Matlab Programming For Engineers 5Th Edition Chapman Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

MATLAB Programming for Engineers
5th Edition Chapman Solutions Manual

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7. Advanced Features of User-Defined Functions
7.1 Function random1 produces samples from a uniform random distribution on the range [-1,1). Note that
function random0 is a local function (or subfunction) of this function, since it appears in the same file
below the definition of random1. Function random0 is only accessible from function random1, not
from external functions. This is different from the behavior of the function random0 included with the
function random1 written in Exercise 6.29.
function ran = random1(n,m)

%RANDOM1 Generate uniform random numbers in [1,1)
% Function RANDOM1 generates an array of uniform
% random numbers in the range [1,1). The usage
% is:
%
% random1() -- Generate a single value
% random1(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random1(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array
% Define variables:
% m -- Number of columns
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/10/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,2,nargin);
error(msg);
% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% If the m argument is missing, set it to n.
if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end
% Initialize the output array

ran = 2 * random0(n,m) - 1;

% is:
%
185
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% Define variables:
% ii -- Index variable
% ISEED -- Random number seed (global)
% jj -- Index variable
% msg -- Error message
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Modified for 0 arguments
% Declare global values

global ISEED % Seed for random number generator

error(msg);

if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end

ran = zeros(n,m);
% Test for missing seed, and supply a default if necessary.

if isempty(ISEED)
ISEED = 99999;
end
% Now calculate random values

for ii = 1:n
for jj = 1:m
ISEED = mod(8121*ISEED + 28411, 134456 );
ran(ii,jj) = ISEED / 134456;
end
end
186
7.2 Function randomn produces samples from a uniform random distribution on the range [low,high). If
low and high are not supplied, they default to 0 and 1 respectively. Note that function random0 is
placed in a folder named private below the folder containing randomn. Function random0 is only
accessible from function in the parent directory, not from other functions. A listing of the directory is
shown below:
C:\Data\book\matlab\5e\soln\Ex7.2>dir /s
Volume in drive C is SYSTEM
Volume Serial Number is 9084-C7B1
Directory of C:\Data\book\matlab\5e\soln\Ex7.2
02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> .

02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> ..
02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> private
25/09/2011 11:36 AM 1,297 randomn.m
1 File(s) 1,297 bytes
Directory of C:\Data\book\matlab\5e\soln\Ex7.2\private
02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> .

02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> ..
19/05/2015 06:01 PM 1,473 random0.m
Total Files Listed:

5 Dir(s) 79,965,483,008 bytes free
C:\Data\book\matlab\5e\soln\Ex7.2>
Function randomn is shown below:
function ran = randomn(n,m,low,high)

%RANDOMN Generate uniform random numbers in [low,high)
% random numbers in the range [low,high), where low
% and high are optional parameters supplied by the user.
% If not supplied, low and high default to 0 and 1,
% respectively. The usage is:
%
% Define variables:
% high -- Upper end of range
% low -- Lower end of range
187
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% If arguments are missing, supply the default values.

if nargin < 2
m = n;
low = 0;
high = 1;
elseif nargin < 3
low = 0;
high = 1;
elseif nargin < 4
high = 1;
end
% Check that low < high

if low >= high
error('Lower limit must be less than upper limit!');
end

ran = (high - low) * random0(n,m) + low;
The following function appears in a directory name private below the directory containing function
randomn:

% is:
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Index variable
% ISEED -- Random number seed (global)
% jj -- Index variable
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Modified for 0 arguments
188
% Declare global values
global ISEED % Seed for random number generator

error(msg);

if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end

ran = zeros(n,m);
% Test for missing seed, and supply a default if necessary.

if isempty(ISEED)
ISEED = 99999;
end
% Now calculate random values

for ii = 1:n
for jj = 1:m
ISEED = mod(8121*ISEED + 28411, 134456 );
ran(ii,jj) = ISEED / 134456;
end
end
When this function is used to generate a 4 x 4 array of random numbers between 3 and 4 the results are: :
>> randomn(4,4,3,4)
ans =
3.7858 3.0238 3.4879 3.5630
3.5319 3.0040 3.3435 3.0988
3.4300 3.5385 3.0946 3.6670
3.1507 3.1958 3.6362 3.9179
7.3 A single function hyperbolic that calculates the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent functions is shown
below. Note that sinh, cosh, and tanh are subfunctions here.
function result = hyperbolic(fun,x)

% HYPERBOLIC Calculate the hyperbolic sine of x
% Function HYPERBOLIC calculates the value of a hyperbolic
% sin, cos, or tan, depending on its its input parameter.
% Define variables:
% fun -- Function to evaluate
189
% x -- Input value
% result -- Result of calculation
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Calculate function
switch (fun)
case 'sinh',
result = sinh(x);
case 'cosh',
result = cosh(x);
case 'tanh',
result = tanh(x);
otherwise,
msg = ['Invalid input function: ' fun];
error(msg);
end
function result = sinh1(x)

%SINH1 Calculate the hyperbolic sine of x
% Function SINH1 calculates the hyperbolic sine of
% its input parameter.
% Define variables:
% x -- input value
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Calculate value.
result = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2;
function result = cosh1(x)

%COSH1 Calculate the hyperbolic cosine of x
% Function COSH1 calculates the hyperbolic cosine of
% its input parameter.
190
% Define variables:
% x -- input value
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Calculate value.
result = (exp(x) + exp(-x)) / 2;
function result = tanh1(x)

%COSH1 Calculate the hyperbolic tangent of x
% Function TANH1 calculates the hyperbolic tangent
% of its input parameter.
% Define variables:
% x -- input value
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Calculate value. Note that we are using the

% array division "./" so that we get the correct
% answer in case an arry input argument is passed
% to this function.
result = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) ./ (exp(x) + exp(-x));
7.4 A program to create the three specified anonymous functions, and then to plot h ( f ( x ) , g ( x) ) over the
range −10 ≤ x ≤ 10 is shown below:
% Script file: test_anonymous.m
%
% Purpose:
% To create three anonymous functions, and then create a
% plot using them.
%
191
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% f -- Function handle
% g -- Function handle
% h -- Function handle
% x -- Input data samples
% Create anonymous functions

f = @ (x) 10 * cos(x);
g = @ (x) 5 * sin(x);
h = @ (a,b) sqrt(a.^2 + b.^2);
% Plot the functiion h(f(x),g(x))

x = -10:0.1:10;
plot(x,h(f(x),g(x)));
When this program is executed, the results are:
7.5 The commands to plot the function f ( x) = 1/ x over the range 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 10.0 using function fplot
are shown below:
fplot(@(x) 1/sqrt(x), [0.1 10]);

title('Plot of f(x) = 1 / sqrt(x)');
192
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bff(x)');
grid on;
When these commands are executed, the results are:
7.6 A script file to find the minimum of the function y ( x ) = x 4 − 3 x 2 + 2 x over the interval [0.5 1.5] using
function fminbnd is shown below:
% Script file: test_fminbnd.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function fminbnd using an anonymous function
% as an input fucntion.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% minloc -- Location of minimum
% minval -- Value at minimum
% y -- Function handle
% Create anonymous function

y = @ (x) x.^4 - 3*x.^2 + 2*x;
193
% Find the minimum of the function in the range
% 0.5 <= x <= 1.5.
[minloc,minval] = fminbnd(y,0.5,1.5);
disp(['The minimum is at location ' num2str(minloc)]);
% Plot the function

z = linspace(-4,4,100);
plot(z,y(z));
grid on;
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfy');
grid on;
>> test_fminbnd
The minimum is at location 0.99999
7.7 A script file to find the minimum of the function y ( x ) = x 4 − 3 x 2 + 2 x over the interval [0.5 1.5] using
function fminbnd is shown below:
% Script file: test_fminbnd.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function fminbnd using an anonymous function
% as an input fucntion.
%
194
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% minloc -- Location of minimum
% minval -- Value at minimum
% y -- Function handle
% Create anonymous function

y = @ (x) x.^4 - 3*x.^2 + 2*x;

% -2 < x < 2.
[minloc,minval] = fminbnd(y,-2.0,2.0);
disp(['The minimum in the range (-2,2) is at location
' num2str(minloc)]);

% -1.5 < x < 0.5.
[minloc,minval] = fminbnd(y,-1.5,0.5);
disp(['The minimum in the range (-1.5,0.5) is at location
' num2str(minloc)]);
% Plot the function

z = linspace(-2.5,2.5,100);
plot(z,y(z));
grid on;
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfy');
grid on;
>> test_fminbnd
The minimum in the range (-2,2) is at location -1.366
The minimum in the range (-1.5,0.5) is at location -1.366
195
7.8 A script file to create a histogram of samples from a random normal distribution is shown below:
% Script file: test_randn.m

%
% Purpose:
% To create a histogram of 100,000 samples from a random
% normal distribution.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% dist -- Samples
% Get 100,000 values

dist = randn(1,100000);
% Create histogram
hist(dist,21);
title('\bfHistogram of random values');
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');
196
>> test_randn
7.9 A Rose Plot is a circular histogram, where the angle data theta is divided into the specified number of
bins, and the count of values in each bin is accumulated. A script file to create a rose plot of samples from
a random normal distribution is shown below:
% Script file: test_rose.m

%
% Purpose:
% To create a rose plot of 100,000 samples from a random
% normal distribution.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% dist -- Samples
% Get 100,000 values

dist = randn(1,100000);
% Create histogram
rose(dist,21);
title('\bfRose Plot of random values');
197
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');
>> test_rose
7.10 A function that finds the maximum and minimum values of a user-supplied function over a specified
interval is given below:
function [xmin,min_value,xmax,max_value] = ...

extremes(first_value,last_value,num_steps,func)
%EXTREMES Locate the extreme values of a function on an interval
% Function EXTREMES searches a user-supplied function over
% a user-suppled interval, and returns the minimum and maximum
% values found, as well as their locations.
%
% The calling sequence is:
% [xmin,min_value,xmax,max_value] = ...
% extremes(first_value,last_value,num_steps,func);
%
% where
% first_value = the start of the interval to search
% last_value = the end of the interval to search
% num_steps = the number of steps to use in search
% func = the function to evaluate
%
% The output values are:
198
% xmin = location of smallest value found
% min_value = smallest value found
% xman = location of largest value found
% max_value = largest value found
% Define variables:
% dx -- Step size
% x -- Input values to evaluate fun at
% y -- Function output
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Create array of values to evaluate the function at

dx = (last_value - first_value) / (num_steps - 1);
x = first_value:dx:last_value;
% Evaluate function
y = feval(func,x);
% Find maximum and minimum in y, and the locations in

% the array where they occurred.
[max_value, ymax] = max(y);
[min_value, ymin] = min(y);
% Get the x values at the locations of the maximum and

% minimum values.
xmax = x(ymax);
xmin = x(ymin);
7.11 A test program that tests function extremes is shown below:
% Script file: test_extremes.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function extremes.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% max_value -- Maximum value
% min_value -- Minimum value
% xmax -- Location of maximum value
% xmin -- Location of minimum value
199
% Call extremes
[xmin,min_value,xmax,max_value] = extremes(-1,3,201,'fun');
% Display results
fprintf('The maximum value is %.4f at %.2f\n',max_value,xmax);
fprintf('The minimum value is %.4f at %.2f\n',min_value,xmin);
The test function to evaluate is
function y = fun(x)
%FUN Function to test extremes
% ==== ========== =====================
y = x.^3 - 5*x.^2 + 5*x +2;
When this program is run, the results are as shown below. The plot of the function below shows that the
program has correctly identified the extremes over the specified interval.
» test_extremes
The maximum value is 3.4163 at 0.62
The minimum value is -9.0000 at -1.00
200
7.12 The function fzero locates a zero in a function either near to a user-specified point or within a user-
specified range. If a range is used, then the sign of the function must be different at the beginning and end
of the range. This suggests a strategy for solving this problem—we will search along the function between
0 and 2 π at regular steps, and if the function changes sign between two steps, we will call fzero to
home in on the location of the root.
Note that we can determine whether the function has changed sign between two points by multiplying them
together and seeing the resulting sign. If the sign of the product is negative, then the sign must have
changed between those two points.
% Script file: find_zeros.m

%
% Purpose:
% To find the zeros of the function f(x) = (cos (x))^2 - 0.25
% between 0 and 2*PI.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input values to examine
% y -- Value of the function at x
% zero_index -- Index into the zero array
% zero_loc -- Location of zeros
% Create function
hndl = @ (x) cos(x).^2 - 0.25;
% Evaluate the function at 50 points between 0 and 2*PI.

x = linspace(0,2*pi,50);
y = hndl(x);
% Check for a sign change

zero_loc = [];
zero_index = 0;
for ii = 1:length(x)-1
if y(ii)*y(ii+1) <= 0
% Find zeros
zero_index = zero_index + 1;
zero_loc(zero_index) = fzero(hndl,[x(ii) x(ii+1)]);
% Display results
disp(['There is a zero at at ' num2str(zero_loc(zero_index))]);
end
end
% Now plot the function to demonstrate that the zeros are correct
figure(1);
plot(x,y,'b-','LineWidth',2);
201
hold on;
plot(zero_loc,zeros(size(zero_loc)),'ro');
hold off;
title('\bfLocation of Function Zeros');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfy');
legend('Function','Zeros found by fzero');
grid on;
When this program is run, the results are as shown below. The plot of the function below shows that the
program has correctly identified the zeros over the specified interval.
>> find_zeros
There is a zero at at 1.0472
7.13 A program to evaluate and plot the function f ( x ) = tan 2 x + x − 2 between −2π and 2π in steps of
π /10 is shown below:
% Script file: eval_and_plot_fn.m
%
% Purpose:
% To find the zeros of the function f(x) = (cos (x))^2 - 0.25
% between 0 and 2*PI.
%
202
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% hndl -- Function handle
% Create function handle

hndl = @ fun;
% Evaluate the function at 50 points between 0 and 2*PI.

x = linspace(0,2*pi,200);
y = feval(hndl,x);
% Now plot the function

figure(1);
title('\bfPlot of function');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfy');
grid on;
When this program is run, the results are as shown below. The plot is shown twice, once at full scale and
once with the maximum y axis value limited to 50, so that the details of the plot can be observed.
>> eval_and_plot_fn
203
7.14 A program to find potential targets in a radar’s range/Doppler space is shown below. This program finds
potential targets by looking for points that are higher than all of the neighboring points.
% Script file: find_radar_targets.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program detects potential targets in the range /
% velocity space.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% amp_levels -- Amplitude level of each bin
% noise_power -- Power level of peak noise
% nvals -- Number of samples in each bin
% Load the data

load rd_space.mat
% Calculate histogram
[nvals, amp_levels] = hist(amp(:), 31);
% Get location of peak
204
[max_val, max_loc] = max(nvals);
% Get the power level of that bin

noise_power = amp_levels(max_loc);
% Now look for targets. A potential target is a point that

% is higher than all of the points around it.
fprintf(' Range Vel Amp SNR\n');
for ii = 2:length(velocity)-1
for jj = 2:length(range)-1
% Is this point bigger than the surrounding ones?

if (amp(ii,jj) > amp(ii+1,jj)) && ...
(amp(ii,jj) > amp(ii-1,jj)) && ...
(amp(ii,jj) > amp(ii,jj+1)) && ...
(amp(ii,jj) > amp(ii,jj-1))
% Yes. This is a potential target.

snr = amp(ii,jj) - noise_power;
% Tell user
fprintf('%7.1f %6.1f %6.1f %6.1f\n', ...
range(jj), velocity(ii), amp(ii,jj), snr);
end
end
end
>> find_radar_targets
Range Vel Amp SNR
-161.9 1.7 -100.9 4.1
-89.9 1.7 -98.8 6.1
125.9 1.7 -95.2 9.7
-143.9 2.5 -107.1 -2.2
-54.0 2.5 -96.8 8.1
-125.9 3.3 -106.3 -1.4
-89.9 4.1 -98.0 6.9
0.0 4.1 -72.3 32.6
125.9 4.1 -102.0 2.9
89.9 5.0 -101.9 3.0
143.9 5.0 -101.3 3.6
-125.9 5.8 -98.6 6.3
107.9 5.8 -104.7 0.2
-72.0 6.6 -96.5 8.4
0.0 6.6 -73.2 31.8
143.9 6.6 -101.3 3.6
-107.9 7.5 -100.7 4.2
-54.0 7.5 -97.7 7.2
107.9 7.5 -102.7 2.2
125.9 8.3 -102.3 2.6
0.0 9.1 -73.9 31.0
205
72.0 9.1 -100.5 4.5
107.9 9.1 -102.2 2.8
-161.9 10.8 -99.3 5.6
0.0 10.8 -74.3 30.6
-72.0 11.6 -102.0 2.9
89.9 11.6 -99.5 5.4
0.0 12.4 -74.6 30.3
107.9 12.4 -102.4 2.5
143.9 12.4 -99.2 5.7
-125.9 13.3 -98.7 6.2
89.9 14.1 -106.7 -1.8
-72.0 14.9 -99.7 5.2
0.0 14.9 -74.9 30.0
-125.9 15.8 -97.9 7.0
-89.9 15.8 -98.0 6.9
143.9 15.8 -101.8 3.1
-143.9 17.4 -99.2 5.7
125.9 17.4 -97.4 7.5
143.9 18.3 -99.3 5.7
107.9 19.1 -102.9 2.0
-125.9 19.9 -101.3 3.6
0.0 19.9 -75.2 29.7
-72.0 20.8 -100.5 4.4
125.9 20.8 -95.7 9.2
-54.0 21.6 -99.8 5.2
-161.9 22.4 -99.9 5.1
-125.9 22.4 -103.1 1.8
0.0 22.4 -75.4 29.5
-107.9 23.2 -103.2 1.7
107.9 23.2 -103.8 1.1
143.9 23.2 -97.7 7.2
-125.9 24.1 -102.5 2.4
0.0 24.1 -75.4 29.5
-72.0 24.9 -103.0 1.9
89.9 24.9 -111.1 -6.2
-161.9 25.7 -99.1 5.8
-107.9 25.7 -96.7 8.3
-54.0 25.7 -97.7 7.2
0.0 25.7 -75.7 29.2
143.9 25.7 -96.5 8.5
107.9 26.6 -99.8 5.1
-161.9 28.2 -98.4 6.5
-125.9 28.2 -100.1 4.8
-72.0 28.2 -105.1 -0.1
0.0 28.2 -75.5 29.4
72.0 28.2 -95.9 9.0
-89.9 29.0 -104.4 0.5
107.9 29.0 -102.0 2.9
-125.9 29.9 -101.4 3.5
0.0 29.9 -75.1 29.8
-72.0 30.7 -96.7 8.2
-143.9 31.5 -100.6 4.4
0.0 31.5 -75.0 29.9
206
-125.9 32.4 -102.7 2.2
125.9 32.4 -103.4 1.6
-143.9 33.2 -102.0 3.0
-107.9 34.0 -105.1 -0.2
-72.0 34.0 -101.7 3.3
89.9 34.0 -103.3 1.6
-125.9 34.9 -103.8 1.1
0.0 34.9 -74.8 30.1
125.9 34.9 -100.0 4.9
107.9 35.7 -98.0 6.9
-161.9 36.5 -99.5 5.4
-89.9 36.5 -103.8 1.2
143.9 37.4 -104.3 0.6
-143.9 38.2 -103.7 1.2
-107.9 38.2 -102.0 2.9
-72.0 38.2 -102.4 2.5
0.0 38.2 -74.1 30.8
-161.9 39.0 -98.7 6.2
-125.9 39.8 -103.1 1.8
-54.0 39.8 -98.2 6.7
125.9 40.7 -100.4 4.6
-125.9 42.3 -101.3 3.7
-89.9 42.3 -96.7 8.3
143.9 42.3 -98.2 6.8
107.9 43.2 -103.2 1.8
143.9 44.0 -98.6 6.4
-125.9 44.8 -95.8 9.1
125.9 45.6 -97.5 7.5
-107.9 46.5 -96.4 8.5
-72.0 46.5 -100.9 4.1
-54.0 47.3 -97.4 7.5
107.9 47.3 -102.8 2.1
-143.9 48.1 -100.1 4.8
-107.9 48.1 -99.2 5.7
-161.9 49.0 -98.6 6.3
-125.9 49.0 -98.5 6.4
125.9 49.0 -100.0 4.9
18.0 49.8 -65.4 39.5
-161.9 52.3 -53.5 51.4
-89.9 52.3 -51.7 53.2
18.0 52.3 -10.0 94.9
107.9 52.3 -50.8 54.1
-143.9 55.6 -98.9 6.0
-72.0 56.4 -105.0 -0.0
-89.9 57.3 -98.4 6.5
107.9 57.3 -99.3 5.6
143.9 57.3 -102.7 2.3
-125.9 58.1 -97.9 7.0
89.9 58.1 -104.3 0.6
125.9 58.9 -101.7 3.2
-161.9 59.8 -100.6 4.3
89.9 60.6 -99.8 5.1
143.9 60.6 -100.5 4.4
207
-125.9 61.4 -98.6 6.3
-161.9 62.3 -100.1 4.8
89.9 62.3 -102.6 2.4
143.9 62.3 -100.2 4.8
-89.9 63.1 -101.5 3.4
107.9 63.1 -100.8 4.1
-161.9 63.9 -100.0 4.9
-125.9 63.9 -102.3 2.6
0.0 63.9 -62.6 42.4
89.9 64.7 -97.1 7.8
125.9 64.7 -102.8 2.1
0.0 67.2 -21.0 83.9
107.9 69.7 -99.0 6.0
-143.9 70.5 -100.2 4.7
125.9 70.5 -98.9 6.0
-125.9 71.4 -99.2 5.7
-72.0 71.4 -110.0 -5.1
0.0 71.4 -62.5 42.4
89.9 71.4 -101.5 3.4
-107.9 72.2 -104.7 0.2
143.9 72.2 -105.2 -0.3
-161.9 73.0 -101.3 3.7
-89.9 73.0 -102.9 2.0
125.9 73.0 -97.3 7.6
-125.9 73.9 -101.1 3.8
-72.0 73.9 -101.3 3.7
-161.9 74.7 -102.1 2.8
-107.9 74.7 -100.0 4.9
-143.9 75.5 -102.3 2.6
107.9 75.5 -100.5 4.4
-72.0 76.4 -100.3 4.6
-161.9 77.2 -103.7 1.2
-107.9 77.2 -100.7 4.3
125.9 77.2 -103.8 1.1
-125.9 78.0 -102.0 3.0
143.9 78.0 -103.3 1.6
89.9 78.8 -102.7 2.2
-143.9 79.7 -98.0 6.9
-89.9 79.7 -100.4 4.5
125.9 79.7 -96.3 8.6
-107.9 80.5 -100.1 4.8
-54.0 80.5 -102.5 2.4
-125.9 82.2 -98.6 6.3
-89.9 82.2 -99.2 5.8
107.9 82.2 -100.3 4.6
143.9 82.2 -99.4 5.5
Which target has the highest signal to noise ratio? What is the relative range and velocity of that target?
208
7.15 A function to calculate the derivative of a sampled function is shown below:
function der = derivative(vector,dx,nsamp)

%DERIVATIVE Take the derivative of a function stored as a vector
% Function DERIVATIVE takes the derivative of a functions stored
% as an input vector if nsamp samples with a spacing of dx between
% samples.
%
% der = derivative(vector,dx,nsamp);
%
% where
% vector = the input function
% dx = step size between elements of the input vector
% nsamp = the number of elements in the vector
% Define variables:
% dx -- Step size
% x -- Input values to evaluate fun at
% y -- Function output
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Check for a positive step size

if dx <= 0
error('dx must be positive!');
end
% Create array of values to evaluate the function at

der = diff(vector(1:nsamp)/dx);
A program to test function derivative is shown below:
% Script file: test_derivative.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test the function derivative.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% cosx -- cos(x)
% der -- derivative of sin(x)
209
% dx -- Step size
% sinx -- sin(x)
% x -- Input values
% Calculate sin(x)
dx = 0.05;
x = 0:dx:99*dx;
sinx = sin(x);
% Calculate cos(x)
cosx = cos(x);
% Calculate derivative of sin(x)

der = derivative(sinx,dx,length(sinx));
% Plot sin(x), cos(x), and the derivative

figure(1);
plot(x,sinx,'b--','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot(x,cosx,'k-','LineWidth',2);
% Since the derivative is 1 shorter than the

% other vectors, it must be plotted versus
% a shorter x vector.
x1 = x(1:length(x)-1);
plot(x1,der,'r:','LineWidth',2);
legend ('sin(x)','cos(x)','derivative');
title('\bfPlot of sin(x), cos(x), and the derivative of sin(x)');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bfValue');
hold off;
210
The resulting plot is shown below. The derivative of sin(x) as calculated by the function is indeed very
close to cos(x).
7.16 A program that explores the effect of noise on a derivative is shown below:
% Script file: test_derivative2.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test the function derivative in the presence of noise.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% der -- derivative of sin(x)
% dern -- derivative of sin(x) plus noise
% dx -- Step size
% sinx -- sin(x)
% sinxn -- sin(x) plus noise
% x -- Input values
% Calculate sin(x)
dx = 0.05;
x = 0:dx:99*dx;
sinx = sin(x);
211
% Calculate sin(x) plus noise
noise = 0.04 * random0(1,length(sinx)) - 0.02;
sinxn = sinx + noise;
% Calculate derivative of sin(x)

der = derivative(sinx,dx,length(sinx));
% Calculate derivative of sin(x) plus noise

dern = derivative(sinxn,dx,length(sinx));
% Plot sin(x) and the derivative

figure(1);
plot(x,sinx,'b-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot(x,sinxn,'k--','LineWidth',2);
% Since the derivative is 1 shorter than the

% other vectors, it must be plotted versus
% a shorter x vector.
x1 = x(1:length(x)-1);
plot(x1,der,'m-','LineWidth',2);
plot(x1,dern,'r--','LineWidth',2);
legend ('sin(x)','sin(x)+noise','d/dt sin(x)', 'd/dt sin(x)+noise');
title('\bfEffect of noise on a derivative');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bfValue');
hold off;
212
The resulting plot is shown below. The noise in the input signal is greatly amplified by the process of
taking the derivative.
7.17 A program that explores the effect of noise on a derivative is shown below:
% Script file: find_roots.m

%
% Purpose:
% To find the roots of the function y(x) = 2 * exp(-0.5*x) - 0.2
% between 0 and 7.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% root_index -- Index into the root array
% root_loc -- Location of roots
% Create anonymous functions

f = @ (x) 2 * exp(-0.5*x) - 0.2;
% Evaluate the function at 50 points between 0 and 7.

x = linspace(0,7,50);
y = f(x);
213
% Check for a sign change
root_loc = [];
root_index = 0;
for ii = 1:length(x)-1
if y(ii)*y(ii+1) <= 0
% Find roots
root_index = root_index + 1;
root_loc(root_index) = fzero(f,[x(ii) x(ii+1)]);
% Display results
disp(['There is a root at at ' num2str(root_loc(root_index))]);
end
end
% Now plot the function to demonstrate that the roots are correct
figure(1);
hold on;
plot(root_loc,zeros(size(root_loc)),'ro');
hold off;
title('\bfLocation of Function roots');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfy');
legend('Function','roots found by froot');
grid on;
When this program is executed, the result is.
>> find_roots
There is a root at at 4.6052
214
The resulting plot is shown below.
7.18 A corrected version of function fact is shown below:
function result = fact(n)

%FACT Calculate the factorial function
% Function FACT calcualates the factorial function
% by recursively calling itself.
% Define variables:
% n -- Non-negative integer input
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 04/13/15 S. J. Chapman CHeck for invalid input

error(msg);
% Make sure n is a non-negative integer

if (round(n) ~= n) || (n < 0)
error('n must be a non-negative integer');
else
% Calculate value.
215
if n >= 1
result = n * fact(n-1);
else
result = 1;
end
end
When this program is executed, the result is.
>> fact(5)
ans =
120
>> fact(-4)
??? Error using ==> fact at 22
n must be a non-negative integer
>> fact(5.5)
??? Error using ==> fact at 22
7.19 A function to calculate the nth Fibonacci number recursively is shown below.
function fn = fibonacci(n)
%FIBONACCI evaluates the nth Fibonacci number
% Function FIBONACCI evaluates the nth Fibonacci number
% recursively, where n is >= 0.
%
% Define variables:
% fn -- Fibonacci number
% n -- The item in the sequence to calculate
%
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Make sure n is a non-negative integer

if (round(n) ~= n) || (n < 0)
error('n must be a non-negative integer');
else
% Calculate value.
if n == 0
fn = 0;
elseif n == 1
fn = 1;
else
fn = fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2);
end
216
end
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. Note that the error checks are working
properly, and the main calculations are also correct.
>> fibonacci(-1)
??? Error using ==> fibonacci at 21
>> fibonacci(1)
ans =
1
>> fibonacci(5)
ans =
5
>> fibonacci(10)
ans =
55
7.20 A function that calculates the probability that two or more people from a group of n will have the same
birthday is shown below. This function calculates the probability by taking 100,000 random samples of n
people, and seeing if any two or more have the same birthday. In general, the resulting probabilities should
be accurate to within 1%. (Note: If you have a slow computer, you can reduce the number of trials that the
function is performing to improve execution time.)
function prob = birthday(n)

%BIRTHDAY Calculate the prob of 2 or more of n people having
% the same birthday.
% This function calculates the probability of two or more of
% n people having the same birthday, where "n" is a calling
% parameter.
%
% prob = birthday(n);
%
% where
% prob = Probability of 2 or more people having the same birthday
% n = Number of people in group
% Define variables:
% birthdays -- Array of birthdays
% ii -- Loop index
% jj -- Loop index
% n_matches -- Number of matches that have occurred
% n_trials -- The number of trials to perform
%
% ==== ========== =====================

217
error(msg);
% Check to make sure that there are at least 2 people

if n < 2
error('There must be at least two people in the group!');
end
% Set the number of trials to try

n_trials = 100000;
% Reset the number of matches

n_matches = 0;
% To determine this probability, we will generate an

% array of "n" random birthdays, and check to see if
% two or more are the same. We will repeat this process
% "n_trials" times, and calculate the probability from
% the result
for ii = 1:n_trials
% Generate a list of "n" random birthdays. Note that

% there is an equal probability of each number between
% 1 and 365.
birthdays = floor( 365 * rand(1,n)) + 1;
% Now check for matches

for jj = 1:(n-1)
matches = find( birthdays(jj) == birthdays(jj+1:n));
if ~isempty(matches)
n_matches = n_matches + 1;
break;
end
end
end
% Now calculate probability

prob = n_matches / n_trials;
A test program to determine the probability for groups of 2-40 people is shown below:
% Script file: test_birthday.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the probability of 2 or more of n people
% having the same birthday, where "n" is a number between
% 2 and 40.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
218
% ii -- Number of people in group
% prob -- Probability of 2 or more with same birthday
% Calculate and display probabilities

fprintf(' n prob\n');
fprintf(' = ====\n');
for ii = 2:40
prob(ii) = birthday(ii);
fprintf(' %2d %0.4f\n',ii,prob(ii));
end
% Plot probabilities
plot(2:40,prob(2:40),'b-','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfProbability of 2 or more people with same birthday');
xlabel('\bfNumber of people in group');
ylabel('\bfProbability');
grid on;
>> test_birthday
n prob
= ====
2 0.0032
3 0.0082
4 0.0160
5 0.0275
6 0.0410
7 0.0569
8 0.0739
9 0.0937
10 0.1152
11 0.1418
12 0.1666
13 0.1975
14 0.2252
15 0.2527
16 0.2856
17 0.3180
18 0.3482
19 0.3811
20 0.4104
21 0.4462
22 0.4784
23 0.5115
24 0.5377
25 0.5703
26 0.5969
27 0.6267
28 0.6585
29 0.6807
30 0.7066
31 0.7292
219
32 0.7524
33 0.7730
34 0.7948
35 0.8148
36 0.8309
37 0.8487
38 0.8630
39 0.8777
40 0.8898
7.21 A program to calculate the false alarm rate as a function of the threshold setting above the mean noise level
is shown below. This program generates 10,000,000 Rayleigh-distributed noise samples2, and determines
the fraction of those samples which exceed each of 9 threshold levels. (Caution: The ten million-sample
array in this program may take a long time to execute on a memory-limited computer. If necessary, you
can cut down the sample size. However at least 100,000 (105) samples will be necessary to approximate a
false alarm rate of 10-4.)
% Script file: calc_cfar.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the rate of false detections in a radar receiver
% as a function of detection threshold setting. The detection
% threshold is expressed as a ratio in dB.
%
2 A random number generator on a Rayleigh distribution is created in Exercise 7.25.

220
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% count -- Number of threshold crossings for each threshold
% ii -- Loop index
% mean_noise -- Mean noise amplitude
% n_samples -- Number of samples
% sample -- Samples of random noise
% thresh_db -- Threshold level expressed in dB
% thresh_v -- Threshold level expressed in volts
% Initialize threshold levels

n_samples = 10000000;
mean_noise = 10;
thresh_db = [ 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13. ];
thresh_v = mean_noise .* 10.0 .^(thresh_db/20.);
% Calculate an array of 1,000,000 Rayleigh-distributed samples

% Get Rayleigh-distributed samples with a mean amplitude of 10 volts.
% Note from the previous problem that the function random_rayleigh has
% a mean amplitude of 1.25, so to get the desired amplitude of
% "mean_noise", we must multiply the output by mean_noise/1.25.
sample = mean_noise / 1.25 * random_rayleigh(1,n_samples);
% Count the number of threshold crossings for each threshold level.

for ii = 1:length(thresh_v)
count(ii) = sum( sample > thresh_v(ii) );
end
% Tell user about result.

fprintf('The false alarm rate versus threshold level is: \n');
for ii = 1:length(thresh_v)
fprintf(' Threshold = %5.1f dB Pfa = %14.5e\n', ...
thresh_db(ii), count(ii)/n_samples );
end
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. To get a false alarm rate below 10-4, we
would need a threshold of 11 dB.
>> calc_cfar
The false alarm rate versus threshold level is:
Threshold = 5.0 dB Pfa = 8.42700e-002
221
7.22 A function gen_func that generates functions to evaluate polynomials of the form f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ,
where a, b, and c are specified by the user, is shown below. This function creates and returns a handle to a
nested function eval_func, which evaluates the polynomial function for a given x and the values of a,
b, and c specified when the function handle was created.
function hndl = gen_func(a, b, c)

%GEN_FUNC Generate a polynomial function.
% Function GEN_FUNC generates a polynomial function
% of the form f(x) = a*x^2 + b*x + c, and returns a
% function handle to a function that evaluates the
% polynomial at a specific value of x.
% Define variables:
% a -- Coefficient of x^2
% b -- Coefficient of x
% c -- Constant coefficient
% hndl -- Handle to function "eval_func"
%
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Return function handle

hndl = @eval_func;
% Nested function eval_func. This function evaluates

% the polynomial f(x) = a*x^2 + b*x + c for the specified
% values of a, b, c, and x.
function y = eval_func(x)
y = a*x.^2 + b*x + c;
end % function eval_func
end % function gen_func
A function to plot a function, specified by a function handle, between specified limits is shown below:
function plot_func(hndl, x1, x2)

%PLOT_FUNC Plot a function specified by a function handle.
% Function PLOT_FUNC plots the function specifed in the
% function handle between the limits [x1 x2].
% Define variables:
% hndl -- Handle to function "eval_func"
% str -- Title string
% x -- X values to plot
222
% x1 -- Starting value to plot
% x2 -- Ending value to plot
% y -- Y values to plot
%
% ==== ========== =====================

error(msg);
% Get the x values to plot

x = x1:0.1:x2;
% Get the y values to plot

y = hndl(x);
% Plot the function

plot(x,y,'LineWidth',2);
str = ['\bfPlot of polynomial between ' num2str(x1) ' and
' num2str(x2)];
title(str);
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfy');
grid on;
end % function plotfunc
A script file to test these functions is shown below:
% Script file: test_gen_func.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function gen_func. This program creates
% handles to two polynomials, and then plots them
% between specified limits using the function handle.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% h1 -- Handle to function f(x) = x^2 + 2*x + 1
% h2 -- Handle to function f(x) = x^2 + 4*x + 3
clear all
% Create polynomial function f(x) = x^2 + 2*x + 1

h1 = gen_func(1,2,1);
% Create polynomial function f(x) = x^2 + 4*x + 3

223
h2 = gen_func(1,4,3);
% Plot the first function between -3 and 3

figure(1);
plot_func(h1,-3,3);
% Plot the first function between -3 and 3

figure(2);
plot_func(h2,-3,3);
When this program is executed, the two resulting plots are:
224
7.23 To solve this problem, we must first express the differential equation in the form where the derivative of
vout ( t ) is equal to a function. This is Equation (7.15) from the problem statement:
dvout 1 1
=− vout ( t ) + vin ( t ) (7.15)
dt RC RC
We will use function ode45 to solve for the solution to this differential equation. The input voltage as a
function of time is calculated in the following function:
function result = vin(t)

%VIN Calculates the input voltage vs time.
% Define variables:
% t -- Time
% result -- Input voltage
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% Calculate derivative
if t >= 0
% Voltage is 1 for seconds starting on an even number, and

% 0 for seconds starting on an odd number.
225
if mod(floor(t),2) == 0
result = 1;
else
result = -1;
end
else
% Before time 0
result = 0;
end
The function to calculate the derivative of the differential equation becomes:
function yprime = derivative_fn(t,y)

%DERIVATIVE_FN Calculates the derivative of the output voltage.
% Define variables:
% t -- Time (in days)
% y -- Vector of states (voltage)
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% Set decay constant.

r = 1.0e6; % ohms
c = 1.0e-6; % farads
lambda = 1 / (r * c);
yprime = lambda * vin(t) - lambda * y;
The final script file to calculate the output voltage is:
% Script file: rc_circuit.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the ouput voltage from a simple RC
% circuit being driven by a square wave input voltage.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% odefun_handle -- Handle to function that defines the derivative
% tspan -- Duration to solve equation for
% yo -- Initial condition for equation
% t -- Array of solution times
226
% y -- Array of solution values
% Get a handle to the function that defines the

% derivative.
odefun_handle = @derivative_fn;
% Solve the equation over the period 0 to 10 seconds

tspan = [0 10];
% Set the initial conditions

y0 = 0;
% Call the differential equation solver.

[t,y] = ode45(odefun_handle,tspan,y0);
% Plot the result

figure(1);
plot(t,y,'b-','LineWidth',2);
grid on;
title('\bfOutput Voltage');
xlabel('\bfTime (s)');
ylabel('\bf\itv_{out}');
The resulting output voltage is shown below:
227
7.24 To solve this problem, we must first express the differential equation in the form where the derivative of
v( t ) is equal to a function. This equation is
dv 1
=− v ( t ) + vin ( t )
dt RC
The input function vin is calculated in the following function:
function result = vin(t)
% Define variables:
% t -- Time
% result -- Input voltage
%
% ==== ========== =====================
if (t >= 0) & (t <= 5)
result = t;
else
result = 0;
end
The function to calculate the derivative of the differential equation becomes:
function yprime = fun1(t,y)

yprime = -y + vin(t);
The final script file to calculate the output voltage is:
% Script file: ode45_soln.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program solves a differential equation of the
% form dy/dt + 2 * y = 0, with the initial condition
% y(0) = 1.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% odefun_handle -- Handle to function that defines the derivative
% tspan -- Duration to solve equation for
% yo -- Initial condition for equation
% t -- Array of solution times
% y -- Array of solution values
228
% Get a handle to the function that defines the
% derivative.
odefun_handle = @fun1;
% Solve the equation over the period 0 to 5 seconds

tspan = [0 10];
% Set the initial conditions

y0 = 0;
% Call the differential equation solver.

[t,y] = ode45(odefun_handle,tspan,y0);
% Plot the result

figure(1);
plot(t,y,'b-','LineWidth',2);
grid on;
title('\bfSolution of Differential Equation');
xlabel('\bfTime (s)');
ylabel('\bf\itv(t)');
The resulting output voltage is shown below:
229
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escape, he took the pet from the basket, and placed him in Lady
Jane’s arms.
“See here,” he said, “I’ve sewed this band of leather around his
leg, and you can fasten a strong string to it. If your mama allows you
to have him, you can always tie him to something when you go out,
and leave him alone, and he will be there quite safe when you come
back.”
“I should never leave him alone. I should keep him with me
always,” said the child.
“But, if you should lose him,” continued the boy, spreading one of
the pretty wings over Lady Jane’s plump little arm, “I’ll tell you how
you can always know him. He’s marked. It’s as good as a brand. See
those three black crosses on his wing feathers. As he grows larger
they will grow too, and no matter how long a time should pass
without your seeing him, you’d always know him by these three little
crosses.”
“If mama says I can have him, I can take him with me, can’t I?”
“Certainly, this basket is very light. You can carry it yourself.”
“You know,” she whispered, glancing at her mother, who had
leaned her head on the back of the seat in front of her, and appeared
to be sleeping, “I want to see Carlo and kitty, and the ranch, and all
the lambs; but I mustn’t let mama know, because it’ll make her cry.”
“You’re a good little girl to think of your mother,” said the boy, who
was anxious to cultivate her confidence, but too well-bred to question
her.
“She has no one now but me to love her,” she continued, lowering
her voice. “They took papa from us, and carried him away, and
mama says he’ll never come back. He’s not gone to San Antonio,
he’s gone to heaven; and we can’t go there now. We’re going to New
York; but I’d rather go to heaven where papa is, only mama says
there are no trains or ships to take us there, now, but by-and-by
we’re going if we’re very good.”
The boy listened to her innocent prattle with a sad smile, glancing
uneasily now and then at the mother, fearful lest the plaintive little
voice might reach her ear; but she seemed to be sleeping, sleeping
uneasily, and with that hot flush still burning on her cheeks.
“Have you ever been in New York?” he asked, looking tenderly at
the little head nestled against his arm. She had taken off her hat, and
was very comfortably curled up on the seat with Tony in her lap. The
bird also seemed perfectly satisfied with his position.
“Oh, no; I’ve never been anywhere only on the ranch. That’s
where Carlo, and kitty, and the lambs were, and my pony, Sunflower;
he was named Sunflower, because he was yellow. I used to ride on
him, and papa lifted me on, and took me off; and Sunflower was so
gentle. Dear papa—I—loved him best of all and now he’s gone
away, and I can’t see him again.”
Here the rosy little face was buried in Tony’s feathers, and
something like a sob made the listener’s heart ache.
“Come, come,” he said softly, “you mustn’t cry, or I shall think you
don’t care for the blue heron.”
In a moment, her little head was raised, and a smile shone through
her tears. “Oh, I do, I do. And if I can have him I won’t cry for the
others.”
“I’m quite sure your mama will consent. Now, let me tell you about
my home. I live in New Orleans, and I have lots of pets,” and the boy
went on to describe so many delightful things that the child forgot her
grief in listening; and soon, very soon the weary little head drooped,
and she was sleeping with her rosy cheek pressed against his
shoulder, and Tony clasped close in her arms.
And so the long, hot afternoon passed away, and the train sped on
toward its destination, while the mother and the child slept, happily
unconscious of the strange fate that awaited them in that city, of
which the spires and walls were even now visible, bathed in the red
light of the evening sun.
CHAPTER II
TONY GOES WITH LADY JANE
A ND now that the end of the journey was so near, the drowsy
passengers began to bestir themselves. In order to look a little
more presentable, dusty faces and hands were hastily wiped, frowsy
heads were smoothed, tumbled hats and bonnets were arranged,
and even the fretful babies, pulled and coaxed into shape, looked
less miserable in their soiled garments, while their mothers wore an
expression of mingled relief and expectation.
Lady Jane did not open her eyes until her companion gently tried
to disengage Tony from her clasp in order to consign him to his
basket; then she looked up with a smile of surprise at her mother,
who was bending over her. “Why, mama,” she said brightly, “I’ve
been asleep, and I had such a lovely dream; I thought I was at the
ranch, and the blue heron was there too. Oh, I’m sorry it was only a
dream!”
“My dear, you must thank this kind young gentleman for his care of
you. We are near New Orleans now, and the bird must go to his
basket. Come, let me smooth your hair and put on your hat.”
“But, mama, am I to have Tony?”
The boy was tying the cover over the basket, and, at the child’s
question, he looked at the mother entreatingly. “It will amuse her,” he
said, “and it’ll be no trouble. May she have it?”
“I suppose I must consent; she has set her heart on it.”
The boy held out the little basket, and Lady Jane grasped it
rapturously.
“Oh, how good you are!” she cried. “I’ll never, never forget you,
and I’ll love Tony always.”
At that moment the young fellow, although he was smiling brightly,
was smothering a pang of regret, not at parting with the blue heron,
which he really prized, but because his heart had gone out to the
charming child, and she was about to leave him, without any
certainty of their ever meeting again. While this thought was vaguely
passing through his mind, the lady turned and said to him:
“I am going to Jackson Street, which I believe is uptown. Is there
not a nearer station for that part of the city, than the lower one?”
“Certainly, you can stop at Gretna; the train will be there in a few
minutes. You cross the river there, and the ferry-landing is at the foot
of Jackson Street, where you will find carriages and horse-cars to
take you where you wish to go, and you will save an hour.”
“I’m very glad of that; my friends are not expecting me, and I
should like to reach them before dark. Is it far to the ferry?”
“Only a few blocks; you’ll have no trouble finding it,” and he was
about to add, “Can’t I go with you and show you the way?” when the
conductor flung open the door and bawled, “Grate-na! Grate-na!
passengers for Grate-na!”
Before he could give expression to the request, the conductor had
seized the lady’s satchel, and was hurrying them toward the door.
When he reached the platform, the train had stopped, and they had
already stepped off. For a moment, he saw them standing on the
dusty road, the river and the setting sun behind them—the black-
robed, graceful figure of the woman, and the fair-haired child with her
violet eyes raised to his, while she clasped the little basket and
smiled.
He touched his hat and waved his hand in farewell; the mother
lifted her veil and sent him a sad good-by smile, and the child
pressed her rosy fingers to her lips, and gracefully and gravely threw
him a kiss. Then the train moved on; and the last he saw of them,
they were walking hand in hand toward the river.
As the boy went back to his seat, he was reproaching himself for
his neglect and stupidity. “Why didn’t I find out her name?—or the
name of the people to whom she was going?—or why didn’t I go with
her? It was too bad to leave her to cross alone, and she a stranger
and looking so ill. She seemed hardly able to walk and carry her bag.
I don’t see how I could have been so stupid. It wouldn’t have been
much out of my way, and, if I’d crossed with them, I should have
found out who they were. I didn’t want to seem too presuming, and
especially after I gave the child the heron; but I wish I’d gone with
them. Oh, she’s left something,” and in an instant he was reaching
under the seat lately occupied by the object of his solicitude.
“It’s a book, ‘Daily Devotions,’ bound in russia, silver clasp,
monogram ‘J. C.,’” he said, as he opened it; “and here’s a name.”
On the fly-leaf was written
Jane Chetwynd.
From Papa,
New York, Christmas, 18—.
“‘Jane Chetwynd,’ that must be the mother. It can’t be the child,
because the date is ten years ago. ‘New York.’ They’re from the
North then; I thought they were. Hello! here’s a photograph.”
It was a group, a family group—the father, the mother, and the
child; the father’s a bright, handsome, almost boyish face, the
mother’s not pale and tear-stained, but fresh and winsome, with
smiling lips and merry eyes, and the child, the little “Lady Jane,”
clinging to her father’s neck, two years younger, perhaps, but the
same lovely, golden-haired child.
The boy’s heart bounded with pleasure as he looked at the sweet
little face that had such a fascination for him.
“I wish I could keep it,” he thought, “but it’s not mine, and I must try
to return to it the owner. Poor woman! she will be miserable when
she misses it. I’ll advertise it to-morrow, and through it I’m likely to
find out all about them.”
Next morning some of the readers of the principal New Orleans
journals noticed an odd little advertisement among the personals:
Found, “Daily Devotions”; bound in red russia-leather, silver clasp,
with monogram, “J. C.” Address,
Blue Heron, P. O. Box 1121.
For more than a week this advertisement remained in the columns

of the paper, but it was never answered, nor was the book ever
claimed.
CHAPTER III
MADAME JOZAIN
M ADAME JOZAIN was a creole of mixed French and Spanish

ancestry. She was a tall, thin woman with great, soft black
eyes, a nose of the hawk type, and lips that made a narrow line
when closed. In spite of her forbidding features, the upper part of her
face was rather pleasing, her mild eyes had a gently appealing
expression when she lifted them upward, as she often did, and no
one would have believed that the owner of those innocent, candid
eyes could have a sordid, avaricious nature, unless he glanced at
the lower part of her face, which was decidedly mean and
disagreeable. Her nose and mouth had a wily and ensnaring
expression, which was at the same time cruel and rapacious. Her
friends, and she had but few, endowed her with many good qualities,
while her enemies, and they were numerous, declared that she was
but little better than a fiend incarnate; but Father Ducros, her
confessor, knew that she was a combination of good and evil, the
evil largely predominating.
With this strange and complex character, she had but two
passions in life. One was for her worthless son, Adraste, and the
other was a keen desire for the good opinion of those who knew her.
She always wished to be considered something that she was not,—
young, handsome, amiable, pious, and the best blanchisseuse de fin
in whatever neighborhood she hung out her sign.
And perhaps it is not to be wondered at, that she felt a desire to
compensate herself by duplicity for what fate had honestly deprived
her of, for no one living had greater cause to complain of a cruel
destiny than had Madame Jozain. Early in life she had great
expectations. An only child of a well-to-do baker, she inherited quite
a little fortune, and when she married the débonnair and handsome
André Jozain, she intended, by virtue of his renown and her
competency, to live like a lady. He was a politician, and a power in
his ward, which might eventually have led him to some prominence;
but instead, this same agency had conducted him, by dark and
devious ways, to life-long detention in the penitentiary of his State—
not, however, until he had squandered her fortune, and lamed her for
life by pushing her down-stairs in a quarrel. This accident, had it
disabled her arms, might have incapacitated her from becoming a
blanchisseuse de fin, which occupation she was obliged to adopt
when she found herself deprived of her husband’s support by the too
exacting laws of his country.
In her times of despondency it was not her husband’s disgrace,
her poverty, her lameness, her undutiful son, her lost illusions, over
which she mourned, as much as it was the utter futility of trying to
make things seem better than they were. In spite of all her painting,
and varnishing, and idealizing, the truth remained horribly apparent:
She was the wife of a convict, she was plain, and old, and lame; she
was poor, miserably poor, and she was but an indifferent
blanchisseuse de fin, while Adraste, or Raste, as he was always
called, was the worst boy in the State. If she had ever studied the
interesting subject of heredity, she would have found in Raste the
strongest confirmation in its favor, for he had inherited all his father’s
bad qualities in a greater degree.
On account of Raste’s unsavory reputation and her own
incompetency, she was constantly moving from one neighborhood to
another, and, by a natural descent in the scale of misfortune, at last
found herself in a narrow little street, in the little village of Gretna,
one of the most unlovely suburbs of New Orleans.
The small one-story house she occupied contained but two rooms,
and a shed, which served as a kitchen. It stood close to the narrow
sidewalk, and its green door was reached by two small steps.
Madame Jozain, dressed in a black skirt and a white sack, sat upon
these steps in the evening and gossiped with her neighbor. The
house was on the corner of the street that led to the ferry, and her
greatest amusement (for, on account of her lameness, she could not
run with the others to see the train arrive) was to sit on her doorstep
and watch the passengers walking by on their way to the river.
On this particular hot July evening, she felt very tired, and very
cross. Her affairs had gone badly all day. She had not succeeded
with some lace she had been doing for Madame Joubert, the wife of
the grocer, on the levee, and Madame Joubert had treated her
crossly—in fact had condemned her work, and refused to take it until
made up again; and Madame Jozain needed the money sorely. She
had expected to be paid for the work, but instead of paying her that
“little cat of a Madame Joubert” had fairly insulted her. She, Madame
Jozain, née Bergeron. The Bergerons were better than the Jouberts.
Her father had been one of the City Council, and had died rich, and
her husband—well, her husband had been unfortunate, but he was a
gentleman, while the Jouberts were common and always had been.
She would get even with that proud little fool; she would punish her
in some way. Yes, she would do her lace over, but she would soak it
in soda, so that it would drop to pieces the first time it was worn.
Meantime she was tired and hungry, and she had nothing in the
house but some coffee and cold rice. She had given Raste her last
dime, and he had quarreled with her and gone off to play “craps” with
his chums on the levee. Besides, she was very lonesome, for there
was but one house on her left, and beyond it was a wide stretch of
pasture, and opposite there was nothing but the blank walls of a row
of warehouses belonging to the railroad, and her only neighbor, the
occupant of the next cottage, had gone away to spend a month with
a daughter who lived “down town,” on the other side of the river.
So, as she sat there alone, she looked around her with an
expression of great dissatisfaction, yawning wearily, and wishing that
she was not so lame, so that she could run out to the station, and
see what was going on: and that boy, Raste, she wondered if he was
throwing away her last dime. He often brought a little money home. If
he did not bring some now, they would have no breakfast in the
morning.
Then the arriving train whistled, and she straightened up and her
face took on a look of expectancy.
“Not many passengers to-night,” she said to herself, as a few men
hurried by with bags and bundles. “They nearly all go to the lower
ferry, now.”
In a moment they had all passed, and the event of the evening
was over. But no!—and she leaned forward and peered up the street
with fresh curiosity. “Why, here come a lady and a little girl and
they’re not hurrying at all. She’ll lose the ferry if she doesn’t mind. I
wonder what ails her?—she walks as if she couldn’t see.”
Presently the two reached her corner, a lady in mourning, and a
little yellow-haired girl carefully holding a small basket in one hand,
while she clung to her mother’s gown with the other.
Madame Jozain noticed, before the lady reached her, that she
tottered several times, as if about to fall, and put out her hand, as if
seeking for some support. She seemed dizzy and confused, and was
passing on by the corner, when the child said entreatingly, “Stop
here a minute, mama, and rest.”
Then the woman lifted her veil and saw Madame Jozain looking up
at her, her soft eyes full of compassion.
“Will you allow me to rest here a moment? I’m ill and a little faint,—
perhaps you will give me a glass of water?”
“Why, certainly, my dear,” said madame, getting up alertly, in spite
of her lameness. “Come in and sit down in my rocking-chair. You’re
too late for the ferry. It’ll be gone before you get there, and you may
as well be comfortable while you wait—come right in.”
The exhausted woman entered willingly. The room was neat and
cool, and a large white bed, which was beautifully clean, for madame
prided herself upon it, looked very inviting.
The mother sank into a chair, and dropped her head on the bed;
the child set down the basket and clung to her mother caressingly,
while she looked around with timid, anxious eyes.
Madame Jozain hobbled off for a glass of water and a bottle of
ammonia, which she kept for her laces; then, with gentle, deft hands,
she removed the bonnet and heavy veil, and bathed the poor
woman’s hot forehead and burning hands, while the child clung to
her mother murmuring, “Mama, dear mama, does your head ache
now?”
“I’m better now, darling,” the mother replied after a few moments;
then turning to madame, she said in her sweet, soft tones, “Thank
you so much. I feel quite refreshed. The heat and fatigue exhausted
my strength. I should have fallen in the street had it not been for
you.”
“Have you traveled far?” asked madame, gently sympathetic.
“From San Antonio, and I was ill when I started”; and again she
closed her eyes and leaned her head against the back of the chair.
At the first glance, madame understood the situation. She saw
from the appearance of mother and child, that they were not poor. In
this accidental encounter was a possible opportunity, but how far she
could use it she could not yet determine; so she said only, “That’s a
long way to come alone”; then she added, in a casual tone,
“especially when one’s ill.”
The lady did not reply, and madame went on tentatively, “Perhaps
some one’s waiting for you on the other side, and’ll come back on
the ferry to see what’s become of you.”
“No. No one expects me; I’m on my way to New York. I have a
friend living on Jackson Street. I thought I would go there and rest a
day or so; but I did wrong to get off the train here. I was not able to
walk to the ferry. I should have gone on to the lower station, and
saved myself the exertion of walking.”
“Well, don’t mind now, dear,” returned madame, soothingly. “Just
rest a little, and when it’s time for the boat to be back, I’ll go on down
to the ferry with you. It’s only a few steps, and I can hobble that far.
I’ll see you safe on board, and when you get across, you’ll find a
carriage.”
“Thank you, you’re very good. I should like to get there as soon as
possible, for I feel dreadfully ill,” and again the weary eyes closed,
and the heavy head fell back against its resting-place.
Madame Jozain looked at her for a moment, seriously and silently;
then she turned, smiling sweetly on the child. “Come here, my dear,
and let me take off your hat and cool your head while you’re waiting.”
“No, thank you, I’m going with mama.”
“Oh, yes, certainly; but won’t you tell me your name?”
“My name is Lady Jane,” she replied gravely.
“Lady Jane? Well, I declare, that just suits you, for you are a little
lady, and no mistake. Aren’t you tired, and warm?”
“I’m very hungry; I want my supper,” said the child frankly.
Madame winced, remembering her empty cupboard, but went on
chatting cheerfully to pass away the time.
Presently the whistle of the approaching ferryboat sounded; the
mother put on her bonnet, and the child took the bag in one hand,
and the basket in the other. “Come, mama, let us go,” she cried
eagerly.
“Dear, dear,” said madame, solicitously, “but you look so white and
sick. I’m afraid you can’t get to the ferry even with me to help you. I
wish my Raste was here; he’s so strong, he could carry you if you
gave out.”
“I think I can walk; I’ll try,” and the poor woman staggered to her
feet, only to fall back into Madame Jozain’s arms in a dead faint.
CHAPTER IV
AN INTERRUPTED JOURNEY
F OR a moment, madame debated on what was best to be done;

then, finding herself equal to the emergency, she gently laid the
unconscious woman on the bed, unfastened her dress, and slowly
and softly removed her clothing. Although madame was lame, she
was very strong, and in a few moments the sufferer was resting
between the clean, cool sheets, while her child clung to her cold
hands and sobbed piteously.
“Don’t cry, my little dear, don’t cry. Help me to bathe your mama’s
face; help me like a good child, and she’ll be better soon, now she’s
comfortable and can rest.”
With the thought that she could be of some assistance, Lady Jane
struggled bravely to swallow her sobs, took off her hat with womanly
gravity, and prepared herself to assist as nurse.
“Here’s smelling salts, and cologne-water,” she said, opening her
mother’s bag. “Mama likes this; let me wet her handkerchief.”
Madame Jozain, watching the child’s movements, caught a
glimpse of the silver fittings of the bag, and of a bulging pocket-book
within it, and, while the little girl was hanging over her mother, she
quietly removed the valuables to the drawer of her armoire, which
she locked, and put the key in her bosom.
“I must keep these things away from Raste,” she said to herself;
“he’s so thoughtless and impulsive, he might take them without
considering the consequences.”
For some time madame bent over the stranger, using every
remedy she knew to restore her to consciousness, while the child
assisted her with thoughtfulness and self-control, really surprising in
one of her age. Sometimes her hot tears fell on her mother’s white
face, but no sob or cry escaped her little quivering lips, while she
bathed the pale forehead, smoothed the beautiful hair, and rubbed
the soft, cold hands.
At length, with a shiver and a convulsive groan, the mother partly
opened her eyes, but there was no recognition in their dull gaze.
“Mama, dear, dear mama, are you better?” implored the child, as
she hung over her and kissed her passionately.
“You see she’s opened her eyes, so she must be better; but she’s
sleepy,” said madame gently. “Now, my little dear, all she needs is
rest, and you mustn’t disturb her. You must be very quiet, and let her
sleep. Here’s some nice, fresh milk the milkman has just brought.
Won’t you eat some rice and milk, and then let me take off your
clothes, and bathe you, and you can slip on your little nightgown
that’s in your mother’s bag; and then you can lie down beside her
and sleep till morning, and in the morning you’ll both be well and
nicely rested.”
Lady Jane agreed to madame’s arrangements with perfect docility,
but she would not leave her mother, who had fallen into a heavy
stupor, and appeared to be resting comfortably.
“If you’ll please to let me sit by the bed close to mama and eat the
rice and milk, I’ll take it, for I’m very hungry.”
“Certainly, my dear; you can sit there and hold her hand all the
time; I’ll put your supper on this little table close by you.”
And madame bustled about, apparently overflowing with kindly
attentions. She watched the child eat the rice and milk, smiling
benevolently the while; then she bathed her, and put on the fine little
nightgown, braided the thick silken hair, and was about to lift her up
beside her mother, when Lady Jane exclaimed in a shocked voice:
“You mustn’t put me to bed yet; I haven’t said my prayers.” Her
large eyes were full of solemn reproach as she slipped from
madame’s arms down to the side of the bed. “Mama can’t hear them,
because she’s asleep, but God can, for he never sleeps.” Then she
repeated the touching little formula that all pious mothers teach their
children, adding fervently several times, “and please make dear
mama well, so that we can leave this place early to-morrow
morning.”
Madame smiled grimly at the last clause of the petition, and a
great many curious thoughts whirled through her brain.
As the child rose from her knees her eyes fell on the basket
containing the blue heron, which stood quite neglected, just where
she placed it when her mother fainted.
“Oh, oh!” she cried, springing toward it. “Why, I forgot it! My Tony,
my dear Tony!”
“What is it?” asked madame, starting back in surprise at the
rustling sound within the basket. “Why, it’s something alive!”
“Yes, it’s alive,” said Lady Jane, with a faint smile. “It’s a bird, a
blue heron. Such a nice boy gave it to me on the cars.”
“Ah,” ejaculated madame, “a boy gave it to you; some one you
knew?”
“No, I never saw him before.”
“Don’t you know his name?”
“That’s funny,” and the child laughed softly to herself. “No, I don’t
know his name. I never thought to ask; besides he was a stranger,
and it wouldn’t have been polite, you know.”
“No, it wouldn’t have been polite,” repeated madame. “But what
are you going to do with this long-legged thing?”
“It’s not a thing. It’s a blue heron, and they’re very rare,” returned
the child stoutly.
She had untied the cover and taken the bird out of the basket, and
now stood in her nightgown and little bare feet, holding it in her arms,
and stroking the feathers softly, while she glanced every moment
toward the bed.
“I’m sure I don’t know what to do with him to-night. I know he’s
hungry and thirsty, and I’m afraid to let him out for fear he’ll get
away”; and she raised her little anxious face to madame inquiringly,
for she felt overburdened with her numerous responsibilities.
“Oh, I know what we’ll do with him,” said madame, alertly—she
was prepared for every emergency. “I’ve a fine large cage. It was my
parrot’s cage; he was too clever to live, so he died a while ago, and
his empty cage is hanging in the kitchen. I’ll get it, and you can put
your bird in it for to-night, and we’ll feed him and give him water; he’ll
be quite safe, so you needn’t worry about him.”
“Thank you very much,” said Lady Jane, with more politeness than
warmth. “My mama will thank you, too, when she wakes.”
After seeing Tony safely put in the cage, with a saucer of rice for
his supper, and a cup of water to wash it down, Lady Jane climbed
up on the high bed, and not daring to kiss her mother good-night lest
she might disturb her, she nestled close to her. Worn out with
fatigue, she was soon sleeping soundly and peacefully.
For some time Madame Jozain sat by the bed, watching the sick
stranger, and wondering who she was, and whether her sudden
illness was likely to be long and serious. “If I could keep her here,
and nurse her,” she thought, “no doubt she would pay me well. I’d
rather nurse than do lace; and if she’s very bad she’d better not be
moved. I’d take good care of her, and make her comfortable; and if
she’s no friends about here to look after her, she’d be better off with
me than in the hospital. Yes, it would be cruel to send her to the
hospital. Ladies don’t like to go there. It looks to me as if she’s going
to have a fever,” and madame laid her fingers on the burning hand
and fluttering pulse of the sleeper. “This isn’t healthy, natural sleep.
I’ve nursed too many with fever, not to know. I doubt if she’ll come to
her senses again. If she doesn’t no one will ever know who she is,
and I may as well have the benefit of nursing her as any one else;
but I must be careful, I mustn’t let her lie here and die without a
doctor. That would never do. If she’s not better in the morning I’ll
send for Doctor Debrot; I know he’ll be glad to come, for he never
has any practice to speak of now, he’s so old and stupid; he’s a good
doctor, and I’d feel safe to have him.”
After a while she got up and went out on the doorstep to wait for
Raste. The night was very quiet, a fresh breeze cooled the burning
heat, the stars shone brightly and softly, and as she sat there alone
and lifted her mild eyes toward the sky no one would have dreamed
of the strange thoughts that were passing through her mind. Now
she was neither hungry nor lonesome; a sudden excitement thrilled
her through and through. She was about to engage in a project that
might compensate her for all her misfortunes. The glimpse she had
of money, of valuables, of possible gain, awakened all her cupidity.
The only thing she cared for now was money. She hated work, she
hated to be at the beck and call of those she considered beneath
her. What a gratification it would be to her to refuse to do Madame
Joubert’s lace, to fling it at her, and tell her to take it elsewhere! With
a little ready money, she could be so independent and so
comfortable. Raste had a knack of getting together a great deal in
one way and another. He was lucky; if he had a little to begin with he
could, perhaps, make a fortune. Then she started, and looked
around as one might who suddenly found himself on the brink of an
awful chasm. From within she heard the sick stranger moan and toss
restlessly; then, in a moment, all was quiet again. Presently, she
began to debate in her mind how far she should admit Raste to her
confidence. Should she let him know about the money and valuables
she had hidden? The key in her bosom seemed to burn like a coal of
fire. No, she would not tell him about the money. While taking the
child’s nightgown from the bag, she had discovered the railroad
tickets, two baggage checks, and a roll of notes and loose change in
a little compartment of the bag. He would think that was all; and she
would never tell him of the other.
At that moment, she heard him coming down the street, singing a
rollicking song. So she got up, and hobbled toward him, for she
feared he might waken the sleepers. He was a great overgrown, red-
faced, black-eyed fellow, coarse and strong, with a loud, dashing
kind of beauty, and he was very observing, and very shrewd. She
often said he had all his father’s cunning and penetration, therefore
she must disguise her plans carefully.
“Hallo, mum,” he said, as he saw her limping toward him, her
manner eager, her face rather pale and excited; “what’s up now?” It
was unusual for her to meet him in that way.
“Hush, hush, Raste. Don’t make a noise. Such a strange thing has
happened since you went out!” said madame, in a low voice. “Sit
down here on the steps, and I’ll tell you.”
Then briefly, and without much show of interest, she told him of
the arrival of the strangers, and of the young woman’s sudden
illness.
“And they’re in there asleep,” he said, pointing with his thumb in
the direction of the room.
“That’s a fine thing for you to do—to saddle yourself with a sick
woman and a child.”
“What could I do?” asked madame indignantly. “You wouldn’t have
me turn a fainting woman into the street? It won’t cost anything for
her to sleep in my bed to-night.”
“What is she like? Is she one of the poor sort? Did you look over
her traps? Has she got any money?” he asked eagerly.
“Oh, Raste, Raste; as if I searched her pockets! She’s beautifully
dressed, and so is the child. She’s got a fine watch and chain, and
when I opened her bag to get the child’s nightgown, I saw that it was
fitted up with silver.”
“What luck!” exclaimed Raste brightly. “Then she’s a swell, and to-
morrow when she goes away she’ll give you as much as a ‘fiver.’”
“I don’t believe she’ll be able to go to-morrow. I think she’s down
for a long sickness. If she’s no better in the morning, I want you to
cross and find Dr. Debrot”
“Old Debrot? That’s fun! Why, he’s no good—he’ll kill her.”
“Nonsense; you know he’s one of the best doctors in the city.”
“Sometimes, yes. But you can’t keep the woman here, if she’s
sick; you’ll have to send her to the hospital. And you didn’t find out
her name, nor where she belongs? Suppose she dies on your
hands? What then?”
“If I take care of her and she dies, I can’t help it; and I may as well
have her things as any one else.”
“But has she got anything worth having? Enough to pay you for
trouble and expense?” he asked. Then he whistled softly, and added,
“Oh, mum, you’re a deep one, but I see through you.”
“I don’t know what you mean, boy,” said madame, indignantly. “Of
course, if I nurse the woman, and give up my bed to her, I expect to
be paid. I hate to send her to the hospital, and I don’t know her
name, nor the name of her friends. So what can I do?”
“Do just what you’ve planned to do, mum. Go right ahead, but be
careful and cover up your tracks. Do you understand?”
Madame made no reply to this disinterested piece of advice, but
sat silently thinking for some time. At last she said in a persuasive
tone, “Didn’t you bring some money from the levee? I’ve had no
supper, and I intend to sit up all night with that poor woman. Can’t
you go to Joubert’s and get me some bread and cheese?”
“Money, money—look here!” and the young scapegrace pulled out
a handful of silver. “That’s what I’ve brought.”
An hour later madame and Raste sat in the little kitchen, chatting
over their supper in the most friendly way; while the sick woman and
the child still slept profoundly in the small front room.
CHAPTER V
LAST DAYS AT GRETNA
T HE next morning, Madame Jozain sent Raste across the river for
Dr. Debrot, for the sick woman still lay in a heavy stupor, her dull
eyes partly closed, her lips parched and dry, and the crimson flush of
fever burning on cheek and brow.
Before Raste went, Madame Jozain took the traveling bag into the
kitchen, and together they examined its contents. There were the
two baggage-checks, the tickets and money, besides the usual
articles of clothing, and odds and ends; but there was no letter, nor
card, nor name, except the monogram, J. C., on the silver fittings, to
assist in establishing the stranger’s identity.
“Hadn’t I better take these,” said Raste, slipping the baggage-
checks into his pocket, “and have her baggage sent over? When she
comes to, you can tell her that she and the young one needed
clothes, and you thought it was best to get them. You can make that
all right when she gets well,” and Raste smiled knowingly at
madame, whose face wore an expression of grave solicitude as she
said:
“Hurry, my son, and bring the doctor back with you. I’m so anxious
about the poor thing, and I dread to have the child wake and find her
mother no better.”
When Doctor Debrot entered Madame Jozain’s front room, his
head was not as clear as it ought to have been, and he did not
observe anything peculiar in the situation. He had known madame,
more or less, for a number of years, and he might be considered one
of the friends who thought well of her. Therefore, he never suspected
that the young woman lying there in a stupor was any other than the
relative from Texas madame represented her to be. And she was
very ill, of that there could be no doubt; so ill as to awaken all the
doctor’s long dormant professional ambition. There were new

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MATLAB Programming for Engineers

5th Edition Chapman Solutions Manual

function ran = random1(n,m)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% Initialize the output array

function ran = random0(n,m)

% Declare global values

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% Initialize the output array

% Test for missing seed, and supply a default if necessary.

% Now calculate random values

02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> .

02/05/2015 01:16 PM <DIR> .

Total Files Listed:

Function randomn is shown below:

function ran = randomn(n,m,low,high)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% If arguments are missing, supply the default values.

% Check that low < high

% Initialize the output array

function ran = random0(n,m)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% Initialize the output array

% Test for missing seed, and supply a default if necessary.

% Now calculate random values

function result = hyperbolic(fun,x)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

function result = sinh1(x)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

function result = cosh1(x)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

function result = tanh1(x)

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% Calculate value. Note that we are using the

% Create anonymous functions

% Plot the functiion h(f(x),g(x))

When this program is executed, the results are:

fplot(@(x) 1/sqrt(x), [0.1 10]);

When these commands are executed, the results are:

% Script file: test_fminbnd.m

% Create anonymous function

% Plot the function

When this program is executed, the results are:

% Script file: test_fminbnd.m

% Create anonymous function

% Find the minimum of the function in the range

% Find the minimum of the function in the range

% Plot the function

When this program is executed, the results are:

% Script file: test_randn.m

% Get 100,000 values

% Script file: test_rose.m

% Get 100,000 values

When this program is executed, the results are:

function [xmin,min_value,xmax,max_value] = ...

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% Create array of values to evaluate the function at

% Find maximum and minimum in y, and the locations in

% Get the x values at the locations of the maximum and

y = x.^3 - 5x.^2 + 5x +2;