APP 002

MODULE 01
Text Structure - refers to how information is organized in a passage.

Seven Commonly Used Pattern of Organization:

1. Cause and Effect - results of something are explained.

2. Chronological - information in the passage is organized based on time.

3. Compare and Contrast - two or more things are described; similarities and differences are discussed.

4. Order of Importance - information is expressed as a hierarchy or in priority.

5. Problem and Solution - a problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or explained.

6. Sequence/Process Writing - information is organized in steps or a process is explained in the order in

which it occurs.

7. Spatial/ Descriptive Writing - information is organized in order of space.

MODULE 02
Summary - short or abbreviated version of a longer text

Purpose of a Summary:
1. To help you understand the main points and structure of the author’s argument
2. To convey understanding to others.
3. To present background information quickly, and
4. To refer to another writer’s ideas in the course of making your own original statement.

Three Important Summarization Techniques:

1. Selection - select major idea, key words and paraphrases, special terms and interpretations presented in
the original text

2. Rejection - remove unnecessary data or the specifics

3. Substitution - replace long sentences/phrases with shorter ones. Combine several sentences into one.

Paraphrase - a restatement and restructuring of ideas for the purpose of clarifying the meaning of a text.

Restatement - means that you rephrase the original using your own words. You also need to change the flow of
ideas in the effort to make the original meaning clearer.

STEPS IN PARAPHRASING:
1. Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully. Look for unfamiliar words. Look for
synonyms for unfamiliar words.
2. Take note of the important details.
3. Write your paraphrase referring only to your notes.
4. Check your paraphrase against the original to make sure you have not copied vocabulary or the sentence
structure too closely.

MODULE 03
Thesis Statement - it is a sentence or two that tell/s the reader your topic and what you say about it
  E.g. Biological needs, social environment, and psychological satisfaction are three reasons why people
take risks.

Textual Evidence - it is evidence from a text that you can use to illustrate your ideas and support your arguments.
All textual evidence should:
a. Support a specific point
b. Be cited with a page number at the end of the sentence
c. Be followed by an “connection” that explains the relationship of the evidence to your main point.

Types of Thesis Statements

 Direct (stated) Thesis Statement - outline the main idea and the organization of the essay for the reader
Example: The main problems facing South American countries are a lack of job opportunities.
 Indirect (Implied) Thesis Statement - introduce the topic, but they do not outline the supporting ideas
Example: The important problems facing South American countries today require immediate action.

Components of Thesis Statement

 Topic - the general subject of the essay
 Controlling idea - your opinion/belief/view/feeling about the topic
 Sub-topics - he areas you will focus on to support your idea

MODULE 04
Opinions – an expression of feelings that cannot be proven.
o subjective statements based on person’s beliefs or attitudes.
o opinions are not acceptable as support.

Facts – a statement that can be proven true or false

o objective statements of truths.
o piece of information used as evidence or as support to an opinion.

MODULE 05
Critique Paper – a formal analysis and evaluation of a text, production, or performance, etc.

CONTENT OF THE CRITIQUE/REACTION PAPER:

1. Accurate - provides an accurate description of the work being evaluated by giving its summary and/or
background details

2. Evaluate - gives the writer’s overall judgment of the work. It makes this judgment convincing by giving
three or more (depending on the length) supporting evaluations of selected analytical elements of the
work being evaluated.

3. Balanced - by pointing out weaknesses of a work, if the overall judgment is positive, or the other way
around, by recognizing strong points of a work for which the overall judgment is negative.

Parts of a Critique Paper

 Introduction
- introduction is short (less than 10% of the word length) and you should
- Name the work being reviewed, the date it was created and the name of the author/creator.
- Describe the main argument or purpose of the work.
- Explain the context in which the work was created.
- Have a concluding sentence that clues your evaluation of the work will be.
  Summary – summarize the main points and objectively describe how the creator portrays these by using
techniques, styles, media, characters or symbols.

 Critical Evaluation – should give systematic and detailed assessment of the different elements of the
work, evaluating how well the creator was able to achieve the purpose of these.

 Conclusion
a very brief paragraph, which includes:
- A statement indicating the overall evaluation of the work.
- A summary of the key reasons, identified during the critical evaluation, why this evaluation was
formed

 Reference List – include all resources cited in your critique.

MODULE 06
Critical Approaches
1. Formalist – emphasizes the form of literacy work to determine its meaning, focusing on literacy elements
and how they work to create meaning.

2. Psychoanalytic – emphasizes the process of introspection or looking into the past experience and latent
desires, in order to understand the rationale of human behavior.

3. Feminism – concerned with the role, position, and influence of women in a literary text. It examines the
way that the female consciousness is depicted by both male and female writers.
Four Basic Principles of Feminist Criticism
 Western civilization is patriarchal.
 The concepts of gender are mainly cultural ideas created by patriarchal societies.
 Patriarchal ideals pervade “literature.”
 Most “literature” through time has been gender-biased.

4. Lesbian/Gay/Queer Criticism – examines how certain works display fear of the unknown, especially
homophobia, of the fear of the LGBTQ community, which leads to repression.

5. Marxism – emphasizes economic and social conditions

 examines the literature to see how it reflects the way in which dominant groups (typically, the
majority) exploit the subordinate groups (typically, the minority)

Literary Criticism - art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works

MODULE 07
Concept Paper – an in-depth analysis of any idea, solution, or practice. It can be on anything that you find
significant: it can be a feeling (What is self-esteem?), a cultural practice (What is Filipino Time?), a belief (What is
transmigration?), a situation (What is same sex marriage?)
 examines the “what-ness” or nature of something.
 important to connect theory (can be found in many academic papers) and experience (day-to-day
observation) in making a concept paper.

Purpose of writing a concept paper

 provide in-depth discussion of a topic
 can be used in obtaining funding for a project
 act as an instructional tool from an existing project
 provide guidance for implementing a program
  discuss best practices, philosophies and other related issue

MODULE 08
Types of Concept Paper
1. Extended Definition
- Is written to inform, if the topic or concept is unknown to the audience.
- However, if the audience has some understanding of the subject, it is written to introduce new
information or dimension that gives a new perspective to the concept.

2. Project Proposal
- Is a summary of your proposed project and writing it entails not only information but also
persuasion to convince the reader – a representative of the funding agency - to see the value of
supporting your proposal.

MODULE 09
Rhetorical Strategies
1. Comparison and Contrast – is advisable when the term is not too familiar or popular with the audience.
To compare is to examine how things are similar, while the contrast is to see how they differ.

2. Giving Details – you can physically describe something by giving its dimensions (shape, size, color,
texture), parts, and functions. Non-physical description can be done by giving characteristics to define
something.

3. Giving Historical Background – is particularly useful when a concept’s definition has gone through
changes in time. This strategy may enlighten the audience about the meaning of a concept.

4. Analysis – can be don by discussing the idea’s components and/or its implications. Implications are the
far-reaching consequences of a concept.

Styles of Definition
 Formal Definition – is often what is required in the academe. It uses research-based information.
 Informal Definition – may be just based on person’s personal views.

MODULE 10
INTRODUCTION
 Hook/Attention Getter: Begin with one of the many different techniques, like a short anecdote or
collection of open-ended questions.

 Standard Definition: The initial section of the introduction should state the dictionary version. This is
important for the readers to have a starting point in regards to the concept so as to clarify any possible
questions.

 Bridge between the hook and the thesis: include a few sentences that help the reader understand what
your essay will define.

BODY PARAGRAPHS
 First point about the word
- Define the word in a topic sentence that refers back to the thesis.
- Show examples of the word being used this way.
- Provide an analysis of the word being used.
  Second point about the word
- Define the word in a topic sentence that refers back to the thesis.
- Show examples of the word being used this way.
- Provide an analysis of the word being used.

 Third point about the word

- Define the word in a topic sentence that refers back to the thesis.
- Show examples of the word being used this way.
- Provide an analysis of the word being used.
(Continue this section in as many paragraphs as you need or as required by your instructor. In most cases, you
should include at least three examples in each paragraph and each example should be analyzed.)

CONCLUSION
 Restate the thesis in new words.
 Restate the main points of the essay with references from all of the body paragraphs.
 Connect back to the hook/attention getter to close the essay.

MODULE 12
Sections of a Project Proposal
 Introduction – arouse the interest of the reader/target sponsor by showing you understanding
of their mission. Identify your (organization’s) mission and show how your mission dovetails with
the reader’s priorities.

 Purpose – identify a problem or need of the reader that you wish to address and justify the need
for your proposed project.

 Project Description – describe the activities that your project will undertake to address the
problem/need. Point out the strengths of your approach. Discuss the general impact of your
proposed project: What will be the outcome? Who will be affected?

 Objectives – State the Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time bound (SMART)
objectives of the project.

 Methodology/Project Design – enumerate the steps/procedures to implement the project.

 Project needs – make a list of materials, personnel, equipment, and space that will be needed to
carry out the project. Include a cost estimate.

 Timetable – make an estimate of the time it will take for completion of the project.