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Math in Our World 3Rd Edition Sobecki Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Math in Our World 3Rd Edition Sobecki Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Math in Our World 3Rd Edition Sobecki Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Solutions Manual
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7 Additional Topics in Algebra
Exercise Set 7-1
1. If you look at the signs of the coordinates, you 7. If you are looking at the graph it is much
know what quadrant the point will be in. easier to see the change in the data values than
Points in I are (+, +), points in II are (−, +), when you are looking at the data in a table.
points in III are (−, −), and points in IV are (+, When you are looking at the equation, then
−). you have to be able to interpret the equation
since no data values are given.
2. Slope tells you how steep a line is. If the
amount of “rise” is bigger than the amount of 8. The slope tells us the rate of change of the
“run,” then the line is steep. The bigger the real-world quantity. For example, if an
difference the steeper the line. If the “rise” and equation represents the growth of a plant, and
“run” are equal, then it is a 45degree angle. If 5
the “run” is bigger than the “rise,” then the line the slope is , then it might mean that the
3
is not very steep. The bigger the difference the
plant is growing 5 cm every 3 days.
less steep the line.
3. The x-intercept is the point on the graph that 9. (−2, −5) is plotted by starting at the origin and
lives on the x-axis. If a point lives on the x- moving two units left and five units down.
axis, then it must have a y value of zero. The
y-intercept is the point on the graph that lives
on the y-axis. If a point lives on the y-axis,
then it must have a x value that is zero.
y −y
=m 2 1,x ≠ x
x −x 2 1
2 1
311
11. (−6, 4) is plotted by starting at the origin and 15. (0, 3) is plotted by starting at the origin and
moving six units left and four units up. moving three units up.
12. (3, −7) is plotted by starting at the origin and 16. (0, −2) is plotted by starting at the origin and
moving three units right and seven units down. moving two units down.
13. (6, 0) is plotted by starting at the origin and 17. (5.6, −3.2) is plotted by starting at the origin
moving six units right. and moving 5.6 units right and 3.2 units down.
14. (−4, 0) is plotted by starting at the origin and 18. (−4.8, 7.3) is plotted by starting at the origin
moving four units left. and moving 4.8 units left and 7.3 units up.
312
1 1
19. 3 , 6 is plotted by starting at the origin
23. Since the point 4 units left of the origin and 2
2 3 units above the origin, the point is ( −4, 2 ) .
1 1 24. Since the point is 1 unit left of the origin and 4
and moving 3 units right and 6 units up.
2 3 units below the origin, the point is ( −1, −4 ) .
1
29. Since the point is on the x-axis and is 3 units
2
( ) 1
right of the origin, the point is 3 , 0 .
2
21. (−45, −2) is plotted by starting at the origin
and moving 45 units left and two units down. 30. Since the point is 1 unit right of the origin and
15 units below the origin, the point is (1, –15).
313
32. Substitute x = 0, x = 4, and x = 8 in the 35. Substitute x = −7, x = 0, and x = 7 in the
equation x + 4y = 24 and solve each equation equation 4x + 7y = 140 and solve each
for y. The three points are (0, 6), (4, 5), and (8, equation for y. The three points are ( −7, 24) ,
4). Plot the points on the plane and draw a (0, 20) , and (7,16) . Plot the points on the
straight line through them.
plane and draw a straight line through them.
314
38. Substitute x = −6, x = 0, and x = 6 in the y2 − y1 −5 − 0 −5
42. =
m = = = 5
equation 5x − 3y = −180 and solve each x2 − x1 3− 4 −1
equation for y. The three points are (−6, 50), The slope is 5.
(0, 60) and (6, 70). Plot the points on the plane
and draw a straight line through them. y2 − y1 7 − 0 7 7
43. m = = = = −
x2 − x1 0 − 4 −4 4
7
The slope is − .
4
y2 − y1 9 − 10 −1 1
44. m = = = = −
x2 − x1 4 − 2 2 2
1
The slope is − .
2
2 17
3 − ( −2)
y −y 3 34
39. Substitute x = −4, x = 6, and x = 16 in the 45. m = 2 1 = = 3 = −
x2 − x1 5
4 −8 −
19 19
3 5
equation x − y = 12 and solve each 6 6
4 6 34
The slope is − .
equation for y. The three points are (−4, −18), 19
(6, −9) and (16, 0). Plot the points on the plane
and draw a straight line through them. 1 11
11 − (6)
y2 − y1 2 22
46. m = = = 2 = −
x2 − x1 −2 3 − ( −1) − 7 7
4 4
22
The slope is − .
7
316
55. To find the x intercept, let y = 0 and solve for 58. Solve the equation for y.
x. −2 x + 7 y =
14
−0.7 x − 0.5 y = 28 7=y 2 x + 14
−0.7 x − 2(0) = 28 7 y 2 x 14
−0.7 x = 28 = +
x = −40 7 7 7
2
To find the y intercept, let x = 0 and solve for =y x+2
7
y.
−0.7 x − 0.5 y = 28 2
The slope is and the y intercept is (0, 2). To
5(0) − 0.5 y = 28 7
−0.5 y = 28 graph, use (0, 2) as one point and from this
y = −56 point move down 2 units and left 7 units. The
Hence, the x intercept is (–40, 0) and the second point is (−7, 0). Draw a line through
y intercept is (0, −56). the two points.
317
60. Solve the equation for y. 61. Solve the equation for y.
4x − 8 y = 15 3x − 8 y = 100
−8 y = −4 x + 15 −8 y = −3x + 100
−8 y −4 x 15 −8 y −3x 100
= + = +
−8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8
1 15 3 25
=y x− =y x−
2 8 8 2
1 3
The slope is and the The slope is and the y intercept is
2 8
15 0, − 25 . To graph, use 0, − 25 as one
y intercept is 0, − . To graph, use
8 2 2
15 point. From this point move up 3 units and
0, − as one point. From this point move
8 19
right 8 units. A second point is 8, − . The
down 1 unit and left 2 units. A second point is 2
(−2, −2.875). Draw a line through the two graph shows another point on the line. Draw a
points. The graph shows another point on the line through the two points.
line.
318
64. Solve the equation for y.
40 7 7 11
To graph, use 0, − as one point. From y +=
3 2x +
2 4 2
this point move up 5 units and right 12 units. 7 7 77
y+ = x+
25 2 2 8
A second point is 12, − . Draw a line 7 49
3 =y x+
through the two points. 2 8
7
The slope is and the
2
49
y intercept is 0, . To graph, use
8
49
0, as one point. From this point move
8
up 7 units and right 2 units. A second point is
108
2, Draw a line through the two points.
8
63. Solve the equation for y. The graph shows two other points on the line.
5 2 3
y− = − x−
6 3 4
5 2 1
y− = − x+
6 3 2
2 4
y= − x+
3 3
2 4
The slope is − and the y intercept is 0, .
3 3
4
To graph, use 0, as one point. From this
3
point move down 2 units and right 3 units. A
2
second point is 3, − . Draw a line through
3
the two points. The graph shows two other 65. The graph of x = −3 is a vertical line passing
points on the line.
through (−3, 0) on the x axis.
319
66. The graph of y = 2 is a horizontal line passing
through (0, 2) on the y axis. 69. Let y = cost of running the ad and let
x = number of weeks. Since it costs $6.50 per
week, the cost of x weeks is 6.5x. This together
with the setup charge of $50.00 gives us the
equation y = 6.5x + 50.
320
72. The cost can be modeled by the equation: 75. The number of alcohol related traffic fatalities
C= 25 + 4.99 x where x is the number of can be modeled by the equation
months. = F 17, 524 − 797 x , where x is the number of
a) Substitute 3 for x: years since 2003.
= 25 + 4.99(3)
C
= 25 + 14.97
C In 2012, which is 9 years from 2003, the
number of fatalities will be:
C = $39.97 F = 17, 524 − 797(9) = 10, 351
b) Substitute 6 for x:
The first year in which the number of fatalities
= 25 + 4.99(6)
C
will be less than 7,000 can be found by solving
= 25 + 29.94
C the equation:
C = $54.94 =7, 000 17, 524 − 797 x
c) Two years = 24 months, substitute 24 for x: −10, 524 = 797 x
C= 25 + 4.99(24) 13.26 ≈ x
C= 25 + 119.76 So, it will be 14 years from 2003 when the
number is less than 7,000, so the year will be
C = $144.76 2017.
73. The number of emails can be modeled by the 76. The percentage of Americans over the age of
equation= E 13 x + 167 , where x is the number 25 that had completed less than 12 years of
of years since 2009. school can be modeled by= P 21.1 − .4 x ,
where x is the number of years since 1970.
In 2020, which is 11 years from 2009, the
number of average daily emails will be: The first year in which the percentage reached
E= 13(11) + 167= 310 7.85 can be found by solving the equation:
The year in which the average number of = 21.1 − 0.4 x
7.85
emails will pass 400 can be found by solving −13.25 = −0.4 x
the equation: x = 33.125
= 13 x + 167
400 The year in which the percentage would be
233 = 13 x 7.85 is approximately 1970 + 33.125 =
18 ≈ x 2003.125. So between the years 2003 and
2009 + 18 is the year 2027. 2004.
74. The number of civilian mental health care 77. We are given two pieces of data: in 2004 there
providers can be modeled by the equation were 36.3 million and in 2050 (46 years later)
= C 395 x + 1, 950 , where x is the number of there will be 86.7 million. Find the slope of the
years since 2007. line containing (0, 36.3) and (46, 86.7).
86.7 − 36.3 50.4
In 2010, which is 3 years from 2007, the = m = ≈ 1.1
number of average daily emails will be: 46 − 0 46
C = 395(3) + 1, 950 = 3,135 The number of millions of Americans 65 and
over can be modeled by:= P 1.1x + 36.3 :
The number of years it will take the number of
providers to double ( 2 ⋅ 1, 950 =
3, 900 ) can be where x is the number of years since 2004.
found by solving the equation:
To find the year in which the population will
3,=
900 395 x + 1, 950
reach 100 million, solve the following
1, 950 = 395 x equation for x to find the number of years
5≈ x since 2040:
It will take about 5 years to double, so the year = 1.1x + 36.3
100
will 2007 + 5 = 2012. 63.7 = 1.1x
58 = x
2004 + 58 = 2062.
The population is expected to reach 100
million in 2062.
321
78. We are given the data points (0, 10) and (12, 80. a) Substitute 0, 4, and 8 for x in the equation.
13.32). The slope is = y 33.285 x + 220.458
13.32 − 10 3.32 =y 33.285(0) + 220.458
=m = ≈ 0.28
12 − 0 12 y = 220.458
The cost of the item can be modeled by: The expenditures will be $220.458 billion in
= C 0.28 x + 10 , where x is the number of 2000.
years since 2000. = y 33.285 x + 220.458
= y 33.285(4) + 220.458
To find the number of years for the cost to
double, solve the following equation for x: y = 353.598
= 20 0.28 x + 10 The expenditures will be $353.598 billion in
10 = 0.28 x 2004.
35.7 ≈ x = y 33.285 x + 220.458
= y 33.285(8) + 220.458
It will take approximately 35.7 years for the
cost of the item to double, or sometime in y = 486.738
2035. The expenditures will be $486.738 billion in
2008.
79. a) Substitute 0, 4, and 8 for x in the equation. b) To find the year in which the expenditures
= y 26.237 x + 181.153 will exceed $1 trillion, solve the equation:
= y 26.237(0) + 181.153 =
1000 33.285 x + 220.458
779.542 = 33.285 x
y = 181.153 23.42 ≈ x
The expenditures will be $181.153 billion in So in 2000 + 24 = 2024, the expenditures will
2000. exceed 1 trillion dollars.
= y 26.237 x + 181.153 c) Actual answers may vary. Projected amount
is:
= y 26.237(4) + 181.153
= y 33.285 x + 220.458
y = 286.101 = y 33.285(11) + 220.458
The expenditures will be $286.101 billion in y = 586.593
2004. The projected amount of expenditures in 2011
= y 26.237 x + 181.153 is $586.593 billion.
= y 26.237(8) + 181.153
y = 391.049 81. a) The total cost can be modeled by the
The expenditures will be $391.049 billion in =
equation C 12, 000 + 1.73 x where x is the
2008. number of slingshots. Substitute 1,000 in for x
b) The find the year in which the expenditures in the equation.
will exceed $1 trillion, solve the equation: = C 12, 000 + 1.73 (1, 000 )
= 1000 26.237 x + 181.53
818.47 = 26.237 x C = 13, 730
31.2 ≈ x It will cost them $13,730 to produce 1,000
So in 2000 + 32 = 2032, the expenditures will slingshots.
exceed 1 trillion dollars. b) The revenue can be modeled by R = 12.99 x .
c) Actual answers may vary. Projected amount Substitute 1,000 in for x in the equation:
is: R = 12.99(1,000)
= y 26.237 x + 181.153
= y 26.237(11) + 181.153 R = 12,990
y = 469.76 They would make $12,990 selling 1,000
The projected amount of expenditures in 2011 slingshots.
is $469.76 billion. So, the company’s profit on 1,000 slingshots
produced and sold would be C – R = 12,990 –
13,730 = –740. They would have a loss of
$740.
322
82. a) The total cost can be modeled by the 86. The number of viruses can be modeled by the
equation= C 4,000 + 1.29 x where x is the =
equation y 4, 000 + 400 x where x represents
number of CDs. Substitute 2,000 in for x in the the number of weeks since the beginning of
equation. 2012. The find when the number will top
= C 4, 000 + 1.29(2, 000) 100,000, solve the equation:
C = 6,580
It will cost them $6,580 to produce 2,000 CDs. 100,= 000 40, 00 + 400 x
b) The revenue can be modeled by R = 7.99 x . 60, 000 = 400 x
Substitute 2,000 in for x in the equation: 150 = x
R = 7.99(2, 000) It will take about 150 weeks after the
beginning of 2012, which is about 6 weeks
R = 15, 980 before the beginning of 2015.
They would make $15,980 selling 2,000 CDs.
So, the company’s profit on 2,000 CDs 87. a)
produced and sold would be C – R = 15,980 –
6,580 = 9,400. They would make $9,400.
84. The amount of money in the pot can be 88. a) The largest percentage was in 1968, and the
modeled by the equation smallest in 1996.
= y 2, 000, 000 + 0.5 x , five years is 0.5 b) The largest decrease appears to be either
decade, where x is the number of tickets sold. from 1968 to 1972, or from 1992 to 1996.
Substitute 250,000 in for x in the equation. Going back to the table would be a good idea
= y 2, 000, 000 + 0.5(250, 000) to find out for sure. The largest increase was
1988 to 1992.
y = 2,125, 000
c) Answers may vary.
The jackpot will be $2,125,000.
89. a)
85. The number of diseases in the community can
be modeled by the equation= y 350 − 5 x
where x is the number of years. Substitute 0 in
for y.
= 0 350 − 5 x
0 − 350 = 350 − 350 − 5 x
−350 = −5 x
−350 −5 x
=
−5 −5
70 = x b) Other than one down year in 2001, the
It will take 70 years to eliminate all diseases. number of adoptions increased vary rapidly
from 1999 to 2005, then suddenly decreased
very rapidly for the next three years.
323
90. a) The largest number of adoptions occurred in 95. Solve ax + by = c for y.
2005, and the smallest number in 2008. x =1
b) The largest increase was in 2002 and the ax + by = c
largest decrease was in 2008. by = − ax + c
c) Answers may vary. − ax + c
y=
91. The denominator of the fraction for the slope b
a c
will always be zero. y= − x+
b b
92. The numerator of the fraction for the slope will
always be zero. Find two points on the line ax + by = c.
x intercept: Set y = 0:
93. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) be two points on a ax + b ( 0 ) = c
line. Then y2 − y1 is the vertical distance ax = c
between the points and x2 − x1 is the c
x=
horizontal distance between the points. By the a
Pythagorean theorem, c= 2
a 2 + b 2 , the c
The x intercept is , 0 ,
distance, d, between the two points on the line a
is d 2 = ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( x2 − x1 )2 or y intercept: Set x = 0:
a ( 0 ) + by = c
d= ( y2 − y1 )2 + ( x2 − x1 )2 . by = c
c
94. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) be two points on y=
b
the line.
c
The y intercept is 0, ,
The x coordinate of the midpoint is half the b
distance from x1 to x2. xm = x1 + 12 ( x2 − x1 ) Using these two points, the slope is:
=x1 + 12 x2 − 12 x1 c
= 22 x1 − 12 x1 + 12 x2 −0
b c a a
= 12 x1 + 12 x2 m= = ⋅ − =−
c b c b
x +x 0−
= 1 2 a
2
The y coordinate of the midpoint is half the 96. They have the same rate of change.
distance from y1 to y2. ym = y1 + 12 ( y2 − y1 )
=y1 + 12 y2 − 12 y1 97. 1980 – 1990:
= 22 y1 − 12 y1 + 12 y2 6.3 − 8.8
= −0.25
= 12 y1 + 12 y2 1990 − 1980
y + y2 1990 – 2000:
= 1
2 5.8 − 6.3
= −0.05
Thus the coordinates for the midpoint, 2000 − 1990
2000 – 2005:
x + x2 , y1 + y2 .
( xm , ym ), are 1 3.4 − 5.8
2 2 = −0.24
2005 − 2000
2005 – 2010:
2.7 − 3.4
= −0.07
2010 − 2005
A linear model would be a bad idea because
the rates of change vary a lot.
324
98. 1980 – 1990:
17, 839 − 11, 269
= 657
1990 − 1980
1990 – 2000:
23, 533 − 17, 839
= 569.40
2000 − 1990
2000 – 2010:
29, 887 − 23, 533
= 635.40
2010 − 2000
325
8. Substitute the coordinates into each equation 10. Substitute the coordinates into each equation
to see if it’s a true statement for both. to see if it’s a true statement for both.
2x + 4 y = 4 7x − 3y = 12
x − 3y = −8 −4 x − 6 y = −12
Check (4, −1): 2
? ? Check 2, :
2 ( 4 ) + 4 ( −1) =
4 4 − 3 ( −1) =
−8 3
? ?
2 ? 2 ?
8− 4= 4 4+7= −8 7 ( 2) − 3 = 12 −4 ( 2 ) − 6 = − 12
4=4 11 ≠ −8 3 3
? ?
Since the point (4,−1) does not satisfy both 14 − 2 =12 −8 − 4 =− 12
equations it is not a solution to the system. 12 = 12 −12 = −12
2
Check (−2, 2): Since the point 2, satisfies both equations
? ? 3
2 ( −2 ) + 4 ( 2 ) =
4 −2 − 3 ( 2 ) =
−8 it is a solution to the system.
? ?
−4 + 8 = 4 −2 − 6 =
−8 Check (3, 3):
4=4 −8 =−8 ? ?
Since the point (−2, 2) satisfies both equations 7 ( 3) − 3 ( 3) =
12 −4 ( 3) − 6 ( 3) =
− 12
? ?
it is a solution to the system. 21 − 9 = 12 −12 − 18 = − 12
12 = 12 −30 ≠ −12
9. Substitute the coordinates into each equation Since the point (3, 3) does not satisfy both
to see if it’s a true statement for both. equations it is not a solution to the system.
6x + 7 y =24
11. Substitute the coordinates into each equation
−2 x + y =2
to see if it’s a true statement for both.
Check (11,−6):
3
? ? x + 6y = 32
6 (11) + 7 ( −6 ) =
24 −2 (11) + ( −6 ) =2 4
1 367
x+ y =
? ?
66 − 42 = 24 −22 − 6 =2 5 15
24 = 24 −28 ≠ 2
Since the point (11,−6) does not satisfy both 7
Check 24, :
equations it is not a solution to the system. 3
7
( 24 ) + =
3 1 7 367
1 (24) + 6 = 32
Check , 3 : 4 3 5 3 15
2 18 + 14 = 32 360 7 367
32 = 32 + =
1 ?
1 ? 15 15 15
6 + 7 ( 3) = 24 −2 + ( 3) = 2 367 367
2 2 =
? ? 15 15
3 + 21 =24 −1 + 3 =2
24 = 24 2=2 7
Since the point 24, satisfies both
1 3
Since the point , 3 satisfies both equations equations it is a solution to the system.
2
it is a solution to the system.
Check −16, :
10
3
3 10 1 10 367
(−16) + 6 = 32 ( −16 ) + =
4 3 5 3 15
−12 + 20 = 32 240 10 367
8 ≠ 32 − + =
15 15 15
46 367
− ≠
3 15
10
Since the point −16, does not satisfy
3
either equation, it is not a solution to the
system.
326
12. Substitute the coordinates into each equation 14. Draw the graphs for both equations on the
to see if it’s a true statement for both. Cartesian plane.
20 25
x− y= 18
3 8
3 759
5x − y =
4 100
Check
147
,6 :
4
20 147 25 147 3 759
− (6) = 18 5 − (6) =
3 4 8 4 4 100
735 75 735 18 759
− = 18 − =
3 4 4 4 100 The point of intersection is (3, −1). So, the
8,820 225 717 759 solution set is {(3, −1)}.
− = 18 ≠
12 12 4 100
905
≠ 18 15. Multiply each equation through by its LCD in
4 order to remove the fractional coefficients.
Draw the graphs for both equations on the
Since the point
147 , 6 does not satisfy Cartesian plane.
2
4 1
x− y = −2
either equation, it is not a solution to the 1 2
system.
2x − y = −4
259 :
Check 1, − 3 1 2
75 1
x+ y =
−
3 259 759
1 3 3
(1) − − =
20 25 259 3
18 5 (1) − − =
3 8 75 4 75 100 x+ y = −2
20 259 259 759
+ = 18 5+ =
3 24 100 100
160 259 500 259 759
+ = 18 + =
24 24 100 100 100
419 759 759
≠ 18 =
24 100 100
Since the point 1, −
259
does not satisfy
75
both equations it is not a solution to the
system. The point of intersection is (−2, 0). So, the
solution set is {(−2, 0)}.
13. Draw the graphs for both equations on the
Cartesian plane.
329
27. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 28. Select one equation and solve for one variable.
4x + 3y = 24 −8 x + 2 y = −32
3=y 24 − 4 x 2=y 8 x − 32
4x =y 4 x − 16
y= 8 −
3 Substitute y = 4x − 16 into the first equation
4x and solve for x.
Substitute y= 8 − into the second equation 4 x − 3(4x − 16) = 26
3
4 x − 12 x + 48 = 26
and solve for x. −8 x + 48 = 26
3x + 5 y = 22 −8 x = −22
4x 11
3x + 5 8 − = 22 x=
3 4
20 x
3 x + 40 − = 22 Substitute x =
11
into one equation and solve
3 4
20 x
3x − = −18 for y.
3
3 20 x 11
3 ⋅ 3x − ⋅ = 3(−18) = y 4 − 16
1 3 4
9 x − 20 x = −54 y= 11 − 16
−11x = −54 y = −5
54
x= 11
11 The solution set is , −5 .
54 4
Substitute x = into one equation and solve
11
29. Select one equation and solve for one variable.
for y.
3=x 5 y + 16
4x + 3y = 24 5 16
54 = x y+
4 + 3y = 24 3 3
11
216 5 16
+ 3y = 24 Substitute = x y+ into the second
11 3 3
264 216 equation and solve for y.
=3y −
11 11 5 y − 3x =−16
48 5 16
3y = 5 y − 3 y + = −16
11
16 3 3
y= 5 y − 5 y − 16 =−16
11 −16 = −16
54 16 Since the variables are eliminated and the
The solution set is , .
11 11 equation −16 = −16 is true, the system is
dependent. The solution set is
{(x, y) | 3x = 5y + 16}.
330
31. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 34. Multiply the first equation by 2. Then subtract
x + 2y =6 the second equation from the first equation.
x= 6 − 2 y 10 x − 2 y = 20
Substitute x= 6 − 2 y into the second equation − x + 2 y =−18
and solve for y. 9x = 2
−3(6 − 2 y ) − 6 y =
18 2
x=
−18 + 6 y − 6 y =
18 9
−18 =18 2
Substitute x = into one equation and solve
Since the variables are eliminated and the 9
equation −18 = 18 is not true, the system is for y.
inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ . 5x − y =10
2
5 − y = 10
32. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 9
4x − y = 7 10
− y = 7 − 4x −y= 10
9
=y 4x − 7 80
Substitute = −y =
y 4 x − 7 into the second equation 9
80
and solve for y. y= −
−16 x + 4(4 x − 7) =
2 9
−16 x + 16 x − 28 =
2 2 80
The solution set is , − .
−28 =2 9 9
Since the variables are eliminated and the
equation −28 = 2 is not true, the system is 35. Multiply the second equation by 3. Then add
inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ . the second equation to the first equation to
eliminate the x variable and solve for y.
33. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c. −3 x + 3 y =−9
3x − 2 y = 10 3x + 4 y = 2
−3 x + 9 y = −7
7 y = −7
Add the equations to eliminate the x variable.
Then solve for y. y = −1
3x − 2 y = 10 Substitute y = −1 into one equation and solve
−3 x + 9 y = −7 for y.
7y = 3 −1 − x =−3
3 − x =−2
y=
7 x=2
3 The solution set is {(2, −1)} .
Substitute y = into one equation and solve
7
for x. 36. Multiply the first equation by 5. Then subtract
3=x 2 y + 10 the second equation from the first equation to
3 eliminate a variable.
= 3 x 2 + 10 5 x − 15 y =
45
7
3 x=
6 70
+ 5 x − 15 y = −30
7 7 0 = 75
76
3x = Since both variables are eliminated and the
7 equation 0 = 75 is not true, the system is
1 1 76
⋅ 3x = ⋅ inconsistent. The solution set is ∅ .
3 3 7
76
x=
21
76 3
The solution set is , .
21 7
331
37. Multiply the first equation by −3. Then add the 40. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c.
equations. 2x − 6 y = 4
−15 x + 6 y =−33 5x − 4 y =12
15 x − 6 y = 33 Multiply the first equation by 5 and multiply
0= 0 the second equation by 2. Then subtract the
second equation from the first equation to
Since the variables are eliminated and 0 = 0 is eliminate the x variable.
true, the system is dependent. The solution set 10 x − 30 y = −20
is {(x, y) | 5x − 2y = 11}.
10 x − 8 y =
24
38. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c. −22 y =−44
−x + 2 y = 11 y=2
x + 3y = 14 Substitute y = 2 into one equation and solve
Add the equations to eliminate the x variable for x.
and solve for y.
4 + 2x = 6(2)
− x + 2 y =11
4 + 2x = 12
x + 3y = 14
5 y = 25 2x = 8
y= 5 x=4
Substitute y = 5 into one equation and solve The solution set is {(4, 2)} .
for x.
x + 3y = 14 41. Write both equations in the form ax + by = c.
x + 3(5) = 14 2x − 3y = −2
x + 15 = 14 5x − 2 y = −9
x = −1
Multiply the first equation by −2 and the
The solution set is {(−1, 5)}.
second equation by 3. Add the equations to
eliminate the y variable. Then solve for x.
39. Multiply the first equation by 4 and multiply
the second equation by 3. Then add the first −4 x + 6 y = 4
equation to the second equation to eliminate 15 x − 6 y = −27
the x variable. 11x = −23
−12 x − 24 y = −96 23
x= −
12 x + 24 y = 96 11
0=0 23
Substitute x = − into one equation and
Since both variables are eliminated and the 11
equation 0 = 0 is true, the system is dependent solve for y.
and the solution set is {(x, y) | 4x + 8y = 32}, 2x − 3y = −2
or {( x, y ) | x + 2 y =
8} . 23
2 − − 3y = −2
11
46
− − 3y = −2
11
24
−3 y =
11
8
y= −
11
23 8
The solution set is − , − .
11 11
332
42. Multiply the first equation by 3 and multiply 44. Multiply each equation through by its least
the second equation by 5. Then add the first common denominator to change the
equation to the second equation to eliminate coefficients to integers.
the x variable. 6x − 3y = −25
15 x − 45 y = 18 4x + 3y = −5
−15 x + 45 y = −30 Add the equations together to eliminate the y
0 = −12 variable. Then solve for x.
Since both variables were eliminated and the 6x − 3y = −25
equation 0 = –12 is not true, the system is 4x + 3y = −5
inconsistent and the solution set is ∅ . 10 x = −30
43. Multiply each equation through by its least x = −3
common denominator to change the Substitute x = –3 into one equation and solve
coefficients to integers. for y.
2x + 3y = 108 4( −3) + 3 y =−5
4x − 2 y =64 −12 + 3 y = −5
Multiply the first equation by 2. Then subtract 3y = 7
the second equation from the first equation to 7
eliminate the x variable. Then solve for y. y=
3
4x + 6 y =216
7
4x − 2 y =
64 The solution set is −3, .
3
8 y = 152
y = 19 45. Select one equation and solve for one variable.
Substitute x = 19 into one equation and solve 4x + y = 2
for y. y= 2 − 4 x
4 x + 6(19) = 216 Substitute y = 2 − 4x into the second equation
4 x + 114 = 216 and solve for x.
7x + 3y = 1
4 x = 102 7 x + 3(2 − 4 x) =1
51 7 x + 6 − 12 x =1
x= −5 x =−5
2 x =1
51 Substitute x = 1 into one equation and solve
The solution set is ,19 .
2 for y.
4x + y = 2
4(1) + y = 2
4+ y = 2
y = −2
The system is consistent. The solution set is
{(1, −2)}.
333
46. Multiply the first equation by −3 and the 48. Multiply the first equation by 3 and add the
second equation by 8. Then add the equations equations to eliminate the y variable. Then
to eliminate the x variable. Solve for y. solve for x.
−24 x + 6 y =6 12 x − 3 y = 33
24 x − 40 y = 32 7x + 3y = 14
−34 y = 38 19 x = 47
19 47
y= − x=
17 19
Substitute y = –19/17 into one equation and 47
solve for x. Substitute x = into one equation and solve
19
19 for y.
8x − 2 − = −2
17 7x + 3y = 14
8x +
38
= −2 47
7 + 3y = 14
17 19
72 329
8x = − + 3y = 14
17 19
9 63
x= − 3y = −
17 19
The system is consistent. The solution set is 21
y= −
9 19 19
− , − . The system is consistent. The solution set is
17 17
47 21
, − .
47. Select one equation and solve for one variable. 19 19
x − 6y = 19
=x 6 y + 19 49. Multiply the first equation by −5 and the
Substitute x = 6y + 19 into the second equation second equation by 3. Add the equations to
and solve for y. eliminate the x variable. Then solve for y.
2x + 7 y = 0 −15 x + 25 y = −25
2(6 y + 19) + 7 y = 0
12 y + 38 + 7 y = 0 15 x − 21 y =3
19 y = −38 4 y = −22
y = −2 22
y= −
Substitute y = −2 into one equation and solve 4
for x. 11
y= −
x − 6y = 19 2
x − 6(−2) = 19
x + 12 = 11
19 Substitute y = − into one equation and
x=7 2
The system is consistent. The solution set is solve for x.
{(7, −2)}. 3x − 5 y = 5
11
3x − 5 − = 5
2
55
3x + =5
2
45
3x = −
2
15
x= −
2
The system is consistent. The solution set is
15 11
− , − .
2 2
334
50. Substitute x = 3y + 2 into the second equation 53. Multiply the first equation by 100 to make all
and solve for y. of the coefficients integers.
x + 3y = 14 6 x + 20 y = 22
3y + 2 + 3y = 14 Multiply the second equation by 3 and subtract
6 y = 12 it from the first equation to eliminate the x
y=2 variable. Then solve for y.
Substitute y = 2 into one equation and solve 6 x + 20 y = 22
for x. 6 x − 15 y = 48
x = 3y + 2 35 y = −26
x = 3(2) + 2 26
y= −
x=6+2 35
x=8 26
The system is consistent. The solution set is Substitute y = − into one equation and
35
{(8, 2)}. solve for x.
26
2x − 5 − = 16
51. Draw the graphs for both equations on the 35
26
Cartesian plane. 2x + = 16
7
86
2x =
7
43
x=
7
The system is consistent. The solution set is
43 26
, − .
6
7 35
335
55. Multiply each equation by the least common 57. Let A = the amount Lane gets paid at
denominator to make all of the coefficients Starbucks and B = the amount he gets paid at
integers. the computer lab.
2x + 3y = −6 The system is
x − 15 y = 36 0.1A + 0.3B = 127
Multiply the first equation by 5 and add the 0.2 A + 0.4 B =184
first equation to the second equation to Multiply the first equation by 2 and solve by
eliminate the y variable. Then solve for x. the addition method.
10 x + 15 y = −30 0.2 A + 0.6 B = 254
x − 15 y = 36 −0.2 A − 0.4 B = −184
11x = 6 0.2 B = 70
6
x= B = 350
11 Substitute 350 into the first equation in place
6 of B:
Substitute x = into one equation and solve
11 0.1A + 0.3(350) = 127
for y. 0.1A + 105 = 127
6 0.1A = 22
− 15 y = 36
11 A = 220
390 Lane makes $220 a week at Starbucks and
−15 y =
11 $350 a week at the computer lab.
26 220 + 350 – 127 – 184 = 259
y= −
11 $259 goes into Lane’s checking account each
The system is consistent. The solution set is week.
6 26
, − . 58. Let x = number of pounds at $6.40 per pound
11 11 and let y = number of pounds at $10.80 per
pound.
56. Multiply each equation by the least common The system is
denominator to make all of the coefficients x+ y = 30
integers. 6.4 x + 10.8 y = 9.04(30)
4x + y = 20
x + 4y = 35 Solve by the substitution method.
x+ y = 30
Multiply the first equation by 4 and subtract =y 30 − x
the second equation from the first equation to
eliminate the y variable. Then solve for x. Substitute y = 20 – x into the second equation.
16 x + 4 y = 80 6.4 x + 10.8 y = 9.04(30)
x + 4y = 35 6.4 x + 10.8(30 − x) = 9.04(30)
15 x = 45 6.4 x + 324 − 10.8 x = 271.2
x=3 −4.4 x = −52.8
Substitute x = 3 into one equation and solve x = 12
Substitute x = 12 into one equation and solve
for y.
for y.
3+ 4y = 35
4 y = 32 x+ y = 30
y =8 12 + y = 30
y = 18
The system is consistent. The solution set is
She would have to use 12 pounds of $6.40
{( 3,8)} . coffee and 18 pounds of $10.80 coffee.
336
59. Let x = number of adults and 61. Let C = amount of chicken in pounds and
let y = number of children. let F = amount of steak in pounds.
The system is The system is
x+ y = 92 4.53C + 8.28 F =144.66
38 x + 22 y = 3,160 5.72C + 7.54 F =147.68
Solve by the substitution method. Solve the system by substitution.
x+ y = 92
=
y 92 − x
Substitute y = 92 − x into the second equation.
38 x + 22(92 − x ) = 3,160 Substitute into the
38 x + 2,024 − 22 x = 3,160 other equation and solve for C.
16 x + 2,024 = 3,160
16 x = 1,136
x = 71
Substitute x = 71 into one equation and solve
for y.
x+ y = 92 Substitute C = 10 into one of the previous
71 + y = 92 equations and solve for F.
y = 21
There were 71 adults and 21 kids who took the
tour. The producer bought 10 pounds of chicken
and 12 pounds of steak.
60. Let x = cost of tickets from Delta and
let y = the cost of tickets from United. 62. Let x = pounds of spearmint candy and
The system is let y = pounds of cinnamon candy.
3x + 2 y = 800 The system is
x + 4y = 850 x+ y = 10
Solve the system by substitution. 0.99 x + 0.89 y = 0.94(10)
x + 4y = 850 Solve by the substitution method.
= x 850 − 4 y x+ y = 10
Substitute=x 850 − 4 y into the first equation. =
y 10 − x
3(850 − 4 y ) + 2 y = 800 Substitute y = 10 − x into the second equation.
2,550 − 12 y + 2 y = 800 0.99 x + 0.89 y = 0.94(10)
2,550 − 10 y = 800 0.99 x + 0.89(10 − x) = 0.94(10)
−10 y = −1, 750 0.99 x + 8.9 − 0.89 x = 9.4
y = 175 0.10 x = 0.5
x=5
Substitute y = 175 into one of the previous
Substitute x = 5 into one equation and solve
equations and solve for x. for y.
=x 850 − 4 (175 ) x+ y = 10
=x 850 − 700 5+ y = 10
x = 150 y=5
The tickets cost $150 on Delta and $175 on There were 5 pounds of each type mixed
United. together.
337
63. Let x = cost of sandwich and 65. Let x = number of student tickets and
let y = cost of French fries. let y = number of general admission tickets.
The system is The system is
3x + 2 y =8.87 x+ y =500
5x + 4 y =15.55 5x + 8 y =
3, 034
Multiply the first equation by −2 and solve by Multiply the first equation by −5 and solve by
the addition method. the addition method.
−6 x − 4 y = −17.74 −5 x − 5 y =−2,500
5x + 4 y = 15.55 5x + 8 y = 3, 034
−x = −2.19 3y = 534
y = 178
x = 2.19
Substitute y = 178 into one equation and solve
Substitute x = 2.19 into one equation and solve for x.
for y. x+ y = 500
3x + 2 y = 8.87 x + 178 = 500
3(2.19) + 2 y = 8.87 x = 322
6.57 + 2 y = 8.87 There were 322 students attending the concert
2 y = 2.30
y = 1.15 and 178 general admission tickets sold.
The cost for one sandwich is $2.19 and one 66. Let x = number of CDs and
order of French fries is $1.15. let y = number of DVDs.
The system is
64. Let x = amount invested at 9% and
x+ y = 18
let y = amount invested at 6%. 5x + 3 y = 78
The system is
x+ y = 2, 400 Multiply the first equation by −3 and solve by
0.09 x + 0.06 y = 189 the addition method.
Solve by the substitution method. −3 x − 3 y = −54
x+ y = 2, 400 5x + 3 y = 78
= y 2, 400 − x 2x = 24
Substitute y = 2,400 − x into the second x = 12
equation and solve for x. Substitute x = 12 into one equation and solve
0.09 x + 0.06 y = 189 for y.
0.09 x + 0.06(2, 400 − x) = 189 x+ y = 18
0.09 x + 144 − 0.06 x = 189 12 + y = 18
0.03 x = 45 y=6
x = 1,500
Joe bought 12 CDs and 6 DVDs.
Substitute x = 1,500 into one equation and
solve for y.
x+ y = 2, 400
1,500 + y = 2, 400
y = 900
Jamal should invest $1,500 at 9% and $900 at
6%.
338
67. Let t = the cost of a top and Since the question only asked for the price of a
let p = the cost of a pair of pants. general admission ticket there is no need to
The system is find l. The price of a general admission ticket
3t + 5 p = 42 is $22.
t + 2p = 16
Solve the system by substitution.
t + 2p = 16
=t 16 − 2 p
Substitute= t 16 − 2 p into the first equation.
3(16 − 2 p ) + 5 p = 42
48 − 6 p + 5 p =42
48 − p = 42
− p =−6
p=6
Substitute p = 6 into one of the previous
equations and solve for x.
=
t 16 − 2 p
=
t 16 − 2(6)
t=4
The tops cost $4 and the pants cost $6.
68. Let x = the smaller number
let y = the larger number.
The system is
2 x − y =−7
4x + 2 y = 54
Solve the system by substitution.
2 x − y =−7
=
y 2x + 7
Substitute = y 2 x + 7 into the other equation.
4 x + 2(2 x + 7) = 54
4 x + 4 x + 14 = 54
8 x + 14 = 54
8 x = 40
x=5
Substitute x = 5 into one of the previous
equations and solve for y.
=y 2x + 7
=y 2 ( 5) + 7
y = 17
The smaller number is 5 and the larger number
is 17.
340
74. Let x = time spent going 65 mph 83. a) −3 x + 2 y + z =−6
let y = the time spent going 75. Since d = rt x − 2 y + 5z = 38
the distance she traveled at 65 mph is 65x and −2 x + 6 z = 32
the distance she traveled at 75 mph is 75y. The new equation only has an x and z, just like
The system is the first equation.
x+ y = 7 b) Add the new equation and the first equation
65 x + 75 y = 485 to eliminate the x variable and then solve for z.
2x + z = 10
Solve the system by substitution. −2 x + 6 z = 32
x+ y = 7 7 z = 42
y= 7 − x z=6
Substitute y= 7 − x into the second equation. Substitute z = 6 into one of the previous
65 x + 75(7 − x) =485 equations and solve for x.
65 x + 525 − 75 x =485 2x + z = 10
2x + 6 = 10
525 − 10 x =485 2x = 4
−10 x = −40 x=2
x=4 c) Substitute z = 6 and x = 2 into the third
Substitute x = 4 into one of the previous equation and solve for y.
equations and solve for y. Substitute z = 6 into one of the previous
y= 7 − x equations and solve for x.
y= 7 − 4 x − 2 y + 5z = 38
y=3 2 − 2 y + 5(6) = 38
She spent 4 hours going 65 mph and 3 hours 2 − 2 y + 30 = 38
32 − 2 y = 38
going 75 mph. −2 y = 6
y = −3
75. Answers may vary.
The solution is ( 2, − 3, 6 ) .
76. Answers may vary. 84. a) Multiply the second equation by 2 and add
it to the first equation to eliminate the z
77. Answers may vary. x − 5 y + 2z =−41
variable. 6 x + 2 y − 2 z = −8
78. Substitution: You have to divide by coefficient 7x − 3y = −49
to solve and may end up with fractions. b) Multiply the second equation by 3 and add
it to the third equation to eliminate the z
79. The answer by graphing will not be exactly the
9 x + 3 y − 3z =−12
same as the answer by addition/subtraction. variable. 4 x + 3 y + 3z = 2
When using graphing, sometimes only an 13x + 6 y = −10
approximate answer can be obtained. The c) Multiply the equation from a) by 2 and add
5 3
solution is , 4 . it to the equation from b).
6 4 14 x − 6 y = −98
13x + 6 y = −10
27 x = −108
80. Answers may vary. x = −4
Substitute x = –4 into one of the previous
81. Answers may vary.
equations and solve for y.
82. Since two lines can only cross at most one 7( −4) − 3 y = −49
time, the system of equations can’t be linear if −28 − 3 y = −49
−3 y = −21
it has two solutions. y=7
c) Substitute x = –4 and y = 7 into one of the
original equations and solve for z.
x − 5 y + 2z = −41
−4 − 5(7) + 2 z =−41
−4 − 35 + 2 z =−41
−39 + 2 z = −41
2 z = −2
z = −1
The solution is ( −4, 7, − 1) .
341
85. Let m = number of microwaves, s = number of 86. Let i = Indiana, s = South Carolina and t =
stoves and d = number of dishwashers. Using Texas. Using the table, write three equations:
the table, write three equations: 100i + 700s + 600t = 21,500
45m + 30s + 20d = 35,000 200i + 500s + 800t = 23,000
40m + 50s + 35d = 50,000 400i + 300s + 900t = 25,000
10m + 25s + 15d = 20,000 Multiply the first equation by 2 and subtract
Multiply the third equation by 4 and subtract the second equation from it to eliminate the i
the second equation from it to eliminate the m variable:
variable: 200i + 1, 400 s + 1, 200t = 43, 000
40m + 100s + 60d = 80,000 − ( 200i + 500 s + 800t ) = − ( 23, 000 )
40m + 50s + 35d = 50,000 900 s + 400t = 20, 000
50s + 25d = 30,000 Multiply the first equation by 4 and subtract
Multiply the first equation by 2 and the third the third equation from the first equation to
equation by 9 and subtract the third equation eliminate the i variable:
from the second equation to eliminate the m 400i + 2,800 s + 2, 400t = 86, 000
variable: − ( 400i + 300 s + 900t ) = − ( 25, 000 )
90m + 225s + 135d = 180, 000 2,500 s + 1,500t = 61, 000
− ( 90m + 60 s + 40d ) = − ( 70, 000 ) Use the two equations that only contain s and t
165s + 95d = 110, 000 and solve for s and t.
Use the two equations that only contain s and Multiply the first equation by 15 and the
d and solve for s and d. second equation by 4, then subtract the second
Multiply the second equation by 10 and the equation from the first equation to eliminate
first equation by 33 then subtract the first the t variable. Then solve for s.
equation from the second equation to eliminate 13,500 s + 6, 000t = 300, 000
the s variable. Then solve for d. − (10, 000 s + 6, 000t ) = − ( 244, 000 )
1, 650 s + 950d = 1,100, 000 3,500 s = 56, 000
− (1, 650 s + 825d ) = − ( 990, 000 ) s = 16
125d = 110, 000 Substitute s = 16 into one of the previous
d = 880 equations and solve for t.
Substitute d = 990 into one of the previous 900(16) + 400t = 20, 000
equations and solve for s. 14, 400 + 400t = 20, 000
50s + 25(880) = 30, 000 400t = 5, 600
50s + 22, 000 = 30, 000 t = 14
50s = 8, 000 Substitute t = 14 and s = 16 into one of the
s = 160 original equations and solve for i.
Substitute d = 880 and s = 160 into one of the 100i + 700(16) + 600(14) = 21,500
original equations and solve for m. 100i + 11, 200 + 8, 400 = 21,500
10m + 25(160) + 15(880) = 20,000 100i + 19,600 = 21,500
10m + 4,000 + 13, 200 = 20,000 100i = 1,900
10m + 17, 200 = 20,000 i = 19
10m = 2,800 To fill this order exactly, Indiana will need to
m = 280 operate 19 days, South Carolina will need to
To use up all of her weekly allocations, the operate 16 days and Texas will need to operate
plant should produce 280 microwaves, 160 14 days.
stoves, and 880 dishwashers.
342
Exercise Set 7-3
7. Graph the solid (since the inequality sign is ≥)
1. A solid line indicates the points on the line line 2x − y = 5 using two points, such as (3, 1)
are part of the solution; a dashed line and (0, −5). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
indicates the points on the line are not part of 2x − y ≥ 5
the solution. 2(0) − 0 ≥ 5?
0 ≥ 5 False
2. Pick a test point not on the line, if it makes Since this is a false statement, shade the area
the inequality true then every point on that that does not contain the test point.
side of the line makes the inequality true; if it
makes the inequality false, then every point
on that side of the line makes the inequality
false.
3. Draw a solid vertical line that crosses the x
axis at −3 and shade to the right since it’s ≥.
343
8. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is 10. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is
<) line x + 4y = −3 using two points, such as >) line 12x − 3y = 10 using two points, such as
(−3, 0) and (1, −1). Select (0, 0) as a test point. 25 5
, 5 and − , − 5 . Select (0, 0) as a
12 12
x + 4 y < −3
0 + 4(0) < −3? test point.
0 < −3 False 12 x − 3 y > 10
Since this is a false statement, shade the area 12(0) − 3(0) > 10?
0 > 10 False
that does not contain the test point.
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
that does not contain the test point.
344
13. To graph y ≤ 0, use y = 0 and draw a solid 16. Graph the solid (since the inequality sign is ≥)
horizontal line passing through 0 on the y axis. line −2x + y = 0 using two points such as
Then use (0, −1) as a test point. Since −1 ≤ 0 is (−2, −4) and (2, 4). Select (0, 2) as a test point.
a true statement, shade the half plane below −2 x + y ≥ 0
the line. −2(0) + 2 ≥ 0?
2 ≥ 0 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area
that contains the test point.
345
2 20. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is
18. Graph the line 3 y= 6 − x using two points, <) line −0.4 x = 2.1 y − 5 using two points,
3
such as (0, 2) and (9, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test
such as 0,
50
and (12.5, 0). Select (0, 0) as
point. 21
2 a test point.
3y ≤ 6 − x
3 −0.4 x < 2.1 y − 5
2
3(0) ≤ 6 − (0) −0.4(0) < 2.1(0) − 5
3 0 ≤ −5 False
0 ≤ 6 True Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Since this is a true statement, shade the area that does not contain the test point.
that contains the test point.
346
22. Graph the dashed (since the inequality sign is 24. Graph x − 3y < 10 using a dashed line (since
5 the inequality sign is <) and two points, such
>) line 11 − x = 0 . It is a y vertical line since as
2
5 4
22 (10, 0) and − , − 3 . Select (0, 0) as a test
it does not contain a variable. Graph x = . 7 7
5 point.
Select (0, 0) as a test point. x − 3 y < 10
5 0 − 3(0) < 10?
11 − x > 0 0 < 10 True
2
5 Since this is a true statement, shade the area
11 − (0) > 0 that contains the test point.
2
11 > 0 True Graph 3x − 2y ≥ 5 using a solid line (since the
Since this is a true statement, shade the area inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
that does contains the test point. 5 5 4
, 0 and − , − 3 . Select (0, 0) as a
3 7 7
test point.
3x − 2 y ≥ 5
3(0) − 2(0) ≥ 5?
0 ≥ 5 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
that does not contain the test point.
The solution is the intersection of the two half
planes and part of the line 3x − 2y = 5.
347
26. To graph x < −3, use x = −3 and draw a dashed 28. Graph x − y < 6 using a dashed line (since the
vertical line passing through −3 on the x axis. inequality sign is <) and two points, such as
Then use (0, 0) as a test point. Since 0 < −3 is (6, 0) and (0, −6). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
a false statement, shade the half plane to the x− y <6
left of the line. 0 − 0 < 6?
To graph y ≥ 0, use y = 0 and draw a solid 0 < 6 True
horizontal line passing through 0 on the y axis. Since this is a true statement, shade the half
Then use (0, 1) as a test point. Since 1 ≥ 0 is a plane that contains the test point.
true statement, shade the half plane above the Graph 2x − y ≥ 3 using a solid line (since the
line. inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
The solution is the intersection of the two half (−3, −9) and (2, 1). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
planes and part of the line y = 0. 2x − y ≥ 3
2(0) − 0 ≥ 3?
0 ≥ 3 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the half
plane that does not contain the test point.
The solution is the intersection of the two half
planes and part of the line 2x − y = 3.
348
30. Graph 3x − y ≤ −6 using a solid line (since the The solution is the intersection of the two half
inequality sign is ≤) and two points, such as planes. In this case, it is the region that lies
(0, 6) and (−2, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test point. between the parallel lines.
3 x − y ≤ −6
3(0) − 0 ≤ −6?
0 ≤ −6 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the half
plane that does not contain the test point.
Graph 2x + y > 6 using a dashed line (since the
inequality sign is >) and two points, such as
(0, 6) and (3, 0). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
2x + y > 6
2(0) + 0 > 6?
0 > 6 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the half
plane that does not contain the test point.
The solution is the intersection of the two half 32. Graph x + 7y < −5 using a dashed line (since
planes and part of the line 3x − y = −6. the inequality sign is <) and two points, such
as
13 9
(−5, 0) and , − . Select (0, 0) as a test
10 10
point.
x + 7 y < −5
0 + 7(0) < −5?
0 < −5 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
below the line.
Graph 7x − y ≤ 10 using a solid line (since the
inequality sign is ≤) and two points such as
31. Graph 4x − 2y < 6 using a dashed line (since 13 9
(0, −10) and , − . Select (0, 0) as a test
the inequality sign is <) and two points, such 10 10
as (2, 1) and (0, −3). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
point. 7 x − y ≤ 10
4x − 2 y < 6 7(0) − 0 ≤ 10?
4(0) − 2(0) < 6? 0 ≤ 10 True
0 < 6 True Since this is a true statement, shade the area
Since this is a true statement, shade the area containing (0, 0).
above the line. The solution is the intersection of the two half
Graph 8x − 4y > −3 using a dashed line (since planes and part of the line 7x − y = 10.
the inequality sign is >) and two points, such
3 13
as 0, and −2, − . Select (0, 0) as a
4 4
test point.
8 x − 4 y > −3
8(0) − 4(0) > −3?
0 > −3 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area
below the line.
349
2 1 8
33. Graph y = − x + 6 using a dashed line (since 34. Graph x + y =using a solid line (since the
3 3 3
the inequality sign is <) and two points, such inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
as (5, 1) and (11, –1). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
(0, 6) and (3, 4). Select (0, 0) as a test point. 1 8
2 x+ y ≥
y < − x+6 1
3 3
8
3
2 (0) + 0 ≥
0 < − (0) + 6 3 3
8
3
0 < 6 True 0 ≥ False
3
Since this is a true statement, shade the area
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
below the line. above the line.
1
Graph= y x + 3 using a dashed line (since 1
Graph x − y =
1 9
using a dashed line
2 2 4 4
the inequality sign is >) and two points such as (since the inequality sign is <) and two points
(0, 3) and (2, 4) Select (0, 0) as a test point. such as (5, 1) and (0, –9). Select (0, 0) as a test
1
y > x+3 point.
2 1 1 9
1 x− y <
0 > (0) + 3 2 4 4
2 1 1 9
0 > 3 False (0) − (0) <
2 4 4
Since this is a false statement, shade the area 9
above the line. 0 < True
The solution is the intersection of the two half 4
planes. Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line.
The solution is the intersection of the two half
planes.
350
3 5 3 3
35. Graph x − y = using a dashed line (since 36. Graph x − =
6 or x = 6 using a solid line
4 2 4 4
the inequality sign is >) and two points, such (since the inequality sign is ≥). Select (0, 0) as
as (–2, –4) and (2, –1). Select (0, 0) as a test a test point.
point. 3
x− ≥6
3 5 4
x− y >
4 2 3
3 5 0− ≥ 6
(0) − 0 > 4
4 2 3
0 ≥ 6 False
5 4
0 > False
2 Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Since this is a false statement, shade the area to the right of the line.
below the line. 1 1
1 1 1 Graph y − = 0 or y = using a dashed line
Graph x + y = using a solid line (since 8 8
3 2 6 (since the inequality sign is<). Select (0, 0) as
the inequality sign is ≥ ) and two points such a test point.
as (2, –1) and (–4, 3). Select (0, 0) as a test 1
point. y− <0
8
1 1 1
x+ y ≥ 1
0− < 0
3 2 6 8
1 1 1
(0) + (0) ≥ 1
− < 0 True
3 2 6 8
1 Since this is a true statement, shade the area
0 ≥ False
6 below the line.
Since this is a false statement, shade the area The solution is the intersection of the two half
above the line. planes.
The solution is the intersection of the two half
planes.
351
37. Graph x + y = 7 using a solid line (since the 38. Graph x − y = 3 using a dashed line (since the
inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as inequality sign is <) and two points, such as
(1, 6) and (3, 4). Select (0, 0) as a test point. (4, 1) and (8, 5). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
x+ y ≥7 x− y <3
0+0 ≥ 7 0−0 < 3
0 ≥ 7 False 0 < 3 True
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line. above the line.
Graph 2 x + 3 y = 18 using a dashed line (since Graph x + 2 y = −3 using a solid line (since
the inequality sign is <) and two points such as the inequality sign is ≥) and two points such as
(3, 4) and (6, 2). Select (0, 0) as a test point. (–9, 3) and (3, –3). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
2 x + 3 y < 18 x + 2 y ≥ −3
2(0) + 3(0) < 18 0 + 2(0) ≥ −3
0 < 18 False 0 ≥ −3 True
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line. above the line.
Graph y = −2 using a dashed line (since the Graph y = 4 using a dashed line (since the
inequality sign is>). Select (0, 0) as a test inequality sign is <). Select (0, 0) as a test
point. point.
0 > −2 True 0 < 4 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area Since this is a true statement, shade the area
above the line. below the line.
Graph x = 10 using a solid line (since the Graph x = −2 using a solid line (since the
inequality sign is ≤). Select (0, 0) as a test inequality sign is ≥). Select (0, 0) as a test
point. point.
0 ≤ 10 True 0 ≥ −2 True
Since this is a true statement, shade the area to Since this is a true statement, shade the area to
the right of the line. the right of the line.
The solution is the intersection of the four half The solution is the intersection of the four half
planes. planes.
352
39. Graph 4 x + 2 y = 100 using a solid line (since 40. Graph −6 x + y = −280 using a dashed line
the inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such (since the inequality sign is <) and two points,
as such as (40, –40) and (50, 20). Select (0, 0) as
(5, 5) and (10, 30). Select (0, 0) as a test point. a test point.
4 x + 2 y ≥ 100 −6 x + y < −280
4 ( 0 ) − 2 ( 0 ) ≥ 100 −6 ( 0 ) + 0 < −280
0 ≥ 100 False 0 < −280 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a false statement, shade the area
above the line. below the line.
Graph −3 x − 6 y = −150 using a solid line Graph 4 x + 6 y = 320 using a dashed line
(since the inequality sign is ≤) and two points (since the inequality sign is >) and two points
such as (50, 0) and (0, 25). Select (0, 0) as a such as (80, 0) and (5, 50). Select (0, 0) as a
test point. test point.
−3 x − 6 y ≤ −150 4 x + 6 y > 320
−3 ( 0 ) + 6 ( 0 ) ≤ −150 4 ( 0 ) + 6 ( 0 ) > 320
0 ≤ −150 False 0 > 320 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area Since this is a false statement, shade the area
above the line. above the line.
Graph y = 0 and x = 0 using the x-axis and the Graph y = 0 and x = 0 using the x-axis and the
y-axis as the solid lines. Shade to the right of y-axis as the solid lines. Shade to the right of
the y-axis and above the x-axis to indicate that the y-axis and above the x-axis to indicate that
x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 . x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 .
The solution is the intersection of the four half The solution is the intersection of the four half
planes. planes.
353
41. Graph 3 x + y = 18 using a solid line (since the 9
inequality sign is ≤) and two points, such as 42. Graph=
y x − 5 using a solid line (since the
2
(4, 6) and (1, 15). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
inequality sign is ≥) and two points, such as
3 x + y ≤ 18
(0, –5) and (2, 4). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
3 ( 0 ) + 0 ≤ 18 9
y ≤ x −5
0 < 18 True 2
Since this is a true statement, shade the area 9
below the line. 0 ≤ (0) − 5
2
Graph −2 x − 4 y = −20 using a dashed line 0 ≤ −5 False
(since the inequality sign is >) and two points Since this is a false statement, shade the area
such as (6, 2) and (0, 5). Select (0, 0) as a test above the line.
point. 1
−2 x − 4 y > −20 Graph x = − y + 6 using a solid line (since
2
−2 ( 0 ) − 4(0) > −20 the inequality sign is ≥) and two points such as
0 > −20 True (6, 0) and (5, 2). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
Since this is a true statement, shade the area 1
x ≥ − y+6
below the line. 2
Graph x − 5 y = 30 using a dashed line (since 1
the inequality sign is <) and two points such as x ≥ − y+6
2
(0, –6) and (10, –4). Select (0, 0) as a test
0 ≥ 6 False
point.
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
x − 5 y < 30 above the line.
x − 5(0) < 30 Graph y − x = 8 using a dashed line (since the
0 < 30 True inequality sign is >) and two points such as
Since this is a true statement, shade the area (10, 2) and (0, –8). Select (0, 0) as a test point.
above the line. y−x>8
Graph x = −2 using a dashed line (since the 0−0 >8
inequality sign is >). Select (0, 0) as a test
point. 0 > 8 False
0 > −2 True Since this is a false statement, shade the area
Since this is a true statement, shade the area to above the line.
the right of the line. Graph y = 5 using a solid line (since the
The solution is the intersection of the four half inequality sign is ≥). Select (0, 0) as a test
planes. point.
0 > 5 False
Since this is a false statement, shade the area
above the line.
The solution is the intersection of the four half
planes.
354
43. a) Let x = number of computational problems 45. Let w = number of chicken wraps and let p =
and Let y = number of word problems. number of pita chips.
The total number of problems is at most 12; There are 5 g of protein in a wrap and 7 g of
the total amount of time is at most 60 minutes; protein in the pita chips so, 5w + 7 p ≥ 35
they must do at least 5 word problems, and (since total protein must be greater than 35 g).
can’t do less than 0 of either. There are 6 g of fat in a wrap and 3 g of fat in
x + y ≤ 12 the pita chips so 6 w + 3 p ≤ 24 (since the total
4 x + 6 y ≤ 60 fat must be less than 24 g).
Graph all of x + y = 12 , y = 5, x = 0 and Graph 5w + 7 p = 35 and 6 w + 3 p = 24 using
4 x + 6 y ≤ 60 using solid lines. Test (0, 0) into solid lines.
each inequality and shade in the appropriate Test (0, 0) in the first inequality and get false,
half planes. The solution is the intersection of in the second inequality get true. Shade the
the four half planes. corresponding region. All variables have to be
at least zero ( x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ) , so shade only in
the first quadrant.
355
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bon ordre, de longues files d’hommes habillés de gris. Je pensai à
des équipes de forçats commandés pour la corvée des routes. Ils
portaient des blouses de toile et des pantalons rapiécés, de
grossières espadrilles laissant voir leurs pieds nus, et ils étaient
coiffés de méchants bonnets de police. Un coup de clairon m’apprit
que j’avais en face de moi la troupe. C’étaient, en effet, deux
compagnies d’infanterie garnisonnées à Estella qui partaient pour la
manœuvre. On les accoutre ainsi par économie, afin de ménager la
tenue de drap réservée pour les grandes occasions. Pauvreté n’est
pas vice, et l’économie est une belle chose, mais je doute que des
fantassins ainsi affublés se sentent fiers d’être soldats.
Je recommande ce costume à nos niveleurs économes qui
réclament à grands cris l’unification de l’uniforme militaire, ainsi
qu’aux intelligents champions de la suppression des armées
permanentes ; ils ne pourront mieux dégoûter la jeunesse du métier
de Mars. Le nec plus ultra du misérable et du bon marché sera d’un
seul coup atteint.
L’aspect de ces fantassins, petits et grêles, ne rappelle guère
cette redoutable infanterie espagnole « dont les gros bataillons
serrés, dit Bossuet, semblables à autant de tours, mais à des tours
qui sauraient réparer leurs brèches, demeuraient inébranlables au
milieu de tout le reste en déroute… » Certes, je ne mets pas un seul
instant en doute leur énergie et leur vaillance, je ne parle que de
l’extérieur, et il ne paye pas de mine. Il est vrai que leur uniforme, qui
semble une copie maladroite du nôtre, n’est pas de nature à la
rehausser. A Gibraltar surtout, à côté des superbes et corrects
soldats anglais, cette apparence défectueuse d’une armée mal
accoutrée, mal payée et mal nourrie, frappe l’œil désintéressé de
l’étranger.
C’est à Estella que je fus, pour la première fois, réveillé en
sursaut par une voix lamentable. Elle jetait par intervalles, des
profondeurs d’une rue voisine, des modulations prolongées et
lugubres qui approchaient grandissant, éclataient sous mes fenêtres,
puis s’éloignaient et retournaient se perdre dans la nuit.
Ce sont les serenos, gardes de nuit, qui crient le temps et l’heure
en commençant par une invocation à la Vierge : « Ave Maria
sanctissima ! Il est minuit. Le temps est serein ! » Ce chant nocturne,
car il est rythmé comme tous les cris de rue, restant de vieilles
coutumes générales dans presque toute l’Europe, ne manque pas
d’originalité. L’usage, il n’y a pas longtemps encore, existait chez
nous dans nombre de villes de province. A Douai, il y a dix ou quinze
ans, un homme criait les heures au beffroi. Mais c’est surtout au
siècle dernier que le veilleur de nuit offrait un aspect fantastique.
Vêtu d’une longue robe brune, bigarrée de têtes de mort et de tibias
en sautoir, il passait à pas lents, agitant une cloche et criant d’une
voix sépulcrale :