Fluid Mechanics 2Nd Edition Hibbeler Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF

Fluid Mechanics 2nd Edition Hibbeler
Solutions Manual
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10–1. A 3-in.-diameter pipe supplies water with a velocity

of 8 ft>s. If the pipe is made of commercial steel and the
water temperature is 50°F, determine the friction factor.
SOLUTION
We will consider a fully developed steady flow and water is incompressible. From the
table in Appendix A, v = 14.1(10-6) ft2 >s for water at 50°F. The Reynolds number is
3
(8 ft>s) a ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 1.42(105)
v 14.1(10-6) ft2 >s
For commercial steel, e = 0.00015 ft. Thus, the relative roughness is
e 0.00015 ft
= = 0.0006
D 3
ft
Th nd co of y th
12
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
From the Moody diagram,

o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
f = 0.0200 Ans.
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
We can also compare this value with that obtained by applying the Colebrook
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
equation,
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
1 e>D 2.51
es ru ng he er
k
= - 2 log a + b
co cto . D W mit
2f 3.7 Re2f
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
1 0.0006 2.51
la ach at de
= - 2 log c + d
w
s ing ion We
2f 3.7 1.42(105) 2f
Solving numerically,
f = 0.0199 ≈ 0.02
b)
Ans:
f = 0.0200
842
M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 842 10/03/17 2:36 PM

10–2. Gasoline at T = 68°F flows through an 8-in.-diameter

smooth pipe at the rate of 4.15 ft3 >s. Determine the head
loss in a 50-ft-long segment of the pipe.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and gasoline is incompressible. The
average velocity of the flow is
Q 4.15 ft3 >s

V = = 2
= 11.89 ft>s
A 4
pa ft b
12
From the table in Appendix A, vg = 4.70110-6 2 ft2 >s. Thus, the Reynolds number is
8
111.89 ft>s2 a ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 1.69 1106 2
Th nd co of y th
vg 4.70 110-6 2 ft2 >s

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
For smooth pipe, the Moody diagram gives

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
f = 0.0107
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
Applying the Darcy–Weisbach equation,

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
V2
St in ar on ot
L
at st ni t p
hL = f a ba b
es ru ng he er
k
D 2g
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
50 ft 111.89 ft>s2 2
ht te min Wi
= 0.0107 c d
la ach at de
w
£ 8 § 2132.2 ft>s2 2
s ing ion We
a ft b
12
= 1.76 ft Ans.
b)
Ans:
hL = 1.76 ft
843

10–3. Glycerin flows through a 6-in.-diameter, horizontal

smooth pipe with an average velocity of 9 ft>s. Determine
the pressure drop in a 12-ft-long segment of the pipe.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow and Glycerin is incompressible. Writing
the energy between two points 1, and 2, gives
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
+ + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturb + hL
g 2g g 2g
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
+ + z1 + 0 = + + z2 + 0 + hL
g 2g g 2g
p1 - p2 V 22 - V 12
= + z2 - z1 + hL
g 2g
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
Since the pipe is horizontal, z1 = z2 = z. Also, the average velocity of the flow is
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
constant, V1 = V2 = V due to the constant pipe’s diameter. Then the above equation
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
becomes
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
p1 - p2
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
= hL
U e u tud clu an
g
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
L V2
at st ni t p
The Darcy–Weisbach equation gives hL = f . Then

es ru ng he er
k
D 2g
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
p1 - p2 L V2
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
= f
w
g D 2g
s ing ion We
gV 2L
p1 - p2 = f (1)
2gD
b)
From the table in Appendix A, rGy = 2.44 slug>ft3 and mGy = 31.3110-3 2 lb s>ft.
The Reynolds number is
6
rGyVD 12.44 slug>ft3 219 ft/s2 a ft b
12
Re = =
mGy 31.3110-3 2 lb # s>ft2
= 350.80 6 2300 (Laminar flow)
Thus,
64 64
f = = = 0.1824
Re 350.80
Then Eq. (1) gives
12.44 slug>ft3)(32.2 ft>s2)(9 ft>s)2(12 ft2

p1 - p2 = (0.1824)
£ 6 §
2(32.2 ft>s2) a ft b
12
lb 1 ft 2
= a432.69 2
ba b = 3.00 psi Ans. Ans:
ft 12 in
p1 - p2 = 3.00 psi
844

*10–4. If air at a temperature of 100°F flows through the

smooth circular duct at 10.5 ft3 >s, determine the pressure 15 ft
drop that occurs over a 15-ft length of the duct.
SOLUTION 8 in.
We will consider the fully developed steady flow and assume air is incompressible.
Writing the energy between points 1 and 2, gives
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
+ + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturb + hL
g 2g g 2g
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
+ + z1 + 0 = + + z2 + 0 + hL
g 2g g 2g
p1 - p2 V 22 - V 12
= + z2 - z1 + hL
g 2g
Since the density of air is small, the elevation term can be neglected. Also, the
average velocity of the flow is constant, V1 = V2 = V due to the constant duct
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
diameter. Then the above equation becomes

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
p1 - p2
is
w
= hL
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
g
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
L V2
by r th g s (in ork
The Darcy–Weisbach equation gives hL = f . Then

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
D 2g
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
p1 - p2 L V2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
= f
k
D 2g
co cto . D W mit
g
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
gV 2L
la ach at de
p1 - p2 = f (1)
w
s ing ion We
2gD
From the discharge, the average velocity is
Q 10.5 ft3 >s

V == = 30.08 ft>s
b)
A 2
4
pa in.b
12
From the table in Appendix A, ra = 0.00220 slug>ft3 and mG = 0.396110-6 2 lb # s>ft2.
8
10.00220 slug>ft3)(30.08 ft>s2 a ft b
raVD 12
Re = =
ma 0.396 110-6 2 lb # s>ft2
= 1.11 1105 2 7 2300 turbulent

For the smooth duct, the Moody diagram gives
f = 0.0177
Then Eq. (1) gives

10.00220 slug>ft3)(32.2 ft>s2)(30.08 ft>s2 2 115 ft2
p1 - p2 = 10.01772
£ 8 §
2(32.2 ft>s2) a ft b
12
lb 1 ft 2
= a0.3964 b a b
ft2 12 in.
Ans:
= 2.75110-3 2 psi Ans. p1 - p2 = 2.75110-3 2 psi
845

10–5. Determine the flow of methane at T = 68°F in ft3 >h 1 in.

through a 1000-ft-long horizontal 1-in.-diameter commercial
steel pipe if the pressure drop is 5110-3 2 psi.
1,000 ft
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and treat methane as
incompressible. From the table in Appendix A, rme = 1.29(10-3) slug>ft3 and
vm = 0.181 (10-3) ft2 >s for methane at T = 68°F. The Reynolds number of the
flow is
1
Va ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 460.41 V (1)
vw 0.18110-3 2 ft2 >s
Take the methane in the 1000-ft-long pipe as the control volume. Since the pipe has a
constant cross section, V1 = V2 = V. Also, z1 = z2 = z since the pipe is horizontal.
lb 12 in. 2 lb
Th nd co of y th
Here the pressure drop is p1 - p2 = c 5110-3 2 2 d a b = 0.720 2 per

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
in 1 ft ft
th r sa es
or v
1000 ft of pipe.
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
te fo sin or w
+ + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturb + hL
d
d o it
2g 2g
by r th g s (in ork
gme gme
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
p1 V2 p2 V2
St in ar on ot
+ + z + 0 = + + z + 0 + hL
at st ni t p
2g 2g
es ru ng he er
k
gme gme
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
p1 - p2 0.720 lb>ft2
i
ht te min Wi
hL = = = 17.33 ft
la ach at de
gme 3 1.29110 -3
2 slug>ft3 4 132.2 ft>s2 2
w
s ing ion We
Using the Darcy–Weisbach equation,

L V2 1000 ft V2
hL = f ; 17.33 ft = f c d
D 2g ° 1 ¢ 2132.2 ft>s2 2
ft
b)
12
0.09302
V2 = (2)
f
Assuming the flow is laminar, then
64 64 0.1390
f = = =
Re 460.41 V V
Substitute this result into Eq. (2),
0.09302
V2 = V = 0.6692 ft>s
0.1390
V
Then Eq. (1) gives
Re = 460.4110.66922 = 308.10 6 2300 (laminar flow), ok.
The flow rate is

2
0.5 3600 s
Q = VA = 10.6692 ft>s2 c pa ft b d = 3 3.6499110-3 2 ft3 >s 4 a b
12 1h
= 13.14 ft3 >h = 13.1 ft3 >h Ans. Ans:

Q = 13.1 ft3 >h
846

10–6. Water in the old 15-in.-diameter concrete drain pipe 12 ft

runs full with a flow of 15 ft3 >s. Determine the pressure
drop from point A to point B. The pipe is horizontal. Take
f = 0.07. A B
15 in.
SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible.
The mean velocity of the water flow is
2
7.5
Q = VA; 15 ft3 >s = V(p) a ft b
12
V = 12.22 ft>s
Since,
∆p L V2
Th nd co of y th
= f
D 2g
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
g
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
Since g = rg, then

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
L rV 2
te fo sin or w
∆p = f a ba b
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
D 2
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
62.4
St in ar on ot
a slug>ft3 b ( 12.22 ft>s ) 2

at st ni t p
12 ft 32.2
es ru ng he er
k
∆p = (0.07) ≥ ¥≥ ¥
co cto . D W mit
15 2
py rs is or ted
ft
rig in se ld .
i
12
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
1 ft 2
∆p = ( 97.28 lb>ft2 ) a b = 0.676 psi Ans.
12 in.
b)
Ans:
pA - pB = 0.676 psi
847

10–7. Water at 20°C flows upwards through the

50-mm-diameter cast iron pipe at 5.88 kg>s. Determine the
major head loss that occurs over the 8-m-long vertical B
segment. Also, what is the pressure at A? The water is
discharged into the atmosphere at B.
8m
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible. From
the table in Appendix A, rw = 998.3 kg>m3 and vw = 1.00110-6 2 m2 >s for water at
T = 20°C. For the mass flow rate, the average velocity is A
#
m = rQ; 5.88 kg>s = 1998.3 kg>m3 2 5 V 3 p10.025 m2 2 4 6 50 mm
V = 2.9998 m>s
Then, the Reynolds number is

VD 12.9998 m>s210.05 m2
Re = = = 1.501105 2
vw 1.00110-6 2 m2 >s
Th nd co of y th
e 0.26 mm
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
For cast iron, = = 0.0052. From the Moody diagram, f = 0.031. Thus,
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
D 50 mm
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
the major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
2
L V2 12.9998 m>s2
d
8m
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
hL = f = 0.031a bc d = 2.2749 m = 2.27 m Ans.

U e u tud clu an
D 2g 0.05 m 219.81 m>s2 2

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
Take the water in the pipe as the control volume. Here, pB = patm = 0 since the
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
water is discharged into atmosphere at B. Also, VA = VB = V since the pipe

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
diameter is constant. Applying the energy equation from A to B, with datum set
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
through A, zA = 0 and zB = 8 m,
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
pA VA2 pB VB 2
+ + zA + hpump = + + zB + hturb + hL
gw 2g gw 2g
pA V2 V2
b)
3 2
+ + 0 + 0 = 0 + + 8 m + 0 + 2.2749 m
1998.3 kg>m 219.81 m>s 2 2g 2g
pA = 100.621103 2 Pa = 101 kPa Ans.
Ans:
hL = 2.27 m
pA = 101 kPa
848

*10–8. Water at 60°F is delivered horizontally through a

400-ft-long galvanized iron pipe to a sewage treatment plant.
If the water is discharged into the atmosphere using a pump
that develops a pressure at A of 75 psi, determine the diameter
of the pipe if the discharge at B is to be 1500 gal>min.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible.
The discharge is
gal 1 ft3 1 min
Q = a1500 ba ba b = 3.3422 ft3 >s
min 7.48 gal 60 s
Thus, the average velocity is
Q 3.3422 ft3 >s 4.2555

V = = =
A p 2 D2
D
4
From the table in Appendix A, rw = 1.939 slug>ft3 and vw = 12.2110-6 2 ft2 >s for
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
water at 60°F. Thus, the Reynolds number is

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
4.2555
pr d s as f th y o
a b1D2
ot ole se is f t
3.48811105 2
ec ly s w he
VD D2
te fo sin or w
Re = = = (1)
d
d o it
-6 2 D
12.2110 2 ft >s
by r th g s (in ork
v
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
Since the pipe is horizontal and has constant diameter,

te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
Pin - Pout
co cto . D W mit
hL =
py rs is or ted
g
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
Here, pout = patm = 0. Since the water is discharged into atmosphere. Then
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
lb 12 in. 2
a75 2
ba b - 0
in 1 ft
hL = = 172.98 ft
11.939 slug>ft3 2132.2 ft>s2 2
b)

2 2
L V2 400 ft 14.2555>D 2
hL = f ; 172.98 ft = f a bc d
D 2g D 2132.2 ft>s2 2
D5 = 0.6503 f (2)
For galvanized iron pipe, e = 0.0005 ft. The trial and error iterative procedure is
required. The iterations are tabulated as follows:
Iteration Assumed f D(ft) (Eq. 2) E , D (ft , ft) Re (Eq. 1) f from Moody diagram
1 0.021 0.4237 0.00118 3 0.0208
8.23(10 )
2 0.0208 0.4229 0.00118 5 0.0208
8.25(10 )
The assumed f in 2nd iteration is almost the same as that given by the Moody diagram.
Thus D = 0.4229 ft is an acceptable result.
12 in.
D = (0.4229 ft) a b = 5.075 in.
1 ft
1
Use D = 5 @in.@diameter pipe. Ans.
8 Ans:
1
Use D = 5 @in.@diameter pipe.
8
849

10–9. A horizontal 40-ft-long galvanized iron pipe having

a diameter of 6 in. is used to transport water at a temperature
of 50°F. Determine the pressure drop over its length if the
velocity is 8 ft>s.
SOLUTION
We will consider fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible. From the
table in Appendix A, rw = 1.940 slug>ft3, and vw = 14.1110-6 2 ft2 >s for water at
T = 50°F. Thus, the Reynolds number is
6
18 ft>s2 a ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 2.84 1105 2
vw 14.1 110-6 2 ft2 >s
e 0.0005 ft
For galvanized iron pipe = = 0.001. From the Moody diagram,
D 6
a ft b
12
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
f = 0.0208
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
Since the pipe is horizontal and of constant diameter, the energy equation reduces to
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
p1 - p2 L V2
by r th g s (in ork
= hL = f
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
gw D 2g
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
Then
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
LgwV 2
rig in se ld .
p1 - p2 = f a b
i
ht te min Wi
2gD
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
140 ft211.940 slug>ft3 2132.2ft>s2 218 ft>s2 2

= 0.0208
£ 6 §
2132.2 ft>s2 2a ft b
12
b)
1 ft 2
= 1103.30 lb>ft2 2a b
12 in.
= 0.717 psi Ans.
Ans:
p1 - p2 = 0.717 psi
850

10–10. Air at 80°F flows through the commercial steel

duct at 300 ft3 >min. Determine the pressure drop along a
10-ft length of the duct.
8 in.
10 ft
6 in.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow and treat the air as incompressible.
The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular duct is
4A 4318 in.216 in.24 1 ft

Dn = = = 16.8571 in.2 a b = 0.5714 ft
P 216 in. + 8 in.2 12 in.
From the table in Appendix A, ra = 0.00228 slug>ft3 and va = 0.169110-3 2 ft2 >s
1 min
for air at T = 80°F. Here Q = 1300 ft3 >min2 a b = 5 ft3 >s. Thus the average
60 s
velocity of the air is
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
Q 5 ft3 >s
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
V = = = 15 ft>s
pr d s as f th y o
A 6 8
ot ole se is f t
a ft b a ft b
ec ly s w he
12 12
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
Thus, the Reynolds numbers is

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
VDh 115 ft>s210.5714 ft2

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
Re = = = 5.071104 2
co cto . D W mit
v 0.169110-3 2 ft2 >s

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
and the relative roughness of the commercial steel duct is

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
e 0.00015 ft
= = 0.0002625
Dh 0.5714 ft
From the Moody diagram, f = 0.022. Thus, the major head loss can be determined
b)
using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
L V2 10 ft 115 ft>s2 2
hL = f = 0.022a bc d = 1.345 ft
Dh 2g 0.5714 ft 2132.2 ft>s2 2
Take air in the 10-ft-long duct as the control volume. Since the duct has a constant
cross section, V1 = V2 = V. Also, since the density of air is small, the elevation
terms can be neglected. Applying the energy equation,
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
+ + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturb + hL
ga 2g ga 2g
p1 V2 p2 V2
+ + 0 + 0 = + + 0 + 0 + 1.345 ft
ga 2g ga 2g
p1 - p2 = (0.00228 slug>ft3)(32.2 ft>s2)(1.345 ft)
1 ft 2
= (0.09875 lb>ft2) a b
12 in.
= 0.686(10-3) psi Ans.
Ans:
p1 - p2 = 0.686(10-3) psi
851

10–11. If the pressure drop along the 10-ft-long commercial

steel duct is 0.68110-3 2 psi, determine the flow Q of 80°F air.
8 in.
10 ft
6 in.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow and treat air as incompressible.
From the table in Appendix A, ra = 0.00228 slug>ft3, and va = 0.169110-3 2 ft2 >s
for air at T = 80°F. Take air in the 10-ft-long duct as the control volume. Since the
duct has a constant cross section, VA = VB = V Also, since the density of air is
small, the elevation terms can be neglected Applying the energy equation,
pA V A2 pB V B2
ga 2g ga 2g
pA V2 pB V2
+ + 0 + 0 = + + 0 + 0 + hL
Th nd co of y th
ga 2g ga 2g
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
12 in. 2
is
lb
w
c 0.68110-3 2
pr d s as f th y o
da b
ot ole se is f t
pA - pB in 2 1 ft
ec ly s w he
hL = = = 1.3338 ft
te fo sin or w
10.00228 slug>ft3 2132.2 ft>s2 2

d
ga
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular duct is

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
4318 in.216 in.24

St in ar on ot
4A 1 ft
at st ni t p
Dh = = = 16.8571 in.2 a b = 0.5714 ft

es ru ng he er
k
P 216 in. + 8 in.2 12 in.

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
Thus, the Reynolds number is

i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
VDh V10.5714 ft2

Re = = = 3.38121103 2 V (1)
va 0.169110-3 2 ft2 >s
L V2 V2
b)
10 ft
hL = f ; 1.3338 ft = f a bc d
Dh 2g 0.5714 ft 2132.2 ft>s2 2
2.2155
V = (2)
2f
The relative roughness of the commercial steel duct is
e 0.00015 ft
= = 0.0002625
Dh 0.5714 ft
The trial and error iterative procedure is required. The iterations are tabulated as
follows:
Iteration Assumed f V(ft , s) (Eq. 2) Re (Eq. 1) f from Moody diagram

1 0.02 15.67 5.30110 2 4 0.0218
2 0.0218 15.00 5.07110 2 4 0.022
The assumed f in 2nd iteration is very close to that from Moody diagram.
Thus, V = 15.00 ft>s is an acceptable result. Then, the flow rate is
6 8
Q = VA = (15.00 ft>s) c a ft b a ft b d = 5.00 ft3 >s Ans. Ans:
12 12
Q = 5.00 ft3 >s
852

*10–12. A horizontal 75-mm-diameter galvanized iron

pipe, having a roughness of e = 0.2 mm, is used to transport
water at a temperature of 60°C and with a velocity of 3 m>s.
Determine the pressure drop over its 12-m length.
SOLUTION
From Appendix A, n = 0.478 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s and r = 983.2 kg>m3 for water at
T = 60° C. Thus, the Reynolds number is
VD ( 3 m>s ) (0.075 m)
Re = = = 4.71 ( 105 )
n 0.478 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
The relative roughness is
e 0.2 ( 10-3 ) m
= = 0.002667
D 0.075 m
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
f = 0.025
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
Thus,
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
∆p L V2
co cto . D W mit
= f
py rs is or ted
g D 2g
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
Since g = rg, then

w
s ing ion We
L rV 2
∆p = f a ba b
D 2
b)
12 m ( 983.2 kg>m 3
)( 3 m>s ) 2
= 0.025 a b£ §
0.075 m 2
= 17.70 ( 103 ) Pa = 17.7 kPa Ans.
Ans:
∆p = 17.7 kPa
853

10–13. Air flows through the galvanized steel duct,

with a velocity of 4 m>s. Determine the pressure drop
along a 2-m length of the duct. Take ra = 1.202 kg>m3 ,
na = 15.1110-6 2 m2 >s.
200 mm
2m
150 mm
SOLUTION
Assume the air is incompressible. The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular duct is
4A 4(0.15 m)(0.2 m)
Dh = = = 0.1714 m
P 2(0.15 m + 0.2 m)
VDh ( 4 m>s ) (0.1714 m)

Re = = = 4.54 ( 104 )
n 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
and the relative roughness of the galvanized duct, is

Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
0.15 ( 10-3 ) m
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
e
o ill d
= 0.000875
k ide an art egr
=
is
w
Dh 0.1714 m
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
From the Moody diagram, f = 0.0242. Thus the major head loss can be determined
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
using
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
L V2 2m ( 4 m>s ) 2
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
hL = f = (0.0242) a b£ § = 0.2302 m
es ru ng he er
k
Dh 2g 0.1714 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
Take the air in the 2-m-long duct as the control volume. Since the duct has a
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
constant cross section, VA = VB = V. Also, it is horizontal, zA = zB = z. Applying

w
s ing ion We
the energy equation,
pA VA2 pB VB2
g 2g g 2g
b)
pA V2 pB V2
+ + z + 0 = + + z + 0 + 0.2302 m
g 2g g 2g
∆p = pA - pB = ( 1.202 kg> m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.2302 m) = 2.71 Pa Ans.
Ans:
p1 - p2 = 2.71 Pa
854

10–14. Determine the greatest air flow Q through the

galvanized steel duct so that the flow remains laminar. What
is the pressure drop along a 200-m-long section of the duct
for this case? Take ra = 1.202 kg>m3, na = 15.1110-6 2 m2 >s.
200 mm
2m
150 mm
SOLUTION
Assume the air is incompressible. The hydraulic diameter of the rectangular duct is
4A 4(0.15 m)(0.2 m)
Dh = = = 0.1714 m
P 2(0.15 m) + (0.2 m)
VDh V(0.1714 m)
Re = = = 1.1353 ( 104 ) V
n 15.1 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Since the flow is required to be laminar,
Th nd co of y th
Re = 2300
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
1.1353 ( 104 ) V = 2300

o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
V = 0.2026 m>s
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
Thus, Q = VA = ( 0.2026 m>s ) (0.15 m) ( 0.2 m ) = 0.006078 m3 >s = 0.00608 m3 >s Ans.
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
64
te e
Also, for laminar flow, the friction factor can be determined using f =
d of t le ng is n
=
St in ar on ot
Re
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
64
k
= 0.0278. Thus, the major head loss can be determined using

co cto . D W mit
2300
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
L V2 ( 0.2026 m>s ) 2
s ing ion We
200 m
hL = f = 0.0278 a b£ § = 0.06791 m
Dh 2g 0.1714 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s ) 2
Take the air in the duct as the control volume. Since the duct has a constant cross
b)
section, VA = VB = V. Also, it is horizontal, zA = zB = z. Applying the energy

equation,
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + zA + hhump = + + zB + hturb + hL
g 2g g 2g
pA V2 pB V2
+ + z + 0 = + + z + 0 + 0.06791 m
g 2g g 2g
∆p = ( 1.202kg> m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.06791 m) = 0.801 Pa Ans.
Ans:
Q = 0.00608 m3 >s, p1 - p2 = 0.801 Pa
855

10–15. Water in the concrete detention pond is to be

pumped over the berm and into the lake. If the 8-in.- B
diameter hose has a roughness of e = 0.0006 ft, determine
the power output of the pump so that the flow out of the 60 ft
pipe is 2400 gal>min. The hose is 800 ft long. The water A
temperature is 60°F.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and the water is incompressible.
water at T = 60°F. Here the flow rate is
gal 1 ft3 1 min

Q = a2400 ba ba b = 5.3476 ft3 >s
min 7.48 gal 60 s
Then, the flow velocity in the hose is given by
2
4
Q = VA; 5.3476 ft3 >s = V c pa ft b d V = 15.3197 ft>s
12
The Reynolds number of the flow in the pipe is
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
8
o ill d
k ide an art egr
115.3197 ft>s2 a ft b
is
w
VD 12
pr d s as f th y o
Re = = 8.37 1105 2
ot ole se is f t
=
ec ly s w he
vw 12.2 110-6 2 ft2 >s

te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
0.0006 ft
U e u tud clu an
e
ni s en d d
For the hose, the relative roughness is = = 0.0009. Entering these two
te e
D 8
d of t le ng is n
ft
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
12
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
values into the Moody diagram, we obtain f = 0.0195. Then the major head loss can
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.

i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
2
L V2 800 ft 115.3197 ft>s2
hL = f = 0.0195 c d = 85.2770 ft
D 2g ° 8 ¢ 2132.2 ft>s2 2
ft
12
b)
Take the water in the detention pond, in the pump, and in the hose as the control
volume. Since the water surface at A is exposed to the atmosphere and water is
discharged into the atmosphere at B, pA = pB = patm = 0. Also, since the water
is drawn from a large reservoir, the water level at A can be considered constant
and so VA ≃ 0. With reference to the datum set through A, zB = 60 ft and zA = 0.
Applying the energy equation between A and B,
pA VA2 pB VB2
gw 2g gw 2g
115.3197 ft>s2 2
0 + 0 + 0 + hpump = 0 + + 60 ft + 0 + 85.2770 ft
2132.2 ft>s2 2
hpump = 148.92 ft
Then, the required power output of the pump is

#
W = gwQhpump = 11.939 slug>ft3 2132.2 ft>s2 215.3476 ft3 >s21148.92 ft2
1 hp
= 149,722.05 ft # lb>s2 a
550 ft # lb>s
b = 90.4 hp Ans.
Ans:
#
W = 90.4 hp
856

*10–16. Water is pumped from the river through a B C

40-mm-diameter hose having a length of 3 m. Determine the
maximum volumetric discharge from the hose at C so that 2m
cavitation will not occur within the hose. The friction factor is A
f = 0.028 for the hose, and the gage vapor pressure for water
is - 98.7 kPa.
SOLUTION
The pressure at B will be the smallest and cavitation will occur here. For cavitation
to occur, pB = - 98.7 kPa. Since the hose has a constant diameter, VB = V. The
head loss can be determined from
LV2 3m V2 2
hL = f = 0.028 a bJ R = 0.1070V
D 2g 0.04 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
Applying the energy equation from A to B with the datum set at A,
pA VA2 pB VB2
Th nd co of y th
g 2g g 2g
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
- 98.7 ( 103 ) N>m2

o ill d
k ide an art egr
V2
is
w
V = + + 2 m = 0 + 0.1070V 2
pr d s as f th y o
( 1000 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) 2g

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
V = 7.143 m>s
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
Thus,
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
Q = VA = ( 7.143 m>s ) 3 p(0.02 m)2 4 = 0.00898 m3 >s = 8.98 liter>s

es ru ng he er
k
Ans.
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b
Ans:
Q = 8.98 liter>s
857

10–17. The old 15-in.-diameter concrete drain pipe runs 12 ft

full of water with a flow of 15 ft3 >s. Determine the pressure
drop from A to B. The pipe is sloping downward at
4 ft>100 ft. Take f = 0.07.
A B
15 in.
SOLUTION
Since the concrete pipe has a constant diameter.
Q 15 ft3 >s
VA = VB = V = = 2
= 12.22 ft>s
A 7.5
pa ft b
12
The major head loss from A to B can be determined using
L V2 12 ft ( 12.22 ft>s ) 2
Th nd co of y th
hL = f = 0.07≥ ¥£ § = 1.559 ft
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
D 2g 15 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 )
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
a ft b
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
12
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
Take the water from A to B as the control volume. Applying the energy equation
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
from with the datum set at B,

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
pA VA2 pB VB2
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
2g 2g
es ru ng he er
g g
k
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
V2 V2
rig in se ld .
pA 4 pB
i
ht te min Wi
+ + 12 ft a b + 0 = + + 0 + 0 + 1.559 ft
la ach at de
g 2g 100 g 2g
w
s ing ion We
lb
pA - pB = ( 62.4 lb>ft2 ) (1.079 ft) = 67.3 Ans.
ft2
) b
Ans:
pA - pB = 67.3 lb>ft2
858

10–18. Determine the friction factor of a 2-in.-diameter

horizontal tube if natural gas is to flow through it at 20 ft3 >h.
The specific weight of the natural gas is gg = 0.051 lb>ft3
and the pressure drop is 0.6110-3 2 psi per 1000 ft.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow and treat natural gas as incompressible.
Take the natural gas in the 1000-ft-long tube as the control volume. Since the tube has
a constant cross section, V1 = V2 = V. Also, since the tube is horizontal, z1 = z2 = z.
lb 12 in. 2
Here, the pressure drop is p1 - p2 = c 0.6110-3 2 2 d a b = 0.0864 lb>ft per
in 1 ft
1000 ft of tube. Applying the energy equation,
p1 V 12 p2 V 22
+ + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturb + hL
gg 2g gg 2g
p1 V2 p2 V2
+ + z + 0 = + + z + 0 + hL
Th nd co of y th
gg 2g gg 2g
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
0.0864 lb>ft2
o ill d
p1 - p2
k ide an art egr
is
w
hL = = = 1.6941 ft
pr d s as f th y o
g 0.051 lb>ft3
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
Here, the flow rate is

d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ft3 1h
ni s en d d
Q = a20 ba b = 0.005556 ft3 >s

te e
d of t le ng is n
h 3600 s
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
Thus, velocity of the flow is

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
Q 0.005556 ft3 >s

rig in se ld .
i
V =
= = 0.2546 ft>s
ht te min Wi
A 2
1
la ach at de
w
pa ft b
s ing ion We
12
2
L V2 1000 ft 10.2546 ft>s2
hL = f ; 1.6941 ft = f c d
D 2g 2 2132.2 ft>s2 2
) b
a ft b
12
f = 0.2804 = 0.280 Ans.
Ans:
f = 0.280
859

10–19. The 20-mm-diameter copper coil is used for a solar 400 mm

hot water heater. If water at an average temperature of
T = 50°C passes through the coil at 9 liter>min, determine
the major head loss that occurs within the coil. Neglect the
length of each bend. Take e = 0.03 mm for the coil.
SOLUTION
Assume that fully developed steady flow occurs, and water is incompressible. Here the
discharge is
l 1 m3 1 min
Q = a9 ba ba b = 0.15 ( 10-3 ) m3 >s
min 1000 l 60 s
Then, the average velocity is
Q 0.15 ( 10-3 ) m3 >s

V = = = 0.4775 m>s
A p(0.01 m)2
Th nd co of y th
Appendix A gives rw = 988 kg>m3 and Nw = 0.561 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for water at
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
T = 50°C. Thus the Reynolds number is

o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
VD ( 0.4775 m>s ) (0.02 m)

ot ole se is f t
= 1.70 ( 104 )
ec ly s w he
Re = =
te fo sin or w
gw 0.561 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s

d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
e 0.03 mm
d of t le ng is n
Together with = = 0.0015, the Moody diagram gives f = 0.030. Here,

St in ar on ot
D 20 mm
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
the total length of the tube is L = 11(0.4 m) = 4.4 m. Thus, the major head loss is
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
L V2
w
s ing ion We
hL = f
D 2g
4.4 m ( 0.4775 m>s ) 2

= 0.030 a b£ §
0.02 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
) b
= 76.7 mm Ans.
Ans:
hL = 76.7 mm
860

*10–20. Water at T = 70°F flows through the 15-in.-

A
diameter concrete pipe from the reservoir at A to the one
at B. Determine the flow in gal > min. The length of the 30 ft
concrete pipe is 200 ft. The roughness of the concrete pipe is
e = 0.005 ft. B
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow and water is incompressible. From
table in Appendix A, rw = 1.937 slug>ft3 and vw = 10.4(10-6) ft2 >s for water at
T = 70°F. The Reynolds number of the flow is
15
Va ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 120.19 1103 2V (1)
vw 10.4110-6 2 ft2 >s
The major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
L V2 200 ft V2
hL = f = fa bc d = 2.4845 f V 2
Th nd co of y th
D 2g 15>12 ft 2 1 32.2 ft>s2 2

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
Take the water in reservoir A, and the concrete pipe as the control volume. Since
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
point A is exposed to the atmosphere, pA = patm = 0. The pressure at end B of

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
the pipe is also pB = patm = 0. Also, the water is drawn from a large reservoir,
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
so VA _ 0. With reference to the datum set through B, zA = 30 ft and zB = 0.

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an

ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
pA V A2 pB V B2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
gw 2g gw 2g
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
V2
i
ht te min Wi
0 + 0 + 30 ft + 0 = 0 + + 0 + 0 + 2.4845 f V 2
la ach at de
2132.2 ft>s2 2
w
s ing ion We
V2
+ 2.4845f V 2 = 30 (2)
64.4
e 0.005 ft
For concrete pipe, the relative roughness is = = 0.004
) b
D 115>122 ft
The trial and error iterative procedure is required. The iterations are tabulated as
follows:
Iteration Assumed f V(ft , s) Eq. (2) Re Eq. (1) f from Moody diagram
1 0.028 18.78 2.26(106) 0.028
The assumed f in the first iteration is almost the same as that from Moody diagram.
Thus V = 18.78 ft>s is an acceptable result. Thus the flow rate is
2
7.5
Q = VA = 118.78 ft>s2 c pa ft b d = 23.04 ft3 >s = 23.0 ft3 >s Ans.
12
Ans:
Q = 23.0 ft3 >s
861

10–21. Drinking water at 60°F flows at 10 ft>s through a

horizontal galvanized iron pipe. If the pressure drop over a
50-ft length is to be no more than 4 psi, determine the
smallest allowable diameter D of the pipe.
SOLUTION
the table in Appendix A, rw = 1.939 slug>ft3 and vw = 12.2110-6 2 ft2 >s for water at
T = 60°F. Thus, the Reynolds number is
VD 110 ft>s2D
Re = = = 8.1967 1105 2D (1)
vw 12.2 110-6 2 ft2 >s
L V2 50 ft 110 ft>s2 2 f
hL = f = fa bc d = 77.64a b
D 2g D 2132.2ft>s2 2 D
Taking the water in the 50-ft-long pipe as the control volume. Since the pipe
Th nd co of y th
diameter is constant, VA = VB = V. Also, because it is horizontal, zA = zB = z.

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
Applying the energy equation,

th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
V A2
w
pA pB V B2
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
gw 2g gw 2g
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
pA V2 pB V2 f
U e u tud clu an
+ + z + 0 = + + z + 0 + 77.64a b
ni s en d d
te e
gw 2g gw 2g D
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
pA - pB f
co cto . D W mit
= 77.64a b
py rs is or ted
g D
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
lb 12 in. 2
w
a4 ba b
s ing ion We
in 2 1 ft f
= 77.64a b
11.939 slug>ft3 2132.2 ft>s2 2 D
D = 8.4158 f (2)
) b
For galvanized iron pipe, e = 0.0005 ft. The trial and error iterative procedure is
required. The iterations are tabulated as follows:
Iteration Assumed f D(ft) Eq. 2 E , D(ft>ft) Re (Eq. 1) f from Moody diagram

5
1 0.015 0.1262 0.00396 1.03(10 ) 0.0295
2 0.0295 0.2483 0.00201 2.03(105) 0.0248
3 0.0248 0.2087 0.00239 1.71(105) 0.0258
4 0.0258 0.2171 0.00230 1.78(105) 0.0255
The assumed f in 4th iteration is very close to that from the Moody diagram. Thus,
D = 0.2171 ft is an acceptable result.
12 in.
D = (0.2171 ft) a b = 2.606 in.
1 ft
5
Use D = 2 -in.-diameter pipe. Ans.
8
Ans:
5
Use D = 2 @in.@diameter pipe.
8
862

10–22. A 450-ft-long horizontal commercial steel pipe

having a diameter of 6 in. is used to transport water
at T = 70°F. Determine the power output of a pump if
the discharge through the pipe is to be 120 ft3 >min and the
pressure at the pump inlet is 5 psi. The pipe is open to the
atmosphere at its outlet.
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible. Here,
the discharge is
ft3 1 min
Q = a120 ba b = 2 ft3 >s
min 60 s
Q 2 ft3 >s
V = = 2
= 10.19 ft>s
A 3
pa ft b
12
water at T = 70°F. Thus, the Reynolds number is
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
6
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
110.19 ft>s2 a ft b
o ill d
k ide an art egr
VD 12
is
w
Re = = 4.90 1105 2
pr d s as f th y o
=
ot ole se is f t
vw 10.4 110-6 2 ft2 >s

ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
0.00015 ft
by r th g s (in ork
e
For commercial steel pipe, = = 0.0003. Entering these two values
U e u tud clu an
D 6
ni s en d d
te e
ft
d of t le ng is n
12
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
into the Moody diagram, we obtain f = 0.0165. Then, the major head loss can be
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
2
L V2 450 ft 110.19 ft>s2
la ach at de
hL = f = 0.0165 c d = 23.92 ft
w
s ing ion We
D 2g ° 6 ¢ 2132.2 ft>s2 2
ft
12
Applying the energy equation between inlet and outlet realizing that Vin = Vout
(the pipe has constant diameter), pout = patm = 0. (The outlet is open to the
b
atmosphere), and zin = zout = z (the pipe is horizontal).

)
pin V in2 pout V out2

+ + zin + hpump = + + zout + hturb + hL
gw 2g gw 2g
lb 12 in. 2
a5 ba b
in 2 1 ft V2 V2
3 2
+ + z + hpump = 0 + + z + 0 + 23.92 ft
11.937 slug>ft 2132.2 ft>s 2 2g 2g
hpump = 12.38 ft
Thus, the power output of the pump is
#
Wout = gwQhpump = (1.937 slug>ft3)(32.2 ft>s2)(2 ft3 >s)(12.38 ft)
1 hp
= (1544.39 ft # lb>s) a
550 ft # lb>s
b
= 2.81 hp Ans.
Ans:
#
Wout = 2.81 hp
863

10–23. Air at 60°F is transported by the fan at the rate of A B

2 ft3 >s through the 12-in.-diameter galvanized iron duct.
Determine the head loss over a 40-ft length.
12 in.
40 ft
SOLUTION
Air is considered to be incompressible.
The mean velocity of the air in the duct is
Q 2 ft3 >s
V = = 2
= 2.546 ft>s
A 6
p a ft b
12
From Appendix A, r = 0.00237 slug>ft3 and n = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft2 >s for air at
T = 60° F. Thus, the Reynolds number is
VD ( 2.546 ft>s ) (1 ft)

= 1.61 ( 104 )
Th nd co of y th
Re = =
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
n 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft2 >s

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
For the galvanized iron duct, the relative roughness is

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
0.0005 ft
d
e
d o it
= 0.0005
by r th g s (in ork
=
D 1 ft
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
From the Moody diagram, f = 0.028. Thus, the head loss along the duct can be
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
determined using
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
40 ft ( 2.546 ft>s )
2
i
L V2
ht te min Wi
hL = f = 0.028 a bc d
la ach at de
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 )
w
D 2g 1 ft
s ing ion We
= 0.1128 ft = 0.113 ft Ans.

) b
Ans:
hL = 0.113 ft
864

*10–24. A cast iron pipe having a diameter of 100 mm is B 2m

used to fill the cylindrical tank with water at T = 25°C.
Determine the required power output of a pump necessary
to fill the empty tank to a depth of 3 m in 6.5 min. The pipe
has a total length of 50 m.
12 m
SOLUTION
We will consider fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible. The
discharge is
p11 m2 2 13 m2 1 min A
Q = c da b = 0.02417 m2 >s
6.5 min 60 s
Q 0.02417 m3 >s
V = = = 3.077 m>s
A p10.05 m2 2
From the table in Appendix A, rw = 997.1 kg>m3 and vw = 0.898110-6 2 m2 >s for
water at T = 25°C. Thus, the Reynolds number is
Th nd co of y th
13.077m>s210.1 m2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
VD
= 3.43 1105 2
w ro es y p int
Re = =
th r sa es
or v
0.898 110-6 2 m2 >s

o ill d
vw
k ide an art egr
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
e 0.26 mm
ec ly s w he
For cast iron pipe, = = 0.0026. Entering these two values into the Moody
te fo sin or w
D 100 mm
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
diagram, we obtain f = 0.0255. Then, the major head loss can be determined using
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
the Darcy–Weisbach equation.

te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
2
L V2 50 m 13.077 m>s2
es ru ng he er
k
hL = f = 0.0255a bc d = 6.152 m
co cto . D W mit
D 2g 2
0.1 m 219.81 m>s 2
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
Here pA = pB = patm = 0, Since the water surface at A and pipe outlet at B are
w
s ing ion We
exposed to atmosphere. Also VA = 0 since the water is drawn from a large reservoir.
With reference to the datum set through A, zA = 0 and zB = 12 m. Applying the
energy equation between A and B,
pA V A2 pA V B2
b
)
gw 2g gw 2g
13.077 m>s2 2
0 + 0 + 0 + hpump = 0 + + 12 m + 0 + 6.152 m
219.81 m>s2 2
hpump = 18.635 m
Thus, the required power output of the pump is
#
Wo = Qgw hpump = 10.02417 m3 >s2 3 1997.1 kg>m3 219.81 m>s2 2 4 118.635 m2
= 4404.96 W
= 4.40 kW Ans.
Ans:
#
Wo = 4.40 kW
865

10–25. A cast iron pipe having a diameter of 100 mm is B 2m

used to fill the empty cylindrical tank with water at T = 25°C.
If the power output of the pump is 4.5 kW, determine the
depth h of the water in the tank 6 minutes after the pump is
turned on. The pipe has a total length of 50 m.
12 m
SOLUTION
the table in Appendix A, rw = 997.1 kg>m3 and vw = 0.898 110-6 2 m2 >s for water at
T = 25°C. From the power output of the pump,
#
Wo = Qgwhpump; 4.51103 2W = V3p10.05 m2 2 431997.1 kg>m3 219.81 m>s2 24hpump
Th nd co of y th
58.575
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
hpump =
w ro es y p int
V
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
L V2 50 m V2
te fo sin or w
hL = f = fa bc d = 25.484f V 2
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
D 2g 0.1 m 219.81 m>s2 2

U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
Here, pA = pB = patm = 0, since the water surface at A and pipe outlet at B are
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
exposed to the atmosphere. Also VA = 0 since the water is drawn from a large
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
reservoir. With reference to the datum set through A, zA = 0 and zB = 12 m.

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted

rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
pA VA2 pB VB2
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
gw 2g gw 2g
58.575 V2
0 + 0 + 0 + = 0 + + 12 + 0 + 25.484 f V 2
V 219.81 m>s2 2
b
125.484f + 0.050972V 3 + 12V - 58.575 = 0

)
(1)
VD V10.1 m2
Re = = = 1.1136 1105 2V (2)
vw 0.898 110-6 2 m2 >s
e 0.26 mm
For cast iron pipe, = = 0.0026. The trial and error iterative procedure is
D 100 mm
required. The iterations are tabulated as follows.
Iteration Assumed f V(m , s)(Eq. 1) Re (Eq. 2) f from Moody diagram

5
1 0.025 3.1274 3.48(10 ) 0.0255
2 0.0255 3.1154 3.47(105) 0.0255
The assumed f in 2nd iteration is almost the same as that from Moody diagram.
Thus, V = 3.1154 m>s is an acceptable result.
Then, the discharge is
Q = VA = 13.1154 m>s23p10.05 m2 2 4 = 0.02447 m3 >s
Then, the height h of the tank after 6 min of filling is
V = Qt; 3p11 m2 2 4h = 10.02447 m3 >s)(360 s2
Ans:
h = 2.804 m = 2.80 m Ans. h = 2.80 m
866

10–26. Water at 70°F flows through the 3-in.-diameter A

cast iron pipe. If the pressure at A is 6 psi, determine the
discharge.
308
50 ft
B
SOLUTION
the table in Appendix A, rw = 1.937 slug>ft3 and vw = 10.4 110-6 2 ft2 >s for water
at T = 70°F. The major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach
equation.
L V2 50 ft V2
hL = f = f c d = 3.1056f V 2
D 2g ° 3 ¢ 2132.2 ft>s2 2
ft
12
Since the water is discharged into the atmosphere at B, pB = patm = 0. Also,
VA = VB = V since the pipe has a constant diameter. With reference to the datum
set through B, zA = 50 sin 30° ft = 25 ft and zB = 0. Write the energy equation
Th nd co of y th
between A and B,
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
VA2 VB2
or v
pA pB
o ill d
k ide an art egr
is
w
2g 2g
pr d s as f th y o
gw gw
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
lb 12 in. 2
d
d o it
a6 ba b
by r th g s (in ork
in 2 1 ft V2 V2
U e u tud clu an
+ + 25 ft + 0 = 0 + + 0 + 0 + 3.1056f V 2
ni s en d d
te e
3 2 2g 2g
11.937 slug>ft 2132.2 ft>s 2
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
3.5370
es ru ng he er
k
V = (1)
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
2f
rig in se ld .
i

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
3
s ing ion We
Va ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 2.4038 1104 2V (2)
vw 10.4 110-6 2 ft2 >s
e 0.00085 ft
b
For cast iron pipe = = 0.0034. The trial and error iterative procedure
)
D 3
ft
12
is required. The iteration is tabulated below:
Iteration Assumed f V(ft , s)(Eq. 1) Re (Eq. 2) f from Moody diagram

1 0.027 21.53 5.17(105) 0.027
The assumed f is almost the same as that from Moody diagram. Thus, V = 21.53 ft>s
is an acceptable result. Then the discharge is given by
2
1.5
Q = VA = (21.53 ft>s) Jpa ft b R = 1.057 ft3 >s = 1.06 ft3 >s Ans.
12
Ans:
Q = 1.06 ft3 >s
867

10–27. Kerosene at T = 20°C flows through the 100-mm-

diameter commercial steel pipe at 22.5 kg>s. Determine the B
pressure drop that occurs over the 50-m length.
50 m
SOLUTION
A
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and kerosene is incompressible. 608
From the table in Appendix A, rke = 814 kg>m3 and vke = 2.36 110-6 2 m2 >s for
kerosene at T = 20°C. The average velocity is given by
#
M = rkeVA 22.5 kg>s = 1814 kg>m3 2 = 5 V 3 p10.05 m2 2 4 6
V = 3.519 m>s
VD 13.519 m>s210.1 m2
Re = = = 1.49 1105 2
vke 2.36 110-6 2 m2 >s
e 0.045 mm
Th nd co of y th
For commercial steel pipe, = = 0.00015. Entering these two values

D 100 mm
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
into the Moody diagram, we obtain

or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
f = 0.0192
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
Then, the major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
2
L V2 50 m 13.519 m>s2
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
hL = f = 0.0192a bc d = 6.061 m
te e
D 2g 0.1 m 219.81m>s2 2
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
Since the pipe has a constant diameter, VA = VB = V with reference to the

k
co cto . D W mit
datum set through A, zA = 0 and zB = 50 sin 60° m. Applying the energy equation
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
between A and B,
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
VA2 VB2
w
pA pB
s ing ion We
gke 2g gke 2g
pA V2 pB V2
+ + 0 + 0 = + + 5.0 sin 60°m + 0 + 6.061 m
gke 2g gke 2g
) b
pA - pB
= 49.36 m
gke
pA - pB = 1814 kg>m3 219.81 m>s2 2149.36 m2
= 394.17(103)Pa
= 394 kPa Ans.
Ans:
pA - pB = 394 kPa
868

*10–28. A 150-mm-diameter galvanized iron pipe is used to

transport water at T = 30°C with a velocity of 1.5 m>s. B
Determine the pressure drop over the 20-m length of the pipe.
20 m
SOLUTION 458
A
We consider the fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible. From the
table in Appendix A, rw = 995.7 kg>m3 and vw = 0.804 110-6 2 m2 >s for water at
T = 30°C. Thus, the Reynolds number is
VD 11.5m>s210.15 m2
Re = = = 2.80 1105 2
vw 0.804 110-6 2 m2 >s
e 0.15 mm
For galvanized-iron pipe, the relative roughness is= = 0.001.
D 150 mm
Entering these two values into Moody diagram, we obtain
f = 0.0208
Th nd co of y th
Then the major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
L V2 20 m 11.5 m>s2 2
o ill d
k ide an art egr
hL = f = 0.0208a bc d = 0.3180 m
is
w
0.15 m 219.81 m>s2 2

pr d s as f th y o
D 2g
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
Since the diameter of the pipe is constant, VA = VB = V. With reference to the

d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
datum set through A, zA = 0 and zB = 20 sin 45° m. Applying the energy equation
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
between A and B,
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
pA VA2 pB VB2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
gw 2g gw 2g
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
pA V2 pB V2
ht te min Wi
+ + 0 + 0 = + + 20 sin 45° m + 0 + 0.3180 m

la ach at de
w
gw 2g gw 2g
s ing ion We
pA - pB
= 14.460 m
gw
pA - pB = 1995.7 kg>m3 219.81 m>s2 2114.460 m2
) b
= 141.241103 2 Pa
= 141 kPa Ans.
Ans:
pA - pB = 141 kPa
869

10–29. When the valve at A is opened, methane at 20°C

flows through the 200-mm-diameter commercial steel pipe
at 0.095 m3 >s. Determine the pressure drop over the length
AB of the pipe. A B
200 m
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and treat methane as
incompressible. From the table in Appendix A, rm = 0.665 kg>m3 and
vm = 16.8 110-6 2 m2 >s for methane at T = 20°C. From the discharge,
the average velocity is
Q 0.095 m3 >s
V = = = 12.096 m>s
A p10.05 m2 2
VD 112.096 m>s210.1 m2
Re = = = 7.20 1104 2
vm 16.8 110-6 2 m2 >s
Th nd co of y th
For commercial steel pipe, the relative roughness is

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
e 0.455 mm
o ill d
k ide an art egr
= = 0.00045.
is
w
D 100 mm
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
Entering these two values into Moody diagram, we obtain

te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
f = 0.0212
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
Since the pipe is horizontal, the energy equation gives

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
pA - pB L V2
co cto . D W mit
= f
py rs is or ted
g D 2g
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
Since g = rg, then

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
L rV 2
pA - pB = f a ba b
D 2
3 2
200 m 10.665 kg>m 2112.096 m>s2
= 10.02122 a bc d
) b
0.1 m 2
= 2.0631103 2 Pa
= 2.06 kPa Ans.
Ans:
pA - pB = 2.06 kPa
870

10–30. Water at 80°F is pumped from the well through a C

B
2-in.-diameter pipe having a length of 14 ft. Determine the
maximum mass flow at C so that cavitation will not occur.
The roughness of the pipe is e = 0.0006 ft, and the gage
vapor pressure for water is –14.2 psi.
12 ft
SOLUTION
the table in Appendix A, rw = 1.934 slug>ft2 and vw = 9.35 110-6 2 ft2 >s. Thus, the
Reynolds number is
2
Va ft b
VD 12
Re = = = 1.7825 1104 2V (1)
vw 9.35 110-6 2 ft2 >s
L V2 14 ft V2
hL = f = f c d = 1.3043f V 2
D 2g ° 2 ¢ 2132.2 ft>s2 2
ft
12
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
The pressure of B will be the smallest and cavitation will occur here first. For
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
lb 12 in. 2
w
pr d s as f th y o
cavitation to occur, pB = a - 14.2 ba b = -2044.8 lb>ft2. Since the

ot ole se is f t
2 1 ft
in
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
water surface at A is open to the atmosphere, pA = patm = 0. Also, VB = V since the

d o it
by r th g s (in ork
hose has a constant diameter. With reference to the datum set through A, zA = 0
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
and zB = 12 ft Applying the energy equation between A and B,

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
pA VA2 pB VB2
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
2g 2g
rig in se ld .
gw gw
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
- 2044.8 lb>ft2 V2
s ing ion We
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = + + 12 ft + 1.304.3f V 2
3
11.934 slug>ft 2132.2 ft>s 2 2
2132.2 ft>s2 2
11.3043f + 0.015532V 2 - 20.835 = 0 (2)
e 0.0006 ft
b
The relative roughness of the hose is = = 0.0036. The trial and error
)
D 2
ft
12
iterative procedure is required. The iteration is tabulated below:
Iteration Assumed f V(ft>s)(Eq. 2) Re (Eq. 1) f from Moody diagram

1 0.0275 20.13 3.59(105) 0.0275
The assumed f is almost the same as that from Moody diagram. Thus, v = 20.13 ft>s
is an acceptable result. Then the mass flow rate is
2
# 1
m = rVA = 1 1.934 slug>ft3 2 (20.13 ft>s) Jpa ft b R
12
= 0.8495 slug>s = 0.850 slug>s Ans.
Ans:
#
m = 0.850 slug>s
871

10–31. Water from the reservoir at A drains through the A

50-mm-diameter pipe assembly. If commercial steel pipe
is used, determine the initial discharge into the tank at B 4m
when the valve E is closed and F is opened. Take
nw = 1.00110-6 2 m2 >s.
8m
F 3m D E
SOLUTION B
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible. 4m
The Reynolds number is 8m 6m
VD V10.05 m2 C
Re = = = 5 1104 2V (1)
vw 1.00 110-6 2 m2 >s
The major head loss from A to B can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach
equation.
L V2 16 m V2
hL = f = fa bc d = 16.3099f V 2
D 2g 0.05 m 219.81 m>s2 2
Take the control volume as the water contained in the tanks, and pipe between A
Th nd co of y th
and B. Here, pA = patm = 0 (water surface exposed to atmosphere), VA ≃ 0 (large

is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
tank). With reference to the datum set through B, zB = 0 and zA = 12 m. Applying

th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
the energy equation between A and B,

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
pA VA2 pB VB2
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
2g 2g
d o it
gw gw
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
V2
te e
d of t le ng is n
0 + 0 + 12 m + 0 = 3 m + + 0 + 16.3099 f V 2
St in ar on ot
219.81 m>s2 2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
0.7428
rig in se ld .

V = (2)
i
ht te min Wi
2f + 0.003125
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
For commercial steel pipe, the relative roughness is

e 0.045 mm
= = 0.0009
D 50 mm
An iterative procedure is required. The iterations are tabulated as follows:
) b
Iteration Assumed f V(m/s)(Eq. 2) Re (Eq. 1) f from Moody diagram

1 0.022 4.6864 2.343(105) 0.0204
2 0.0204 4.8436 2.4218(105) 0.0204
The assumed f in 2nd iteration is almost the same as that from Moody diagram. Thus,
V = 4.8436 m>s is an acceptable result. Therefore the discharge is
Q = VA = (4.8436 m>s2) 3 p(0.025 m)2 4
= 0.009510 m3 >s
= 0.00951 m3 >s Ans.
Note: A complete analysis would also include minor losses, as discussed in Sec. 10.2.
Ans:
Q = 0.00951 m3 >s
872

*10–32. Water from the reservoir at A drains through the A

50-mm-diameter pipe assembly. If commercial steel pipe is
used, determine the initial flow into the pipe from reservoir 4m
A when both valves E and F are fully opened. The end C is
open to the atmosphere. Take nw = 1.00110-6 2 m2 >s.
8m
F 3m D E
B
4m
8m 6m
SOLUTION C
We will consider fully developed steady flow and water as incompressible. Take the
control volume as the water contained in the reservoir, tank, and pipe between A, B,
and C. Here, the diameter of the pipe is constant. Thus, the continuity equation gives
r V # dA = 0
0 t LCV LCS
0
r dV +
p 2 p p
0 - VAD a D b + VCD a D2 b + VBD a D2 b = 0
4 4 4
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
VAD = VCD + VBD (1)

or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
The major head losses for the pipe are

w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
2 2
ec ly s w he
LAD VAD 8m VAD

te fo sin or w
2
1hL 2 AD = fAD = fAD a bc d = 8.1549fADVAD
d
d o it
D 2g 0.05 m 219.81 m>s2 2

by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
2 2
LBD VBD 8m VBD
d of t le ng is n
2
1hL 2 BD = fBD = fBD a bc d = 8.1549fBDVBD
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
D 2g 0.05 m 219.81 m>s2 2

es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
2 2
LCD VCD 10 m VCD
rig in se ld .
2
i
1hL 2 CD = fCD = fCD a bc d = 10.1937fCDVCD

ht te min Wi
D 2g 0.05 m 219.81 m>s2 2

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
Here, pA = pC = patm = 0 (exposed to atmosphere), VA = 0 (large reservoir).

With reference to the datum set along the horizontal pipe, zA = 12 m, zB = 0 m,
and zC = - 4 m. Applying the energy equation between A and B,
pA VA2 pB VB2
b
)
gw 2g gw 2g
2
VBD
0 + 0 + 12 m + 0 = 3 m + + 0 m + 0 + 8.1549fADV 2AD + 8.1549fBDVBD
2
2g
2 1
fADVAD + afBD + bV 2 = 1.1036 (2)
19.62 BD
And between A and C,
pA VA2 pC VC2
+ + zA + hpump = + + zC + hturb + hL
gw 2g gw 2g
2
VCD 2 2
0 + 0 + 12 m + 0 = 0 + + 1 -4 m2 + 0 + 8.1549 fADVAD + 10.1937 fCD VCD
219.81 m>s2 2
2 1
8.1549 fAD VAD + a10.1937 fCD + bV 2 = 16 (3)
19.62 CD
The Reynolds number of the flow is
VD V10.05 m2
Re = = = 51104 2V (4)
vw 1.00110-6 2 m2 >s
873

10–32. Continued
e 0.045 mm
For commercial steel pipe, the relative roughness is = = 0.0009. The
D 50 mm
trial and error iterative procedure is required. The iterations are tabulated below:
Assumed f Velocities (m , s)*

Iteration fAD fBD fCD VAD VBD VCD AD BD CD
1 0.02 0.02 0.02 6.9775 1.3532 5.6236 3.49 6.77 2.81
2 0.020 0.23 0.020 6.9544 1.3469 5.6078 3.48 6.73 2.80
The f’s in the 3rd iteration are almost the same as those from the Moody diagram
Thus, VAD = 6.9544 m>s is an acceptable result. Thus, the discharge through pipe
AD is
QAD = VAD AAD = 16.9544 m>s2 3 p10.025 m2 2 4
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
= 0.0137 m3 >s Ans.

o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
* Solve Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 to obtain VAD, VBD and VCD.

ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
Note: A complete analysis would also include minor losses, as discussed in Sec. 10.2.
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
) b
Ans:
QAD = 0.0137 m3 >s
874

10–33. A 75-mm-diameter galvanized iron pipe, having a

roughness of e = 0.2 mm, is to be used to carry water at a
temperature of 60°C and with a velocity of 3 m>s. Determine
the pressure drop over its 12-m length if the pipe is vertical
and the flow is upward.
SOLUTION
From Appendix A, n = 0.478 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s and r = 983.2 kg>m3 for water at
T = 60° C. Thus, the Reynolds number is
VD ( 3 m>s ) (0.075 m)
Re = = = 4.71 ( 105 )
n 0.478 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
e 0.2 ( 10-3 ) m
= = 0.002667
D 0.075 m
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
f = 0.025
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
Thus, the head loss can be determined using

te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
( 3 m>s ) 2
U e u tud clu an
L V2 12 m
ni s en d d
te e
hL = f = 0.025 a b£ §
d of t le ng is n
D 2g 0.075 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )

St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
= 1.835 m
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
Applying the energy equation,

w
s ing ion We
p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
g 2g g 2g
) b
p1 V2 p2 V2
+ + 0 = + + 12 m + 1.835 m
g 2g g 2g
p1 - p2
= 13.835 m
g
p1 - p2 = (13.835 m) 3 ( 983.2 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) 4
∆p = 133.44 ( 103 ) Pa = 133 kPa Ans.
Ans:
p1 - p2 = 133 kPa
875

10–34. If a pipe has a diameter D and a friction factor f, by

what percent will the pressure drop in the pipe increase if
the volumetric flow is doubled? Assume that f is constant
due to a very large Reynolds number.
SOLUTION
Assume the fluid is incompressible. Since
∆p L V2
= f
g D 2g
Since g = rg, then
L rV 2
∆p = f a ba b
D 2
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
Q
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
Here, V = , Thus, for Q = Q0,

o ill d
k ide an art egr
A
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
Q0 2
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
ra b
d
rQ02
d o it
L A L
by r th g s (in ork
∆p1 = f a b≥ ¥ = f a ba b
U e u tud clu an
D 2 D 2A2
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
For Q = 2Q0,
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
2Q0 2
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
ra b
w
L A L 4rQ02
s ing ion We
∆p2 = f a b≥ ¥ = f a ba b
D 2 D 2A2
Thus,
) b
L 4rQ02
fa ba b
∆p2 D 2A2
% of increase in ∆p = - 1 = ≥ ¥ * 100%
∆p1 L rQ02
fa ba b - 1
D 2A2
= 300% Ans.
Ans:
percent increase = 300%
876

10–35. The galvanized iron pipe is used to carry water at 75 mm

20°C with a velocity of 3 m>s. Determine the pressure drop
that occurs over a 4-m length of the pipe.
4m
SOLUTION
From the table, e = 0.15 ( 10-3 ) m. Thus, the relative roughness is
e 0.15 ( 10-3 ) m
= = 0.002
D 0.075 m
From Appendix A, n = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s and r = 998.3 kg>m3 for water at T = 20° C.
VD ( 3 m>s ) (0.075 m)
Re = = = 2.25 ( 105 ) 7 2300 (turbulent flow)
1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Th nd co of y th
n
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v

o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
f = 0.0245
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
∆p L V2
ni s en d d
te e
= f
d of t le ng is n
D 2g
St in ar on ot
g
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
Since g = rg, then

i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
rV 2
s ing ion We
L
∆p = f a ba b
D 2
4m ( 998.3 kg>m 3
)( 3 m>s ) 2
= 0.0245 a bJ R
b
0.075 m 2
)
∆p = 5870 Pa = 5.87 kPa Ans.
Ans:
p1 - p2 = 5.87 kPa
877

*10–36. Water at 70°F used for irrigation is to be siphoned

from a canal onto a field using a pipe having a roughness of 10 ft
e = 0.000 06 ft. If the pipe is 300 ft long, determine its
required diameter so that it provides a flow of 0.5 ft3 >s.
SOLUTION
Assume that fully developed steady flow occurs and water is incompressible. The
average velocity is
Q 0.5 ft3 >s 0.6366
V = = =
A p 2 D2
D
4
Appendix A gives rw = 1.937 slug>ft3 and nw = 10.4 ( 10-6 ) ft2 >s for water at 70° F.
VD ( 0.6366>D2 ) D 6.1213 ( 104 )

Re = = = (1)
nw 10.4 ( 10 ) ft >s
-6 2 D
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
Write the energy equation between the inlet and outlet by realizing that Vin ≃ 0
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
(large reservoir) and Vout = V, pin = pout = patm = 0, zin = 10 ft, and zout = 0,
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
pin V in2 pout V out2

by r th g s (in ork
+ + zin + hpump = + + zout + hturb + hL

U e u tud clu an
2g 2g
ni s en d d
g g
te e
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
V2
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
0 + 0 + 10 ft + 0 = 0 + + 0 + 0 + hL
k
2(32.2 ft>s2)
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
V2
ht te min Wi
hL = 10 -
la ach at de
w
64.4
s ing ion We
L V2 V2 300 ft V2
hL = f ; 10 - = fa bJ R
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 )
b
D 2g 64.4 D
)
300f
V2 a + 1b = 644
D
0.6366 2 300f
a b a + 1b = 644
D2 D
1589.01 D5 - D
f = (2)
300
Assuming D = 0.25 ft for the iteration. Then Eqs (1) and (2) give f = 0.00434,
0.00006 ft
Re = 2.45 ( 105 ) and e>D = = 0.00024. Enter the Moody diagram with
0.25 ft
the values of Re and e>D, f = 0.017 which is much higher than that computed using
Eq. (2). For second iteration, D = 0.321 ft, which gives f = 0.0170. Using Eq. (2),
0.00006 ft
this leads to Re = 1.91 ( 105 ) and e>D = = 0.00019 and from Moody
0.321 ft
diagram f = 0.0171. This value is very close to that computed using Eq. (2). Thus
12 in
D = (0.321 ft) a b = 3.85 in.
1 ft
Ans:
7 7
Use D = 3 in. Ans. Use D = 3 in.
8 8
878

10–37. A commercial steel pipe is required to carry

glycerin at T = 20°C with a mass flow of 14.8 kg>s. If the
pressure drop over its 100-m horizontal length is not to
exceed 350 kPa, determine the required diameter of the
pipe.
SOLUTION
We consider the fully developed steady flow, and glycerin is incompressible. From
the table in Appendix A, rgy = 1260 kg>m3 and vgy = 1.19 110-3 2 m2 >s for glycerin
at 20°C. Using this mass flow rate, the average velocity is given by
#
m = rgyVA; 14.8 kg>s = 11260 kg>m3)(V23p>41D2 24
0.01496
V =
D2
0.01496
a b 1D2
VD D2 12.5677
Th nd co of y th
Re = = =
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
vgy 1.19110-3 2 m3 >s D

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
Assuming that laminar flow occurs. Thus the friction factor can be determined from
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
64 64
ec ly s w he
f = = = 5.0924D
te fo sin or w
Re 12.5677>D
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
Then the major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
2 2
L V2 100 m 10.01496>D 2
St in ar on ot
0.005805
at st ni t p
hL = f = 15.0924D2 a bc d =
es ru ng he er
k
2
D 2g D 219.81 m>s 2 D4
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
Since the pipe has a constant diameter and is horizontal, the energy equation gives
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
350 1103 2 N>m2

w
p1 - p2 0.005805
s ing ion We
= hL; =
g 112.60 kg>m3 219.81 m>s2 2 D4
D = 0.1197 m = 120 mm Ans.
The value of the Reynolds number is

) b
12.5677
Re = = 105 6 2300 (laminar flow, ok!)
0.1197 m
Ans:
D = 120 mm
879

10–38. Water at 80°F is pumped from the large 10 ft

underground tank at A and flows through the 6-in.-diameter B
smooth pipe. If the discharge at B is 150 ft3 >min, determine
the required power output for the pump that is connected 50 ft
to a 90-ft length of the pipe. Draw the energy grade line and
the hydraulic grade line for the pipe with reference to the
C 308
datum set through A.
30 ft
SOLUTION
A
the table in Appendix A, rw = 1.934 slug>ft3 and vw = 9.35110-6 2 ft2 >s for water at
80°F. From the discharge, the average velocity is
1 min
1150 ft3 >min2 a b
Q 60 s 61.3 ft EGL
V = = 2
= 12.73 ft>s HGL
A 3
pa ft b
12 58.8 ft
Then the Reynolds number is 57.5 ft
6 2.52 ft
112.73 ft>s2 a ft b 55.0 ft
VD 12 hpump 5 63.2 ft
Th nd co of y th
Re = = = 6.811105 2
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
vw 9.35110-6 2 ft2 >s

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
For the smooth pipe, the Moody diagram gives f = 0.0125. Thus the
is
w
pr d s as f th y o
major head loss can be determined using the Darcy–Weisbach equation, A C

ot ole se is f t
Datum
ec ly s w he
Pump B
te fo sin or w
2
L V 2
90 ft 112.73 ft>s2
d
d o it
–1.89 ft
by r th g s (in ork
hL = f = 0.0125 c d = 5.6639 ft
D 2g ° 6 ¢ 2132.2 ft>s2 2 –2.52 ft
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
ft
te e
12 –4.41 ft
d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
2.52 ft
at st ni t p
Take the control volume as the water contained in the pipe and pump from A to
es ru ng he er
k
(a)
co cto . D W mit
B. Since the water surface at A is open to the atmosphere and water is discharged
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
into the atmosphere at B, pA = pB = patm = 0. Also, the water is drawn from

i
ht te min Wi
a large tank, VA = 0. With reference to the datum through A, zA = 0 and

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
zB = 30 ft + 50 sin 30° ft = 55 ft. Applying the energy equation between A and B,

pA VA2 pB VB 2
gw 2g gw 2g
b
112.73 ft>s2 2
)
0 + 0 + 0 + hpump = 0 + + 55 ft + 0 + 5.6639 ft
2132.2 ft>s2 2
hpump = 63.1812 ft
Thus, the required power ouput of this pump is
# 1 min
Wout = gwQhpump = 11.934 slug>ft2)(32.2 ft>s2 2 c 1150 ft3 >min2 a b d 163.1812 ft2
60 s
1 hp
= 19836.49 ft # lb>s2 a
550 ft # lb>s
b
= 17.9 hp
The EGL and HGL will be plotted with reference to the datum set through A. Here,
the velocity head is
V2 112.73 ft>s2 2
= = 2.517 ft
2g 2132.2 ft>s2 2
And the head loss per foot length of the pipe is
hL 5.6639 ft
= = 0.06293 ft>ft
L 90 ft
The HGL is 2.517 ft below and parallel to the EGL. The plot is shown in Fig. a Ans:
#
Wout = 17.9 hp
880

10–39. The section AB of the 100-mm-diameter

galvanized iron pipe has a mass of 15 kg. If glycerin is
discharged from the pipe at 3 liter>s, determine the pressure
at A and the force on the flange bolts at A. A
3m
SOLUTION
Glycerin is considered to be incompressible.
Since the pipe has a constant diameter, VA = VB = V. The mean velocity is
B
Q ( 3 liter>s )( 1 m3 >1000 liter ) 100 mm
V = = 2
= 0.3820 m>s
A p(0.05 m)
From Appendix A, r = 1260 kg>m3 and n = 1.19 ( 10-3 ) m2 >s for glycerin. Then, FA
the Reynolds number is
3
pA = 31.58(10 ) Pa
VD ( 0.3820 m>s ) (0.1m)
Re = = = 32.10 6 2300 (laminar flow)
n 1.19 ( 10-3 ) m2 >s
Th nd co of y th
15(9.81) N
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
Since the flow is laminar, the friction factor is

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
64 64.
pr d s as f th y o
f = = = 1.9938 (round)
ot ole se is f t
Wg = 291.23 N
ec ly s w he
Re 32.10
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
Then, the head loss can be determined using

U e u tud clu an
FB = 0
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
( 0.3820 m>s )
St in ar on ot
2 (a)
L V2 3m
at st ni t p
hL = f = 1.9938 a b£ § = 0.4448 m
es ru ng he er
k
D 2g 0.1 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )

co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
Take the glycerine in the pipe as the control volume.

ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
Applying the energy equation with the datum set at B,
pA VA2 pB VB2
g 2g g 2g
) b
pA V2 V2
+ + 3m + 0 = 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0.4449 m
g 2g 2g
pA = ( 1260 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.4449 m - 3 m)
= - 31.58 ( 103 ) Pa = -31.6 kPa Ans.
The free-body diagram of the control volume is shown in Fig. a. Here, the weight of
glycerin within the control volume is
Ww = gV = ( 1260 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) 3 p(0.05 m)2(3 m) 4 = 291.23 N
Writing the momentum equation along the y axis,
VrV # dA
0t Lcv Lcs
0
ΣF = VrdV +
+ c ΣFy = rQ 3 ( Vout ) y - ( Vin ) y 4
N
a31.58 ( 103 ) b 3 p(0.05 m)2 4 - 15(9.81)N - 291.23 N + FA = rQ(V - V) = 0
m2
FA = 190.35 N = 190 N Ans.
Ans:
pA = - 31.6 kPa, FA = 190 N
881

*10–40. The 50-mm-diameter pipe has a roughness of

e = 0.01 mm. If the discharge of 20°C water is 0.006 m3 >s,
determine the pressure at A.
50 mm
B
2m
SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. A
The velocity of the flow is
Q 0.006 m3 >s
VA = VB = V = = = 3.056 m>s
A p(0.025 m)2
From Appendix A, r = 998.3 kg>m3 and n = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for water at T = 20°C.
VD ( 3.056 m>s ) (0.05 m)

Re = = = 1.53 ( 105 )
n 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
0.01 mm
is
w
e
pr d s as f th y o
= = 0.0002
ot ole se is f t
D 50 mm
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
From the Moody diagram, f = 0.018. Then, the head loss can be determined using
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
L V2 2m ( 3.056 m>s ) 2
te e
d of t le ng is n
hL = f = 0.018a bJ R = 0.3427 m
St in ar on ot
D 2g 0.05 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )

at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
co cto . D W mit
Take the control volume as the water in the pipe.

py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi

la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
pA VA2 pB VB2
g 2g g 2g
pA V2 V2
+ + 0 + 0 = 0 + + 2 m + 0 + 0.3427 m
) b
g 2g 2g
pA = ( 998.3 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m + 0.3427 m)
= 22.94 ( 103 ) Pa = 22.9 kPa Ans.
Ans:
pA = 22.9 kPa
882

10–41. The 50-mm-diameter pipe has a roughness of

e = 0.01 mm. If the water has a temperature of 20°C and
the pressure at A is 50 kPa, determine the discharge at B.
50 mm
B
2m
SOLUTION
Water is considered to be incompressible. A
Since the pipe has a constant diameter, VA = VB = V. From Appendix A,
r = 998.3 kg>m3 and n = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s for water at T = 20° C. Then, the
Reynolds numbers is
VD V(0.05 m)
Re = = = 5 ( 104 ) V (1)
n 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Then, the head loss from A to B can be determined using
L V2 2m V2
Th nd co of y th
hL = f = fa b£ § = 2.0387f V 2 (2)
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
D 2g 0.05 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )

w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr

is
w
Take the control volume as the water in the pipe.

pr d s as f th y o
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he

te fo sin or w
d
d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
pA VA2 pB VB2
ni s en d d
te e
d of t le ng is n
g 2g g 2g
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
N
co cto . D W mit
50 ( 103 )
py rs is or ted
m2 V2 V2
rig in se ld .
i
+ + 0 + 0 = 0 + + 2 m + 0 + 2.0387f V 2
ht te min Wi
( 998.3 kg>m )( 9.81 m>s ) 2g

3 2 2g
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
1.234
V =
2f
e 0.01 mm
b
The relative roughness of the pipe is = = 0.0002. The iterations are

)
D 50 mm
tabulated as follows.
Iteration Assumed f V(m , s), Eq. (2) Re, Eq. (1) f from Moody diagram
1 0.02 8.73 4.36 ( 105 ) 0.0155
2 0.0155 9.91 4.96 ( 105 ) 0.0152
The assumed f in the second iteration is very close to that given by the Moody
diagram. Thus, V = 9.91 m>s is an acceptable result. Thus,
Q = VA = ( 9.91 m>s ) 3 p ( 0.025 m ) 2 4 = 0.0195 m3 >s = 19.5 liter>s Ans.
Note: A more direct solution can be obtained from the Colebrook equation. If
Eq. (2) is solved for f, and the result and Eq. (1) are substituted into the 2.51> ( Re1f )
term, the V will cancel out and the logarithm will become a constant.
Ans:
Q = 19.5 liter>s
883

10–42. Sewage, assumed to be water where r = 998.3 kg>m3, 1m

is pumped from the wet well using a 50-mm-diameter pipe.
C 0.5 m
Determine the maximum discharge from the pump without
causing cavitation. The friction factor is f = 0.026. The B
(gage) vapor pressure for water is - 98.7 kPa. Neglect the
3m
friction losses in the submerged segment of the pipe.
SOLUTION
The major head loss of the flow from A to B in the pipe can be determined using
LAB V 2 3m V2
( hL ) AB = f = 0.026 a b£ § = 0.07951V 2
D 2g 0.05 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
The cavitation will occur at the juncture, where water is about to enter the pump
since the pressure here is the smallest. Thus, pB = -98.7 kPa. Take the control
volume as the water in the pipe from A to B. Applying the energy equation from A
to B with the datum at A,
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
VA2 VB2
or v
pA pB
o ill d
k ide an art egr
is
w
2g 2g
pr d s as f th y o
g g
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
N
d
d o it
- 98.7 ( 103 )
by r th g s (in ork
m2 V2
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = + + 3 m + 0 + 0.07951V 2
te e
( 998.3 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
V = 7.365 m>s
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
rig in se ld .
i
Thus,
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
Q = VA = ( 7.365 m>s ) 3 p(0.025 m)2 4 = 0.0145 m3 >s

s ing ion We
Ans.
) b
Ans:
Q = 0.0145 m3 >s
884

10–43. Sewage, assumed to be water where r = 998.3 kg>m3, 1m

is pumped from the wet well using a 50-mm-diameter pipe
C 0.5 m
having a friction factor of f = 0.026. If the pump delivers
500 W of power to the water, determine the discharge from B
the pump. Neglect the friction losses in the submerged
3m
segment of the pipe.
SOLUTION
The major head loss for the flow from A to C can be determined using
LAC V 2 4.5 m V2
( hL ) AC = f a b = 0.026 a b£ § = 0.11927V 2
D 2g 0.05 m 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
Take the control volume as the water in the pump and pipe from A to C. Applying
the energy equation from A to C with the datum at A,
pA VA2 pC VC 2
+ + zA + hpump = + + zC + hturb + hL
g 2g g 2g
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
or v
V2
o ill d
k ide an art egr
+ 3.5 m + 0 + 0.11927V 2
is
0 + 0 + 0 + hpump = 0 +
w
pr d s as f th y o
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
ot ole se is f t
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
hpump = ( 0.17023V 2 + 3.5 )

d o it
by r th g s (in ork
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
te e
Here, Q = VA = V 3 p(0.025 m)2 4 = 0.0019635 V.

d of t le ng is n
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
Applying
k
co cto . D W mit
#
py rs is or ted
Ws = gQhpump
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
la ach at de
w
s ing ion We
N#m
500 = ( 998.3 kg>m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.0019635V) ( 0.17023V 2 + 3.5 )
s
3.2734V 3 + 67.302V - 500 = 0

) b
Solving by trial and error,

V = 4.0933 m>s
Thus,
Q = 0.0019635 ( 4.0933 m>s )
= 0.00804 m3 >s Ans.
Ans:
Q = 0.00804 m3 >s
885

*10–44. Determine the power the pump must supply in B

order to discharge 45 ft3 >min of water at T = 60°F at B
from the 3-in.-diameter hose. The 200-ft-long hose is made
of a material having a roughness of e = 0.0005 ft. 80 ft
SOLUTION
We will consider the fully developed steady flow, and water is incompressible From
the table in Appendix A, rw = 1.939 slug>ft3 and vw = 12.2 110-6 2 ft2 >s for water
1 min
at T = 60°F. From the discharge Q = 145 ft3 >min2 a b = 0.75 ft2 >s, the
60 s
average velocity is given by
Q 0.75 ft3 >s

V = = 2
= 15.28 ft>s
A 1.5
pa ft b
12
Th nd co of y th
is is p urs an e
a eir le tro
3
w ro es y p int
th r sa es
115.28 ft>s2 a ft b
or v
o ill d
k ide an art egr
VD 12
is
w
Re = = = 3.13 1105 2
pr d s as f th y o
12.2110-6 2 ft2 >s

ot ole se is f t
vw
ec ly s w he
te fo sin or w
d
d o it
0.0005 ft
by r th g s (in ork
e
For the hose, = = 0.002. Entering these two values into Moody diagram,
U e u tud clu an
ni s en d d
D 3
te e
a ft b
d of t le ng is n
12
St in ar on ot
at st ni t p
es ru ng he er
k
we obtain f = 0.0242. Then, the major head loss be determined using the Darcy–
co cto . D W mit
py rs is or ted
Weisbach equation.
rig in se ld .
i
ht te min Wi
2
L V2 200 ft 115.28 ft>s2
la ach at de
hL = f = 0.0242 c d = 70.18 ft
w
s ing ion We
D 2g ° 3 2
¢ 2132.2 ft>s 2
ft
12
Take the water contained in the hose and pump contained between A and B
since water surface at A is opened to atmosphere and the water is discharged into
) b
atmosphere, pA = pB = patm = 0. Also water is drawn from a large reservoir,

VA ≃ 0. With reference to the datum set through A, zA = 0 and zB = 80 ft.
pA V A2 pB V B2
gw 2g gw 2g
115.28 ft>s2 2
0 + 0 + 0 + hpump = 0 + + 80 ft + 0 + 70.18 ft
2132.2 ft>s2 2
hpump = 153.80 ft
The required power supplied by the pump is

#
Wo = gwQhpump = 11.939 slug>ft3)(32.2 ft>s2)(0.75 ft3 >s21153.80 ft2
1 hp
= 17.2021103 2 ft # lb>s2 a
550 ft # lb>s
b
= 13.1 hp Ans.
Ans:
#
Wo = 13.1 hp
886

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the ax missed his head by the fraction of a second. Then with a whir
the arm rose stiffly again to its original position and remained rigid.
The visitor moistened his lips and sighed.
“That’s a new one, a very new one,” he said under his breath, and
the admiration in his tone was evident. He picked up his overcoat,
flung it over his arm, and mounted half a dozen steps to the next
landing. The inspection of the Chinese cabinet was satisfactory.
The white beam of his lamp flashed into corners and crevices and
showed nothing. He shook the curtain of a window and listened,
holding his breath.
“Not here,” he muttered decisively, “the old man wouldn’t try that
game. Snakes turned loose in a house in London, S.W., take a deal
of collecting in the morning.”
He looked round. From the landing access was gained to three
rooms. That which from its position he surmised faced the street he
did not attempt to enter. The second, covered by a heavy curtain, he
looked at for a time in thought. To the third he walked, and carefully
swathing the door-handle with his silk muffler, he turned it. The door
yielded. He hesitated another moment, and jerking the door wide
open, sprang backward.
The interior of the room was for a second only in pitch darkness,
save for the flicker of light that told of an open fireplace. Then the
visitor heard a click, and the room was flooded with light. In the
darkness on the landing the man waited; then a voice, a cracked old
voice, said grumblingly—
“Come in.”
Still the man on the landing waited.
“Oh, come in, Jimmy—I know ye.”
Cautiously the man outside stepped through the entry into the light
and faced the old man, who, arrayed in a wadded dressing-gown,
sat in a big chair by the fire—an old man, with white face and a
sneering grin, who sat with his lap full of papers.
The visitor nodded a friendly greeting.
“As far as I can gather,” he said deliberately, “we are just above your
dressing-room, and if you dropped me through one of your patent
traps, Reale, I should fetch up amongst your priceless china.”
Save for a momentary look of alarm on the old man’s face at the
mention of the china, he preserved an imperturbable calm, never
moving his eyes from his visitor’s face. Then his grin returned, and
he motioned the other to a chair on the other side of the fireplace.
Jimmy turned the cushion over with the point of his stick and sat
down.
“Suspicious?”—the grin broadened—“suspicious of your old friend,
Jimmy? The old governor, eh?”
Jimmy made no reply for a moment, then—
“You’re a wonder, governor, upon my word you are a wonder. That
man in armor—your idea?”
The old man shook his head regretfully.
“Not mine entirely, Jimmy. Ye see, there’s electricity in it, and I don’t
know much about electricity. I never did, except——”
“Except?” suggested the visitor.
“Oh, that roulette board, that was my own idea; but that was
magnetism, which is different to electricity, by my way of looking.”
Jimmy nodded.
“Ye got past the trap?” The old man had just a glint of admiration in
his eye.
“Yes, jumped it.”
The old man nodded approvingly.
“You always was a one for thinkin’ things out. I’ve known lots of ’em
who would never have thought of jumping it. Connor, and that pig
Massey, they’d have walked right on to it. You didn’t damage
anything?” he demanded suddenly and fiercely. “I heard somethin’
break, an’ I was hoping that it was you.”
Jimmy thought of the marble statue, and remembered that it had
looked valuable.
“Nothing at all,” he lied easily, and the old man’s tense look relaxed.
The pair sat on opposite sides of the fireplace, neither speaking for
fully ten minutes; then Jimmy leant forward.
“Reale,” he said quietly, “how much are you worth?”
In no manner disturbed by this leading question, but rather indicating
a lively satisfaction, the other replied instantly—
“Two millions an’ a bit over, Jimmy. I’ve got the figures in my head.
Reckonin’ furniture and the things in this house at their proper value,
two millions, and forty-seven thousand and forty-three pounds—
floatin’, Jimmy, absolute cash, the same as you might put your hand
in your pocket an’ spend—a million an’ three-quarters exact.”
He leant back in his chair with a triumphant grin and watched his
visitor.
Jimmy had taken a cigarette from his pocket and was lighting it,
looking at the slowly burning match reflectively.
“A million and three-quarters,” he repeated calmly, “is a lot of
money.”
Old Reale chuckled softly.
“All made out of the confiding public, with the aid of me—and Connor
and Massey——”
“Massey is a pig!” the old man interjected spitefully.
Jimmy puffed a cloud of tobacco smoke.
“Wrung with sweat and sorrow from foolish young men who backed
the tiger and played high at Reale’s Unrivaled Temple of Chance,
Cairo, Egypt—with branches at Alexandria, Port Said, and Suez.”
The figure in the wadded gown writhed in a paroxysm of silent
merriment.
“How many men have you ruined, Reale?” asked Jimmy.
“The Lord knows!” the old man answered cheerfully; “only three as I
knows of—two of ’em’s dead, one of ’em’s dying. The two that’s
dead left neither chick nor child; the dying one’s got a daughter.”
Jimmy eyed him through narrowed lids.
“Why this solicitude for the relatives—you’re not going——?”
As he spoke, as if anticipating a question, the old man was nodding
his head with feverish energy, and all the while his grin broadened.
“What a one you are for long words, Jimmy! You always was. That’s
how you managed to persuade your swell pals to come an’ try their
luck. Solicitude! What’s that mean? Frettin’ about ’em, d’ye mean?
Yes, that’s what I’m doin’—frettin’ about ’em. And I’m going to make,
what d’ye call it—you had it on the tip of your tongue a minute or two
ago?”
“Reparation?” suggested Jimmy.
Old Reale nodded delightedly.
“How?”
“Don’t you ask questions!” bullied the old man, his harsh voice rising.
“I ain’t asked you why you broke into my house in the middle of the
night, though I knew it was you who came the other day to check the
electric meter. I saw you, an’ I’ve been waitin’ for you ever since.”
“I knew all about that,” said Jimmy calmly, and flicked the ash of his
cigarette away with his little finger, “and I thought you would——”
Suddenly he stopped speaking and listened.
“Who’s in the house beside us?” he asked quickly, but the look on
the old man’s face reassured him.
“Nobody,” said Reale testily. “I’ve got a special house for the
servants, and they come in every morning after I’ve unfixed my—
burglar-alarms.” He grinned, and then a look of alarm came into his
face.
“The alarms!” he whispered; “you broke them when you came in,
Jimmy. I heard the signal. If there’s some one in the house we
shouldn’t know it now.”
They listened.
Down below in the hall something creaked, then the sound of a soft
thud came up.
“He’s skipped the rug,” whispered Jimmy, and switched out the light.
The two men heard a stealthy footstep on the stair, and waited.
There was the momentary glint of a light, and the sound of some one
breathing heavily. Jimmy leant over and whispered in the old man’s
ear.
Then, as the handle of the door was turned and the door pushed
open, Jimmy switched on the light.
The newcomer was a short, thick-set man with a broad, red face. He
wore a check suit of a particularly glaring pattern, and on the back of
his head was stuck a bowler hat, the narrow brim of which seemed
to emphasize the breadth of his face. A casual observer might have
placed him for a coarse, good-natured man of rude but boisterous
humor. The ethnological student would have known him at once for
what he was—a cruel man-beast without capacity for pity.
He started back as the lights went on, blinking a little, but his hand
held an automatic pistol that covered the occupants of the room.
“Put up your hands,” he growled. “Put ’em up!”
Neither man obeyed him. Jimmy was amused and looked it, stroking
his short beard with his white tapering fingers. The old man was fury
incarnate.
He it was that turned to Jimmy and croaked—
“What did I tell ye, Jimmy? What’ve I always said, Jimmy? Massey is
a pig—he’s got the manners of a pig. Faugh!”
“Put up your hands!” hissed the man with the pistol. “Put ’em up, or
I’ll put you both out!”
“If he’d come first, Jimmy!” Old Reale wrung his hands in his regret.
“S’pose he’d jumped the rug—any sneak-thief could have done that
—d’ye think he’d have spotted the man in armor? If you’d only get
the man in armor ready again.”
“Put your pistol down, Massey,” said Jimmy coolly, “unless you want
something to play with. Old man Reale’s too ill for the gymnastics
you suggest, and I’m not inclined to oblige you.”
The man blustered.
“By God, if you try any of your monkey tricks with me, either of you
——”
“Oh, I’m only a visitor like yourself,” said Jimmy, with a wave of his
hand; “and as to monkey tricks, why, I could have shot you before
you entered the room.”
Massey frowned, and stood twiddling his pistol.
“You will find a safety catch on the left side of the barrel,” continued
Jimmy, pointing to the pistol; “snick it up—you can always push it
down again with your thumb if you really mean business. You are not
my idea of a burglar. You breathe too noisily, and you are built too
clumsily; why, I heard you open the front door!”
The quiet contempt in the tone brought a deeper red into the man’s
face.
“Oh, you are a clever ’un, we know!” he began, and the old man,
who had recovered his self-command, motioned him to a chair.
“Sit down, Mister Massey,” he snapped; “sit down, my fine fellow, an’
tell us all the news. Jimmy an’ me was just speakin’ about you, me
an’ Jimmy was. We was saying what a fine gentleman you was”—his
voice grew shrill—“what a swine, what an overfed, lumbering fool of
a pig you was, Mister Massey!”
He sank back into the depths of his chair exhausted.
“Look here, governor,” began Massey again—he had laid his pistol
on a table by his side, and waved a large red hand to give point to
his remarks—“we don’t want any unpleasantness. I’ve been a good
friend to you, an’ so has Jimmy. We’ve done your dirty work for
years, me an’ Jimmy have, and Jimmy knows it”—turning with an
ingratiating smirk to the subject of his remarks—“and now we want a
bit of our own—that is all it amounts to, our own.”
Old Reale looked under his shaggy eyebrows to where Jimmy sat
with brooding eyes watching the fire.
“So it’s a plant, eh? You’re both in it. Jimmy comes first, he being the
clever one, an’ puts the lay nice an’ snug for the other feller.”
Jimmy shook his head.
“Wrong,” he said. He turned his head and took a long scrutiny of the
newcomer, and the amused contempt of his gaze was too apparent.
“Look at him!” he said at last. “Our dear Massey! Does he look the
sort of person I am likely to share confidence with?”
A cold passion seemed suddenly to possess him.
“It’s a coincidence that brought us both together.”
He rose and walked to where Massey sat, and stared down at him.
There was something in the look that sent Massey’s hand wandering
to his pistol.
“Massey, you dog!” he began, then checked himself with a laugh and
walked to the other end of the room. There was a tantalus with a
soda siphon, and he poured himself a stiff portion and sent the soda
fizzling into the tumbler. He held the glass to the light and looked at
the old man. There was a look on the old man’s face that he
remembered to have seen before. He drank his whisky and gave
utterance to old Reale’s thoughts.
“It’s no good, Reale, you’ve got to settle with Massey, but not the
way you’re thinking. We could put him away, but we should have to
put ourselves away too.” He paused. “And there’s me,” he added.
“And Connor,” said Massey thickly, “and Connor’s worse than me.
I’m reasonable, Reale; I’d take a fair share——”
“You would, would you?”
The old man was grinning again.
“Well, your share’s exactly a million an’ three-quarters in solid cash,
an’ a bit over two millions—all in.”
He paused to notice the effect of his words.
Jimmy’s calm annoyed him; Massey’s indifference was outrageous.
“An’ it’s Jimmy’s share, an’ Connor’s share, an’ it’s Miss Kathleen
Kent’s share.”
This time the effect was better. Into Jimmy’s inexpressive face had
crept a gleam of interest.
“Kent?” he asked quickly. “Wasn’t that the name of the man——?”
Old Reale chuckled.
“The very feller, Jimmy—the man who came in to lose a tenner, an’
lost ten thousand; who came in next night to get it back, and left his
lot. That’s the feller!”
He rubbed his lean hands, as at the memory of some pleasant
happening.
“Open that cupboard, Jimmy.” He pointed to an old-fashioned walnut
cabinet that stood near the door. “D’ye see anything—a thing that
looks like a windmill?”
Jimmy drew out a cardboard structure that was apparently a toy
working-model. He handled it carefully, and deposited it on the table
by the old man’s side. Old Reale touched it caressingly. With his little
finger he set a fly-wheel spinning, and tiny little pasteboard rods ran
to and fro, and little wooden wheels spun easily.
“That’s what I did with his money, invented a noo machine that went
by itself—perpetual motion. You can grin, Massey, but that’s what I
did with it. Five years’ work an’ a quarter of a million, that’s what that
little model means. I never found the secret out. I could always make
a machine that would go for hours with a little push, but it always
wanted the push. I’ve been a chap that went in for inventions and
puzzles. D’ye remember the table at Suez?”
He shot a sly glance at the men.
Massey was growing impatient as the reminiscences proceeded. He
had come that night with an object; he had taken a big risk, and had
not lost sight of the fact. Now he broke in—
“Damn your puzzles, Reale. What about me; never mind about
Jimmy. What’s all this rotten talk about two millions for each of us,
and this girl? When you broke up the place in Egypt you said we
should stand in when the time came. Well, the time’s come!”
“Nearly, nearly,” said Reale, with his death’s-head grin. “It’s nearly
come. You needn’t have troubled to see me. My lawyer’s got your
addresses. I’m nearly through,” he went on cheerfully; “dead I’ll be in
six months, as sure as—as death. Then you fellers will get the
money”—he spoke slowly to give effect to his words—“you Jimmy, or
Massey or Connor or the young lady. You say you don’t like puzzles,
Massey? Well, it’s a bad look out for you. Jimmy’s the clever un, an’
most likely he’ll get it; Connor’s artful, and he might get it from
Jimmy; but the young lady’s got the best chance, because women
are good at puzzles.”
“What in hell!” roared Massey, springing to his feet.
“Sit down!” It was Jimmy that spoke, and Massey obeyed.
“There’s a puzzle about these two millions,” Reale went on, and his
croaky voice, with its harsh cockney accent, grew raucous in his
enjoyment of Massey’s perplexity and Jimmy’s knit brows. “An’ the
one that finds the puzzle out, gets the money.”
Had he been less engrossed in his own amusement he would have
seen a change in Massey’s brute face that would have warned him.
“It’s in my will,” he went on. “I’m goin’ to set the sharps against the
flats; the touts of the gamblin’ hell—that’s you two fellers—against
the pigeons. Two of the biggest pigeons is dead, an’ one’s dying.
Well, he’s got a daughter; let’s see what she can do. When I’m dead
——”
“That’s now!” bellowed Massey, and leant over and struck the old
man.
Jimmy, on his feet, saw the gush of blood and the knife in Massey’s
hand, and reached for his pocket.
Massey’s pistol covered him, and the man’s face was a dreadful
thing to look upon.
“Hands up! It’s God’s truth I’ll kill you if you don’t!”
Jimmy’s hands went up.
“He’s got the money here,” breathed Massey, “somewhere in this
house.”
“You’re mad,” said the other contemptuously. “Why did you hit him?”
“He sat there makin’ a fool of me.” The murderer gave a vicious
glance at the inert figure on the floor. “I want something more than
his puzzle-talk. He asked for it.”
He backed to the table where the decanter stood, and drank a
tumbler half-filled with raw spirit.
“We’re both in this, Jimmy,” he said, still keeping his man covered.
“You can put down your hands; no monkey tricks. Give me your
pistol.”
Jimmy slipped the weapon from his pocket, and handed it butt
foremost to the man. Then Massey bent over the fallen man and
searched his pockets.
“Here are the keys. You stay here,” said Massey, and went out,
closing the door after him.
Jimmy heard the grate of the key, and knew he was a prisoner. He
bent over the old man. He lay motionless. Jimmy tried the pulse, and
felt a faint flutter. Through the clenched teeth he forced a little
whisky, and after a minute the old man’s eyes opened.
“Jimmy!” he whispered; then remembering, “Where’s Massey?” he
asked.
There was no need to inquire the whereabouts of Massey. His
blundering footfalls sounded in the room above.
“Lookin’ for money?” gasped the old man, and something like a smile
crossed his face. “Safe’s up there,” he whispered, and smiled again.
“Got the keys?”
Jimmy nodded.
The old man’s eyes wandered round the room till they rested on
what looked like a switchboard.
“See that handle marked ‘seven’?” he whispered.
Jimmy nodded again.
“Pull it down, Jimmy boy.” His voice was growing fainter. “This is a
new one that I read in a book. Pull it down.”
“Why?”
“Do as I tell you,” the lips motioned, and Jimmy walked across the
room and pulled over the insulated lever.
As he did there was a heavy thud overhead that shook the room,
and then silence.
“What’s that?” he asked sharply.
The dying man smiled.
“That’s Massey!” said the lips.
Half an hour later Jimmy left the house with a soiled slip of paper in
his waistcoat pocket, on which was written the most precious verse
of doggerel that the world has known.
And the discovery of the two dead men in the upper chambers the
next morning afforded the evening press the sensation of the year.
CHAPTER III
ANGEL ESQUIRE
Nobody quite knows how Angel Esquire came to occupy the

position he does at Scotland Yard. On his appointment, “An Officer
of Twenty Years’ Standing” wrote to the Police Review and
characterized the whole thing as “a job.” Probably it was. For Angel
Esquire had been many things in his short but useful career, but
never a policeman. He had been a big game shot, a special
correspondent, a “scratch” magistrate, and his nearest approach to
occupying a responsible position in any police force in the world was
when he was appointed a J.P. of Rhodesia, and, serving on the Tuli
Commission, he hanged M’Linchwe and six of that black
desperado’s companions.
His circle of acquaintances extended to the suburbs of London, and
the suburbanites, who love you to make their flesh creep, would sit in
shivering but pleasurable horror whilst Angel Esquire elaborated the
story of the execution.
In Mayfair Angel Esquire was best known as a successful mediator.
“Who is that old-looking young man with the wicked eye?” asked the
Dowager Duchess of Hoeburn; and her vis-à-vis at the Honorable
Mrs. Carter-Walker’s “sit-down tea”—it was in the days when Mayfair
was aping suburbia—put up his altogether unnecessary eyeglass.
“Oh, that’s Angel Esquire!” he said carelessly.
“What is he?” asked the Duchess.
“A policeman.”
“India?”
“Oh, no, Scotland Yard.”
“Good Heavens!” said Her Grace in a shocked voice. “How very
dreadful! What is he doing? Watching the guests, or keeping a
friendly eye on the Carter woman’s spoons?”
The young man guffawed.
“Don’t despise old Angel, Duchess,” he said. “He’s a man to know.
Great fellow for putting things right. If you have a row with your
governor, or get into the hands of—er—undesirables, or generally, if
you’re in a mess of any kind, Angel’s the chap to pull you out.”
Her Grace surveyed the admirable man with a new interest.
Angel Esquire, with a cup of tea in one hand and a thin grass
sandwich in the other, was the center of a group of men, including
the husband of the hostess. He was talking with some animation.
“I held three aces pat, and opened the pot light to let ’em in. Young
Saville raised the opening to a tenner, and the dealer went ten better.
George Manfred, who had passed, came in for a pony, and took one
card. I took two, and drew another ace. Saville took one, and the
dealer stood pat. I thought it was my money, and bet a pony. Saville
raised it to fifty, the dealer made it a hundred, and George Manfred
doubled the bet. It was up to me. I had four aces; I put Saville with a
‘full,’ and the dealer with a ‘flush.’ I had the beating of that lot; but
what about Manfred? Manfred is a feller with all the sense going. He
knew what the others had. If he bet, he had the goods, so I chucked
my four aces into the discard. George had a straight flush.”
A chorus of approval came from the group.
If “An Officer of Twenty Years’ Standing” had been a listener, he
might well have been further strengthened in his opinion that of all
persons Mr. Angel was least fitted to fill the responsible position he
did.
If the truth be told, nobody quite knew exactly what position Angel
did hold. If you turn into New Scotland Yard and ask the janitor at the
door for Mr. Christopher Angel—Angel Esquire by the way was a
nickname affixed by a pert little girl—the constable, having satisfied
himself as to your bona-fides, would take you up a flight of stairs and
hand you over to yet another officer, who would conduct you through
innumerable swing doors, and along uncounted corridors till he
stopped before a portal inscribed “647.” Within, you would find Angel
Esquire sitting at his desk, doing nothing, with the aid of a Sporting
Life and a small weekly guide to the Turf.
Once Mr. Commissioner himself walked into the room unannounced,
and found Angel so immersed in an elaborate calculation, with big
sheets of paper closely filled with figures, and open books on either
hand, that he did not hear his visitor.
“What is the problem?” asked Mr. Commissioner, and Angel looked
up with his sweetest smile, and recognizing his visitor, rose.
“What’s the problem?” asked Mr. Commissioner again.
“A serious flaw, sir,” said Angel, with all gravity. “Here’s Mimosa
handicapped at seven stone nine in the Friary Nursery, when,
according to my calculations, she can give the field a stone, and beat
any one of ’em.”
The Commissioner gasped.
“My dear fellow,” he expostulated, “I thought you were working on
the Lagos Bank business.”
Angel had a far-away look in his eyes when he answered—
“Oh, that is all finished. Old Carby was poisoned by a man named—
forget his name now, but he was a Monrovian. I wired the Lagos
police, and we caught the chap this morning at Liverpool—took him
off an Elder, Dempster boat.”
The Police Commissioner beamed.
“My congratulations, Angel. By Jove, I thought we shouldn’t have a
chance of helping the people in Africa. Is there a white man in it?”
“We don’t know,” said Angel absently; his eye was wandering up and
down a column of figures on the paper before him.
“I am inclined to fancy there is—man named Connor, who used to be
a croupier or something to old Reale.”
He frowned at the paper, and picking up a pencil from the desk,
made a rapid little calculation. “Seven stone thirteen,” he muttered.
The Commissioner tapped the table impatiently. He had sunk into a
seat opposite Angel.
“My dear man, who is old Reale? You forget that you are our tame
foreign specialist. Lord, Angel, if you heard half the horrid things that
people say about your appointment you would die of shame!”
Angel pushed aside the papers with a little laugh.
“I’m beyond shame,” he said lightheartedly; “and, besides, I’ve
heard. You were asking about Reale. Reale is a character. For
twenty years proprietor of one of the most delightful gambling plants
in Egypt, Rome—goodness knows where. Education—none.
Hobbies—invention. That’s the ‘bee in his bonnet’—invention. If he’s
got another, it is the common or garden puzzle. Pigs in clover,
missing words, all the fake competitions that cheap little papers run
—he goes in for them all. Lives at 43 Terrington Square.”
“Where?” The Commissioner’s eyebrows rose. “Reale? 43 Terrington
Square? Why, of course.” He looked at Angel queerly. “You know all
about Reale?”
Angel shrugged his shoulders.
“As much as anybody knows,” he said.
The Commissioner nodded.
“Well, take a cab and get down at once to 43 Terrington Square.
Your old Reale was murdered last night.”
It was peculiar of Angel Esquire that nothing surprised him. He
received the most tremendous tidings with polite interest, and now
he merely said, “Dear me!” Later, as a swift hansom carried him
along Whitehall he permitted himself to be “blessed.”
Outside No. 43 Terrington Square a small crowd of morbid
sightseers stood in gloomy anticipation of some gruesome
experience or other. A policeman admitted him, and the local
inspector stopped in his interrogation of a white-faced butler to bid
him a curt “Good morning.”
Angel’s preliminary inspection did not take any time. He saw the
bodies, which had not yet been removed. He examined the pockets
of both men, and ran his eye through the scattered papers on the
floor of the room in which the tragedy had occurred. Then he came
back to the big drawing-room and saw the inspector, who was sitting
at a table writing his report.
“The chap on the top floor committed the murder, of course,” said
Angel.
“I know that,” said Inspector Boyden brusquely.
“And was electrocuted by a current passing through the handle of
the safe.”
“I gathered that,” the inspector replied as before, and went on with
his work.
“The murderer’s name is Massey,” continued Angel patiently
—“George Charles Massey.”
The inspector turned in his seat with a sarcastic smile.
“I also,” he said pointedly, “have seen the envelopes addressed in
that name, which were found in his pocket.”
Angel’s face was preternaturally solemn as he continued—
“The third man I am not so sure about.”
The inspector looked up suspiciously.
“Third man—which third man?”
Well-simulated astonishment sent Angel’s eyebrows to the shape of
inverted V’s.
“There was another man in it. Didn’t you know that, Mr. Inspector?”
“I have found no evidence of the presence of a third party,” he said
stiffly; “but I have not yet concluded my investigations.”
“Good!” said Angel cheerfully. “When you have, you will find the ends
of three cigarettes—two in the room where the old man was killed,
and one in the safe room. They are marked ‘Al Kam,’ and are a fairly
expensive variety of Egyptian cigarettes. Massey smoked cigars; old
Reale did not smoke at all. The question is”—he went on speaking
aloud to himself, and ignoring the perplexed police official—“was it
Connor or was it Jimmy?”
The inspector struggled with a desire to satisfy his curiosity at the
expense of his dignity, and resolved to maintain an attitude of
superior incredulity. He turned back to his work.
“It would be jolly difficult to implicate either of them,” Angel went on
reflectively, addressing the back of the inspector. “They would
produce fifty unimpeachable alibis, and bring an action for wrongful
arrest in addition,” he added artfully.
“They can’t do that,” said the inspector gruffly.
“Can’t they?” asked the innocent Angel. “Well, at any rate, it’s not
advisable to arrest them. Jimmy would——”
Inspector Boyden swung round in his chair.
“I don’t know whether you’re ‘pulling my leg,’ Mr. Angel. You are
perhaps unused to the procedure in criminal cases in London, and I
must now inform you that at present I am in charge of the case, and
must request that if you have any information bearing upon this
crime to give it to me at once.”
“With all the pleasure in life,” said Angel heartily. “In the first place,
Jimmy——”
“Full name, please.” The inspector dipped his pen in ink.
“Haven’t the slightest idea,” said the other carelessly. “Everybody
knows Jimmy. He was old Reale’s most successful decoy duck. Had
the presence and the plumage and looked alive, so that all the other
little ducks used to come flying down and settle about him, and long
before they could discover that the beautiful bird that attracted them
was only painted wood and feathers, ‘Bang! bang!’ went old Reale’s
double-barrel, and roast duck was on the menu for days on end.”
Inspector Boyden threw down his pen with a grunt.
“I’m afraid,” he said in despair, “that I cannot include your parable in
my report. When you have any definite information to give, I shall be
pleased to receive it.”
Later, at Scotland Yard, Angel interviewed the Commissioner.
“What sort of a man is Boyden to work with?” asked Mr.
Commissioner.
“A most excellent chap—good-natured, obliging, and as zealous as
the best of ’em,” said Angel, which was his way.
“I shall leave him in charge of the case,” said the Chief.
“You couldn’t do better,” said Angel decisively.
Then he went home to his flat in Jermyn Street to dress for dinner.
It was an immaculate Angel Esquire who pushed through the plate-
glass, turn-table door of the Heinz, and, walking into the magnificent
old rose dining-room, selected a table near a window looking out on
to Piccadilly.
The other occupant of the table looked up and nodded.
“Hullo, Angel!” he said easily.
“Hullo, Jimmy!” greeted the unconventional detective.
He took up the card and chose his dishes with elaborate care. A half-
bottle of Beaujolais completed his order.
“The ridiculous thing is that one has got to pay 7s. 6d. for a small
bottle of wine that any respectable grocer will sell you for tenpence
ha’-penny net.”
“You must pay for the magnificence,” said the other, quietly amused.
Then, after the briefest pause, “What do you want?”
“Not you, Jimmy,” said the amiable Angel, “though my young friend,
Boyden, Inspector of Police, and a Past Chief Templar to boot, will
be looking for you shortly.”
Jimmy carefully chose a toothpick and stripped it of its tissue
covering.
“Of course,” he said quietly, “I wasn’t in it—the killing, I mean. I was
there.”
“I know all about that,” said Angel; “saw your foolish cigarettes. I
didn’t think you had any hand in the killing. You are a property
criminal, not a personal criminal.”
“By which I gather you convey the nice distinction as between crimes
against property and crimes against the person,” said the other.
“Exactly.”
A pause.
“Well?” said Jimmy.
“What I want to see you about is the verse,” said Angel, stirring his
soup.
Jimmy laughed aloud.
“What a clever little devil you are, Angel,” he said admiringly; “and
not so little either, in inches or devilishness.”
He relapsed into silence, and the wrinkled forehead was eloquent.
“Think hard,” taunted Angel.
“I’m thinking,” said Jimmy slowly. “I used a pencil, as there was no
blotting paper. I only made one copy, just as the old man dictated it,
and——”
“You used a block,” said Angel obligingly, “and only tore off the top
sheet. And you pressed rather heavily on that, so that the next sheet
bore a legible impression.”
Jimmy looked annoyed.
“What an ass I am!” he said, and was again silent.
“The verse?” said Angel. “Can you make head or tail of it?”
“No”—Jimmy shook his head—“can you?”
“Not a blessed thing,” Angel frankly confessed.
Through the next three courses neither man spoke. When coffee had
been placed on the table, Jimmy broke the silence—
“You need not worry about the verse. I have only stolen a march of a
few days. Then Connor will have it; and some girl or other will have
it. Massey would have had it too.” He smiled grimly.
“What is it all about?”
Jimmy looked at his questioner with some suspicion.
“Don’t you know?” he demanded.
“Haven’t got the slightest notion. That is why I came to see you.”
“Curious!” mused Jimmy. “I thought of looking you up for the very
same purpose. We shall know in a day or two,” he went on,
beckoning the waiter. “The old man said it was all in the will. He just
told me the verse before he died. The ruling passion, don’t you know.
‘Learn it by heart, Jimmy,’ he croaked; ‘it’s two millions for you if you
guess it’—and that’s how he died. My bill, waiter. Which way do you
go?” he asked as they turned into Piccadilly.
“To the ‘Plait’ for an hour,” said Angel.
“Business?”
“Partly; I’m looking for a man who might be there.”
They crossed Piccadilly, and entered a side turning. The second on
the left and the first on the right brought them opposite a brightly-lit
hotel. From within came the sound of violins. At the little tables with
which the spacious bar-room was set about sat laughing women and
young men in evening dress. A haze of cigarette smoke clouded the
atmosphere, and the music made itself heard above a babel of
laughter and talk. They found a corner, and seated themselves.
“You seem to be fairly well known here,” said Jimmy.
“Yes,” replied Angel ruefully, “a jolly sight too well known. You’re not
quite a stranger, Jimmy,” he added.

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Fluid Mechanics 2nd Edition Hibbeler

10–1. A 3-in.-diameter pipe supplies water with a velocity

From the Moody diagram,

k ide an art egr

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 842 10/03/17 2:36 PM

10–2. Gasoline at T = 68°F flows through an 8-in.-diameter

Q 4.15 ft3 >s

vg 4.70 110-6 2 ft2 >s

k ide an art egr

For smooth pipe, the Moody diagram gives

Applying the Darcy–Weisbach equation,

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 843 10/03/17 2:36 PM

10–3. Glycerin flows through a 6-in.-diameter, horizontal

k ide an art egr

The Darcy–Weisbach equation gives hL = f . Then

= 350.80 6 2300 (Laminar flow)

12.44 slug>ft3)(32.2 ft>s2)(9 ft>s)2(12 ft2

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 844 10/03/17 2:36 PM

*10–4. If air at a temperature of 100°F flows through the

diameter. Then the above equation becomes

k ide an art egr

The Darcy–Weisbach equation gives hL = f . Then

Q 10.5 ft3 >s

= 1.11 1105 2 7 2300 turbulent

Then Eq. (1) gives

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 845 10/03/17 2:36 PM

10–5. Determine the flow of methane at T = 68°F in ft3 >h 1 in.

Here the pressure drop is p1 - p2 = c 5110-3 2 2 d a b = 0.720 2 per

k ide an art egr

Using the Darcy–Weisbach equation,

Re = 460.4110.66922 = 308.10 6 2300 (laminar flow), ok.

The flow rate is

= 13.14 ft3 >h = 13.1 ft3 >h Ans. Ans:

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 846 10/03/17 2:37 PM

10–6. Water in the old 15-in.-diameter concrete drain pipe 12 ft

k ide an art egr

Since g = rg, then

a slug>ft3 b ( 12.22 ft>s ) 2

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 847 10/03/17 2:37 PM

10–7. Water at 20°C flows upwards through the

Then, the Reynolds number is

k ide an art egr

hL = f = 0.031a bc d = 2.2749 m = 2.27 m Ans.

D 2g 0.05 m 219.81 m>s2 2

water is discharged into atmosphere at B. Also, VA = VB = V since the pipe

pA = 100.621103 2 Pa = 101 kPa Ans.

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 848 10/03/17 2:37 PM

*10–8. Water at 60°F is delivered horizontally through a

Q 3.3422 ft3 >s 4.2555

water at 60°F. Thus, the Reynolds number is

k ide an art egr

Since the pipe is horizontal and has constant diameter,

Using the Darcy–Weisbach equation,

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 849 10/03/17 2:37 PM

10–9. A horizontal 40-ft-long galvanized iron pipe having

k ide an art egr

140 ft211.940 slug>ft3 2132.2ft>s2 218 ft>s2 2

M10_HIBB9290_01_SE_C10_ANS.indd 850 10/03/17 2:37 PM

10–10. Air at 80°F flows through the commercial steel

4A 4318 in.216 in.24 1 ft

k ide an art egr

Thus, the Reynolds numbers is

= 17.70 ( 103 ) Pa = 17.7 kPa Ans.

∆p = pA - pB = ( 1.202 kg> m3 )( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.2302 m) = 2.71 Pa Ans.

Q = VA = ( 7.143 m>s ) 3 p(0.02 m)2 4 = 0.00898 m3 >s = 8.98 liter>s