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Medical Terminology Get Connected 1St Edition Frucht Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Medical Terminology Get Connected 1St Edition Frucht Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Medical Terminology Get Connected 1St Edition Frucht Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Chapter 10
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
Directions: All answers to questions asking for a combining form must be written in the
combining form style, meaning word root/combining vowel. For example, the combining form
meaning “heart” is cardi/o. All answers to questions asking for a suffix must be written in suffix
form, meaning a hyphen before your answer. For example, the suffix meaning “cell” is -cyte. All
answers to questions asking for a prefix must be written in prefix form, meaning a hyphen after
Do NOT capitalize any of your answers or include a period at the end of your answer. The
computer will NOT recognize your answer as correct if it is written in any other style.
4. The combining form other than bronch/o that means bronchus is ____________________.
____________________.
Answer: eu-; eu
30. A medical term that means instrument to view inside the bronchus is _________________.
Answer: bronchoscope
Answer: oximeter
Answer: anoxia
33. A medical term that means puncture pleura to withdraw fluid is ____________________.
Answer: pleurocentesis
34. A medical term other than pneumonic that means pertaining to the lung is
____________________.
Answer: pulmonary
Answer: bronchial
Answer: spirometry
Answer: hemoptysis
Answer: mediastinotomy
39. A medical term that means to surgically create an opening in the trachea is
____________________.
Answer: tracheostomy
Answer: lobectomy
41. A medical term that means involuntary muscle contraction of the bronchus is
____________________.
Answer: bronchospasm
Answer: thoracic
43. A medical term that means pertaining to inside the trachea is ____________________.
Answer: endotracheal
Answer: bradypnea
Answer: dyspnea
Answer: pyothorax
47. A medical term other than thoracodynia that means chest pain is ____________________.
Answer: thoracalgia
Answer: bronchitis
Answer: apnea
True/False Questions
51. All cells of the body must have a constant supply of oxygen.
Answer: True
Answer: True
53. Carbon dioxide is returned to the lungs from the body where it is then inhaled.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Carbon dioxide is returned to the lungs from the body where it is then
exhaled.
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Answer: The combining form pneum/o may mean “air” or “lungs.”
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Answer: The alveoli are commonly called the air sacs.
58. Exchange of oxygen takes place between the alveoli and the capillary blood supply
surrounding them.
Answer: True
Answer: False
60. The bronchi carry air from the trachea into the lungs.
Answer: True
61. The bronchi divide repeatedly until they form the narrowest airways called bronchioles.
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Bronchi carry air from the trachea to the bronchioles.
63. The term pneumoconiosis refers to the inhaling of particles into the lungs.
Answer: True
64. The pleura is a double-layered membrane that forms a protective sac around the lungs.
Answer: True
65. The right lung has two lobes and the left lung has three.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: The right lung has three lobes and the right lung has two.
Answer: True
67. The mediastinum is the area of the chest that contains the lungs.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: The mediastinum is the area of the chest between the lungs.
Answer: True
Answer: False
emphysema or bronchitis.
70. Sudden infant death syndrome is also known as hyaline membrane disease.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Infant respiratory distress syndrome is also known as hyaline membrane
disease.
Answer: True
Answer: True
Answer: False
74. IPPB is a machine that assists the lungs with filling with air.
Answer: True
Answer: True
Answer: False
Answer: True
Answer: False
Answer: False
Answer: True
Answer: False
Answer: False
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Rhonchi are abnormal whistling sounds made during breathing.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid or gas inside the pleural cavity.
86. Croup is an acute condition found in children that is characterized by a barking type of
cough.
Answer: True
Answer: True
88. Cystic fibrosis occurs when fibrous scar tissue forms in the lungs.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Cystic fibrosis causes very thick mucus to clog the lungs.
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Pneumoconiosis is the accumulation of particles in the lungs, like coal dust.
Answer: False
Answer: True
93. C&S is a blood test that determines oxygen content in the blood.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: ABGs is a blood test that determines oxygen content in the blood.
94. Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which the inside of the windpipe is examined with a scope.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which the inside of the bronchi is examined
with a scope.
95. Pulmonary angiography injects dye into a blood vessel to view it on an x-ray.
Answer: True
Answer: False
Correct Answer: The sweat test determines if the patient has cystic fibrosis.
Answer: False
Correct Answer: The abbreviation RUL stands for “right upper lobe.”
Answer: True
99. An endotracheal tube passes through the mouth and into the trachea.
Answer: True
Answer: False
Multiple-Choice Questions
101. The respiratory system, along with the bloodstream, is responsible for the delivery of
a. oxygen
b. nutrients
c. carbon dioxide
d. sodium
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. oxygen: correct
b. nutrients: nutrients are not delivered via the bloodstream and the respiratory system to
c. carbon dioxide: carbon dioxide is not delivered via the bloodstream and the
d. sodium: sodium is not delivered via the bloodstream and the respiratory system to the
102. Which of the following statements regarding the respiratory system is NOT true?
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the cells: correct
c. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream: a true statement
a. trachea–windpipe
b. lobes–subdivisions of lungs
c. pleura–protective sac
d. bronchioles–air sacs
Answer: d
Explanation:
104. Which of the following statements regarding bronchial tubes is NOT true?
Answer: a
Explanation:
c. The trachea splits into a left and right main bronchus: a true statement
105. Which of the following is NOT part of the lower respiratory system?
a. trachea
b. bronchioles
c. pharynx
d. bronchi
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. pharynx: correct
b. oxygen; nitrogen
Answer: c
Explanation:
107. Which of the following choices presents the airways in anatomical order?
Answer: c
Explanation:
a. bronchioles
b. bronchi
c. trachea
d. alveoli
Answer: d
Explanation:
d. alveoli: correct
109. Which of the following statements regarding the lungs is NOT true?
d. The mediastinum of the thoracic cavity is located between the lungs and diaphragm.
Answer: d
Explanation:
correct
110. Another health care provider involved in respiratory care is the _______________
therapist.
a. lung
b. respiratory
c. pulmonary
d. breathing
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. respiratory: correct
Answer: a
Explanation:
112. Coni/o is a combining form meaning “dust,” but it is used to refer to the inhalation of
a. water
b. bacteria
c. particles
d. food
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. particles: correct
a. trachea
b. heart
c. aorta
d. lungs
Explanation:
d. lungs: correct
114. Persons with difficult breathing often feel that they can breathe easier when:
Answer: b
Explanation:
a. they are lying down: lying down does not make it easier to breathe
d. the room is kept warm: a warm room does not make it easier to breathe
115. Which of the following statements regarding the pleura is NOT true?
a. It is a double-layered membrane.
Answer: d
Explanation:
116. Which of the following statements regarding the trachea is NOT true?
Answer: a
Explanation:
117. Which of the following is NOT associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)?
a. tachypnea
c. dyspnea
d. hypoxia
Answer: b
Explanation:
118. Which of the following leads to unconsciousness and death if it is not corrected
immediately?
a. croup
b. influenza
c. asphyxia
d. atelectasis
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. asphyxia: correct
a. tachypnea–deep breathing
b. hypopnea–shallow breathing
c. apnea–not breathing
d. bradypnea–slow breathing
Answer: a
Explanation:
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. croup
d. cystic fibrosis
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. croup: correct
122. Which term means “to inhale fluid or a foreign object into the airways”?
a. purulent
b. aspirate
c. rales
d. asphyxiate
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. aspirate: correct
a. purulent
b. aspirate
c. rales
d. asphyxiation
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. purulent: correct
d. asphyxiation: lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not
corrected immediately
a. purulent
b. aspirate
c. rales
d. asphyxiation
Answer: d
Explanation:
d. asphyxiation: correct
a. purulent
b. rales
c. aspirate
d. asphyxiation
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. rales: correct
d. asphyxiation: lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not
corrected immediately
Explanation:
127. Which term below is a condition that may result in a collapsed lung?
a. pneumothorax
b. rhonchi
c. ventilator
d. sputum
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. pneumothorax: correct
d. sputum: mucus or phlegm coughed up and spit out from the respiratory tract
128. Which term below refers to mucus coughed up from the lungs?
a. pneumothorax
b. rhonchi
c. ventilator
Answer: d
Explanation:
a. pneumothorax: collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that may result in a
collapsed lung
d. sputum: correct
129. Which of the following is a term for a machine that assists patients with breathing?
a. pneumothorax
b. rhonchi
c. ventilator
d. sputum
Answer: c
Explanation:
a. pneumothorax: collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that may result in a
collapsed lung
c. ventilator: correct
d. sputum: mucus or phlegm coughed up and spit out from the respiratory tract
b. rhonchi
c. ventilator
d. sputum
Answer: b
Explanation:
a. pneumothorax: collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity that may result in a
collapsed lung
b. rhonchi: correct
d. sputum: mucus or phlegm coughed up and spit out from the respiratory tract
a. respiratory rate
b. urine output
c. heart rate
d. blood pressure
Answer: b
Explanation:
a. narrow
b. secrete mucus
c. widen
d. tighten
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. widen: correct
a. cardiovascular
b. urinary
c. digestive
d. reproductive
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. digestive: correct
a. asphyxia
b. atelectasis
c. aspiration
d. hypoventilation
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. asphyxia: correct
a. rhonchi
b. epistaxis
c. stridor
d. rales
Answer: c
Explanation:
b. epistaxis: nosebleed
a. phlegm
b. croup
c. hemoptysis
d. sputum
Answer: d
Explanation:
d. sputum: correct
137. Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with long-term smoking?
a. emphysema
b. bronchogenic carcinoma
Answer: d
Explanation:
138. Which of the following conditions is also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD)?
c. cystic fibrosis
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. pleural effusion
b. influenza
c. emphysema
d. atelectasis
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. influenza: correct
140. Which of the following statements regarding ventilation-perfusion scans is NOT true?
Answer: c
Explanation:
a. tine test
b. branch test
d. scratch test
Answer: a
142. Which of the following has NOT been studied as a possible cause of SIDS?
a. sleep apnea
b. airway spasms
c. pulmonary emboli
Answer: c
Explanation:
d. all have been considered: pulmonary emboli has not been studied as a possible cause
of SIDS
a. SARS
b. ARDS
c. SIDS
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. SARS: correct
144. Which of the following conditions causes constriction of the bronchial airways by
bronchospasms?
a. emphysema
b. asthma
c. pneumoconiosis
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. asthma: correct
a. emphysema
c. pleurisy
d. cystic fibrosis
Answer: d
Explanation:
146. Which of the following conditions may cause an infarct in the lungs?
a. pulmonary fibrosis
b. pulmonary emboli
c. pulmonary edema
d. pneumonia
Answer: b
Explanation:
147. Which serious lung infection causes the alveoli to fill up with fluid?
b. pneumoconiosis
c. pneumonia
d. pulmonary embolism
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. pneumonia: correct
d. pulmonary embolism: blood clot or air bubble that results in infarct of lung tissue
a. pulmonary embolism
b. tuberculosis
c. pleural effusion
d. pneumothorax
Answer: d
Explanation:
a. pulmonary embolism: blood clot or air bubble that results in infarct of lung tissue
d. pneumothorax: correct
a. emphysema
b. histoplasmosis
c. pneumoconiosis
d. empyema
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. emphysema: correct
150. Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF)?
a. sweat test
b. spirometry
c. pulmonary angiography
d. sputum cytology
Answer: a
Explanation:
151. Which of the following diagnostic tests is a nuclear medicine procedure especially useful
a. spirometry
b. polysomnography
d. ventilation-perfusion scan
Answer: d
Explanation:
152. Which of the following diagnostic procedures is a test for malignant cells?
a. sputum cytology
Answer: a
Explanation:
d. arterial blood gas: used to test levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
153. Which of the following is a machine that breathes for a patient who is unable to breathe
a. postural drainage
b. endotracheal intubation
c. resuscitation
d. ventilator
Answer: d
Explanation:
ventilation
d. ventilator: correct
154. Which of the following is an emergency treatment given to patients when their breathing
a. Heimlich maneuver
b. thoracentesis
Answer: c
Explanation:
d. intermittent positive pressure breathing: used for ventilation to assist the lungs in
155. Which therapeutic procedure uses gravity to encourage the removal of secretions from
the bronchi?
a. postural drainage
c. thoracentesis
d. Heimlich maneuver
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. tracheotomy
b. tracheoplasty
c. trachectomy
d. tracheostomy
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. tracheoplasty: correct
a. bronchiolar
b. bronchiule
c. bronchial
d. bronchiole
Answer: d
Explanation:
d. bronchiole: correct
a. pneumonia
b. pneumoconiosis
c. pneumothorax
d. pneumoectasis
Answer: b
Explanation:
b. pneumoconiosis: correct
c. pneumothorax: condition of air in the pleural cavity that may result in a collapsed
lung
a. pneumologist
b. pulmonology
c. pneumonologist
Answer: d
Explanation:
a. oximetry
b. pneumometry
c. spirometry
d. bronchometry
Answer: c
Explanation:
c. spirometry: correct
a. cyanosis
b. cyanitis
c. cyaniosis
d. cyanotic
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. cyanosis: correct
a. pleurodynia
b. thoracalgia
c. pleuritis
d. pleurectomy
Answer: a
Explanation:
a. pleurodynia: correct
a. hypopnea
b. tachypnea
c. hyperpnea
d. orthopnea
Answer: c
Explanation:
9. The eggs develop in the earth, and give rise to embryos which are
transferred whilst still in the egg-cell to the body of an animal. The
embryos hatch out and form bisexual parasites: examples, Oxyuris,
Trichocephalus.
10. The larvae live in insects, the sexual worms in water or in the
earth: example, Mermis.
12. The sexual form lives for a short time in the intestine of a
Vertebrate, and produces larvae which bore through the intestinal
wall and become encapsuled in the tissues: example, Trichina
spiralis.
13. The sexual animal lives in the trachea of birds; the ova
containing embryos are coughed up and are taken into other birds
with food. They quit the egg-shell and wander into the air-sacs, and
finally into the trachea: example, Syngamus.
14. There are two larval forms; the first lives in water, the second in
the lungs of Amphibia, whence they wander into the intestine and
become sexually mature: example, Nematoxys longicauda in Triton
alpestris.
Parasitism.
1. Effect of Parasitism on the Parasite.—The usual effect of
parasitism on the parasitic organism is that the various organs
necessary for a free life tend to degenerate, whilst there is a
multiplication and development of organs of adhesion, by means of
which the parasite maintains its hold on its host. There is further an
immense increase in the powers of reproduction, which may take the
form of an increase in the number of fertilised eggs produced, or the
parasite may at some time of its life reproduce asexually, by
budding, or fission, or parthenogetically.
In spite of the fact that the class as a whole shows but few special
modifications consequent on a parasitic mode of life, it is clear that
the Nematoda are peculiarly adapted for such a mode of life. Their
elongated thread-like bodies afford little resistance to the passage of
the food, which, as it passes through the intestine of the host, might
tend to carry the parasites out of the body. At the same time their
shape enables them to pierce and wriggle through the various
tissues without making any very serious lesions such as might prove
fatal to their host. Their extraordinary power of resisting desiccation
both in the egg and in the adult state vastly increases their chances
of ultimately hitting on the right host. They are capable of living in a
state of suspended animation for months, and even years when
dried (vide p. 136), and of resuming their activity on being
moistened.
The great faculty this group shows for living parasitically is evinced
by the extraordinary variety of life-history presented by the different
species. There is scarcely a stage which may not be parasitic; the
eggs, the larvae, the adults are all in some cases free, in others
parasitic, and in many cases first the one and then the other.
Until the last few years it has been customary to regard the
Gordiidae as a family of Nematodes. Although in external
appearance and life-history they closely resemble the members of
this group, yet recent research has shown so many important
morphological differences between them and the Nematoda, that
most zoologists are now agreed in placing them in a different sub-
Order, the Nematomorpha, a name first suggested by Vejdovsky.[204]
Fig. 82.—A water plant around which a female Gordius is twining and
laying eggs. a, a, Clump and string of eggs. (From von Linstow.
[205])
The body is in the younger stages practically solid, the interior being
filled with clearly defined polygonal cells which are arranged in
definite rows; in later life certain splits arise in this tissue which
subserve various functions; between these splits strands of tissue
are left which form mesenteries, and some of the cells remain lining
the muscular layer (Fig. 86). These cells have been described by
Vejdovsky as a definite somatic, peritoneal epithelium, but this was
not found by von Linstow. Besides forming the mesenteries, and
acting as packing between the various organs of the body, these
cells also form the ova and the spermatozoa.
The splits which have appeared when the animal has reached the
second larval stage, are two dorsal and a ventral; the latter contains
the alimentary canal, and may be termed the body-cavity, the former
will develop the generative organs. The mouth is occluded in the
older larvae, and in the adults there is a distinct but solid
oesophagus which passes into a tubular intestine. The intestine
consists of a single layer of cells surrounding a lumen; it runs straight
to the hinder end of the body, where it opens in both sexes with the
ducts of the reproductive organs.
The generative organs only attain maturity in the adult, which is, in
fact, exclusively devoted to reproduction. No trace of testes is found
in the larva, though the two dorsal splits from the walls of which the
spermatozoa will arise are present. They are lined by a definite
epithelium (Fig. 83), and this serves at once to distinguish them from
the body-cavity. Posteriorly the splits narrow and become the two
vasa deferentia which open one on each side into the cloaca. The
cells lining the lumen give rise to secondary cells, and these become
spermatozoa, the process extending from behind forwards. The
external organs—bursa, etc.—described by Vejdovsky were not
found by von Linstow.
In the female larva two similar splits are present; these form the egg-
sacs. Posteriorly they end in two short oviducts which open into a
uterus, in which fertilisation takes place, and in which the secretion
arises which cements the eggs together. In the adult the ovaries and
a receptaculum seminis are found, in addition to the organs present
in the larva. The ovaries are formed from modifications of the
packing tissue; they begin close behind the head, and soon attain
such dimensions as to compress the egg-sacs and body-cavity to
small slits. After a time the wall between the ovary and the egg-sacs
becomes absorbed, and the eggs grow into the latter. In the old
females, where the egg sacs are empty, there is a considerable
space round the exhausted ovary, into which eggs continue to fall
off; there is also a median dorsal canal which contains a few eggs.
By this time the wall between the ovary and the egg-sac has again
appeared.
One of the most interesting points about the female is that, according
to Vejdovsky, the ovary is segmented, the cells which form the ova
being heaped up in segmentally-arranged masses. This observation,
if correct, is almost the only instance of segmentation recorded in the
group Nemathelminthes.
Fig. 87.—Nectonema agile Verrill. A, The adult. Magnified. (After
Fewkes.) B, Longitudinal section through the head. × about 20.
(From Bürger.) a, Mouth; b, circumoesophageal commissure
(dorsal); c, cell of salivary gland; d, septum cutting off head from
rest of body; e, testis; f, ventral cord; g, oesophageal cells; h,
lumen of oesophagus; i, cerebral ganglion (ventral).
The only other genus which is associated with Gordius in the group
Nematomorpha is Nectonema, of which there is as yet but one
species known, Nectonema agile Verr.[207] Our knowledge of the
anatomy of this worm is due mainly to Bürger[208] and Ward.[209]
Nectonema is a marine worm found swimming near the surface of
the sea with rapid undulatory motion. The males are from 50 to 200
mm. long, the females from 30 to 60 mm. The body is faintly ringed,
and bears two rows of fine bristles on each side. Owing to a curious
torsion of the body through a right angle, the lateral bristles of the
anterior third seem to be placed in the ventral and dorsal middle line.
They are very easily broken off. The body is divided into a small
anterior and a large posterior chamber by a transverse septum
placed a little way behind the head. The anterior chamber contains
the brain and is lined by a definite epithelium, the posterior is not.
The layers of the skin correspond with those of Nematodes or of
Gordius, but the hypodermal cells show no cell outlines; still they are
not so modified as in the former group. The hypodermis is thickened
in the median dorsal and ventral line, and the single nerve-cord lies
in the latter.
Once free in the water the Gordius is soon sexually mature; the
fertilisation takes place in April, and then the female may be seen
twisting and writhing round the stems of water-plants and laying the
long bead-like strands of eggs (Fig. 82). The first deposition
observed by von Linstow took place on 14th April, the last on 2nd
August, and the period of egg-laying for each female extended over
four weeks. At first the eggs are snow-white, but within twenty-four
hours they turn brown in colour.
The development of the first larva within the egg takes about a
month. When it emerges from the egg-shell it is minute, .065 mm.
long, ringed anteriorly, and provided with a protrusible and retractile
boring apparatus consisting of three chitinous rods; round the base
of this piercing proboscis is a double crown of papillae, each bearing
a spine (Fig. 90).
Fig. 89.—The tail ends of a female Gordius (a) and a male (b) in
copula. × 1.5. (From G. Meissner.[212])
This first larval form breaks through the egg-shell and sinks to the
bottom of the water, where it moves about sluggishly and awaits the
arrival of the right host in which to take up its abode. This host is the
larva of the Alder-fly, Sialis lutaria Lin. (vide vol. v. p. 444), and into
this it bores and comes to rest in the muscles or the fat body. It does
not form distinct capsules. It remains in this larva during the following
winter, and in the spring passes over into the imago Sialis. The
complete insect frequents the small plants growing along the water's
edge, and falls an easy prey to the predaceous beetle Pt. niger. The
larva is eaten, and undergoing a change becomes the second larval
form mentioned above. It remains in the body of the beetle during
the second winter, and finally returns to the water as the adult some
eighteen or twenty months after it has been hatched from the egg.
The sex of the adults may be told from their colour, the males being
of a blackish brown, the females of a light clay brown; the former
average 120 mm. in length, the latter 170 mm. The males are also
more numerous, the proportion being seven to three. Camerano[213]
has drawn attention to the fact that there is a certain polymorphism
in size, form, and colour which is especially common amongst the
males; dwarf forms with mature reproductive organs exist, and he is
of opinion that these differences depend both on the size of the
second host and on the duration of the parasitic life.
In addition to the larva of Sialis lutaria, the first larval stage has also
been found in the larva of Ephemera, Tanypus, Corethra, and
Chironomus; the second in Carabus hortensis Fabr., Procerus
(Carabus) coriaceus Linn., Calathus fuscipes Goeze, Molops elatus
Fabr., several species of Pterostichus, and a number of other
beetles. It is probable that its normal hosts are S. lutaria and Pt.
niger, but it is clear that it often comes to rest in other insects. The
view that the Gordiidae have no special hosts, but may either pass
the whole of their life-history within one and the same animal, or, on
the other hand, may inhabit animals belonging to very different
groups, is held by Villot, who has paid great attention to the subject.
He finds the first larval form encysted in the walls of the alimentary
canal in fishes, such as Leuciscus phoxinus, the minnow, Cobitis
barbatula, the loach, and Petromyzon planeri, the lamprey; in the
larvae of Diptera, Ephemera, and beetles, in Planorbis (a water
snail), in Enchytraeus (an Oligochaet); the second larval form in all
kinds of insects, spiders, Crustacea, fish, frogs, birds (Otis), and in
man, and these various habitats lead him to the conclusion that "Les
Gordiens n'ont pas d'hôtes spéciaux." On the other hand, as von
Linstow points out, it is contrary to our knowledge of parasites that a
single species should develop equally well in the body of warm and
cold-blooded Vertebrates and of Insects, and the explanation of the
presence of the larvae in these various forms may either be that they
belong to different species of Gordius or, more probably, that they
are accidentally present, having passed into their hosts with drinking
water.
Fig. 91.—Tarsal joint of an Ephemerid larva into which two Gordius
larvae (a, a) have penetrated. Magnified. (From G. Meissner.)
All the spaces in the skin of the proboscis open ultimately into a
circular canal situated round its base; on each side the canal opens
into a sac-like structure which extends through the body-cavity
towards the posterior end of the animal. These two lateral diverticula
are termed the lemnisci. They have always attracted considerable
attention from the workers at the group, and numerous functions
have from time to time been attributed to them. They are more or
less hollow, and their walls consist of sub-cuticular tissue surrounded
with a scanty muscular coat; they contain the same fluid as the
lacunae of the skin of the proboscis, with which they are placed in
communication by means of the circular canal; and it seems most
probable that, as Hamann[216] suggests, they act as reservoirs into
which the lacunar fluid retires when the proboscis is retracted, and
which, by means of the contractions of their muscular coat, force the
fluid into the lacunae when the proboscis is everted, and thus aid in
its protrusion.