Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
LABRADOR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Labrador,Pangasinan

MODULE IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

GRADE 11
FIRST QUARTER , MODULE 5 FOR WEEK 8&9

MELC:
 represents real-life situations using logarithmic
functions.
 distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic
equation, and logarithmic inequality.
 solves logarithmic equations and inequalities.
 represents a logarithmic function through its: (a)
table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
 finds the domain and range of a logarithmic function.
 determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of logarithmic functions.
 solves problems involving logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities.
Learning Competency
K to 12 BEC CG:
 M11GM-Ih-1
 M11GM-Ih-2
 M11GM-Ih-i-1
 M11GM-Ii-2
 M11GM-Ii-3
 M11GM-Ii-4
 M11GM-Ij-2

Objectives:
a. distinguish logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities;
b. graph logarithmic functions using its intercepts, zeroes and asymptotes; and
c. solve problems related to logarithmic functions, equations, and inequalities.

Prepared by:
 CANOTO ALLAN J. QUIMSON
Teacher III

Module
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
5

What I Need to Know

For the Learners:

In the previous module, we have learned about exponential functions and its applications in real life.
Logarithmic function is simply the inverse of an exponential function. It is mainly used, but not limited
to, earthquake intensity measurement, acidic measurement of solutions (pH value), sound intensity
measurement and expressing larger values.

This module will help you understand the key concepts of logarithmic functions and apply these concepts
to formulate and solve real-life problems with precision and accuracy.

At the end of the module, you would be able to:

You will find that this module is composed of the following lessons:
Lesson 1: Introduction to Logarithms
Lesson 2: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
Lesson 3: The Logarithmic Equation and Inequality
Lesson 4: The Logarithmic Function and its Graph
What I Know

Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on your answer sheet.

1. Express 271⁄3 = 3 in logarithmic form.

A. log3 27 = 3 B. log 3 = 27 C. log27 3 = D. log3 3 = 27

2. Solve for x given the equation, log𝑥 81 = 4.

A. 3 B. 9 C. 20.25 D. 324

3. Evaluate log𝑚 𝑚2𝑛.

A. n B. 𝑛2 C. mn D. 2𝑛

4. Evaluate log2 45.

A. 4 B. 5 C. 7 D. 10

1
5. Solve for x given the equation 52−𝑥 = .
125

A. −1 B. C. 5 D.

6. Solve for x given the equation log (3x +1) = 5.

A. B. 8 C. 300 D. 33, 333

7. Solve for x given the equation log𝑥 8 = −

A. −64 B. −16 C. D. 4

8. Graph 𝑦 = log (x +1) + 7

A. C.

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 9. Solve for x given the inequality log3(2𝑥 − 1) > log3(𝑥 + 2)
A. (−3, +∞) B. (3, +∞) C. (−∞, −3) D. (−∞, 3)

10. Solve for x given the inequality −2 < log 𝑥 < 2

A. (−125, 0) B. (0, 125) C. [−125, 0] D. [0, 125]

11. What is the domain of the function, 𝑦 = log0.25(𝑥 + 2)?

A. {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅} B. {𝑥|𝑥 > 0} C. {𝑥|𝑥 > 2} D. {𝑥|𝑥 > −2}

12. What is the range of the function, 𝑦 = log0.25(𝑥 + 2)?

A. {𝑦 ∈ 𝑅} B. {𝑦|𝑦 > 0} C. {𝑦|𝑦 > 2} D. {𝑦|𝑦 > −2}

13. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The domain of a transformed logarithmic function is always {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅}
B. A transformed logarithmic function always has a horizontal asymptote.
C. The vertical asymptote changes when a horizontal translation is applied.
D. Vertical and horizontal translations must be performed before horizontal and vertical
stretches/compressions.

14. Which of the following is NOT a strategy that is often used to solve logarithmic equations? A.
Represent the sums or differences of logs as single logarithms.
. B. Simplify the expressions in the equation by using the laws of logarithms.
C. Square all logarithmic expressions and solve the resulting quadratic equation.
D. Express the equation in exponential form and solve the resulting exponential equation.

15. Which of the following does NOT describe the graph of a function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∗ log𝑏(𝑥 −
𝑐) + 𝑑?
A. The value of a determines the stretch or shrinking of the graph.
B. The value of b determines whether the graph is small or big
C. The value of c determines the horizontal shift of 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∗ log𝑏 𝑥
D. The value of d determines the vertical shift of 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∗ log𝑏 𝑥

2
Lesson 1 Introduction to Logarithmic Functions

What’s In

Since the previous module is closely related to this module, let’s start this lesson by reviewing
exponents. “How is exponential function related to logarithmic function?” As you go through
this module, keep in mind this question.

Activity 1.1: FIND MY PAIR

Description: This Activity will enable you to recall exponents.

Directions: Match the exponential expressions in Column A to its corresponding value of x in
Column B. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer in your answer sheet.

What’s New

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
1. What is the main function of the exponents?
2. What have you observed in items 1 to 5 and 6 to 10 in terms of x?
3. How did you answer items 6 to 10? Explain your answer.

3
What Is It

In Activity 1, items 6 to 10 have missing exponents. Aside from observation, there a mathematical
way to present (rewrite) the expressions through logarithms, the inverse process of
exponentiation.

For example,
(a) 52 = 25 is written as log5 25 = 2.
(b) 7−2 = 49 1
is written as log7 64 1
=−2

(c) 33 = 27 is written as log3 27 = 8

Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10, the base is usually omitted when writing
common logarithms. This means that 101 = 10 is written as log 10 = 1 and 102 = 100 is written
as log 100 = 2 and so on.

Natural logarithms are logarithms with base e (which is approximately 2.71828 as mentioned in
the previous module). This means that log𝑒 𝑥 can be written as ln 𝑥.

What’s More

Logarithms Real-Life Situations

Your goal in this section is to take a closer look at the real-life applications and problems
involving logarithmic functions.

I. Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by:

where E (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40 is the energy
released by a very small reference earthquake)

Understanding the Ritcher Scale

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 Magnitude Description
1.0 – 1.99 Scarcely Perceptible – Perceptible to people under favourable circumstances.

2.0 – 2.99 Slightly Felt – Hanging objects swing slightly

3.0 – 3.99 Weak – Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck. Hanging objects
swing moderately.
4.0– 4.99 Moderately Strong – Felt generally by people indoors and by some people
outdoors.
5.0– 5.99 Strong – Strong shaking and rocking felt throughout building. Hanging objects
swing violently.
6.0– 6.99 Very Strong – Some people lose their balance. Heavy objects or furniture move
or mat be shifted.
7.0– 7.99 Destructive – People find it difficult to stand in upper floors. Some cracks
may appear. Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are
observed. Trees are shaken strongly.
8.0– 8.99 Very Destructive – Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged.
Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-made structure to sink, tilt or
topple. Fissures and faults rapture may be observed.
9.0– 9.99 Devastating – Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and elevated
concrete structures are toppled or destroyed. Landslides and liquefactions with
lateral spreading and sand boil are widespread.
10.0 and above Completely Devastating – Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.
Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and uplifting of land
forms and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in river courses occur.

Example:
Suppose that an earthquake released approximately 1012 joules of energy. (a) What is its
magnitude? (b) How much more energy does this earthquake release than by the reference
earthquake?

Solution:
(a)

Magnitude 5 is described as STRONG

5
(b)

The earthquake released 39810717 times more energy than the reference earthquake.

II. Sound Intensity

In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is

where I is the sound intensity in watts/𝑚2 (the quantity 10−12 watts/𝑚2 is the least audible
sound a human can hear.

Understanding Sound Intensity

Magnitude Description Examples

Under 60 dB Comfortable hearing levels Normal breathing, whisper, quiet

60-85 dB Intrusive and Interferes with
conversation
85 dB Haring damage begins (unprotected
exposure for 8 hours)
90-100 dB No more than 15 minutes of
unprotected exposure recommended
Over 100 dB Regular exposure of more than one
minutes risks permanent damage
125 dB and Threshold of pain begins
above
office, normal conversation
Vacuum cleaners, washing
machine, average city traffic,
television
Lawnmower, food blender,
recreational Activities
Motorcycle, newspaper press,
garbage truck
Jet flyover (1000 ft.), jackhammer,
chainsaw, orchestra, stereos, boom
box
Rock concerts, jet take off (100200
ft.), shotgun firing jet engines
(near)

Example:

The decibel level of sound in an office is 10−6 watts/𝑚2. (a) What is the corresponding
sound intensity in decibels? (b) How much more intense is this sound than the least
audible sound a human can hear?

6
Solution:

60-85 dB is described as Intrusive.

Examples are vacuum cleaner, washing machine, average city traffic and television.

b.

𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

The sound is 100, 000 times more intense than the least audible sound a human can hear.

7
 What I Can Do

Activity 1.2: REWRITE ME!

Description: This Activity will enable you to rewrite exponential expressions to logarithmic
expressions and vice versa.
Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to your answer in your answer sheet (2 pts each)

A. Rewrite the following exponential B. Rewrite the following logarithmic

expressions to logarithmic expressions. expressions to exponential expressions.

Additional Activity

Activity 1.3: PREPARE TO PREPARE!

Description: This Activity will enable you to make a plan whenever an earthquake occurs.
Directions: List down all of the things that you will do before, during and after an
earthquake. (1 pt each)
EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION AND RECOVERY
Before an Earthquake During an Earthquake After an Earthquake
  
  
  
  
  

8
Activity 1.4: THINK- PAIR- SHARE

I. Direction: Answer the following questions. If yes, given an example of an answer. If no,
explain why not. (2 pts each)

1. Is it possible for the base of a logarithm to equal a negative number?

2. Is it possible for the base of a logarithm to equal zero?
3. Does log𝑥 0 have an answer?
4. Does log𝑥 1 have an answer?
5. Does log𝑥 𝑥5 have an answer?

II. Direction: Answer the following problems. Show a neat and complete solution. (5 pts
each)

1. An earthquake in Albay released approximately 1018 joules of energy. (a) What is its
magnitude? (b) How much more energy does this earthquake release than by the
reference earthquake?

2. Suppose you have seats to a concert featuring your favorite musical artist. Calculate the
approximate decibel level associated if a typical concerts’ sound intensity is 10−2 W/𝑚2.

9
 Lesson 2 Logarithmic Functions, Equations & Inequalities

What’s In

We shall begin the day by reviewing and discussing your answers in Activity 1.4.

What’s New

Activity 2.1: WHICH IS WHICH?

Description: This Activity will enable you to distinguish functions, equations and inequalities.
Directions: In your answer sheet, identify if the given is a function, equation or inequality by
writing F for function, E for equation and I for inequality.

What Is It

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
1. How were you able to identify which given is a function? An equation? An
inequality?
2. What indicators or symbols have you noticed that helped you in your identification
in number 1?
3. What difficulties have you encountered in doing this Activity?

In the previous Activity, you have encountered familiar mathematical terms namely function,
equation and inequality. Now let us define these terms with logarithms.

Logarithmic Function Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Inequality

Definition A function involving An equation involving An inequality
logarithms logarithms involving logarithms
Example 𝑔(𝑥) = log3 𝑥 log𝑥 2 = 4 ln 𝑥2 > (ln 𝑥)2

10
What’s More

Activity 2.2: CLASSIFY ME!

Direction: Group the given by writing them under their corresponding columns: logarithmic
functions, equations or inequalities. (1 pt each)

Logarithmic Function Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Inequality

11
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.3: LOGARITHMS CONCEPT MAP

Description: This Activity will enable you to apply the skill of distinguishing logarithmic
functions, equations and inequalities.
Directions: In your answer sheet, create a concept map of the types of logarithms. This concept
map should show the definition of each type along with 5 examples of each.

12
 LOGARITHMS

FUNCTIONS EQUA TIONS INEQUALITIES

Definition: Definition: Definition:

Examples: Examples: Examples:

13
 Lesson 3 The Logarithmic Equation & Inequality

What’s In

Activity 3.1: 3-2-1 CHART

Before we begin today’s lesson, let us have a simple knowledge check-up.

Description: Complete the 3-2-1 Chart as you recall the previous lesson on distinguishing
logarithmic functions, equations and inequalities.

3-2-1 CHART
Three things I found out:
1.
2.
3.
Two interesting things:
1.
2.
One question I still have:
1.

What’s New

Activity 3.2: THE SECRET MESSAGE

Description: This Activity will enable you to solve logarithmic equation.

Directions: Decode the secret message by solving for the value of x in each given below. Write
the corresponding letter of the computed value of x inside to the boxes to reveal the secret
message.

T A ! I U
14
 ln 𝑥 = 3
N S M F H

log 𝑥 = 3

What Is It

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate

sheet.
1. What were the steps you applied in answering each item? 2. What are the difficulties
you have encountered? Explain?

I. SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

Recall that a logarithm of x to the base b and power p written as 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃 𝒙 = 𝒑 is an inverse of the
exponential function 𝒃𝒑 = 𝒙 or 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒑. To solve for any logarithmic equation, start with rewriting
logarithmic form to exponential form.

Examples:
(By Rewriting to Exponential Form)

1. log4 𝑥 = 2
If log4 𝑥 = 2 then, 𝑥 = 42
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔

2. log9 𝑥 =

If log9 𝑥 = then, 𝑥
𝑥
𝒙=𝟑

15
 4. log (2𝑥 + 1) = 2

(By Using One-to-One Property)

One-to-One Property of Logarithmic Function

16
(By Using the Laws of Logarithms)

Laws of Logarithmic Equations

Law Examples

8. log x + log(x − 3) = 1

17
 What’s More

Exercises on Logarithmic Equation

Direction: In your answer sheet, provide the solution and the answer to the following
logarithmic equations. (3 pts each).

18
II. SOLVING LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES

The second half of this lesson is all about logarithmic inequalities. But before jumping into
solving logarithmic inequalities, let us first have this Activity.

What’s New

Activity 3.3: TRACK THE TREND!

Description: This Activity will enable you to complete a table of a given and observe its trend.

Directions: Complete the table below mentally.

x 1 2 4 8

x 1 2 4 8

What Is It

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate

sheet.
1. The base of the first logarithm expression is ½ which is in between 0 and 1. What do
you notice with the value log 𝑥 of as x increases?
2. The base of the second logarithm expression is 2 which is greater than 1. What do you
notice with the value log2 𝑥 of as x increases?

We can generalize the observations we made:

The direction of the inequality is based on whether the base b is greater than 1 or lesser than 1.
So, given the logarithmic expression log𝑏 𝑥;

19
Simply means that if the base b is greater than 1, we will retain the inequality symbol of the given.
Otherwise, we will use the opposite symbol.
Examples:

What’s More

Exercises on Logarithmic Inequality

Direction: In your answer sheet, provide the solution and the answer to the following logarithmic
inequalities. (5 pts each)

20
 What I Can Do

Activity 3.4: LOGARITHMIC EQUATION AND INEQUALITY MAZE

Description: This Activity will enable you to independently solve logarithmic equations.

21
Directions: Finish the maze by solving the first logarithmic problem and then taking the path
where its answer is written. Do this until you reach the ending point. (3 pts each)

Additional Activities

Exercises on Logarithmic Equation

Direction: In your answer sheet, provide the solution and the answer to the following logarithmic
equations. (3 pts each)

Exercises on Logarithmic Inequality

Direction: In your answer sheet, provide the solution and the answer to the following logarithmic
inequalities. (5 pts each)

22
 Lesson 4 The Logarithmic Function & its Graph

What’s In
Before we proceed with the last lesson of this module, let us check what we have learned so far
through a question and answer Activity.

Questions:
1. What are some applications of logarithms in real life?
2. How can we distinguish logarithm functions, equations and inequalities?
3. In what ways can we solve logarithmic equations?
4. What is the first thing that we need to consider in solving logarithmic inequalities?

What’s New

Activity 4.1: HELP ME GRAPH!

Description: We have learned from the previous lessons that logarithms can be rewritten in
exponential form. We shall attempt to show that the inverse of exponential functions is the
logarithmic through a graph functions.

Directions: With a pair, graph the following functions on the same Cartesian plane.

23
 What Is It

Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
1. What is the trend of the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥?
2. What is the trend of the graph of 𝑦 = log2 𝑥?
3. Compare the two graphs and state your observations.

What’s More

Activity 4.2: SKETCH TO COMPARE!

Description: This Activity will enable you to come up with a generalization about the properties
of a logarithmic function.

Directions: With the same pair, graph the logarithmic function and the questions that follows.

24
 1. What is the trend of the graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑥?
2. Compare the graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑥 from the previously graphed logarithmic
function 𝑦 = log2 𝑥. State your observations.
3. What can we conclude based on the graph of the two functions in terms of their
base?

Properties of a Logarithmic Function:

i. The domain is the set of all positive numbers; or {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅| 𝑥 > 0}. Recall that
these precisely the permitted values of x in the expression log𝑏 𝑥.
ii. The range is the set of all positive real numbers. iii. It is a one-to-one
function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test. iv. The x-intercept is 1. There
is no y-intercept.
v. The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 0 (or the y-axis). There is no horizontal asymptote

25
Relationship Between the Graphs of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

Since logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses of each other, their graphs are
reflections of each other about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 as shown below.

Graphing Logarithmic Function in the Form 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅

The following examples are given to illustrate graphs of transformations of logarithmic functions.

Example:
Sketch the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟐 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟐 𝒙 on the same Cartesian plane and state your
observation. Also, determine the domain, range, vertical asymptote, x-intercept and zero.

Solution:
Since we already have the graph of the 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 from the first Activity, let us focus on the other
function.

The graphs are shown below:

26
Analysis of the Graphs of Both Functions
a) Domain: {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅| 𝑥 > 0}.
b) Range: {𝑦| 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅}.
c) Vertical Asymptote: 𝑥 = 0
d) x-intercept: 1
e) zero: 1

Graphing Transformation:
The two functions have the properties. However the graph of 𝑦 = 2 log2 𝑥 is stretched compared
to the graph of 𝑦 = log2 𝑥.

Analysis of the Graphs of Both Functions:

a) Domain: {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅| 𝑥 > 0}.
b) Range: {𝑦| 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅}.
c) Vertical Asymptote: 𝑥 = 0
d) x-intercept: 1
e) zero: 1

Graphing Transformation:
The two functions have the properties. However the graph of 𝑦 = log2 𝑥 is increasing while the
graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑥 is decreasing.

27
The graphs are shown below:

28
Graphing Transformation:
The two graphs are example Activities with the same in shape and direction. However the graph
of 𝑦 = log (𝑥 + 2) is shifted to the left by 2 units.

The graphs are shown below:

29
30
Exercises on Logarithmic Functions

31
32
33
What I Know (Post-Assessment)

Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on your answer sheet.

8. Graph 𝑦 = log (x +1) + 7

34
13. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The domain of a transformed logarithmic function is always {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅}
B. A transformed logarithmic function always has a horizontal asymptote.
C. The vertical asymptote changes when a horizontal translation is applied.
D. Vertical and horizontal translations must be performed before horizontal and vertical
stretches/compressions.

14. Which of the following is NOT a strategy that is often used to solve logarithmic equations?
A. Represent the sums or differences of logs as single logarithms.
B. Simplify the expressions in the equation by using the laws of logarithms.
C. Square all logarithmic expressions and solve the resulting quadratic equation.
D. Express the equation in exponential form and solve the resulting exponential equation.

15. Which of the following does NOT describe the graph of a function in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∗ log𝑏(𝑥
− 𝑐) + 𝑑?
A. The value of a determines the stretch or shrinking of the graph.
B. The value of b determines whether the graph is small or big
C. The value of c determines the horizontal shift of 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∗ log𝑏 𝑥
D. The value of d determines the vertical shift of 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∗ log𝑏 𝑥

35
References

Commission on Higher Education & Philippine Normal University, Republic of the Philippines,
Senior High School General Mathematics Teaching Guide. Logarithmic functions. Quezon City:
EC-TEC Commercial Publishing House Inc., 2016.

Hendrickson, S. et al. “Logarithmic Functions”. 2018.

http://www.mathematicsvisionproject.org /uploads/1/1/6/3/11636986/sec3mod2tnh718.pdf

Hendrickson, S. et al. “Secondary Mathematics III: An Integrated Approach. Module 2

Logarithmic Functions. 2014. https://1.cdn.edl.io/fkJUjSVfklY6552aaosSkorqhr8y
koKoyf6MhiL88LTWOmiX.pdf

Macquarie University. “Worksheet 2.7: Logarithms and Exponentials”.

https://maths.mq.edu.au/numeracy/web_mums/module2/Worksheet27/module2.pdf

Math Colorado Education. “Logarithmic Functions Worksheets. https://math.colorado.edu/math

1300/resources/Exercises_LogarithmicFunction.pdf

Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District Moodle. “Exponential/Logs Multiple Choice
PreTest”. http://moodle.tbaisd.org/pluginfile.php/68285/mod_resource/content/0/Assess
ments/ExponentialsLogsMCPreTest.pdf

University of Kentucky. “Exponential and Logarithmic Worksheets”.

https://www.ms.uky.edu/ma109/fall_2016/Activityivities/10_exponential_worksheet_solut
ion.pdf

University of New Mexico. “Review Sheets: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions.

http://www.unm.edu/~efryer/Review%20Files/Worksheets/Exponential%20and%20Logor
ithmic%20Functions.pdf

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