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Wastewater Treatment H T N
Wastewater Treatment H T N
Wastewater Treatment H T N
OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY
AMAL SHAKIR
RUAA MOHAMMED
ZAINAB ISMAIL
1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own work except for quotations and
summaries that have been duly acknowledged.
25 May 2019
2
االهداء
ً اإِ بفضلى َ الحمدهلل علٍ نعمٌ اإلتمامَالحمدُ هلل ما تناهٍ دربٌ وِ خُتـم جودٌ وِ تـم سع ٌ
الحمد هلل حمد ًا تدوم بى النعم
اهدي تخرجً ونجاحً إلٍ أول من انتظر هذه اللحظات ليفتخر بً إلٍ سندي فً الحياة ابً
والٍ من حفتنً بتراتيل دعواتوا الطاهرة وعلمتنً الصمود موما تبدلت الظروف إلٍ أغلٍ
مافً الوجود امً
والٍ اساتذتً الذين علمونً العطاء مع كل رسمٌ حرف ورفعٌ قلم
الٍ اخوتً وزمًُّ الذين عشت معوم أجمل لحظات الحياة
وفً الختام اتقدم بخالص الشكر واِمتنان الٍ مشرفتً الفاضلٌ/
الدكتورة اسراء عبد الواحد
التً لم تقصر فً مساعدتً .دعواتً لوا بالميزيد من التألق والعطاء فً ابداعاتوا العلميٌ
3
DEDICATION
4
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Abstract
Textile industry in undeniably one of the most important industry not only in
developed but also in developing country from hundred years back. The research
blended, carded and/or combed and drafted before spinning. The main steps used for
processing wool and cotton are briefed below. Furthermore, the research providing a
based on the parameters obtained so that the treated wastewater will meet the
These conventional treatment processes may not be very effective for the removal of
specific pollutants such as colour and the dissolved solids. Application of the advance
recovery of water and salt from the effluents. The project covers effluent treatment
5
CONTENTS
6
CHAPTER I
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
The aim of this project is to first identify the typical wastewater characteristics of
textile industry from previous research done and to compare the values obtained with
the local regulations standard limit focusing on textile effluent itself. After that, the
aim is to design a suitable Industrial Effluent Treatment System based on the
parameters obtained so that the treated wastewater will meet the regulation standard
provided.
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Chapter 3: Findings – Focus on Textile Industry: Chapter three put its focus on the
Textile Industry with its structure, its challenges regarding environmental impact and
improvement potentials. Moreover, it has a look at technical solutions to improve the
efficiency of the textile sector in regard to water, energy and material consumption as
well as reduction of pollution.
Chapter 4: Case examples: In this chapter pilot cases of textile sector are presented as
success stories. The implementation experiences are presented in the similar line as
adopted from the EU-BREF documents, focusing amongst others on environmental,
social and economic benefits.
8
CHAPTER II
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Textile is produced after undergoing a wide series of processes that varies on the type
of textile used. The main production of wastewater in textile industry comes from the
process called wet processing. The basic process flow diagram of a typical wet
process conducted in textile industry can be shown as in Figure 2.1 where both the
inputs and outputs of each and every unit included in the wet processes are shown.
Different units in the wet processing may be differs depending on the type of textile
produced.
Desizing is the process or removing the starch or size the covering the warp yarn
using enzyme, oxidizing agent, or other chemicals. There are three types of technique
in desizing and four method of desizing that has been used in wet processing.
Desizing technique are different depends on the kind of sizing agent to be removed. In
desizing, bacteria is a conventional method depend by others method. During this
process, the fabrics is wet out in water and allowed to lie damp for several hour. Other
than that, the method is most popular that has been used in this wet processing is by
using enzyme. This enzyme are named after the compound break down. Besides that,
the other method is acid hydrolysis. This method can remove metal contamination at
the fabrics, but it might affect the cellulosic since chemically starch and cellulose is
very similar. Lastly is oxidative desizing method. This method using hydrogen
peroxide and persulphate, which will degrade the starch with serious attack.
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities such as oils, was, gums,
soluble impurities and sold dirt commonly found in textile material and produce a
hydrophilic and clean cloth.
The objective of scouring process is to remove natural as well as added impurities of
essentially hydrophobic character as completely as possible, increase absorbency of
textile material and also to leave the fabric in a highly hydrophilic condition without
undergoing chemical or physical damage significantly. There are two types of textile
scouring processes namely Conventional Scouring process and Special Scouring
process. Sodium Hydroxide is often use in the scouring process of textile.
Scouring and
Woven Goods Desizing
washing
Textile Industry answers one of the basic needs of human being and is of great
significance. Besides meeting the needs of consumers, it supports number of
other industries such as dyes, chemicals and packaging industries. Basically,
textile manufacturing consists of three main activities. The fibers are first
converted into yarns and threads. The yarns and threads are then converted by
weaving and knitting to fabrics. Finally, the fabrics are processed including
dyeing and finished as per the market demand. The processing of textiles
mainly constitutes large volume of fresh water and the effluents discharged are
heavily contaminated with pollutants such as colour and dissolved solids. Textile
industries use a number of dyes and chemicals to impart the desired quality in the
fabrics. During processing, considerable portion of these raw materials find their
way into waste effluent streams. It is estimated that out of dyes consumed by
textile industry about 10 to 15 % of dye is disposed of in the effluent, which can
cause environmental problems unless the effluent is properly treated. There have
been cases of soil and ground water quality deterioration due to indiscriminate
discharge of textile effluents. Pollution control in this sector requires more
concerted efforts. The pollution control in the textile industries is assuming greater
importance in recent times. This is because of the necessity of various textile
industries for complying with in-stringent regulatory requirement and general
awareness of entrepreneurs about the environmental problems. In addition, scarcity
of potable water and resource crunch has highlighted the need to go for the more
environmentally sound industrial practices.
The following sections describe each of these In general, the entire textiles
manufacturing process can be described in five different stages of production, as
given below:
1- Preparation of fiber: natural (e.g. wool, cotton) and manmade i.e. cellulosic (e.g.
rayon, acetate(and synthetic (e.g. polyester, nylon)
The natural fibers must be opened, blended, carded and/or combed and drafted before
spinning. The main steps used for processing wool and cotton are briefed below.
Although the equipment used for cotton is designed somewhat differently from that
used for wool, the machinery operates in essentially the same fashion.
Carding: Tufts of fibre from the blending and opening operation are conveyed
by air steam and fed to a carding machine, which transports the fibre over a belt
equipped with wire needles. A series of rotating brushes rest on top of the belt.
The different rotation speeds of the belt and the brushes cause the fibres to tease
out and align into thin parallel sheets. A further objective of carding is to better
align the fibres to prepare them for spinning. Opening, blending and carding are
sometimes performed in integrated carders that accept raw fibre and output
In a second step the reasons for these environmental issues were looked into closely.
The results were the basis to propose further measures to reduce resource
consumption and negative impact of textile sector on society and the environment
The environmental concerns of the textile industry are centred on the textile
processing, which generates wastewater during the process, mainly of dyeing. The
implementation of environmental friendly techniques aims at directly or indirectly
mitigating the potential negative impact of the various industrial operations. These
measures may be linked to either the processes or the equipment used. The European
IPPC Bureau, under ‘Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control’ Directive/ Act, has
prepared reference documents on Best Available Techniques Reference Documents,
called BREFs. This is for use by member countries in Europe for the purpose of
issuing operating permits for the installation of significant pollution potential. The
conclusions of Best Available Techniques (BAT) do not prescribe the use of specific
techniques, but a level of environmental protection that can be achieved by the
application of BAT as listed in Table 1.
Further resources, which were also studied and analysed for identifying the potential
solutions are:
Cleaner Production measures implemented in industries by the Gujarat Cleaner
Production Centre;
Solutions available in the market;
International case examples and national / local case examples; and
Local and national technical consultants also were consulted while analysing the
possible solutions on their suitability and feasibility.
From the above sources, a list of possible solutions was identified against the
environmental issues and after consultation with industry experts, technology supplier
and consultants few solutions were zeroed in for pilot testing.
The solutions may be categorized in the following major categories in Figure 5:
Water use
efficiency
Energy
Process
Efficiency
optimisation
Improvement
The 950 kg of desized fabric were mixed with 24,000 kg of water with temperature of
30˚C, 1,200 kg of low pressure steam, 7,600 kg of high pressure steam, 32.1 kg of
sodium hydroxide, another 2.4 kg of wetting agent, 6.0 kg of 100% peroxide, and 4.2
kg of sodium hydrosulphite and 2.4 kg of peroxide stabilizer. Total of 33,797.10 kg of
influent undergo the bleaching process that produce 900 kg of bleached fabric,
24,947.1 kg of wastewater at temperature of 30˚C, 350 kg vapo350 kg at r loss at
80˚C and another 7,600 kg of condensate. The volume of condensate are often being
recycle back into the process as part of the heating system, therefore will not be
considered as wastewater.
After undergoing the bleaching process, the produced textile then undergo the dyeing
process. 900 kg of bleached fabric were mixed with 10,000 kg of filtered water, 2,200
kg of soft water, 2,500 kg of low pressure steam, 10 kg of dye, 31 kg of sodium
carbonate, 3.5 kg of sodium nitrite, and another 20 kg of wetting agent and lastly 1 kg
of sulfuric acid. The 15, 665.5 kg of influent undergoes the dyeing process which
produced 900 kg of dyed fabric, 14,415.50 kg of wastewater at temperature of 50˚C
and vapor at 60˚C of temperature.
CHAPTER3
Cotton textile industry with an annual production of about 400 million meters of cloth
and approximately 1000 million Kg of yarn is one of the biggest industries in the
country. A large volume of waste water is originated from the different process in the
mill.
Dye bath wastewater generated by textile mills is often rated as the most polluting
among all industrial sectors. The pollution load is characterized by high color content,
suspended solids, salts, nutrients and toxic substances such as heavy metals and
chlorinated organic compounds. Many textile mills in the state currently discharge
their wastewater to local wastewater treatment plants with minimum treatment such as
pH neutralization. This process removes much of the residual dye colour. Larger mills
can discharge more than 2 million gallons of wastewater of this kind per day.
1. Physical Characteristics
· Turbidity
· Color
· Odor
· Total solids
· Temperature
Analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of wastewater plays a critical role
in the wastewater treatment process. Our FE Environmental review course greatly
emphasizes wastewater treatment methods based on the physical and chemical
characteristics of the water.
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Viruses
Algae
Rotifers
Nematodes
· Oil and Grease - Oil and grease originate from food waste and petroleum products.
The amount of oil and grease in raw wastewater varies from 10 to 109 mg/L.
It is important that those who are striving to obtain their FE certification fully
understand how to regulate the biological characteristics of wastewater through
appropriate treatment methods.
-
Primary treatment
The first step in textile wastewater treatment is the removal of suspended solids,
excessive quantities of oil and grease and gritty materials . The effluent is first
screened for coarse suspended materials such as yarns, lint, pieces of fabrics, fibres
and rags using bar and fine screens . The screened effluent then undergoes settling for
the removal of the suspended particles. The floating particles are removed by
mechanical scraping systems. Neutralization is done to reduce the acidic contents of
the effluents. Sulphuric acid and boiler flue gas are the most commonly used
chemicals to alter the pH. A pH value of 5-9 is considered ideal for the treatment
process .
. The reductions in pollution parameter of the primary treatment process.
The first step of screening (coarse screening), the effluent is carried out to prevent
damages from plastics, metals paper and rags. Coarse screens have an opening of 6
mm or larger. Coarse screening is followed by fine screening (1.5-6 mm opening) and
very fine screening (0.2- 1.5mm opening). Fine screening helps in the reduction of
suspended solids in the effluent [75]. Screening is followed by sedimentation which
makes use of gravity to settle the suspended
particles such as clay or silts present in the effluent. According to Das , simple
sedimentation was not found to be effective because it does not remove colloidal
particles in the effluents. Another disadvantage of the process is the large space it
occupies. Therefore, settling could be carried out by coagulation. Colloidal particles
in the effluent carry charges on their surfaces and addition of chemicals to the effluent
changes the surface property of the colloids hence causing them to clump together and
settle. Ferrous sulphate, lime, alum, ferric sulphate and ferric chloride are some of the
most commonly used chemicals in the coagulation step . The settled particles are
collected as sludge. Disposal of sludge is one of the biggest challenges of treatment
plants.
Mechanical flocculation is a physical process which involves slow mixing of the
effluent with paddles bringing the small particles together to form heavier particles
that can be settled and removed as sludge . Some of the disadvantages with
flocculation system are: (a) they are in a risk of getting short-circuited and (b) the floc
formation in the system is difficult to control. Care should be taken that the sludge
disposed from the bottom of the system would not suspend the solids into the system
again .
Secondary treatment
The Secondary treatment process is mainly carried out to reduce the BOD, phenol and
oil contents in the wastewater and to control its colour. This can be biologically done
with the help of microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Aerobic
Bacteria use organic matter as a source of energy and nutrients. They oxidize
dissolved organic matter to CO2 and water and degrade nitrogenous organic matter
into ammonia. Aerated lagoons, trickling filter and activated sludge systems are
among the aerobic system used in the secondary treatment. Anaerobic treatment is
mainly used to stabilize the generated sludge .
Aerated lagoons are one of the commonly used biological treatment processes. This
consists of a large holding tank lined with rubber or polythene and the effluent from
the primary treatment is aerated for about 2-6 days and the formed sludge is removed.
The BOD removal efficiency is up to 99% and the phosphorous removal is 15-25% .
The nitrification of ammonia is also found to occur in aerated lagoons. Additional
TSS removal can be achieved by the presence of algae in the lagoon . The major
disadvantage of this technique is the large amount of space it occupies
Trickling filters are another common method of secondary treatment that mostly
operates under aerobic conditions. The effluent for the primary treatment is trickled or
sprayed over the filter. The filter usually consists of a rectangular or circular bed of
coal, gravel, Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), broken stones or synthetic resins [82]. A
gelatinous film, made up of microorganisms, is formed on the surface of the filter
medium. These organisms help in the oxidation of organic matter in the effluent to
carbon dioxide and water [83]. Trickling filters do not require a huge space, hence
making them advantageous compared to aerated lagoons. However, their
disadvantage is the high capital cost and odour emission [82].
Aerobic activated sludge processes are commonly used. It involves a regular aeration
of the effluent inside a tank allowing the aerobic bacteria to metabolize the soluble
and suspended organic matters. A part of the organic matter is oxidized into CO2 and
the rest are synthesized into new microbial cells [84]. The effluent and the sludge
generated from this process are separated using sedimentation; some of the sludge is
returned to the tank as a source of microbes. A BOD removal efficiency of 90-95%
can be achieved from this process, but is time consuming .
Tertiary treatment
There are several technologies used in tertiary treatments including electrodialysis,
reverse osmosis and ion exchange as shown in Figure 6. Electrolytic precipitation of
textile effluents is the process of passing electric current through the textile effluent
using electrodes. As a result of electro chemical reactions, the dissolved metal ions
combine with finely dispersed particles in the solution, forming heavier metal ions
that precipitate and can be removed later. One of the disadvantages is that a high
contact time is required between the cathode and the effluent .
Reverse osmosis is a well-known technique which makes use of membranes that have
the ability to remove total dissolved solid contents along with ions and larger species
from the effluents. A high efficiency of >90% has been reported ]. Cotton dyeing
processes use electrolytes such as NaCl in high concentrations. These high
concentrations of salts can be treated using reverse osmosis membrane .
Electrodialysis is another process which uses membranes, that has the ability to
separate dissolved salts. The electricity used in electrodialysis influences the ions to
get transported through a semi permeable membrane by passing an electrical potential
across water . The membranes used are charge specific and anion-selective which
allows negatively charged particles to pass through and traps positively charged
particles and vice versa. Placing numerous membranes throughout the system hinders
the flow of effluent and the effluent would reach a point at which the ions are trapped
or settled down and the remaining ions are neutral in charge . Membrane fouling (the
process where solutes or other particles get attached to the membrane or into the
membrane pore) has to be prevented by removing suspended solids, colloids and
turbidity prior to electrodialysis .
Ion exchange method is a commonly used tertiary method which involves the passage
of effluents through the beds of ion exchange resins. These ion exchange resins are
either cationic or anionic charged. Effluent passing thorough a cationic resin would
have its cations removed by the resin and replaced with hydrogen ions making it
acidic. When the acid solution is passed through anion resin, the anions would be
substituted with hydroxyl ions .
Photocatalytic degradation is another method by which a wide range of dyes can be
decolourized depending on their molecular structures . Adsorption is also found to be
effective in the removal of colours. Thermal evaporation using sodium persulfate is
also found to have a good oxidizing potential. This process is found to be ecofriendly
because they do not have the property to form sludge and also do not emit toxic
chlorine fumes during evaporation .
Exposure to chemicals:
Especially those engaged in the activities of dyeing, printing and finishing, are
exposed to chemicals. These chemicals containing Benzedrine, ocular brighteners,
solvents and fixatives, crease-resistance agents release formaldehyde. Flame
retardants have organ phosphorus and organ bromine compounds. Antimicrobial
agents which are used in textile operations are also detrimental to health.
Other cancers which are notably high in textile workers are of the:
Oral cavity
Throat
Gastrointestinal tract
Thyroid
Testis
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Exposure to noise:
High levels of noise from ill maintained machinery in the long run, is known to
damage the eardrum and cause hearing loss.
Other problems like exhaustion, skiving, aggravation, anxiety, reduction in efficiency,
changes in pulse rate and blood pressure as well as sleep disorders have also been
noted on account of continuous exposure to noise.
Ergonomic issues:
In most developing countries most of these units have a working environment that is
unsafe and unhealthy for the workers.
India
Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Waters
(Bureau of Indian Standards, 1981)
• Part I, general limits schedule covers effluents discharged to a variety of receiving
bodies.
• Percent sodium is listed in this regulation, but only for discharge to public sewers or
land
irrigation. It is not included in the table in Appendix A.
Environmental (Protection) Rules (India Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Environment Change, 1986).
• Schedule VI is a general standard for discharge of environmental pollutants and
schedule I that is specific to cotton textile and dye industries. These schedules cover
effluents discharged to a variety of receiving bodies.
Malaysia
Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations (Malaysia Department of
Environment Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2009)
• Schedule 7 is specific to the textile industry and Schedule 5 pertains to industrial
effluent. This regulation applies to the discharge of industrial effluent or mixed
effluent onto or into any soil, inland waters or Malaysian waters.
Benefits
Waste minimization can protect the environment and often turns out to have positive
economic benefits. Waste minimization can improve:[1]
Efficient production practices. Waste minimization can achieve more output of
product per unit of input of raw materials.
Economic returns. More efficient use of products means reduced costs of
purchasing new materials improving the financial performance of a company.
Steps can be taken to ensure that the number of reject batches is kept to a
minimum. This is achieved by increasing the frequency of inspection and the
number of points of inspection. For example, installing automated continuous
monitoring equipment can help to identify production problems at an early
stage.
Waste exchanges
This is where the waste product of one process becomes the raw material for a
second process. Waste exchanges represent another way of reducing waste
disposal volumes for waste that cannot be eliminated.
Ship to point of use
This is a whole systems approach that aims to eliminate waste at the source
and at all points down the supply chain, with the intention of producing no
waste. It is a design philosophy which emphasizes waste prevention as
opposed to end of pipe waste management.[4]Since, globally speaking, waste
as such, however minimal, can never be prevented (there will always be
an end-of-life even for recycled products and materials), a related goal
is pollution prevention.
CHAPTER 5
4. Treatment of Sludge
ng bed
Industrial effluent treatment system:
5.2 DESIGN EQUEPMENT
Assumptions taken:
Specific gravity of water = 0.99
Specific waste = 0.92
Calculating Vt using:
Vt = 0.0123[(Sw - So)/μ]
Vt = 0.0123[(990 – 920)/ (0.3871)]
Vt = 2.224 cm/s
Vertical Velocity = 2.224 cm/s
Horizontal flow velocity is taken as 1.5 cm/s
Ac = (0.8102 x 100)/1.5
Ac = 54 m2
Therefore the minimum vertical cross-sectional area is 54 m2
Similarly,
By assuming ‘B’ to be 8m and n = 2
d = 54/ (8 x 2)
d =3.38 m
Depth of channel = 3.38 m
Depth/width ratio = 3.38/8 = 0.4
Calculating L using:
Using the following graph:
F is found to be 1.46
Hence,
L = F x (VH/Vt) x d
L = 1.46 x (1.5/2.224) x 3.38
L = 1.46 x 0.67446 x 3.38
L = 3.33 m
Length of channel = 3.33 m
Activated sludge tank sizing
Sludge age or sludge retention time
As per methodology, the SRT for a membrane bioreactor tank is typically 5 to15 days
so as to achieve efficient achieve BOD & nitrogen removal. Therefore, the average
SRT is assumed: 𝑆𝑅𝑇=5+15/2=10 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Feed to microorganism ratio
As the biomass is actively removing the organic substrate in the wastewater, it follows
that the BOD loading should be related to the volume of the biomass in the aeration
tank (i.e. Sludge Loading)
Assume F/M ratio for conventional process = 0.2-0.4
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝐹𝑚𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜=0.2+0.4/2=0.3
The lower the f/m ratio, the lower the rate of metabolism and the greater the BOD
removal and sludge settleability. However, as removal efficiency increases so does
the overall oxygen demand of the system and so the overall cost of BOD removal.
F/m ratio is also the rate of BOD or COD applied per unit volume of mixed liquor.
From Metcalf and Eddy, 2003; F/M ratio can be expressed as: 𝐹𝑀=𝑄0(𝑆0−𝑆𝐸)𝑉𝑥
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑦:
F/M = food to microorganism ratio, 𝐾𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷/𝐾𝑑𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆,𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄
𝑄0 = Inlet Flowrate, 𝑚3𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄
𝑆0= Inlet 𝐵𝑂𝐷,𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄ 𝑆𝐸= 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡𝐵𝑂𝐷,𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄
X = Reactor solids, 𝑚𝑔𝐿
V = Volume of Aeration tank, 𝑚3
Total aeration volume and dimensions of the MBR tank
From the equation of food to microorganism ratio 𝐹𝑀=𝑄0(𝑆0−𝑆𝐸)/𝑉𝑥 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑦:
F/M =0.3 𝐾𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷𝐾𝑑𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆,𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄
𝑄0 = 70,000 𝑚3𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄
𝑆0= 200𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄ = 14000 kg/day
𝑆𝐸=Taking into consideration permissible limits,that is 40 mg/L = 2800 kg/day
X = Reactor solids, 𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄
Assuming that the bioreactor have a concentration varying in the range 2000 𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄-
3000𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄ Hence, an average MLSS concentration is calculated which equals to 2500
𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄
V = Volume of Aeration tank, 𝑚3 0.3 (𝐾𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷)(𝐾𝑑𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆,𝑑𝑎𝑦) =70,000
𝑚3𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄(200𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄−40𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄)𝑉×2500 𝑚𝑔𝐿⁄
𝑉=14934 𝑚3
Oxidation bond tank
Volumetric BOD loadings
The volumetric BOD loading is defined as the ratio of BOD (Kg/day to the Volume
(m3). 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐵𝑂𝐷
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔=𝐵𝑂𝐷,𝐾𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒,𝑚3=13,968.5𝐾𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦14934 𝑚3=0.938𝐾𝑔𝑚3.𝑑𝑎𝑦
Oxygen Requirements
Air requirement = 0.8 Kg/ Kg BOD removed
Therefore:
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.8 Kg × 11200 Kg/ day = 8960 Kg / day
Also since density of air = 1.202 Kg/𝑚3 Air Requirement = 8960 Kg / day1.202
Kg/𝑚3=7454.24 𝑚3𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄
Assuming 21% of oxygen in air; Oxygen Requirement =7454.24 𝑚3𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄×0.21
=1565.40 𝑚3𝑜𝑓 𝑂2𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄
Air supplied per 𝑚3 of wastewater treated
𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑=7454.24 𝑚3𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄70000 𝑚3𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄=0.106𝑚3𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑚3⁄𝑤𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Oxygen supplied per 𝑚3 of wastewater treated 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑=1565.40 𝑚3𝑜𝑓
𝑂2𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄70000 𝑚3𝑑𝑎𝑦⁄=0.022𝑚3𝑜𝑓𝑂2𝑚3⁄𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
η is the efficiency of the blower which is normally within the range 70%-80%
Pdis = discharge pressure of blower which varies between 1.7 and 2.4 bar for fine
bubble diffusers. Therefore: Pav = 1,447.22 𝑚3𝑚𝑖𝑛⁄x 8.314 x 301.15 K 3600 x 29.7 x
0.283 x0.75 x [(2.05 𝑏𝑎𝑟1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟)0.283– 1] Pav =35.24 x 24=845.76 kWh/d
Whereby:
Radius of clarifier, R = 13 m
Hence;
𝑇=29.8kgm×13.02𝑚2= 5036.2 𝐾𝑔.𝑚=49,405.12 𝑁𝑚
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟=𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒×𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦=𝑇×𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑/𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
From N.F Gray (2005), the speed of rakes varies between 3-6m/min and taking an
average speed; Speed of rake = 4.5m/min = 0.075m/s
Since 6 clarifiers are used, overall power requirements= 6841.68 x 6 = 41.05 kWh/d
As illustrated in the process flow diagram, 13 pumps are being used, therefore, the
energy required by the pumps are calculated as follows:
Typical recycle ratio for conventional activated sludge process = 0.25 – 0.50
CONCLUSION:
13-EPA (2002) Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet: Aerated, Partial Mix Lagoons.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 832-F-02-008.
17- Babu RB, Parande AK, Raghu S, Kumar PT (2007) Textile Technology-Cotton
Textile
Processing: Waste Generation and Effluent Treatment. The Journal of Cotton Science
11: 141-153.
30-http://www.wepa-db.net/activities/2013/20130219_8th_wam/pdf/3.pdf
www.wepa-db.net
wepa-db.net
34- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation
35- Waste minimisation - Wikipedia