Science

Quarter 3 - Module 7
Week 7, Arrangement and Properties of
Elements in Periodic Table
Science - Grade 8
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Quarter 3- Module 7 Arrangement and Properties of Elements in Periodic Table
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1
 Arrangement and Properties
Lesson of Elements in the Periodic Table

Quarter : Third Quarter

Content Standard : The learners should be able to use the periodic table of elements
as an organizing tool to determine the chemical properties of
elements.
Competency : The learners should be able to use the periodic table to predict the
chemical behavior of an element.
Duration : Week 7
Topic : Arrangement and Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table

What I Need to Know

Scientists have always searched for patterns, regularities, and symmetries in

nature. If a pattern can be discovered, information and data can be arranged and
organized in ways that will make it more understandable, meaningful, and useful. An
excellent example of this is the periodic table. In this module, you will learn that elements
were arranged in the periodic table in rows and columns according to increasing atomic
numbers. This arrangement is based on properties of elements which are found to be
repeated regularly and arranged according to increasing atomic number. The properties
are recurring periodically, hence, patterns in the properties are observed. You will
recognize this incredible feature of the periodic table in this module as you explore its full
potential as a source of information about the elements. You might even find it like a road
map as you journey in your chemistry class and helpful to keep it handy all the time.

Objectives:
a. Discuss on how the periodic table of elements are being arranged.
b. Classify elements as to groups, periods, and the representative elements.
c. State on how the periodic table determines the chemical properties of
elements.
d. Use periodic table to predict the chemical behavior of an element.

2
 What I Know

Pre- assessment
Directions: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What element group does Rubidium belong?

A. alkali metal B. alkaline metal C. basic metal D transition metal
2. How are elements in the periodic table arranged? It is arranged from/by ____.
A. simple to complex C. increasing atomic number
B. lightest to heaviest D. increasing by size and shape
3. With respect to the position in the periodic table of the representative elements,
how can you describe its metallic characteristic from top to bottom? It is ______.
A. constant B. decreasing C. increasing D. the same
4. How can you describe metals? They are ______.
A. anions B. brittle c. malleable D. non-reactive
5. How many periods are in the periodic table of elements?
A. 5 B. 7 C. 9 D. 11
6. What group of elements in the periodic table is described below?
I. Soft-silvery white color. III. Good conductor of electricity.
II. Good conductor of thermal energy. IV. Atoms contain a single valence electron .
A. alkali metals B. halogens C. noble gas D. alkaline-earth metals
7. What element has the following characteristics?
I. Gray metal that does not rust.
II. Used to make airplanes, drink cans and cooking foil.
III. Strong, light and one of the most found metals in earth’s crust.
A. Aluminum B. Manganese C. Nickel D. Silver
8. Which of the following creates the unique chemical and physical properties of
element that distinguishes all matter from the other?
A. atomic mass C. number of neutrons
B. number of protons D. number of isotopes
9. Which of the following is a nonmetal?
A. Mercury B. Oxygen C. Platinum D. Titanium
10. Why are noble gases unreactive? They have a full shell of ________.
A. neutrons B. protons C. valence electron D. inner-level electron
11. What period and group does silver (Ag) belong?
A. Period 2, Group 1 C. Period 2, Group 14
B. Period 3, Group 16 D. Period 5, Group 11
12. A student is asked to identify an element that is a pale-yellow, brittle and does
not conduct electricity. At which location in the periodic table would the element
MOST likely be found?
A. left side C. along zigzag line
B. right side D. two periods at the bottom of the table
3
 13. Which of the following metal is the MOST reactive?
A. Calcium B. Iron C. Platinum D. Zinc
14. How can you describe a metalloid? It ____________.
A. can be ductile C. may conduct electricity
B. is a semiconductor D. all of the above
15. Where in the periodic table can you find elements that have similar chemical
properties? They are found in the __________.
A. same group C. same family
B. same period D. representative group

What’s In
Let us take a quick review of what you have learned from the previous
module. Get connected!

Directions: Use the periodic table to find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
for atoms of the following elements. Copy the table below using a separate sheet of paper.

Name of Element Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons

Element symbol number Number
Sodium 23 11

Gallium 31 39

Y 89 39

Copper 29 35 29

What’s New

Activity
Build Me Up!
Objective:
Identify the bases/criteria in the arrangement of elements in the periodic table.

Materials:
colored pencils or pens, ruler, bond paper

4
Procedure:

1. Study the given set of cards/ boxes of a fictitious element (see sample below)

11 12 13 14 15
D A S I G
32.15 37.43 41.23 18.2 16

16 17 18 19 20
J O Y Gn Hs
56.89 70.43 25.0 89.54 100.27

2. Build your own periodic table based on your own set of criteria using the set
of cards/boxes of a fictitious element in procedure 1 on a long bond paper.
3. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
a. What is your basis for building/creating your periodic table?
_________________________________________________
b. What do you think is the basis for arranging the elements in the modern
periodic table?
__________________________________________________

What Is It

The development of the Periodic table could be traced back in 1817 to the work of
Johann Dobereiner, a German chemist who formed the triads of elements with similar
properties like the triad of calcium, barium and strontium. In 1863, John Newlands, an
English chemist proposed the Law of Octaves. He based
his classification of elements on the fact that similar
properties could be noted for every eight elements when
they are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses.
Around 1869 two scientists determined a way to put the
elements in order. Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev
both came up with periodic tables that showed how
elements should be grouped. It is interesting to note that Lothar Dmitri
these two scientists did not personally know each other, yet Meyer Mendeleev
they came up with the same conclusions. Both scientists were teachers living and working
5
in different places. Meyer lived and worked in Germany while Mendeleev in Russia.
Both arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass while putting in groups
those with similar properties. Both, also left blank spaces in their tables, believing that
these spaces would be filled later with elements yet to be discovered.
Later, in 1914, Henry Moseley, an English physicist observed that the order of the
X-ray frequencies emitted by elements follows the ordering of the elements by atomic
number. This observation led to the development of the modern periodic law which states
that the properties of
elements vary periodically
with atomic number. Recall
what you learned in Module 2
that atomic number is equal to
the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom. The
atomic number is a common
characteristic of all atoms of
an element. The modern
periodic table organizes
elements in such a way that
information about the
elements and their compounds are easily revealed. The vertical columns of the periodic
table, called groups, identify the principal families of elements. Some families have their
special names. Refer to the figure on the right, Group 1 is named as the alkali metals,
Group 2 as the alkaline earth metals, Group 17 as the halogens and Group 18 as the
noble gases. Groups 13 to 16 are named based on the first element found in their families.
Thus Group 16 is called the Oxygen Group. The horizontal rows or periods are
numbered from the top to bottom. For example, the elements lithium (Li) across neon
(Ne) form Period 2. There are 7 horizontal rows or periods in the periodic table.

Credits: Critical Content Training

The elements are grouped into blocks or series in the periodic table. Refer to the
figure above, Group 3 to Group 12 constitutes one block wherein elements in this block
6
are referred as the transition elements. The lanthanides and actinides are special series
of elements but are also part of the transition block; they are also called the inner transition
elements. Elements from the taller columns (groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18) are called
the representative elements or main groups of the periodic table.
This arrangement allows us to study systematically the way properties vary with
the element’s position in the table. Similarities and differences among the elements are
easier to understand and remember.
Elements are typically classified as either a metal or nonmetal. Metal elements are
usually good conductors of electricity and heat. The subgroups within the metals are
based on the similar characteristics and chemical properties of these collections.
Alkali metals: The alkali metals make up most of Group 1, the table's first column.
Shiny and soft enough to cut with a knife, these metals start with lithium (Li) and end with
francium (Fr). They are also extremely reactive and will burst into flame or even explode
on contact with water, so chemists store them in oils or inert gases. Hydrogen, with its
single electron, also lives in Group 1, but the gas is considered a nonmetal.
Alkaline-earth metals: The alkaline-earth metals make up Group 2 of the periodic
table, from beryllium (Be) through radium (Ra). Each of these elements has two electrons
in its outermost energy level, which makes the alkaline earths reactive enough that they
are rarely found alone in nature. But they are not as reactive as the alkali metals. Their
chemical reactions typically occur more slowly and produce less heat compared to the
alkali metals. Lanthanides: The third group is much too long to fit into the third column,
so it is broken out and flipped sideways to become the top row of the island that floats at
the bottom of the table. This is the lanthanides, elements 57 through 71 — lanthanum
(La) to lutetium (Lu). The elements in this group have a silvery white color and tarnish on
contact with air. Actinides: The actinides line the bottom row of the island and comprise
elements 89, actinium (Ac), through 103, lawrencium (Lr). Of these elements, only
thorium (Th) and uranium (U) occur naturally on Earth in substantial amounts. All are
radioactive. The actinides and the lanthanides together form a group called the inner
transition metals. Transition metals: Returning to the main body of the table, the
remainder of Groups 3 through 12 represent the rest of the transition metals. Hard but
malleable, shiny, and possessing good conductivity. The metal world — including gold,
silver, iron, and platinum. Post-transition metals: post-transition metals are aluminum
(Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi), and they
span Group 13 to Group 17. These elements have some of the classic characteristics of
the transition metals, but they tend to be softer and conduct more poorly than other
transition metals. Many periodic tables will feature a bolded "staircase" line below the
diagonal connecting boron with astatine. The post-transition metals cluster to the lower
left of this line. Metalloids: The metalloids, are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge)
arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po). They form the staircase
that represents the gradual transition from metals to nonmetals. These elements
sometimes behave as semiconductors (B, Si, Ge) rather than as conductors. Metalloids
7
are also called "semimetals" or "poor metals." Nonmetals: Everything else to the upper
right of the staircase — plus hydrogen (H), stranded way back in Group 1 — is a nonmetal.
These, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), oxygen(O), sulfur(S) and selenium (Se). Halogens:
The top four elements of Group 17, from fluorine (F) through astatine (At), represent one
of two subsets of the nonmetals. The halogens are quite chemically reactive and tend to
pair up with alkali metals to produce various types of salt. The table salt in your kitchen,
for example, is a marriage between the alkali metal sodium and the halogen chlorine.
Noble gases: Colorless, odorless, and almost completely nonreactive, the inert, or noble
gases round out the table in Group 18.

We can use the

periodic table to identify the
known elements as metals,
nonmetals, and semimetals
or metalloids, as shown in
the figure on the right. A stair
step line separates metals
and nonmetals. Most of the
elements on the left side of
the table are metals.
The nonmetals are confined to
the right side of the table.
Elements along the stair step line are the semimetals. Semimetals have the appearance
and some properties of a metal but behave like a nonmetal in certain instances. The
seven elements commonly regarded as semimetals are boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium. Boron, although not resembling a metal in
appearance, is included because it resembles silicon. Silicon, germanium, and antimony,
act as semiconductors, which are important in solid-state electronic circuits.
Semiconductors are insulators at lower temperatures but become conductors at higher
temperatures.
The physical properties of metals include luster, malleability, ductility, and
conductivity. Metals vary in reactivity. The most reactive metals will react even with cold
water while the least will not react even with acid. The ease and speed with which a metal
reacts with another substance is called its reactivity.
The reactivity of metals can cause deterioration of materials. The gradual wearing
away of a metal due to interaction with other substances is called corrosion. A reaction
does not always happen between a metal and a compound. In this case, the reaction of
metals with acid, like HCl, produces bubbles of hydrogen and a colorless solution of the
metal chloride. There is an existing definite order of reactivity existing among metals and
hydrogen according to their ability to displace one another. This arrangement is called
the metal reactivity series or activity series of metals. The activity series is an
arrangement of metals according to decreasing order of reactivity, as shown below.

8
 Table 2. The Activity Series of Metals

Element Symbol Group No.

Potassium K 1 Most reactive
Sodium Na 1
Lithium Li 1
Calcium Ca 2
Magnesium Mg 2
Aluminum Al 3
Zinc Zn Transition metal Decreasing
Iron Fe Transition metal chemical
Tin Sn 4 reactivity
Lead Pb 4
[Hydrogen] H Non-metal
Copper Cu Transition metal
Silver Ag Transition metal
Gold Au Transition metal
Platinum Pt Transition metal Least reactive
You have learned that the metals react differently with other substances. However,
a general trend emerges as seen in the Activity Series, and evident in the periodic table
as well. Refer to the periodic table, you will notice that the reactions get more vigorous as
you go down the group and tend to decrease across a period. Therefore, with the help of
the periodic table you may be able to predict the reactivities of metals.
With respect to position in the periodic table of the
representative elements, metallic character increases from top to
bottom and decreases from left to right, while nonmetallic character
decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to right, as seen in the figure on the
right. Metallic property relates to how easy it is for an atom to lose an electron. On the
other hand, nonmetallic property relates to how easy it is for an atom to gain an electron.
Why do metals tend to lose electrons while nonmetals tend to gain electrons? In Module
2, you learned that the behavior of electrons is complicated to describe. However, we use
a model of electronic structure which presents a picture where electrons occupy regions
around the nucleus called electron shells. These are also called energy levels because
each electron shell corresponds to a particular energy. Each electron shell can hold only
a certain number of electrons. The way the electrons of an atom are distributed in the
various energy levels or electron shells is called electronic configuration.
The lowest energy level is the one nearest to the nucleus. This is the energy level
that electrons occupy first. It can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons. If there are
more than 2 electrons, they occupy the succeeding higher energy levels. The highest
energy level that an electron occupies is referred to as the outermost shell or valence
shell. The electrons in the valence shells are called valence electrons. These electrons
are the ones involved in chemical reactions. The chemical properties of an element
depend on the number of valence electrons.

9
 PERIODIC TABLE

10
OF ELEMENTS

11
 What’s More

A. Directions: Correctly label the different parts of the periodic table using the
words in the word bank. Use a separate sheet of paper.

WORD BANK
alkali metals alkaline-earth metals metals
transitional metals metalloids noble gas
halogens periods groups
lanthanides actinides non-metals

12
 What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the following passage using the words in the tile by
writing on a separate sheet of paper.

periodic noble left period group metals

All different elements are arranged in the __ (1)___table. Elements with

similar properties are found in columns called ____(2)____. The rows are known as
___(3)____. The alkali metals are found on the ___ (4) ____side of the periodic table
and ___(5)__ gases are found on the right side of the periodic table.

B. Listed below are the atomic symbols. Predict metallic activity according to
decreasing order of reactivity.
K Pt Ag
Al Au Sn
Li Cu Ca
Mg Na H
Zn Fe P

Most reactive

1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
7. ________________
8. ________________
9. ________________
10. ________________
11. ________________
12. ________________
13. ________________
14. ________________
15. ________________
Least reactive

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 What I Can Do

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, Russian chemist who developed the periodic

classification of the elements and is known on his notable work “The Principles of
Chemistry”. With this, make a thank you letter addressed to him. Write it in a one whole
sheet of paper.

heavy.com

RUBRICS:
Category 5 4 3 2
Focus Sharp, distinct Apparent point No apparent point Minimal evidence of
controlling point made about a but evidence of a a topic.
made about a single topic with specific topic.
single topic. sufficient
awareness of
task.
Content Substantial, Sufficiently Limited content Superficial and/or
specific and/or developed with inadequate minimal content.
illustrative content content with elaboration.
demonstrating adequate
strong elaboration.
development and
sophisticated
ideas.
Organization Well-arranged Functional Confused or Minimal control of
content. arrangement of inconsistent content
content that arrangement of arrangement.
sustains a logical content.
order.

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 ASSESSMENT

Directions: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Metalloids are atoms that combine properties of both metals and non-metals.
Which characteristics are included with metalloids?
A. luster, liquid, silver C. shiny, ductile, semiconductors
B. no luster, not ductile D. dull, not malleable, not conductive
2. What is the characteristic of an element?
A. A pure substance C. Represented by a chemical symbol
B. Made of only one type of atom D. All of these
3. Which element is CORRECTLY described?
A. Chlorine is malleable and conducts electricity.
B. Aluminum is malleable and conducts electricity.
C. Sulfur is malleable and aluminum conducts electricity.
D. All three elements are malleable and conduct electricity.
4. Which of the following are insulators at lower temperature and become
conductors at higher temperature?
A. gas B. metals C. non-metals D. semiconductors
5. What refers to the ease and speed with which a metal reacts with another
substance?
A. ductility B. malleability C. reactivity D. sensitivity
6. Which is the MOST reactive in the activity series of metal?
A. Aluminum B. Gold C. Lithium D. Potassium
7. Which of the following refers to the distribution of electrons of an atom in atomic
orbitals?
A. arrangement B. configuration C. engagement D. formation
8. Which is the LEAST reactive element?
A. Calcium B. Lead C. Silver D. Platinum
9. Why do metals tend to lose electrons? Metals have ____________.
A. higher energy level C. low melting points and densities
B. relatively low ionization energies D. the tendency to easily gain electrons
10. What type of element that has these characteristics: cannot be flattened, and
drawn into wire and has no luster?
A. metal B. metalloid C. nonmetal D. plasma
11. In what group does Chlorine belong?
A. halogen B. metalloid C. noble gas D. transition metal
12. Can Hydrogen be classified as a metal with properties like Lithium?
A. yes B. no C. maybe D. sometimes
13. What are the MOST reactive metals in the periodic table?
A. alkali metals B. alkaline metals C. transition metals D. semimetals
14. Which set of elements have similar chemical properties?
A. F, Cl, Br C. P, Xe, Ar
B. K, Ca, Sc D. B, C, O

15
 15. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the general
properties of the transition elements?
A. They are often non-paramagnetic.
B. They have only one oxidation state.
C. They are usually high melting point metals.
D. They usually form non-colored compounds.

Additional Activity

A. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect,

then change the underlined word/s to make the sentence correct. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. With respect to the position of representative elements, metallic character

increases from top to bottom.
2. Semiconductors are insulators at lower temperatures.
3. The ease and speed with which metal reacts with another substance is
called sensitivity.
4. Non-metallic property relates how easy it is for an atom to gain an electron.
5. The way electrons of an atom distributed in various energy level is electron
transfiguration.
6. Outermost electrons are called valence electrons.
7. The gradual wearing away of metal due to interaction with other substance
is called corrosion.
8. Most of the elements on the right side of the table are metals.
9. Periodic law states that the properties of elements vary periodically with
atomic mass.
10. Molybdenum is an element that can be found in Period 5, Group 6.

B. Directions: Identify the elements being described and write them on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. metal - Li Si S
2. largest atomic mass - K Ca Sc
3. member of the halogen family - S Cl Ar
4. largest atomic number - Ga Al Si
5. member of the noble gas - Te I Xe
6. member of alkali metals - Li Be B
7. nonmetal - H Li Na
8. member of transition metal - Hg Tl Pb
9. metalloid - Pb Bi Po
10. gas at room temperature - B C N

16
Reference and Links

Campo, Pia C., et Al 2013, Science 8 Learner’s Module, First Edition. Philippines:
Department of Education.

Campo, Pia C., et Al 2013, Science 8 Teacher’s Guide, First Edition. Philippines:
Department of Education.

https://www.newworldencyclopedia (New World Encyclopedia,

n.d.).org/entry/periodic_table,_main_group_elements

https://www.google.com/search?q=how+is+periods,+groups+and+representative+eleme
nts+arranged&sxsrf=AL (BCcampus Open Publishing, n.d.)
Periodic Table (Period and Groups)

https://www.google.com/search?q=periodic+table+that+shows+period+and+group&tbm
=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiT3-_6pcPvAhWvz4sBHVUrCPMQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq
(Charlie Wood-contributor, 2019)

https://www.helpteaching.com/questions/Periodic_Table_and_Elements?

17
 18
Additional Activity
A.
1. True B.
2. True
3. False – reactivity 1. Li 6. Li
4. True 2. Sc 7. H
5. False – electron configuration 3. Cl 8. Hg
6. True 4. Ga 9. Pb
7. True 5. Xe 10. N
8. False - left
9. False – atomic number
10. True
What’s More
A. B.
1. alkali metals 6. actinides 1. periodic
2. alkaline metals 7. noble 2. groups
3. metals 8. halogens 3. period
4. transition 9. non-metal 4. left
5. lanthanides 10. metalloids 5. Noble
C.
1. K 5. Mg 9. Sn 13. Ag
2. Na 6. Al 10. Pb 14. Au
3. Li 7. Zn 11. H 15. Pt
4. Ca 8. Fe 12. Cu
What’s In
Name of Element Mass Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons
Element symbol number Number
Sodium Na 23 11 11 12 11
Gallium Ga 70 31 31 39 31
Yttrium Y 89 39 39 50 39
Copper Cu 64 29 29 35 29
Answer Key
19