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CHOONG HAN JUN (COPYRIGHTED) ©

DIVERSITY:
Physical Properties
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CHAPTER ANALYSIS
3 KEY CONCEPTS
• Understanding the properties and choices of materials involved in the production of common household items
• Density
• Strength
• Hardness
• Flexibility
• Electrical conductivity
• Thermal conductivity
• Boiling/melting point

• Calculate density using its formula (mass/volume) and usage of the appropriate unit

• Classify common everyday objects

4 ADVANCED CONCEPTS
• Make estimations and measure accurately length, volume, and mass of matter using appropriate instruments

• Predict whether an object will sink or float by comparing density of object with surrounding environment

• Usage of data on properties of different materials to evaluate their uses

• Evaluate the environmental impact of excessive use of paper and disposal of plastics
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KEY CONCEPT

MATTER
MATTER refers to anything that has mass and volume.

Mass = amount of matter something has

Volume = amount of space something occupies
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METHOD 1 – STATES OF MATTER

Matter

Solids Liquids Gases

METHOD 2 – KINDS OF MATERIALS

Materials

Ceramics Plastics Metals Glass Fibres

CLASSIFYING
NON-LIVING THINGS
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Definition: A physical property is one that can be observed without changing the
substance of the object.
Physical Explanation Examples
Property
Strength Strength refers to the ability of a material to • Steel is a strong
support a heavy load without breaking or material
tearing. • Paper is a weak
material
Hardness Hardness refers to the ability of a material to • Diamond is a hard
scratch another material. material
Ø A material can scratch something softer • Cloth is a soft
than itself, but not one that is harder than material
itself
Flexibility Flexibility refers to the ability of a material to • Rubber is a flexible
bend without breaking and return to its material
original shape. • Wood is an
inflexible material
Electrical Electrical conductivity of a material is a • Copper is a good
Conductivity measure of how easily electricity passes conductor of
through it. electricity
• Rubber is a poor
conductor of
electricity
Heat/thermal Thermal conductivity of a material refers to • Metal is a good
conductivity how easily heat passes through it. conductor of heat
Ø Materials that allow heat to pass through • Wood is a poor
easily are heat conductors conductor of heat

PHYSICAL
Melting point Melting point refers to the temperature at -
which a material changes state from solid to
liquid.

PROPERTIES Boiling point Boiling point refers to the temperature at

which a material changes state from liquid to
gas.
-
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Material Examples Physical properties

Plastic • Plastic bags • Flexible

• Plastic food • Low density
containers • Strong
• Plastic electrical • Poor conductor of heat and
socket electricity
Glass • Glass window • Not flexible
panes • High density
• Brittle
• Poor conductor of heat and
electricity
Metal • Aluminium drink • Hard
cans • Low – high density
• Copper electrical • (Most) High melting and
wires boiling points
• Gold jewelry • Good conductor of heat and
electricity
Ceramic • Porcelain bowls • Hard but brittle
• Cooking pot • Poor conductor of heat and
electricity

PHYSICAL
• High melting point
Fibre • Cotton clothes • Flexible
• Rattan chair • Low density

PROPERTIES OF
• Poor conductor of heat and
electricity

MATERIALS
To choose the best material for usage, we must consider its properties.
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KEY CONCEPT

DENSITY
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DENSITY
Definition: Density of a substance is the mass of the substance per unit volume

DENSITY =
%&''
()*+%,

The SI unit for density is kg/m3.

How to determine volume?

Volume refers to the amount of space a substance occupies.

The SI unit for volume is cubic metre (m3).

!
• Sphere: V = " 𝜋𝑟 "
• Cylinder: V = 𝜋𝑟 # ℎ
$
• Cone: V = " 𝜋𝑟 # ℎ

• Cuboid: V = 𝑙 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ

How to measure mass?

Mass of an object refers to the amount of matter it has.

DENSITY The SI unit for mass is kilogram (kg).

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KEY CONCEPT

ENVIRONMENT
CONSERVATION
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Production of paper

We cut down forests to produce paper. Losing our forests means:

• We lose animals and plants that live in forests (decreased biodiversity)

Paper production also uses a lot of energy and water. This contributes to:
• Water and air pollution

Production of plastics

Plastics do not break down easily. This means that plastics do not decompose
in the soil (non-biodegradable), and can take hundreds of years to break down.

Plastic waste in the ocean kill many animals that mistake it for food.

Oil is also used in the production of paper. We may run out of oil in the next
50 years or so, which is a precious resource.

ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
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