu sacré.
Le vieux sacripant de bedeau qui m’examinait, lut sans doute ma
pensée dans mon œil.
« Ah ! dit-il en soupirant, on n’en fait plus dans ce goût-là. »
XI
LE COL DE PIQUERAS
Il n’est pas de vrai voyage en Espagne sans histoire de

brigands ; j’y comptais, et si je n’avais pas eu mon histoire de
brigands, je considérerais mon excursion manquée. Dans un pays
où l’on arrête encore non seulement les coches — ce qui est
l’enfance de l’art — mais les trains de chemin de fer, deux touristes
pérégrinant, sac au dos, doivent s’attendre à quelque aventure
cartouchienne ; aussi en étions-nous à peine à notre quinzième
journée de marche, après avoir couché à Villanueva de Cameros et
traversé l’Iregua, que nous fûmes pris dans une venta isolée de ce
malaise qui saisit, dit-on, les plus braves lorsqu’on sent des dangers
inconnus rôder comme des loups dans les affres de la nuit.
En pleine Sierra de Cebollera, près du point culminant qui sépare
les provinces de Soria et de Logroño, nous arriva cette mémorable
aventure. L’endroit est propice aux choses tragiques, désert et
suffisamment sauvage. Il y vente sans cesse et il y souffle même
dans les matinées d’été un froid de loup. Aussi les loups semblent y
avoir établi leur quartier général.
Des forêts de hêtres qui couvrent les hauteurs leur offrent dans
l’été un refuge assuré, et les troupeaux qui paissent dans les
pâturages des flancs des monts et des creux des vallons, une assez
suffisante pitance. J’ai ouï dire que la bourgade de Lumbreras, au
milieu de la Sierra de Cameros, à quelques kilomètres de celle de
Cebollera, possédait autrefois quatre-vingt mille moutons, réduits
aujourd’hui à trois mille. Les bonnes gens de la montagne
prétendent que la différence est passée dans le ventre des loups. Je
suppose qu’on exagère et que l’épizootie et l’incurie castillane ont
été plus funestes aux moutons que le terrible appétit des
carnassiers.
Quoi qu’il en soit, bien avant la venue d’octobre, la neige couvre
déjà les sierras, et pendant plusieurs mois, le pays entier est bloqué.
Gens et bêtes hivernent dans les fermes avec les provisions d’une
place assiégée. Alors les loups affamés descendent. Par bandes de
dix à vingt ils entourent les habitations isolées, hurlant jusqu’au jour
aux portes des étables le lamentable cri de la famine. Ces pauvres
bêtes ont, comme tout le monde, un estomac à satisfaire, et, comme
les anarchistes, réclament le droit au gigot. Moutons, vaches,
chevaux, chiens, enfants, tout ce qui tombe sous leur dent y passe,
et au matin ils regagnent lentement la forêt. On en détruit bien un
grand nombre, mais ça repousse. Puis, à quoi bon ? leur peau ne
vaut pas le coup de fusil, et autant que l’Arabe, l’Espagnol est
ménager de sa poudre. On les laisse donc pulluler, comptant que la
misère et la faim les tueront comme elles tuent les races trop
prolifiques, et que, comme les races trop prolifiques aussi, les loups,
à l’encontre du proverbe, finiront par se manger entre eux.
La venta de Piqueras forme le point central de ces territoires
misérables. C’est un long bâtiment délabré, très bas, sans fenêtre au
rez-de-chaussée, avec un seul étage. Deux portes cochères y
donnent accès, mais l’une est celle d’une chapelle dont le clocheton
se dresse à l’extrémité du toit. C’est là que nous heurtâmes, après
avoir vainement frappé à la première. Elle était ouverte et nous nous
trouvâmes dans un sanctuaire du genre de celui du palacio
d’Urvaza, aspect réjouissant pour de pieux pèlerins, mais lamentable
pour des profanes affamés.
Nous appelons : « Hé ! le maître ? Hé ! le curé ? Hé ! le
sacristain ? » rien. Nous retournons à la porte première que nous
secouons à grands coups de pied.
A quelque distance, un homme et deux petites filles battaient le
blé à la manière arabe, c’est-à-dire à l’aide d’un cheval, qui en
tournant écrase les gerbes. Ils nous voyaient bien heurter, mais
continuaient leur besogne sans mot dire.
Nous les hélons.
« Il n’y a personne, nous crie l’homme.
— Où est le maître de la venta ?
— Il ne rentrera qu’à la nuit. »
Nous nous approchons du batteur, qui nous engage comme avait
fait le châtelain d’Urvaza à continuer vivement notre route pour
atteindre la Poveda, village sur le versant opposé, c’est-à-dire à
quatre ou cinq lieues. Mais nous commençons à nous habituer à
l’hospitalité espagnole ; aussi, déposant nos sacs, nous nous
allongeons sur la paille hachée, résolus à attendre le propriétaire de
la venta, dût-il ne rentrer qu’à minuit ; ce que voyant, l’homme dit
quelques mots à l’aînée des petites filles, gamine fort sérieuse, de
dix à onze ans, occupée à balayer le terrain et à mettre en tas le blé
battu.
Elle ramasse une grosse clef, cachée sous la veste paternelle,
appelle sa sœur et nous crie : « Venez, hommes. »
Nous la suivons à la venta, nous traversons une grande étable
vide et entrons dans une cuisine qui d’abord nous parut aussi noire
qu’un four ; et, en effet, elle ne reçoit le jour que par le trou de la
cheminée, percé juste au milieu de la pièce, comme dans les huttes
des Peaux-Rouges. On peut, ainsi qu’à un feu de bivouac, entourer
le foyer et la marmite. Le feu, la cadette le prépare et l’allume, et la
marmite, l’aînée en entreprend le nettoyage avec un bouchon de
paille ; puis elle sort et rentre bientôt avec une énorme cruche pleine
d’eau qu’elle porte sur une de ses hanches.
Étendus sur des bancs, nous goûtions le doux farniente après la
fatigue, et mon regard allait de la flamme joyeuse aux recoins
obscurs de l’antre enfumé où la lumière dansante envoyait ses
reflets, éclairant tout à coup, pour les rejeter dans l’ombre, des
rangées de pots et de vieilles assiettes dressées sur un buffet
rustique ; des casseroles de cuivre, une image de la Vierge, des
guirlandes d’oignons et d’ail, un portrait en pied de torero dont
l’enluminure primitive disparaissait sous une couche de suie, un
morceau de lard jauni accroché à la voûte, un vase à huile, deux ou
trois lampes de cuivre de forme antique, un chapelet de dents de
loups et un vieux fusil. Et les petites filles allaient et venaient,
passant comme des ombres de gnômes, nous regardant de leurs
grands yeux noirs et sérieux, vaquant silencieusement aux soins du
ménage autour du feu pétillant.
Une odeur d’étable mal tenue mêlée à celle de l’huile rance et de
la fumée de bois vert emplissait et alourdissait l’atmosphère, et la
nuit était tout à fait venue.
Je ne sais depuis combien de temps je dormais, lorsque je fus
réveillé par un grand bruit confus. Près du foyer une horrible femme
accroupie frottait une casserole ; maigre et dévastée avec des
cheveux grisâtres qui s’échappaient, en mèches de crin, d’un foulard
sale enroulé sur sa tête, elle me produisit du premier coup
l’impression de ces aïeules de brigands qu’artistes et romanciers
représentent préparant au fond des cavernes le souper de la bande.
Son visage était plus criblé de trous qu’une cible et l’un de ses yeux
manquait à l’appel ; mais celui qui restait, le bon, semblait si
farouche qu’on l’eût, ma foi, crevé sans remords. Bien qu’on fût au
cœur de l’été, une demi-douzaine de gros jupons au moins
s’accrochaient à ses hanches sèches, ce qui lui faisait une énorme
croupe, contraste étrange avec la maigreur et la platitude du reste
de la charpente.
Elle grommelait je ne sais quoi entre ses dents jaunes qui
paraissaient vouloir s’échapper continuellement de cette mauvaise
bouche, apostrophant de temps à autre l’aînée des petites filles qui
n’obéissait pas assez vite aux exigences d’un affreux marmot qui, le
cul par terre, trépignait de rage, raclait la poussière de ses sales
doigts et la lançait dans la direction de sa sœur en réclamant
impérieusement du lait. Un chat famélique au poil hérissé guignait la
tasse de son œil jaune et scélérat, tandis que deux solides mâtins
de haute taille faisaient une entrée brusque et triomphante qu’un
tison ardent lancé par la vieille changea en fuite honteuse et
précipitée. Et une grande clameur emplissait la maison, jurons de
bergers, bêlements de moutons et de chèvres que dominaient les
grognements aigus de cochons.
Le troupeau rentrait.
Entraient en même temps un jeune garçon de quatorze à quinze
ans, à l’œil sournois, visiblement le fils ou le petit-fils de la sorcière,
qui s’assit dans un coin, après un brusque bonsoir ; puis, un gaillard
de mauvaise mine, chaussé d’espadrilles de peau, avec un fusil en
bandoulière, et enfin le batteur de blé. Ils s’installèrent sur le banc
faisant face au nôtre, avec des visages dépourvus d’affabilité, celui
du batteur de blé spécialement, sur lequel nos revolvers et nos
cartouchières accrochés au mur, derrière nous, paraissaient produire
une fâcheuse impression.
XII
HISTOIRE DE BRIGANDS
Enfin le souper est prêt ; souper d’anachorète. Une panade au

lait de chèvre c’est là tout le menu. Avec de tels repas les mœurs
doivent être pures. On songe aux pastorales genre Daphnis et
Chloé. Mais quelle sale Chloé que cette vieille ! Au fait, la fraîche
héroïne de Longus devint sans doute aussi une sorcière avec l’âge,
et la maugrabine qui nous sert fut peut-être une beauté jadis. Belles
dames, ce que c’est que de nous !
Je me faisais ces réflexions philosophiques en dégustant ma
panade à la gamelle commune avec la cuillère qu’on avait, pour me
la donner, arrachée de la bouche de l’affreux marmot qui réclamait
son bien avec des cris de colère. Je n’engage pas les gens
dégoûtés à s’arrêter à la venta du col de Piqueras. Il n’y passe
d’ailleurs pas deux voyageurs par an. Aussi, hôte, hôtesse et
jusqu’aux petites filles semblaient nous examiner d’un air goulu ;
nous étions une de ces proies rares que le bon Dieu envoie deci,
delà aux honnêtes hôteliers, et d’autant mieux qu’en fouillant ses
poches mon compagnon de route avait commis l’imprudence d’en
tirer deux ou trois pièces d’or.
Après la panade au lait suffisamment piquetée de belles
mouches, pain et oignon, vin à discrétion. Cependant le sommeil
nous gagne et nous nous demandons avec une certaine inquiétude
dans quel coin d’étable on va dresser nos litières ; calomnie
gratuite : on nous a préparé des lits. Par un escalier de bois auquel
manque la moitié des marches et dont le reste crève sous le pied,
l’aînée des petites filles nous guide à l’étage supérieur, munie d’une
lampe, et nous conduit à nos chambres.
Nos chambres ! C’est la première fois depuis notre entrée en
Espagne que nous avons chacun la nôtre et toutes deux éloignées
l’une de l’autre, séparées par un long corridor. Voilà qui n’est pas de
nature à nous inspirer confiance, d’autant qu’en montant l’escalier
nous avons entendu des chuchotements suspects. Nous avons nos
revolvers heureusement, décrochés bien ostensiblement, malgré
l’observation de l’amo que nous pouvions aussi bien les laisser à
leur clou.
La première chambre où s’arrête mon compagnon est une sorte
de cellule qui n’a d’ouverture que la porte. Je m’empresse de la lui
laisser, aimant les pièces où l’on peut respirer à l’aise. Je suis servi à
souhait. J’entre dans une sorte de halle ouverte à tous vents et qui
couvre une partie de l’étage inférieur.
La petite fille qui me précède avec sa lampe me prévient de faire
attention où je pose le pied. Recommandation tardive, j’avais déjà
failli disparaître deux ou trois fois dans des dessous inconnus. Le
plancher, ou du moins ce qui jadis a été le plancher, n’existe plus
qu’à l’état de carcasse et, d’entre les crevasses, montent
d’asphyxiantes buées. Des grognements et des bêlements partant
d’en bas expliquent le phénomène.
Au rebours du recoin, précédent orné d’une porte, mais privé de
fenêtres, il y a ici quatre fenêtres et pas de porte, et les fenêtres
ouvertes sur la montagne sont barrelées comme celles d’une prison.
Après des tours d’équilibriste sur des planches pourries posées
comme des ponts sur des abîmes béants, j’atteins une sorte
d’alcôve, où un lit est dressé au-dessous d’une image du grand saint
Joseph qui, la main ouverte, vous invite à y dormir sous sa bonne et
digne garde.
Comme le plancher, le lit vermoulu fait bascule. Il est, d’ailleurs,
aussi sommaire que le dîner. Deux sacs de paille ; le plus petit posé
en travers forme le traversin. Le tout recouvert d’un carré de laine et
d’un drap dont la flamme insuffisante de la lampe ne me permet pas
de vérifier la blancheur.
Je pris la lampe des mains de l’enfant, l’accrochai à la muraille à
côté d’un bénitier et me préparais non à dire mes prières, comme
vous pourriez le supposer, et comme semblait m’y engager le
vénérable époux de la Vierge Marie, mais à me débarrasser de mes
culottes, lorsque je m’aperçus que la petite fille, au lieu de se retirer
discrètement, comme il sied à une personne de son âge, restait
plantée devant moi et suivait tous mes mouvements avec ses
grands yeux noirs chargés de curiosité.
« Tu peux t’en aller, lui criai-je en mon patois, je n’ai plus besoin
de tes services. »
Mais elle ne bougea pas, paraissant s’être juré à elle-même
d’assister au coucher d’un Français.
Rapidement débarrassé de mon veston, de mon gilet, de mes
chaussures, de ma ceinture de laine, j’avais placé mon revolver sous
mon traversin.
Il ne me restait donc plus que le vêtement que les Anglaises
appellent l’inexpressible, mais que, n’étant pas Anglaise, la niña
n’avait nulle raison pour ne pas exprimer, et qu’elle exprima
d’ailleurs fort bien, voyant mon hésitation, en me demandant avec
une sorte d’impatience si je couchais avec mes calzones.
Assez surpris de la question, je lui fis entendre que je n’avais pas
l’habitude de retirer mes culottes devant d’aussi jeunes demoiselles,
sur quoi elle s’avança vers mon lit et se saisit de la lampe.
Je crus un instant qu’elle allait l’éteindre afin de ménager ma
pudeur, mais elle n’avait d’autre but que de l’emporter, ce qu’elle fit
rapidement en me souhaitant une bonne nuit.
« Hé ! lui criai-je, où vas-tu ?
— Me coucher, répliqua-t-elle.
— Pourquoi emportes-tu ma lampe ?
— Parce que maman me l’a dit.
— Elle est bien aimable, ta maman, mais j’en ai besoin.
— Pour quoi faire ? demanda-t-elle.
— Tu es bien curieuse. Mais puisque tu es si curieuse, je vais
l’être autant que toi. Indique-moi certain endroit indispensable,
surtout après les repas de panade au lait.
— Là ! dit-elle.
— Où çà, là ?
— Eh bien là ! ici ! là ! où vous voudrez. »
Et elle me montra les crevasses du plancher.
Il était bien inutile de lui disputer la lampe. Je m’aperçus bientôt
qu’elle n’avait que pour quelques minutes de vie, et, en effet, une
dizaine à peine écoulée il ne resta qu’une mèche charbonneuse.
Une heure environ se passa.
Sur ce squelette de plancher, il était dangereux de s’aventurer
sans lumière. J’avais bien un bout de bougie dans mon sac, mais
ma boîte d’allumettes était restée entre les mains de notre hôte qui
me l’avait demandée pour allumer une cigarette.
Je me décidai d’aller en emprunter à mon compagnon.
M’assurant du terrain avec le pied avant de l’y poser, comme font les
bons chevaux dans les mauvais chemins, je me guidai sans trop
d’encombre jusqu’à son réduit.
Il ronflait déjà comme un juste, et tandis que je tâtonnais,
cherchant ses allumettes, en évitant de troubler son somme,
j’aperçus, par une large crevasse, un filet de lumière, en bas, et
l’ombre projetée sur le mur d’un homme qui chargeait
silencieusement son fusil. Puis l’ombre se doubla ; se tripla ; se
quadrupla ; le rayon lumineux se déplaça, les marches de l’escalier
craquèrent, et je distinguai l’horrible vieille, une lanterne à la main,
précédant une troupe de brigands armés.
Les deux hommes, le fils, la mère. La bande au complet.
Je me remémorais en vain, pour me rassurer, l’aventure des faux
brigands que raconte si plaisamment Courier, lorsqu’il voyageait en
Calabre. La mienne s’offrait toute semblable. Rien n’y manquait : la
nuit, l’endroit isolé, le désert environnant, l’aspect farouche de nos
hôtes, leurs armes, la vieille scélérate, jusqu’aux deux énormes
chiens qui, sans doute attachés en bas, près de la porte, coupaient
toute retraite ; jusqu’à mon compagnon qui, rompu de fatigue,
dormait comme un sourd.
Ils n’étaient pas une quinzaine, il est vrai, comme les
charbonniers de Paul-Louis, et je n’avais pas entendu le mari dire à
sa femme : « Faut-il les tuer tous deux ? » mais je voyais
distinctement celui-ci lever et baisser le bras pour ordonner de
marcher doucement, geste qu’il appuyait du mot « chuto ! chuto ! »
prononcé à voix basse par deux fois.
Que diable venaient faire ces gens ? Évidemment ils ne venaient
pas avec l’intention de nous inviter à une noce. Je pensais bien au
jambon de l’histoire de l’illustre pamphlétaire tourangeau, mais il n’y
avait pas de jambon appendu dans ces soupentes et d’ailleurs ce
n’est nulle part la coutume de les décrocher à coups de fusil.
Il va sans dire que réflexions et réminiscences eurent la durée
d’un éclair, car les brigands montaient toujours, avec le moins de
bruit possible ; mais leurs pieds quoique chaussés d’espadrilles font
craquer quand même les marches pourries.
Je songe que mon revolver est resté là-bas, sous mon traversin.
Il faut y arriver sans encombre. Je secoue brusquement mon
compagnon, qui répond par un gémissement et fait un demi-tour sur
l’autre oreille. Au risque de me rompre le cou ou les jambes, ou de
passer au travers du plancher, trébuchant, basculant et me heurtant,
j’atteins ma couche.
La bande est sur mes talons : elle a dû entendre le bruit de ma
course et n’ayant pas à s’inquiéter de mon compagnon qui ronfle,
arrive à ma chambre presque en même temps que moi.
A la faible lueur de la lanterne, que porte la vieille gueuse, je vois
les faces patibulaires. Je ne me suis pas trompé. Ils sont bien tous
trois armés de fusils. Notre hôte, en éclaireur, se dirige vers l’alcôve.
« Chuto ! chuto ! dit la sorcière ; ne le réveillez pas.
— Pugnatera ! réplique le second brigand, il va bien se réveiller
tout à l’heure ! »
Et tous d’ouvrir la bouche en un rire silencieux et diabolique.
« Mon affaire est faite ! pensais-je. Aussi quelle diable d’idée de
passer dans ces gorges et de nous arrêter dans cet antre. Et cet
animal qui ronfle là-bas !
— Gare au revolver ! murmura la vieille. La niña à vu l’homme le
placer sous son traversin. Attention !
— Ah ! la petite gueuse, me dis-je, c’est donc cela qu’elle
guettait ! » J’ai la main posée dessus, le doigt sur la détente et au
même moment avec quelque étonnement on me voit debout, appuyé
contre mon lit.
« Que quiere usted ? m’écriai-je d’une voix terrible.
— Chuto ! chuto ! réplique le premier brigand avec un grand
geste. Pas de bruit. »
Je répète ma question.
« Rien, dit l’homme, nous ne voulons rien à vous. Je voulais
seulement voir si vous dormiez. »
Ils se répandent dans la vaste pièce, occupant trois des fenêtres
chacun avec son fusil, comme gens assiégés s’apprêtant à
repousser une attaque.
« Qu’est-ce qu’il y a donc ? demandai-je à la vieille qui entrait
dans l’alcôve avec sa lanterne pour la placer flamme au mur de
façon que la lumière ne pût être aperçue du dehors.
— Ah ! les brigands, répondit-elle, j’espère qu’on va en tuer deux
ou trois.
— Qui donc ? On attaque la venta ? »
Elle me prit la main, me guida jusqu’à la fenêtre restée vide.
« Vous allez les voir. Ils sont là, tenez, tenez… comptez… un,
deux, trois, quatre. Je ne parle pas des capons embusqués, là-bas,
dans les broussailles et qui attendent le signal des camarades pour
se mettre en train. Ole ! ole ! »
Dans la belle nuit claire, je vis se glisser quatre formes allongées
semblables à des silhouettes de gros épagneuls. Et presque au
même instant, trois détonations retentirent, suivies de terribles
hurlements auxquels répondirent les aboiements furieux des chiens
enfermés dans l’étable.
« Bien ! s’exclama la vieille. Deux ! »
Deux loups en effet se débattaient, pattes en l’air, dans la
poussière du chemin, tandis que mon compagnon, réveillé en
sursaut par l’effroyable bruit, accourait en chemise, œil effaré et
revolver au poing.
« Vaya ! vaya ! aségûrese ! dit en riant notre hôte. Là ! là !
tranquillisez-vous ! »
Puis se tournant vers moi : « Ça les dégoûtera pour quelques
jours. »
Le lendemain, remis des émotions de la nuit, nous partons en
même temps que les troupeaux, après un déjeuner de panetela
restant du souper.
Nos hôtes qui, à la lumière fumeuse, nous ont paru avoir des
mines de fieffés coquins semblent au contraire de fort honnêtes
gens. Si la matrone, avec son œil crevé, n’est pas un échantillon
séduisant du beau sexe des Castilles, elle a l’air moins revêche et
moins sordide que la veille, et la vue de quelques pesetas glissées
dans sa main adoucit la dureté de son unique prunelle.
Quant au maître de céans, il nous raconte que les loups lui ont
encore dévoré un mouton le soir précédent, au moment où le
troupeau rentrait, et étranglé deux chiens depuis le commencement
de l’été.
Son acolyte, l’homme au fusil, qui n’est autre qu’un honnête
cantonnier du voisinage, est venu à la rescousse dans sa haine des
loups. Chaque année, il est obligé de quitter sa maison dès que
tombent les neiges pour se réfugier à Pajarès, et elles commencent
dès septembre pour ne cesser qu’en avril ou mai ; et chaque année
il trouve sa porte enfoncée et sa maison envahie. Les loups entrent
parfois, par bandes, dans le village de Pajarès, et poussent l’audace,
comme on l’a vu, jusqu’à rôder près des étables, même dans les
nuits d’été. « Que voulez-vous, dit philosophiquement notre hôte : Lo
que ha de ser no puede faltar », variante du vieux proverbe fataliste
arabe : « Ce qui est écrit est écrit. »
Et ainsi se termine mon histoire de brigands.

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Math in Our World 3rd Edition Sobecki

4. If the line is vertical, then it will have no y

5. Draw horizontal and vertical segments, as

6. Suppose two points have coordinates ( x1 , y1 )

25. Since the point is 3 units right of the origin and

26. Since the point is on the y-axis and is 5 units

In exercises 27 – 30, answers are approximate.

27. Since the point is 3 units left of the origin and

31. Substitute x = 2, x = 3, and x = 4 in the

22. (−2, −200) is plotted by starting at the origin

36. Substitute x = −8, x = 0, and x = 8 in the

34. Substitute x = 1, x = 5, and x = 7 in the 37. Substitute x = −4, x = 3, and x = 10 in the

y2 − y1 3.1 − (−1.2) 4.3 43

49. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for

56. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for

62. Solve the equation for y.

(a) For 3 weeks:

(b) For 5 weeks:

(a) For a five-room house:

(b) For a seven-room house:

(c) For a twenty-room house:

(b) For 55 miles:

(c) For 220 miles:

83. Sandi’s weight can be modeled by the

A linear model would be pretty good because

Exercise Set 7-2

The point of intersection is (7, 0). So, the

The point of intersection is (−1, 3). So, the

21. Select one equation and solve for one variable.

The point of intersection is (0, 0). So, the

24. Select one equation and solve for one variable.

30. Select one equation and solve for one variable.

54. Multiply the first equation by 10 to make all of

69. Let l = the cost of a lawn seat

4. Draw a dashed horizontal line that crosses the

5. Answers may vary.

6. That point is not part of the solution set for

9. Graph the solid (since the inequality sign is ≤)

12. To graph y < −6, use y = −6 and draw a dashed

14. To graph x > −3, use x = −3 and draw a dashed

15. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is

19. Graph the line 0.3 y= 6 − 0.5 x using two

23. Graph 2x − y ≤ 6 using a solid line (since the

27. Graph 5x − 3y ≥ 15 using a solid line (since the

b) 5 word problems and 7 computation

44. Let L = the number of tubes of body lotion and

b) She would want to sell 4, 5, or 6 cases of

Réveillez-vous, gens qui dormez,

Les serenos, à Madrid, ouvrent la porte aux locataires attardés.

Car sur la grande ville

Depuis notre entrée en Espagne, nous avons traversé de

Il n’est pas de vrai voyage en Espagne sans histoire de

Enfin le souper est prêt ; souper d’anachorète. Une panade au

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