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Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

1. In contrast to change forces, resistance forces support the status quo, that is, the existing conditions in an organization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
2. Nearly all technology cycles follow a typical S-curve pattern of innovation.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. Bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur in the crisis stage unless a company completely reorganizes the way it does
business.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
4. Work group encouragement occurs when group members have diverse experience, education, and backgrounds and the
group fosters mutual openness to ideas; positive, constructive challenge to ideas; and shared commitment to ideas.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. Organizational development takes a short-range approach to change, and it assumes that top-management support is
necessary for the change to succeed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. In the context of managing resistance to change, an error in the refreezing stage is not systematically planning for and
creating short-term wins.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
7. Dominant technological designs can also emerge through independent standards bodies.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
8. The compression approach to innovation assumes that innovation is occurring within a highly uncertain environment
and that the key to fast product innovation is to use intuition, flexible options, and hands-on experience to reduce
uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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9. More companies are likely to go out of business during an economic recession or slowdown than in a time of
discontinuous change and changing standards.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
10. In terms of change tools and techniques, the General Electric workout is a special kind of results-driven change.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
11. Waltert, a cell phone manufacturer, has been the market leader in the country of Besmagia ever since cell phones were
introduced in the country. None of the other domestic or foreign cell phone brands have been able to match the high
quality and low price that Waltert's products offer. In the context of innovation streams, Waltert most likely has a _____.
a. fixed working capital
b. distinctive competence
c. fiduciary responsibility
d. matrix organization structure
ANSWER: b
12. Glaler, a large-scale cell phone manufacturer, has a robot in each of its outlets that studies a customer's usage history
and suggests a model of Glaler's cell phone that is most likely to suit the customer. This scenario best illustrates _____.
a. organizational innovation
b. corporate entropy
c. reverse engineering
d. agile development
ANSWER: a
13. Mozbert is a company that manufactures and supplies wireless headsets. It started an online advertising campaign that
explains the advantages and ease of using wireless headsets over wired headsets. As a mitigation plan, Beloway, a wired
headset manufacturer, launched new offers and discounts to retain its customers. In the context of innovation streams,
which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
a. Design competition
b. Technological lockout
c. Technological substitution
d. Design iteration
ANSWER: a
14. Wenayton, a company that manufactures and supplies ceramic kitchenware, uses broken and rejected pieces of
ceramics to design its office interiors. It also uses novel ways to utilize solar energy for interior lighting. This scenario
best illustrates _____.

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ANSWER: a
15. In the context of resistance to change, _____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change.
a. refreezing
b. unfreezing
c. coercion
d. negotiation
ANSWER: c
16. The chefs at Lorifusion, a continental restaurant, are given the freedom to try out new ways of presenting their dishes.
This helps them avoid monotony and encourages them to innovate. The employees believe that this challenges their skills
and keeps them interested and motivated. In the context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following
concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
a. A creative work environment
b. Generational change
c. Technological lockout
d. A compression approach to innovation
ANSWER: a
17. In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the crisis stage?
a. Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations.
b. Management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action.
c. Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.
d. Management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs and restore profits.
ANSWER: c
18. __________is a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on the
design, and then builds and tests the improved product or service prototype.
a. Unrelated diversification
b. Design iteration
c. Discontinuous change
d. Technological lockout
ANSWER: b
19. Which of the following best defines an incremental change?

a. It is the competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant
design.
b. It is the purchase of new technologies to replace older ones.
c. It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and
performance of a dominant design.
d. It is a phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.
ANSWER: c
20. The standalone scanners and printers at Indentom, a law firm, have been replaced with all-in-one printers that perform
the functions of printing, scanning, and photocopying. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following
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a. Technological singularity
d. Technological determinism
ANSWER: c
21. __________is a change that occurs when incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design
such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version.
a. Results-driven change
c. Discontinuous change
d. Incremental change
ANSWER: b
22. Which of the following best defines the General Electric workout?
a. It is based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved
technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology.
b. It is an approach to innovation that assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps
and that compressing those steps can speed innovation.
c. It is a three-day meeting in which managers and employees from different levels and parts of an organization
quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business problems.
d. It is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-
term health and performance.
ANSWER: c
23. Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change?

a. Employees are more likely to resist change if they have to participate in planning and implementing the
change process.
b. Employees are more likely to resist change if they are asked to focus on short-term wins, rather than long-term
goals.
c. It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support.
d. It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change.
ANSWER: c
24. In the context of organizational development, the purpose of large-system interventions is to:
a. assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals.
b. increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes.
c. change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department.
d. help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.
ANSWER: c
25. _____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.
a. Creative work environments
b. Design iterations
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c. Functional groups
d. Core change coalitions
ANSWER: a
26. Kappawn, a cell phone manufacturer, observes that its customers have started purchasing only touchscreen cell
phones. It hence stops manufacturing traditional cell phones and switches to the manufacture of touchscreen cell phones.
In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
ANSWER: c
27. __________is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing
technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.
a. Technological discontinuity
b. Technological substitution
d. Technological singularity
ANSWER: a
28. In the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make in the change
phase?
a. They overlook victory after the first large-scale success.
b. They do not create a powerful enough coalition.
c. They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency.
d. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.
ANSWER: d
29. The manual computer entry system for calculating employee attendance at Kartufly, an apparel retail store, has been
replaced with a biometric system. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario
best illustrate?
ANSWER: c
30. Arthumt's carpool service application gained popularity among its customers within a few months of its release.
However, the customers eventually discovered that the application caused the phone battery to heat up to abnormal levels.
This made them switch to a newer and efficient application. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following
b. The compression approach to innovation
c. The experiential approach to innovation
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ANSWER: d
31. Which of the following best defines technological discontinuity?

a. It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the
functioning and performance of a dominant technological design.
b. It is the inability of a company to competitively sell its products because it relies on old technology or a
nondominant design.
c. It is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing
technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.
d. It is an approach to innovation that assumes a highly uncertain environment and uses intuition and hands-on
experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.
ANSWER: c
32. Which of the following is true of the S-curve pattern of innovation of a product?
a. A flat slope indicates that increased effort brings only small improvements in technological performance.
b. A flat slope indicates that small amounts of effort will result in significant increases in technological
performance.
c. A steep slope at the midpoint of the curve indicates that further efforts to develop this particular technology
will result in only small increases in performance.
d. A steep slope near the endpoint of the curve indicates that the performance limits of that particular technology
are being reached.
ANSWER: a
33. When a few domestic manufacturers of solar water heaters gained popularity in the country Likambea, solar water
heaters replaced the old models of water heaters and became the accepted market standard for heaters. In the context of
innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.
a. a dominant design
b. the compression approach to innovation
c. the experiential approach to innovation
d. a design iteration
ANSWER: a
34. When Pocdio, an application development software, was released, it was widely accepted by customers. However, a
few months after its release, users began experiencing a lag in its user interface. Customers eventually stopped using this
software and started to use newer and better alternatives. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following
ANSWER: d
35. Cinebravos, a television manufacturer in Ashtemston, observes that its customers have stopped purchasing its CRT
television sets and that they have begun purchasing its LED and LCD television sets. It hence stops manufacturing CRT
television sets entirely. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best
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illustrate?
a. Technological substitution
c. Technological singularity
ANSWER: a
36. In the context of organizational development, the purpose of small-group interventions is to:
d. help people acquire new skills and knowledge.
ANSWER: a
37. Technological substitution occurs when:

a. customers establish a new technological standard or dominant design.
b. customers purchase new products to replace older technologies.
c. a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products.
d. a new technological design or process becomes the accepted market standard.
ANSWER: b
38. __________is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's
long-term health and performance.
a. Supervisory encouragement
b. Organizational development
c. Organizational structure
d. Functional departmentalization
ANSWER: b
39. Cleanreef, a chain of stores that provides dry-cleaning services, has been the market leader in the country of
Gregoramas for the past 20 years. None of its competitors have been able to match Cleanreef's technology, logistics, and
pricing. In the context of innovation streams, Cleanreef most likely has a _____.
a. fixed working capital
b. distinctive competence
c. fiduciary responsibility
d. matrix organization structure
ANSWER: b
40. Russeng, a travel agency, had a huge setback in its business as customers started to book travel tickets online and
make their own itineraries using the information available on the Internet. It failed to take the necessary corrective
measures to address this issue, and this led to an overall decrease in the company's performance. Which of the following
a. Organizational decline
b. Design iteration
c. Technological discontinuity
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d. Generational change
ANSWER: a
41. Sun Technologies changed the operating system of their phones and insisted that all its current users switch to the new
one. They started listing out the benefits of the new system in the update log in an attempt to make its users believe that
the change was for the better. In the process of managing organizational change, Sun Technologies is in
the__________phase.
a. refreezing
b. coercion
c. unfreezing
d. innovation
ANSWER: c
42. Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout?

a. It occurs when customers purchase new technologies to replace older technologies.
b. It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products.
c. It occurs when companies innovate by improving the functioning and performance of the dominant design.
d. It occurs when new technologies compete to establish a new technological standard.
ANSWER: b
43. In the__________of organizational decline, as organizational performance problems become more visible,
management may recognize the need to change but still take no action.
a. blinded stage
b. inaction stage
c. faulty action stage
d. crisis stage
ANSWER: b
44. During design competition, _____.

a. the patterns of innovation over time create sustainable competitive advantage
b. an older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new
technologies
c. a scientific advance of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function
d. a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products or makes it difficult to do
so
ANSWER: b
45. When Dalemend Inc. started manufacturing gaming consoles, it had difficulties with performance growth. Over time,
the consoles began performing well, and the company's growth rate became rapid. However, after this period of rapid
growth, the performance growth rate began to drop again. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates
_____.
a. a compression approach to innovation
b. resistance to change
c. technological lockout
d. the S-curve pattern of innovation
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ANSWER: d
46. In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the dissolution stage?
a. Cutbacks and layoffs will have reduced the level of talent among employees.
b. Key managers fail to recognize the threats due to an inability to understand their significance.
c. The managers may be waiting to see if the problems will correct themselves.
d. The company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.
ANSWER: d
47. When Nathanil Inc., a network service provider, introduced 4G data plans, it observed that most of its customers
completely stopped using 2G and 3G data plans and switched to 4G. In the context of innovation streams, which of the
following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
ANSWER: c
48. The employees of Carlofen, a cell phone manufacturer, raised a concern to their management about their poor pay and
excess workload. However, the management failed to address their issue, so a majority of them resigned at once. As a
result, the company's sales began to fall and its overall performance began to deteriorate. Which of the following concepts
does this scenario best illustrate?
a. Organizational decline
b. Design iteration
c. Technological discontinuity
d. Generational change
ANSWER: a
49. Arthills is a retail store that sells paintings. The entire store of Arthills is energy efficient and uses a glass ceiling to
naturally light the room during the day and sensors to automatically turn the internal lighting system on during the night.
This scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
50. Large investments in old technology and incompatiblility of new and old technologies with each other are the main
reasons companies and consumers are reluctant to switch to a different technology during a(n)__________.
a. innovation stream
b. design competition
c. design iteration
d. change intervention
ANSWER: b

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51. In the context of organizational development, the purpose of person-focused interventions is to:
d. help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.
ANSWER: b
52. When LED televisions started becoming popular in the city of Jazetta, all the electronic stores in the city stopped
selling CRT televisions. Following this, LED televisions dominated the market and became the accepted market standard
for televisions in the city. In the context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
53. Pagent, a company that manufactures watches, introduces a new range of watches with a safety application
programmed into it. This application is designed especially for women and helps them alert people in case of danger. In
the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
a. A technological discontinuity
d. A technological barrier
ANSWER: a
54. The employees of Antrobe, a leading daily newspaper, believe that their managers encourage them to voice their ideas
and opinions. They also believe that they are given challenging tasks that interest and motivate them. In the context of
managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
ANSWER: a
55. Carolint, a watch manufacturer, has installed custom smart lighting and ventilation systems in employees' workspaces.
These enable employees to set their preferences, and the system automatically senses their presence and modifies the
temperature and light settings. This scenario best illustrates _____.
a. corporate entropy
b. organizational innovation
ANSWER: b
56. _____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.
a. Unfreezing
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b. Change intervention
c. Refreezing
d. Change remediation
ANSWER: b
57. When cell phones were introduced, most customers stopped using landline telephones. Eventually, cell phones almost
entirely replaced landline telephones and became the accepted market standard for phones. In the context of innovation
streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
58. Ebdino, a company that manufactures tires, observes that the sales of its traditional tires have declined drastically and
that the sales of tubeless tires have increased. Ebdino hence decides to stop manufacturing traditional tires and replace
them with tubeless tires. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best
illustrate?
a. Technological substitution
ANSWER: a
59. Which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase?
a. They do not create a powerful enough coalition.
b. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.
c. They declare victory too soon.
d. They lack a vision for change.
ANSWER: c
60. _____ are forces that produce differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.
a. Change forces
b. Resistance forces
c. Effort forces
d. Defiance forces
ANSWER: a
61. Irolt, a company that supplies fast-moving consumer durables, recruits only graduates from top business schools as
management trainees in its marketing department. The company ensures that its employees are always given challenging
tasks that interest them, and the employees believe that the management welcomes innovative ideas and thoughts. In the
context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
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ANSWER: a
62. _____ is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved
a. Results-driven change
b. Discontinuous change
c. Generational change
d. Incremental change
ANSWER: c
63. Which of the following is a difference between experiential and compression approaches to innovation?
a. Experiential approach is used in fast-growing environments, whereas compression approach is used in highly
uncertain environments.
b. Experiential approach is used in periods of incremental change, whereas compression approach is used in
periods of discontinuous change.
c. Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to
improve the function of an existing dominant design.
d. Experiential approach is used to shorten the time of individual steps in the innovation process, whereas
compression approach is used to test the improved product or service prototype.
ANSWER: c
64. Keniey, a company that manufactures and supplies home appliances, launches a fully automatic advanced food
processor that performs the functions of slicing, chopping, grinding, shredding, grating, pureeing, kneading, mixing, and
blending. The product is priced lower than semi-automatic food processors sold by other brands. In the context of
innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
a. Change intervention
b. Unfreezing
c. Incremental change
d. Refreezing
ANSWER: c
65. In the context of managing resistance to change,__________is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that
they stick.
a. unfreezing
b. refreezing
c. resistance force
d. change force
ANSWER: b
66. Maxsigma, a software company, released a text processing application. This application was user-friendly and widely
accepted by its customers. However, a few months later, users found that it was susceptible to virus, and they switched to
newer and more efficient text processing applications. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following
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ANSWER: d
67. The customers of Curtofan, a gaming console manufacturer, stopped purchasing its traditional hand-held gaming
device after it introduced a real-time, high-end gaming device. In the context of innovation streams, which of the
ANSWER: c
68. When USB flash drives started becoming popular, customers stopped purchasing CDs. As a result, USB flash drives
almost completely replaced CDs in the market and became the accepted market standard for storage devices. In the
context of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
69. In an attempt to eliminate spectacles from the market, Lensamt, a company that manufactures and supplies contact
lenses, launched an advertising campaign to popularize its products. To counter this and stay in the market, the spectacle
manufacturers introduced new offers and discounts on spectacles. In the context of innovation streams, which of the
d. Design iteration
ANSWER: a
70. Seaneng, a company that has been manufacturing printers for computers for the past 20 years, initially specialized in
dot matrix printers. However, dot matrix printers were inefficient in color printing. To overcome this disadvantage, it
developed and started selling inkjet and laser printers. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following
ANSWER: a
71. In the context of organizational decline, which of the following is true of the blinded stage?
a. Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations.
b. Management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action.

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c. Companies plan to cut costs and restore profits rather than recognizing the need for fundamental changes.
d. Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.
ANSWER: a
72. Zavacomp, a company that manufactures sports accessories, earlier manufactured and sold fitness shoes and activity
tracking watches as separate units. It observed that customers frequently bought these two accessories together and hence
created a new integrated product with a tracking device embedded in its sports shoes. In the context of innovation streams,
which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
ANSWER: a
73. Bluewood, a paper manufacturing company, has redecorated the interiors of its headquarters using waste materials
from tree barks that get rejected after extracting wood pulp. This scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
74. Brandack is a leading manufacturer of storage devices. During a span of every five years, it produces one high-
performance storage device. At the beginning of the five-year period, the device's performance improvement is slow.
However, the improvement becomes rapid over time, and toward the end of the five-year period, it gradually begins to
drop. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: d
75. When Rebopy, a network service provider, started providing 4G data services, it attracted a large number of customers
because of the high speed and cost effectiveness of Rebopy's services. However, after few months of using the service, the
customers found that it had poor connectivity and hence switched to more efficient data services. In the context of
innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best illustrate?
ANSWER: d
76. _____ is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard.
a. Dominant design
b. Design competition

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ANSWER: a
77. In the context of managing resistance to change, which of the following is an error that managers make during the
unfreezing stage?
a. They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency.
b. They lack a vision for change.
c. They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.
d. They do not systematically plan for short-term wins.
ANSWER: a
78. Which of the following best defines results-driven change?

a. It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of outcomes.
b. It is the change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved
c. It is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.
d. It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the
functioning and performance of the dominant technological design.
ANSWER: a
79. Musccanic Inc., a company that manufactures microprocessors, updates the technology used in its microprocessors
once every four years. A study conducted by the R&D team of the company revealed that the microprocessors' growth
rate is initially slow, then becomes rapid, and eventually becomes slow again toward the end of the four-year cycle. In the
context of technology cycles, this scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: d
80. Solylin, a company that manufactures electronic goods, has introduced solar chargers that are compatible with all
brands and models of cell phones in the market. These chargers help save costs because they work on solar power, and
they are sold at a lower price than traditional chargers. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following does
this scenario best illustrate?
b. Unfreezing
d. Refreezing
ANSWER: c
81. Lemsey Corp. specializes in creating computer software. It has been working on an antivirus software that doesn't
need regular updates and has the most comprehensive virus database in the market. This software is being tested for
design, function, and reliability. In the context of the experiential approach to innovation, the antivirus is a _____.
a. product prototype

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b. low-feasibility product
c. customized product
d. dominant design
ANSWER: a
82. To attract the right customers, Wedroom, a wedding planning firm, has its office redecorated in various wedding
themes. It also has smart sensors in its workspaces that sense temperature and brightness and adjust to the environment
accordingly. This scenario best illustrates _____.
a. reverse engineering
c. organizational innovation
ANSWER: c
83. __________are patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage.
a. Change interventions
b. Technological lockouts
c. Discontinuous changes
d. Innovation streams
ANSWER: d
84. In the context of managing resistance to change,__________is the process used to get workers and managers to
change their behaviors and work practices.
a. unfreezing
b. refreezing
c. change intervention
d. change remediation
ANSWER: c
85. Curtab, a company that manufactures digital watches, implements marketing strategies to attempt to eliminate analog
watches from the market and thereby increase the market share of the company. To counter this, analog watch
manufacturers introduce new advertising campaigns. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following
d. Design iteration
ANSWER: a
86. Whilph, an automobile manufacturer, launched its new compact car. The car provides the highest mileage and has the
lowest price in its market segment. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this
scenario best illustrate?
b. Unfreezing
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d. Refreezing
ANSWER: c
87. Celvokay, a company that manufactures cell phones and cell phone accessories, has launched a new cell phone that
comes along with a new model of earphones with the noise-cancellation feature. These earphones are designed such that
they can also be used with the older models of Celvokay's phones. Which of the following concepts does this scenario best
illustrate?
a. Unfreezing
c. Refreezing
ANSWER: b
88. When Sewsavor developed a food delivery application, a majority of people started using and recommending the
application. However, they eventually found that the application uses more RAM than usual, and they switched to more
efficient food delivery applications. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this
scenario best illustrate?
ANSWER: d
89. _____ is a psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and
time seems to pass quickly.
a. The Id
b. The superego
c. Flow
d. Refreezing
ANSWER: c
90. The products manufactured by Answeronn, a manufacturer of answering machines, initially showed a slow progress
rate, but the performance of the products eventually began improving rapidly. However, the progress rate began to drop
again. All these changes took place during a three-year period. In the context of technology cycles, this scenario best
illustrates _____.
c. the S-curve pattern of innovation
d. technological lockout
ANSWER: c
91. As touchscreen laptops gained popularity in the country of Desapotam, the import of older models of laptops was
stopped. Subsequently, touchscreen laptops became the accepted market standard for laptops in the country. In the context
of innovation streams, this scenario best illustrates _____.
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ANSWER: a
92. Which of the following statements is true of the experiential approach to innovation?
a. It aims to continue improving an existing technology as rapidly as possible.
b. It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change.
c. It assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps.
d. It uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning.
ANSWER: d
93. To compete with other organizations in the industry and to boost employee morale, Mangosanta, a fashion designing
company, installs touchscreen sketching boards on the walls of meeting rooms. These sketches are automatically mailed
to all the participants once the meeting is completed. This scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
94. Organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when:

a. management encourages risk taking and new ideas.
b. supervisors provide clear goals.
c. work group members foster mutual openness to ideas.
d. open interaction with subordinates is encouraged.
ANSWER: a
95. Elotrik, a company that manufactures and supplies epilators, implements a marketing strategy to popularize its
epilators and replace razors in the market. To counter this and stay in the market, the razor manufacturers introduce new
offers and discounts. In the context of innovation streams, which of the following concepts does this scenario best
illustrate?
d. Design iteration
ANSWER: a
96. Gamapro, a company that manufactures gaming devices, has launched a new gaming console along with a new set of
games for the new version of the console. However, the games designed for the previous versions of the consoles can also
be used on the new console because of backward compatibility. Which of the following concepts does this scenario best
illustrate?
a. Unfreezing
c. Refreezing
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: b
97. Boardburgh, a cordless telephone manufacturer, launched advertising campaigns to market its products and eliminate
wired telephone sets from the market. To counter this, Telepram Inc., a wired telephone manufacturer, has launched an
advertising campaign to detail the disadvantages of cordless telephones. In the context of innovation streams, which of the
d. Design iteration
ANSWER: a
98. Kathym, a company that sells women's handbags, gives all its junior designers the opportunity to come up with their
own original designs. The managers believe that providing them with challenging tasks keeps the designers interested and
helps them innovate. In the context of managing sources of innovation, which of the following concepts does this scenario
best illustrate?
ANSWER: a
99. The product developers at Travimext, a company that manufactures computer parts, have specialized tablet screens at
their desks that display 3-dimensional representations of prototypes they create along with all the specifications of the
prototypes. This scenario best illustrates _____.
ANSWER: a
100. The compression approach to innovation management is used in:

a. highly uncertain environments.
b. periods of incremental change.
c. periods of discontinuous change.
d. fast-growing environments.
ANSWER: b

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Tea, its
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Title: Tea, its history and mystery
Author: Joseph M. Walsh
Release date: December 4, 2023 [eBook #72306]
Language: English
Original publication: United States: Henry T. Coates & Co, 1892
Credits: Steve Mattern, Gísli Valgeirsson and the Online

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEA, ITS

HISTORY AND MYSTERY ***
TEA
—IT S—
HISTORY AND MYSTERY

—BY—
JOSEPH M. WALSH,
AUTHOR OF
“COFFEE, ITS HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION AND

DESCRIPTION.”
PHILADELPHIA:
HENRY T. COATES & CO.
COPYRIGHTED, 1892,
BY
JOSEPH M. WALSH.
All Rights Reserved.

PREFATORY.
Utility, not originality, has been aimed at in the compilation of this

work. The obstacles and difficulties its author had met with in his
endeavors to learn something of the article he was commissioned to
sell when he first entered the Tea trade, the almost total lack of
knowledge displayed by the average dealer in the commodity, allied
to the numerous inquiries for a work containing “all about tea,” first
prompted the undertaking.
The material was collated at intervals, in a fragmentary manner,
covering a period of over twenty years, and arranged amid the many
interruptions incident to an active business life, subjected to constant
revisions, repeated prunings and innumerable corrections, due
mainly to the varying statements and conflicting opinions of admitted
authorities in every branch of the subject. Still, as careful and
judicious an arrangement of the data has been given as possible, a
faithful effort being made to omit nothing that may prove useful,
instructive or profitable to the expert, the dealer or general reader.
Aware that many facts have been omitted, and many errors
committed in its preparation, he still trusts that the pains he has
taken to avoid both have not been in vain, that the former may be
few, and the latter of no great importance. The work was compiled
under impulse, not under inducement, a single line not being
intended originally for the market, and is now being published solely
for the benefit of those “whom it may concern.”
Philadelphia, December, 1892.
CONTENTS.
Chapter Page
I. Early History 9-28
II. Geographical Distribution 29-35
III. Botanical Characteristics 37-49

and Form
IV. Cultivation and 51-68

Preparation
V. Classification and 69-132

Description
VI. Adulteration and Detection 133-157
VII. Testing, Blending and 159-204

Preparing
VIII. Chemical, Medical and 205-235

Dietical Properties
IX. World’s Production and 237-252

Consumption
X. Tea Culture, a Probable 253-265

American Industry
(Branch of Tea Plant.)
CHAPTER I.
E A R LY H I S TO RY.
The history of Tea is intimately bound up with that of China, that is,
so far as the Western world is concerned, its production and
consumption being for centuries confined to that country. But, having
within the past two centuries become known and almost
indispensable as an article of diet in every civilized country of the
globe, it cannot but prove interesting to inquire into the progress,
properties and effects of a commodity which could have induced so
large a portion of mankind to abandon so many other articles of diet
in its favor, as well as the results of its present enormous
consumption.
Although now to be found in a wild state in the mountain-ranges of
Assam, and in a state of cultivation through a wide range from India
to Japan, the original country of Tea is not definitely known, but from
the fact of its being in use in China from the earliest times it is
commonly attributed to that country. Yet though claimed to have
been known in China long anterior to the Christian era, and even
said to have been mentioned in the Sao-Pao, published 2700 B. C.,
and also in the Rye, 600 B. C., the exact date or manner of its first
discovery and use in that country is still in doubt. One writer claims
that the famous herb was cultivated and classified in China 2000 B.
C., almost as completely as it is to-day, and that it was used as a
means of promoting amity between Eastern monarchs and
potentates at this early period. Chin-Nung, a celebrated scholar and
philosopher, who existed long before Confucius, is claimed to have
said of it: “Tea is better than wine, for it leadeth not to intoxication,
neither does it cause a man to say foolish things and repent thereof
in his sober moments. It is better than water, for it doth not carry
disease; neither doth it act as a poison, as doth water when the wells
contain foul and rotten matter,” and Confucius admonishes his
followers to: “Be good and courteous to all, even to the stranger from
other lands. If he say unto thee that he thirsteth give unto him a cup
of warm Tea without money and without price.”
A Chinese legend ascribes its first discovery to one Darma, a
missionary, famed throughout the East for his religious zeal, who, in
order to set an example of piety to his followers, imposed on himself
various privations, among which was that of forswearing sleep. After
some days and nights passed in this austere manner, he was
overcome and involuntarily fell into a deep slumber, on awakening
from which he was so distressed at having violated his vow, and in
order to prevent a repetition of allowing “tired eyelids to rest on tired
eyes,” he cut off the offending portions and flung them to the ground.
On returning the next day, he discovered that they had undergone a
strange metamorphosis, becoming changed into a shrub, the like of
which had never been seen before. Plucking some of the leaves and
chewing them he found his spirits singularly exhilarated, and his
former vigor so much restored that he immediately recommended
the newly discovered boon to his disciples.
Tradition, on the other hand, never at a loss for some marvelous
story, but with more plausibility, claims that the use of Tea was first
discovered accidentally in China by some Buddhist priests, who,
unable to use the brackish water near their temple, steeped in it the
leaves of a shrub, growing in the vicinity, with the intention of
correcting its unpleasant properties. The experiment was so
successful that they informed the inhabitants of their discovery,
subsequently cultivating the plant extensively for that express
purpose. While another record attributes its first discovery about
2737 B. C. to the aforementioned Chin-Nung, to whom all agricultural
and medicinal knowledge is traced in China. In replenishing a fire
made of the branches of the Tea plant, some of the leaves fell into
the vessel in which he was boiling water for his evening meal. Upon
using it he found it to be so exciting and exhilarating in its effects that
he continued to use it; imparting the knowledge thus gained to
others, its use soon spread throughout the country.
These accounts connected with the first discovery of the Tea plant in
China are purely fabulous, and it is not until we come down to the
fourth century of the Christian era that we can trace any positive
allusion to it by a Chinese writer. But, as the early history of nearly
every other ancient discovery is more or less vitiated by fable, we
ought not to be any more fastidious or less indulgent towards the
marvelous in the discovery of Tea than we are towards that of fire,
iron, glass or coffee. The main facts may be true, though the details
be incorrect; and, though the accidental discovery of fire may not
have been made by Suy-Jin in the manner claimed, yet it probably
was communicated originally by the friction of two sticks. Nor may it
be strictly correct to state that Fuh-he made the accidental discovery
of iron by the burning of wood on brown earth any more than the
Phœnicians discovered the making of glass by burning green wood
on sand, yet it is not improbable that some such accidental
processes first led to these discoveries. Thus, also, considerable
allowances are to be deducted from the scientific discoveries of
Chin-Nung in botany, when we read of his having, in one day,
discovered no less than seventy different species of plants that were
poisonous and seventy others that were antidotes against their
baneful effects.
According to some Chinese authorities, the Tea plant was first
introduced into their country from Corea as late as the fourth century
of the present era, from whence it is said to have been carried to
Japan in the ninth. Others again maintaining that it is undoubtedly
indigenous to China, being originally discovered on the hills of those
provinces, where it now grows so abundantly, no date, however,
being named. While the Japanese, to whom the plant is as valuable
as it is to the Chinese, state that both countries obtained it
simultaneously from Corea, about A. D. 828. This latter claim not
being sustained by any proof whatever—Von Siebold, to the contrary
—who, relying on the statements of certain Japanese writers to this
effect, argues in support of their assertions, the improbability of
which is unconsciously admitted by Von Siebold himself when he
observes “that in the southern provinces of Japan the tea plant is
abundant on the plains, but as the traveler advances towards the
mountains it disappears,” hence inferring that it is an exotic. The
converse of this theory holding good of China, a like inference tends
to but confirm their claim that with them the plant is indigenous. That
the Japanese did not originally obtain the plant from Corea but from
China is abundantly proven by the Japanese themselves, many of
whom admit that it was first introduced to their country from China
about the middle of the ninth century. In support of this
acknowledgment it is interesting to note, as confirming the Chinese
origin of tea, that there is still standing at Uji, not far from Osaka, a
temple erected on what is said to have been the first tea plantation
established in Japan, sacred to the traditions of the Japanese and in
honor of the Chinese who first introduced the tea plant into the Island
empire. Another more authentic account states that the Tea-seed
was brought to Japan from China by the Buddhist priest Mi-yoye,
about the beginning of the thirteenth century, and first planted in the
southern island of Kiusiu, from whence its cultivation soon spread
throughout that country.
Some English writers go so far as to claim that Assam, in India, is
the original country of tea, from the fact that a species has been
discovered there in a wild state as well as in the slopes of the
Himalaya mountains. But though found in both a wild and cultivated
state in many countries of the East at the present time, all its
Western traditions point to China, and to China only, as the original
country of Tea, and that the plant is native and indigenous to that
country is indisputably beyond question.
It was not known to the Greeks or Romans in any form; and that it
could not have been known in India in very early times is inferred
from the fact that no reference to the plant or its product is to be
found in the Sanscrit. But that the plant and its use, not only as an
agreeable and exhilarating beverage, but as an article of traffic
worthy of other nations, must have been known to the Chinese as
early as the first century of the Christian era, the following extract
from an ancient work entitled the “Periplous of the Erythræan Sea,”
may serve to prove. The author, usually supposed to be Arryan, after
describing “a city called Thinæ,” proceeds to narrate a yearly
mercantile journey to the vicinity of “a certain people called Sesatæi,
of short stature, broad faces, and flat noses”—evidently natives of
China—adds “that the articles they bring for traffic outwardly
resemble vine leaves, being wrapped in mats, which they leave
behind them on their departure to their own country in the interior.
From these mats the Thinæ pick out a haulm, called petros, from
which they draw the fibre and stalks; spreading out the leaves, they
double and make them up into balls, passing the fibre through them,
in which form they take the name of Malabathrum, and under this
name they are brought into India by those who so prepare them.”
Under any interpretation this account sounds like a remote, obscure
and confused story. Still one of the authors of the able “Historical
Account of China,” published in 1836, has ventured to identify this
Malabathrum of the Thinæ with the Tea of the Chinese. Vossius
Vincent and other authors, while admitting the difficulty of
understanding why it should be carried from Arracan to China, and
from China back to India, unhesitatingly assert that Malabathrum
was nothing more than the Betel-leaf, so widely used in the East at
the time as a masticatory. Horace mentions Malabathrum, but only
as an ointment. Pliny refers to it both in that sense and as a
medicine. Dioscorides describing it as a masticatory only. While the
author of the “Historical Account” prefers to consider the passage in
the Periplous as a very clumsy description of a process not
intelligently understood by the describer, but as agreeing far better
with the manipulation of Tea than with that of the Betel-leaf, and his
conjecture, unsupported as it is, merits citation if only for its
originality.
The first positive reference to Tea is that by Kieu-lung in the fourth
century, who not only describes the plant, but also the process of
preparing it, of which the following is a free and condensed
translation: “On a slow fire set a tripod, whose color and texture
show its long use, and fill it with clear snow-water. Boil it as long as
would be sufficient to turn cray-fish red, and throw it upon the
delicate leaves of choice Tea. Let it remain as long as the vapor
arises in a cloud and only a thin mist floats on the surface. Then at
your ease drink the precious liquor so prepared, which will chase
away the five causes of sorrow. You can taste and feel, but not
describe the state of repose produced by a beverage thus prepared.”
It is again mentioned by Lo-yu, a learned Chinese, who lived during
the dynasty of Tang, in 618, who became quite enthusiastic in its
praise, claiming that “It tempers the spirits, harmonizes the mind,
dispels lassitude and relieves fatigue, awakens thought and clears
the perceptive faculties,” and according to the Kiang-moo, an
historical epitome, an impost duty was levied on Tea as early as 782
by the Emperor Te-Tsing, and continued to the present day.
McPherson, in his “History of European Commerce with India,”
states that Tea is mentioned as the usual beverage of the Chinese
by Solieman, an Arabian merchant, who wrote an account of his
travels in the East about the year 850. By the close of the ninth
century, however, Tea was found in general use among the Chinese,
the tax upon it at that time being a source of considerable revenue
as recorded by Abuzeid-el-Hazen, an Arabian traveler cited by
Renaudot in a translation of his work. There is also independent
evidence furnished by two other Arabian travelers in a narrative of
their wanderings during the latter half of the ninth century, admitting
their statements to be trustworthy as to the general use of Tea as a
beverage among the Chinese at that period. Moorish travelers
appear to have introduced it into Mohammedan countries early in the
tenth century, and other travelers in China in the seventeenth give
most extravagant accounts of its virtues, which appears to have
been in very general use throughout the greater part of Asia at that
time.
Father de Rhodes, a Jesuit missionary, who entered China in 1633,
states that “the use of Tea is common throughout the East, and
begins, I perceive, to be known in Europe. It is in all the world to be
found only in two provinces of China, where the gathering of it
occupies the people as the vintage does us.” Adding that he found it
in his own case to be an instantaneous remedy for headache, and
when compelled to sit up all night to hear confessions its use saved
him from drowsiness and fatigue. Adam Olearius, describing the
travels of an embassy to Persia in 1631, says of the Persians: “They
are great frequenters of taverns, called Tzai Chattai, where they
drink Thea or Cha, which the Tartars bring from China, and to which
they assign extravagant qualities, imagining that it alone will keep a
man in perfect health, and are sure to treat all who visit them to this
drink at all hours.” These strong expressions as to the use of Tea,
applying as they do to a period not later than 1640, are sufficient to
prove that the ordinary accounts place the introduction of that
beverage as regards Europe, particularly the Continent, as too late.
INTRODUCTION INTO EUROPE.

The earliest European notice of Tea is that found in a work by
Ramusio, first printed in 1550, though written several years prior to
that year. In it he quotes Hazzi Mohamed in effect, “And these
people of Cathay (China) do say that if these in our parts of the world
only knew of Tea, there is no doubt that our merchants would cease
altogether to use Ravino Cini, as they call rhubarb.” Yet no accounts
at present accessible establish the date of its first introduction into
Europe, and it is also a difficult matter to determine to which of the
two nations—Portugal or Holland—the credit of first introducing it
belongs. Some writers claiming that the Dutch East India Company
brought Tea to Amsterdam in 1600, while the Portuguese claim the
honor of its first introduction prior to that year. An indisputable
argument in favor of the latter is the notice given of it by Giovani
Maffei in his “History of India,” published in 1559. “The inhabitants of
China, like those of Japan,” he writes, “extract from an herb called
Chia a beverage which they drink warm, and which is extremely
wholesome, being a remedy against phlegm, languor and a promoter
of longevity.” While Giovani Botero, another Portuguese, in a work
published in the same year, states that “the Chinese have an herb
from which they press a delicate juice, which they use instead of
wine, finding it to be a preservative against these diseases which are
produced by the use of wine amongst us.” Taxiera, also a native of
Portugal, states that he saw the dried leaves of Tea at Malacca some
years prior to 1600, and the article is also mentioned in one of the
earliest privileges accorded to the Portuguese for trading in 1558; yet
it was not until nearly a century from the beginning of that trade that
we find the first distinct account from a European pen of the use of
Tea as a beverage.
In a “Dissertation upon Tea, by Thomas Short,” printed in London, in
1730, the author gives the following account of its first introduction
into Europe: “The Dutch East India Company on their second voyage
to China carried thither a good store of Sage and exchanged it with
the Chinese for Tea, receiving three to four pounds of the last for one
pound of the first, by calling it a wonderful European herb possessed
of as many virtues as the Indians could ascribe to their shrub-leaf.
But because they exported not such large quantities of Sage as they
imported of Tea they also bought a great deal of the latter, giving
eight- to tenpence a pound for it in China. And when they first
brought it to Paris they sold it for thirty livres the pound; but thirty
years ago the Chinese sold it at threepence, and never above
ninepence a pound at any time, frequently mixing it with other herbs
to increase the quantity.” Macaulay also states in the history of his
embassy to China that “early in the seventeenth century some Dutch
adventurers, seeking for such objects as might fetch a price in
China, and hearing of a general use there of a beverage produced
from a plant of the country, bethought themselves of trying how far a
European plant of supposed great virtues might also be appreciated
by the Chinese; they accordingly introduced to them the herb Sage,
the Dutch accepting in exchange the Chinese Tea, which they
brought back with them to Holland.” These statements but tend to
confirm the Portuguese claim, the efforts of the Dutch to open up
trade with the Chinese in Tea being evidently made many years
subsequent to its introduction by the former; in still further support of
which the following may be noted:—
In 1662 Charles II. married the Portuguese princess, Catharine of
Braganza, who, it is said, was very fond of Tea, having been
accustomed to it in her own country. Waller, in a poem celebrating
the event, ascribes its first introduction to her country in the
appended lines:—
“Venus her myrtle has—Phœbus her bays;

Tea both excels, which she vouchsafes to praise.
The best of Queens and best of herbs we owe
To that proud nation which the way did show.”
The earliest mention made of Tea by an Englishman is that

contained in a letter from a Mr. Wickham, agent of the East India
Company at Firando, Japan, and dated June 27, 1615, to a Mr.
Eaton, another officer of the Company, resident at Macao, China,
asking for “a pot of the best Cha.” How the commission was
executed does not appear, but in Mr. Eaton’s subsequent account of
expenditures occurs this item, “Three silver porringers to drink Tea
in.” The first person, however, to advocate the use of Tea in Europe
was Cornelius Bottrekoe, a professor of the Leyden University, who,
in a treatise on “Tea, Coffee and Chocolate,” published in 1649,
strongly pronounces in favor of the former, denying the possibility of
its being injurious even when taken in immoderate quantities.
Tea was evidently known in England previous to its direct importation
there, small quantities having been brought from Holland as early as
1640, but used only on rare occasions. The earliest mention made of
it, however, is that contained in a copy of the “Mercurius Politicus,” at
present in the British Museum, and dated September, 1658, in which
attention is called to “that excellent, and by all Physitians approved,
China drink, called by the Chineans Tcha, by other nations Tay, sold
at the Sultaness Head, a Cophee-house by the Royal Exchange,
London.” The most famous house for Tea at this early period,
however, was Garway’s, more popularly known for upwards of two
centuries as “Garraway’s,” being swept away only a few years ago
by the march of improvement. Defoe refers to it as being “frequented
only by people of quality, who had business in the city and the
wealthier citizens”; but later it became the resort of speculators, and
here it was that the numerous schemes which surrounded and
accompanied the “Great South Sea Bubble” had their centre, and,
appropriately enough, “Garraway’s” was also the headquarters of
that most remarkable but disastrous Tea speculation of 1842.
A singular handbill issued by its founder is still extant, being
discovered by accident in a volume of pamphlets found in the British
Museum, where it may still be inspected. Although the document
bears no date, there is ample internal evidence to prove that it must
have been printed about 1660. It is a quaint and extraordinary
production, purporting to be “An exact description of the leaf Tea,
made according to the directions of the most knowing merchants and
travelers in those Eastern countries, by Thomas Garway,” setting
forth that:—
“Tea is generally brought from China, growing there on little shrubs, the
branches whereof are garnished with white flowers of the bigness and
fashion of sweetbriar, but smell unlike, and bearing green leaves of the
bigness of myrtle or sumac, which leaves are gathered every day, the
best being gathered by virgins who are destined for the work, the said
leaves being of such known virtues that those nations famous for
antiquity, knowledge and wisdom do frequently sell it among themselves
for twice its weight in silver. That it hath been used only as a regalia in
high treatments and entertainments, presents being made thereof to
grandees.”
Proceeding at considerable length to enumerate its “virtues,” many

of which are decidedly apocryphal, and attributing to the beverage,
among its other properties, that of—
“Making the body active and lusty, helping the headache, giddiness and
heaviness, removing the difficulty of breathing, clearing the sight,
banishing lassitude, strengthening the stomach, causing good appetite
and digestion, vanishing heavy dreams, easing the frame, strengthening
the memory, and finally preventing consumption, particularly when drank
with milk.”
Many other remarkable properties being credited to this wonderful

“Chinese herb,” the advertiser closes his great encomiums by
suggesting—
“That all persons of eminence and quality, gentlemen, and others who
have occasion for tea in the leaf may be supplied. These are to give

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Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

2. Nearly all technology cycles follow a typical S-curve pattern of innovation.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

19. Which of the following best defines an incremental change?

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

23. Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change?

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

31. Which of the following best defines technological discontinuity?

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

37. Technological substitution occurs when:

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

42. Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout?

44. During design competition, _____.

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

d. A compression approach to innovation

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

c. The experiential approach to innovation

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

78. Which of the following best defines results-driven change?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

c. the experiential approach to innovation

94. Organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when:

Chapter 07: Innovation and Change

100. The compression approach to innovation management is used in:

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19

Title: Tea, its history and mystery

Author: Joseph M. Walsh

Release date: December 4, 2023 [eBook #72306]

Original publication: United States: Henry T. Coates & Co, 1892

Credits: Steve Mattern, Gísli Valgeirsson and the Online

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEA, ITS

HISTORY AND MYSTERY

“COFFEE, ITS HISTORY, CLASSIFICATION AND

All Rights Reserved.

Utility, not originality, has been aimed at in the compilation of this

II. Geographical Distribution 29-35

III. Botanical Characteristics 37-49

IV. Cultivation and 51-68

V. Classification and 69-132

VI. Adulteration and Detection 133-157

VII. Testing, Blending and 159-204

VIII. Chemical, Medical and 205-235

IX. World’s Production and 237-252

X. Tea Culture, a Probable 253-265

INTRODUCTION INTO EUROPE.

“Venus her myrtle has—Phœbus her bays;