FINAL EXAM CONTENT OUTLINE OF ENGLISH

XII GRADE

1. ADVANCED PASSIVE FORMS

a. PASSIVE FORMS WITH MODAL STRUCTURES
- with modal verbs in the present( modal verb + be + past participle)
Example: The project must be completed by tomorrow.
- with modal verbs in the past( modal verb + have been + past participle)
Example: The competition should have been cancelled after the accident.
b. PASSIVE FORMS WITH VERBS THAT TAKE TWO OBJECTS
Some verbs, e.g. ask, bring, buy, give, hand, offer, pay, promise, sell, send, show, teach,
tell, etc. can take a direct and indirect object. Depending on what we want to emphasize,
we can begin with either the direct or the indirect speech.
Example:
Active :The general manager promised John (direct object) a pay rise. (indirect object)
Passive: a) A pay rise was promised to John by the general manager. (indirect object
becomes the subject, with emphasis on pay rise)
b) John was promised a pay rise by the general manager. (direct object
becomes the subject, with emphasis on John.
c. PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND -ING FORMS
- After verbs and phrases followed by an -ing form, we form he passive -ing from with
being + participle
Example: My teacher doesn’t mind being asked millions of questions.
- After verbs and phrases followed by a to-infinitive, we form the passive infinitive with
to be + past participle
Example: Millions of people hope to be cured of the disease.
- In the passive, we use the to-infinitive after making somebody does something (sb do
sth)
Example: My mum made me clean my room (active)
I was made to clean my room (by my mum). (passive)
d. PASSIVE REPORTING STRUCTURES
To talk about general opinions and views, we use verbs such as agree, believe,claim,
consider, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, understand, etc and the structures:
- It + passive verb (present or past) + that
Reporting speech: people generally claim that optimists live longer.
Passive reporting: it is generally claimed that optimists live longer.
- Subject + passive verb (present or past) + to-infinitive
Reporting speech: people consider wearable technology to be the future of computing.
Passive reporting: wearable technology is considered to be the future of computing.
- Subject + passive verb (present or past) + to have + past participle
Reporting speech: people believe that the earthquake has killed more than 1.000 people.
Passive reporting: the earthquake is believed to have killed more than 1.000 people.
- There + passive verb (present or past) + to be
Reporting speech: people expect that there will be a rise in the number of jobs offered
across the UK.
Passive reporting: there is expected to be a rise in the number of jobs offered across the
UK.
 There + passive verb (present or past) + to have been
Reporting speech: people think that there were over twenty inventors who invented
various light sources before Edison.
Passive reporting: there are thought to have been over twenty inventors who invented
various light sources before Edison.

2. UNREAL PAST AND REGRETS

a. PRESENT AND FUTURE FORMS
- To express regret about a present situation which seems to be impossible to change, we
use:

Wish / If only + Subject + Past Simple

- I Wish I knew more about ecology.

- If only I didn’t have to work so much.
*If only is more emphatic than wish, it expresses greater regret.

- To say that we believe somebody should do something in the present or in the near
future, we use:
It’s (high) time + Subject + Past Simple
-It’s high time people stopped driving cars in cities.
It’s time you started recycling your rubbish.

- To say what we would prefer somebody to do in the present or future, we use:

Would rather + Subject + Past Simple
- I’d rather we switched to organic fruit and vegetables.
- My mum would rather I didn’t eat in my room

b. PAST SITUATION
To express regret about a past situation which, we use:

Wish / If only + Subject + Past Perfect

- I wish we had done more to prevent this tragedy.

- My ex-boyfriend wishes we hadn’t broken up
- If only the city council hadn’t reduced the funds for environmental protection.
- If only I had listened to you when you advised me not to go on that expedition!

3. EMPHASIS (CLEFT SENTENCE & INVERSION)

a. CLEFT SENTENCE
It divides a sentence by adding a clause to emphasize key information. For example:
- ‘I love helping people’
CF: What I really love is helping people.
- ‘The company covered up the scandal’
CF: What the company did was (to) cover up the scandal.
 b. INVERSION
Negative Expression + Auxiliary Verb + Subject
Negative expression: never, rarely, not only, etc. For example:
- ‘I have rarely seen such a devastating scene.’
Inversion: Rarely have I seen such a devastating scene.
- ‘You are making ridiculous course accusations, but you don’t even know the basic facts!’
Inversion: Not only are you making ridiculous accusations, but you don’t know the basic
facts!

4. MOVIE REVIEW
Learn about the synopsis, the characters, characteristics, pros and cons of the movie, and
suggestions for the movie.