Safety Management

Risk, Injury and Hazard

• Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has
an effect on at least one [project] objective.
• Accident is an unfortunate incident that happens
unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in
damage or injury.
• Injury is physical harm or damage to someone’s body
caused by an accident or an attack.
• A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to
humans, property, or the environment.
• Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard
will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a
hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard.
 Hazards/Danger
Observable or predicted from knowledge
🡫
Risk
Not directly observable - probability of harm to system elements being
realised from exposure to hazards and danger.
🡫
Harm
Damage to system elements - long or short term
🡫
Accidents
🡫
Injuries Ill-HealthDamage
 Safety
• Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to
persons or of property damage is reduced to,
and maintained at or below, an acceptable
level through a continuing process of hazard
identification and risk management.
 Safety management system
• The reduction of risk level as low as possible which is practicable.
• To reduce the risk in occupational position and health element.
• A safety management system (SMS) is an organized approach to
managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures,
accountabilities, policies and procedures. As a minimum, such SMS
shall:

a) Identify safety hazards;

b) Ensure that remedial actions necessary to mitigate the risks/hazards
are implemented; and
c) Provide for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the
safety level achieved.
The concept of acceptable level of safety is expressed by two
measures/metrics i.e. safety performance indicators and safety performance
targets and implemented through various safety requirements.
• Safety performance indicators are a measure of the safety performance
of a department. Safety indicators should be easy to measure and be
linked to the major components of a company‘s SMS. Safety indicators
will therefore differ between departments.
• Safety performance targets (sometimes referred to as goals or
objectives) are determined by considering what safety performance
levels are desirable and realistic for individual departments, operators,
concessionaires or service providers. Safety targets should be
measurable, acceptable to stakeholders, and consistent with SMS.

• Safety requirements are needed to achieve the safety performance

indicators and safety performance targets. They include the operational
procedures, technology, systems and programme’s to which measures of
reliability, availability, performance and/or accuracy can be specified.
 Four pillars of SMS
SMS is composed of four
functional components:
• Safety Policy
• Safety Risk
Management
• Safety Assurance
• Safety Promotion
 Safety Policy
• The SMS policy designates top management as the
authority responsible for ensuring that safety rules are
observed by employees at all levels of the company's
structure.
• Safety policies establish procedures and risk controls to
evaluate to what extent safety rules are implemented as
designed.
• Safety policy requires managers to give designated people
the responsibility and authority to see these policies carried
out. Safety policy also deals with the financial resources
allocated to monitor employees' activities in terms of
risk-free procedures and improve controls where necessary.
 Safety Risk Management (SRM)
• The risk management component consists of a set of
procedures to identify, analyze and evaluate risks and to
develop controls that can prevent them.
• The system analyzes the interaction among different
components of an organization (people, facilities,
technology) and the environment.
• This analysis may lead to identifying risks that can be
prevented or eliminated by risk controls that may involve
changes in equipment, training and staffing arrangements,
or additions in equipment, technology, procedures and
supervisory controls. If the modified system gives positive
results, it should be implemented and monitored to ensure
its effectiveness.
 Safety Assurance (SA)
• Safety assurance uses efficient auditing, analysis and review
systems to ensure that risk controls are still effective over a
certain period of time and in a changing environment.
• The purpose of this SMS component is to constantly improve
the quality of the products and processes involved while
maintaining acceptable risk levels.
• Safety assurance includes feedback on performance, so it can
be considered a means of identifying the areas to be
improved. It also includes procedures to develop preventive
or corrective actions and to monitor their effective
implementation.
 Safety Promotion
• Promoting safety procedures refers to managers'
capability to positively influence the employees' way of
thinking and acting toward a safe workplace
environment.
• Safety promotion consists of informing people at all
company levels about the safety practices in effect at a
certain time. An important element of safety culture is
the openness of communication between management
and employees.
• Employees should be informed of how and where to
report a safety hazard so that the manager can take
measures to correct or prevent it.
Safety policy and objectives
• Management commitment and responsibility
• Safety accountabilities
• Appointment of key safety personnel
• SMS implementation
• Contractors/third party interfaces
• Coordination of emergency response planning
• SMS documentation
Safety risk management
• Hazard identification
• Risk assessment and mitigation
Safety assurance
• Safety performance monitoring and measurement
• Internal safety investigation
• The management of change
• Continuous improvement of the SMS
Safety promotion
• Training and education
• Safety communication
 Why SMS?
• The proactive identification of hazard and maximize the
development of better safety culture.
• Reducing the loss of human resources and financial
elements.
• Helping the manager to identify and access the risk and
building a business case to protect the problem.
• Define how the organization is set up to manage risk.
• Identify workplace risk and implement suitable controls.
• Implement effective communications across all levels of the
organization.
• Implement a process to identify and correct
non-conformities.
• Implement a continual improvement process.
 Work Related Injuries
The workplace is generally a safe
environment, but there are instances when
you may be injured despite using all safety
guidelines.
Effectively there are as many types of
workplace injury claims as there are types of
work. Although, the majority of claims can be
broken down into specific areas – the main
being:
 Driving based injuries
Areas where compensation claims based on
work related driving injuries could be
composed are:
• Incidents involving Fork Lift accidents
• Incidents involving Pallet Truck accidents
• Injuries due to poor maintenance of vehicles
• Injuries due to long hours of labor
 Factory based injuries
Factory based injuries include those which take place
in workplaces where heavy machineries are used. The
common types of factory based injuries are as follows:
• Injuries due to repetitive strains
• Injuries due to lifting, carrying, or handling objects
that are too heavy
• Injuries with general tissue trauma due to large cuts
and wounds
• Injuries due to falling from height
• Injuries caused by heavy machinery.
 Heavy machinery/Equipment
based injuries
The construction industry has the highest rate of workplace
fatality compared to work from other sectors. This could
also overlap with those kinds in the factory based injuries.
Compensation claims have been made in this area due to:
• Loss of limbs after a major heavy machinery accident
• Injuries due to defective machinery or poor maintenance
of machinery
• Injuries or fall from height due to dangerous equipment
• Trips and falls due to dangerous equipment.
• General tissue trauma including cuts and burns.
 Office based injuries
Compensation for office based injuries are grouped into the
following main categories:
• Trips or falls in the office due to lack of warning or poor
maintenance of the workplaces
• Injuries which result to general tissue trauma like large
cuts, wounds, and burns
• Injuries due to defective seating Injuries due to poor
maintenance of electrical equipment
• Injuries due to repetitive stress to certain joints or body
parts
• Poorly maintained office electrical equipment causing
injury.
• Lifting heavy items using an incorrect lifting technique.
 Retail based injuries
Compensation claims based on injuries
sustained in shops are grouped mainly into
falls and lifting injuries, specifically:
• Retail based injuries are those from shops
or stores.
• Injuries due to slipping on spilled liquid
• Injuries due to incorrectly positioned stocks
• Injuries due to repetitive strain
 Warehouse based injuries
Injuries sustained in a warehouse environment can be
wide ranging depending on the warehouse
circumstances, but the main category of injuries that
employees have claimed for injury compensation are:
• Incidents involving Fork Lift accidents.
• Incidents involving Pallet Truck accidents.
• Trips or slips causing injury.
• Injuries caused by items falling from shelving or the
employee falling from height.
• Handling, carrying and lifting injuries.
 General Safety Rules
The following general safety rules have been developed to provide a safe and
healthy working environment :
• Report to work well rested and physically fit to be able to give full
attention to your job.
• Persons with physical or mental impairment shall not be assigned to
tasks where their impairment has a potential to endanger themselves
or others.
• No person shall be permitted to remain on the premises while their
ability to work is so affected by alcohol, drugs (prescription or
non-prescription) or other substance, so as to endanger their health or
safety or that of any other person.
• Persons working alone shall be required to check-in regularly with
Security or a supervisor to ensure that their well being is maintained.
• Inappropriate behavior, such as horseplay, fighting and practical jokes
are extremely dangerous and will not be tolerated.
• Any unsafe conditions which are encountered shall be corrected or
reported to your Supervisor and/or the Occupational Health and Safety
Department.
 General Safety Rules
• Do not operate any machinery or equipment if it is known to be in an unsafe
condition.
• Machinery and equipment, including vehicles, are only to be operated by qualified
persons and then only when adequately trained in the use of the equipment and
authorized to operate it.
• Unsafe Acts shall be reported to your Supervisor and/or the Occupational Health
and Safety Department.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be worn when performing specific
duties that require its use to ensure worker safety. Persons refusing to wear PPE
will be subject to disciplinary action. Selection of the correct PPE may require
assistance, contact the OH&S Department for guidance.
• Employees and students must inform Supervisors when they are wearing contact
lenses. This information is to be passed on to the Occupational Health and Safety
Department so that first aid personnel can be made aware of it.
• Employees and students must inform Supervisors when they have significant
allergies which might be encountered while at work (i.e. bee stings). This
information is to be passed on to the Occupational Health and Safety Department
so that first aid personnel can be made aware of it. The person with the severe
allergy should carry an "ANA Kit" or "Epi-pen" and be familiar with how to use it.
• Avoid manual lifting of materials, articles or objects which are too heavy.
Wherever possible, use mechanical lifting devices to move heavy objects.
 General Safety Rules
• Smoking is prohibited within premises and vehicles at all times.
Smoking is only permitted outside buildings. Where "NO SMOKING"
signs are posted, (i.e. near flammable storage), persons shall observe
those signs.
• Avoid parking, even temporarily, in designated fire lanes.
• Employees/students are responsible for reporting to their Supervisor
and First Aid (Health Services) whenever they become sick or injured
at work. All injuries, no matter how minor, must be reported
immediately.
• Always keep your work area clean and orderly. Poor housekeeping
habits can be a serious safety hazard. Do not leave materials in aisles,
walkways, stairways, roads or other points of egress.
• Any damaged equipment or missing machine guards must be reported
to your Supervisor.
• All warning signs, signals and alarms shall be obeyed.
• Employees/students shall not use unfamiliar tools or equipment
without proper instruction and permission from their immediate
Supervisor. Always use the correct tool for the job, do not improvise.