Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 2Nd Edition King Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

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Chapter 7 – Memory
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Akira Haraguchi demonstrated an amazing memory ability when he recited all 80,000
digits of pi. What process in the human memory system did he utilize?
A. encoding
B. storage
C. retrieval
D. recognizing
Answer: C
Feedback: The Nature of Memory
Topic: The Nature of Memory
Bloom’s Level: Application
Difficulty: Medium
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main memory processes?
A. encoding
B. storage
C. retrieval
D. thinking
Answer: D
Bloom’s Level: Knowledge
Difficulty: Low
3. Which of the following is NOT included in the encoding process?

A. paying attention
B. testing yourself
C. elaborating
D. using imagery
Answer: B
Feedback: Memory Encoding
Topic: Memory Encoding
Difficulty: Low
4. What key process is critical when moving new information from sensory memory into
short-term memory?
A. recall
B. retrieval
C. attention
D. analysis
Answer: C
Topic: Attention
Bloom’s Level: Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
5. Jacob is a server in a fancy restaurant. He takes orders without writing anything down.
Which memory process does he use first?
A. selective attention
B. generalization
C. encoding
D. retrieval
Answer: A
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Low
6. Which of the following concepts is most similar to the idea of focusing on something
for an extended amount of time?
A. encoding
B. recalling
C. sustaining attention
D. multitasking
Answer: C
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: High
7. You are amazed at how the server in the fancy restaurant accurately remembered all of
the orders from you and your eleven friends without writing them down. It is likely that
while the server was taking your orders, he
A. did not notice the woman at the next table who was putting food in her handbag.
B. was also paying attention to the couple at the back table who were holding hands.
C. noticed that there were two forks missing at your table.
D. was also paying attention to the couple at the table behind you who were praying.
Answer: A
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Medium
8. Your mom is always giving you grief about how you surf the web and send text
messages while you are studying. You explain that multitasking does not affect your
grades. Is your position supported by the information presented in the textbook?
A. Yes; several studies have confirmed that young adults do well on memory tests of
information that was acquired while performing other tasks.
B. Yes; several studies have found that multitasking actually improves students’ grades.
C. No; studies have confirmed that the benefits associated with multitasking only apply to
tasks that include listening to music.
D. No; studies have confirmed that individuals do not do well on memory tests of
information that was acquired while performing other tasks.
Answer: D
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Low
9. Steve is studying with his friend Mike for their biology test. Mike asks Steve about a
particular concept and Steve replies, “I know I was in class that day but I don’t even have
that in my notes. Are you sure the professor mentioned it?” Steve is demonstrating a(n)
________ failure.
A. encoding
B. storage
C. retrieval
D. All of these.
Answer: A
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: High
10. Which of the following individuals is demonstrating divided attention?

A. Kyle is watching television.
B. Maria is painting her nails.
C. Kenny is listening to his iPod.
D. Riley is listening to her teacher and her friend Misty.
Answer: D
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Low
11. Quesha is helping her roommate study for a psychology exam. She explains the
importance of deeply processing the information. By this, Quesha is referring to a model
of memory encoding developed by
A. Atkinson and Shiffrin.
B. Phillips and Craig.
C. Craik and Lockhart.
D. Craig and Dean.
Answer: C
Topic: Levels of Processing
Difficulty: High
12. Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word “braggart”, he
thinks of how his friend Billy acts whenever Billy gets a new toy. Kevin is processing the
word “braggart” at a(n) ________ level.
A. shallow
B. intermediate
C. deep
D. personal
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
13. Fifteen-year old Matt and his father are in an electronics store looking at video game
systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the
different video game systems on display. Matt is able to accurately recall all of these
details because he has
A. deeply processed this information.
B. shallowly processed this information.
C. processed this information at an intermediate level.
D. utilized phonological encoding.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
14. According to research, thinking of ________ is an effective elaboration technique.

A. physical characteristics
B. smells
C. sights and sounds
D. self-references
Answer: D
Topic: Elaboration
Difficulty: Medium
15. Roger has just finished reading about Paivio’s dual-code hypothesis in his psychology
class. He decides to use Paivio’s method when he studies for his French vocabulary test.
This means that Roger will
A. visualize the image associated with each French vocabulary word.
B. repeat each word at least twice before going to the next word on the list.
C. repeat each word in French as well as in English.
D. say each word followed by its meaning.
Answer: A
Topic: Imagery
Difficulty: High
16. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves

which of the following three systems?
A. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
B. attentive memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
C. sensory memory, selective memory, and long-term memory
D. sensory memory, working memory, and short-term memory
Answer: A
Feedback: Memory Storage
Topic: Memory Storage
Difficulty: Low
17. You most likely to store the seven digit phone number from your previous address in
________ memory.
A. sensory
B. short-term
C. working
D. long-term
Answer: D
Topic: Memory Storage
Difficulty: Low
18. Most amusement parks have winding lines that lead up to their attractions, thus
preventing too many people from entering the attraction at one time. Which type of
memory store is similar in design?
A. semantic
B. sensory
C. explicit
D. long-term
Answer: B
Topic: Sensory Memory
Difficulty: High
19. You tell your friends about the great time you had at a famous amusement park. Most
of the visual and auditory sensations that you experienced and have now forgotten were
initially processed in your ________ memory.
A. sensory
B. short-term
C. long-term
D. procedural
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
20. Which element of sensory memory would be most useful to Stan who is quickly
scanning a map of the United States to learn where each state fits?
A. echoic
B. implicit
C. iconic
D. procedural
Answer: C
Difficulty: High
21. You are engrossed in your favorite TV show in the living room. Your roommate yells
for you to bring a flyswatter to the kitchen. Vaguely aware that a request is being made of
you, you ask your roommate to repeat herself. Before she can reply, however, the sound
of the words, “bring a flyswatter to the kitchen,” play through your mind. This is an
example of ________ memory.
A. semantic
B. echoic
C. iconic
D. procedural
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
22. Imagine that you are a participant in Sperling’s classic study on iconic memory. Why
are you not able to identify all the letters presented on the screen?
A. They are presented too briefly.
B. They are not presented audibly.
C. They are not distinctive enough.
D. The font size is too small.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
23. Short-term memory has a ________ capacity than sensory memory and a ________
duration.
A. more limited; longer
B. larger; longer
C. larger; shorter
D. more limited; shorter
Answer: A
Topic: Short-Term Memory
Difficulty: Low
24. Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than

A. 30 seconds.
B. 3 minutes.
C. 30 minutes.
D. 3 hours.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
25. Which of the following is TRUE of short-term memory?

A. It is made up of explicit and implicit memory.
B. It is a relatively permanent type of memory.
C. It holds perceptions of the world for just an instant.
D. It is a limited-capacity memory system.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
26. George Miller’s classic paper on the seven plus or minus two phenomenon refers to a
person’s ________ memory.
A. short-term
B. long-term
C. sensory
D. semantic
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
27. In terms of short-term memory, the magic number seven refers to

A. order.
B. duration.
C. capacity.
D. strength.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
28. As Mitch walks through the greeting line at the conference, he meets 100 new people.
We would expect him to remember the names of approximately ________ people.
A. 60
B. 20
C. 15
D. 7
Answer: D
Difficulty: Low
29. After hearing a friend’s telephone number for the first time, you are able to recite
back to her all seven digits in perfect order. This feat is made possible by your
A. digit rehearsal system.
B. performance increment capacity.
C. number recall capacity.
D. memory span.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Low
30. Chunking involves

A. immediately scanning information for relevant details.
B. packing together information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule.
C. immediately forgetting relevant information.
D. using Miller’s framework for memory retrieval.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
31. When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary

reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of
A. mental structuring.
B. visual structuring.
C. chunking.
D. cueing.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
32. Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of

A. encoding.
B. rehearsal.
C. retrieval.
D. All of these.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
33. You are doing a service learning project at a local hospital. One of the patients, Mr.
Lee, can talk for hours about his boyhood experiences. Family and friends marvel at how
well he remembers his past despite the fact that he has a memory span of about two
digits. Baddeley would say that Mr. Lee has a problem with his ________ functions.
A. imagery
B. executive
C. visuospatial
D. phonological loop
Answer: D
Difficulty: High
34. According to Baddeley, ________ and ________ assist the central executive.
A. explicit memory; implicit memory
B. the phonological loop; the visuospatial working memory
C. episodic memory; semantic memory
D. the script; the schema
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
35. The main difference between short-term memory and working memory has to do with
A. function.
B. duration.
C. capacity.
D. All of these.
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
36. ________ memory is the conscious recollection of facts and events that you can
verbally communicate.
A. Declarative
B. Nondeclarative
C. Procedural
D. Implicit
Answer: A
Topic: Long-Term Memory
Difficulty: Medium
37. ________ memory is the ability to recount your memory in words.

A. Declarative
B. Implicit
C. Iconic
D. Procedural
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
38. Being able to consciously recall information from the past and recite it, involves what
type of memory?
A. sensory
B. short-term
C. declarative
D. nondeclarative
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
39. You and your roommate are both taking Spanish this semester. You are getting an
“A” in the course but your roommate is getting a “C.” According to research by Harry
Bahrick, fifty years from now
A. you will remember your Spanish vocabulary better than your roommate.
B. neither you nor your roommate will remember any Spanish words at all.
C. your roommate will remember more Spanish vocabulary than you will.
D. you and your roommate will both remember a few Spanish words.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
40. You decide to go to a hypnotist to try to stop smoking. The hypnotist asks you to
remember what it was like before you started smoking. Which memory system will you
use to comply with this request?
A. semantic
B. iconic
C. episodic
D. nondeclarative
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
41. You are relaxing beside a water display in the park. The quiet, scenic environment
reminds you of a poem you read in English class last week. This is an example of
________ memory.
A. implicit
B. semantic
C. episodic
D. procedural
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
42. The memory of your mom reading you the “Cat in the Hat” each night is called
________ memory.
A. semantic
B. flashbulb
C. episodic
D. procedural
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
43. Remembering the name of the author who wrote the “Cat in the Hat” is referred to as
________ memory.
A. semantic
B. flashbulb
C. episodic
D. procedural
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
44. Implicit memory, procedural memory, and priming are all associated with ________
memory.
A. short-term
B. declarative
C. nondeclarative
D. working
Answer: C
Difficulty: High
45. If you remember dancing at your high school prom, it is an example of ________
memory; if you showed me the dance steps you used, it is an example of ________
memory.
A. procedural; semantic
B. semantic; episodic
C. episodic; flashbulb
D. episodic; procedural
Answer: D
Difficulty: High
46. Dr. Kestler always gives her students a “pep talk” before each major exam,
emphasizing intelligence and preparation. Dr. Brown teaches the same course but does
the opposite. He tells students to expect low grades on his difficult exams. Given research
on priming, what do you predict?
A. Dr. Brown’s students will try harder than Dr. Kestler’s students.
B. Dr. Brown’s students will perform better than Dr. Kestler’s students on the exam.
C. Dr. Kestler’s students will perform better than Dr. Brown’s students on the exam.
D. There will be no difference in test performance between the two classes.
Answer: C
Bloom’s level: Application
Difficulty: Low
47. The activation of information that a person already has in storage is referred to as
A. encoding.
B. sensation.
C. priming.
D. recognition.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
48. Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in

A. impaired explicit memories.
B. enhanced procedural memories.
C. enhanced retrieval of memories.
D. impaired semantic memories.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
49. People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a
church setting. The general knowledge of how to behave in church is called a
A. ceremonial schema.
B. script.
C. hierarchical node.
D. semantic reconstruction.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
50. Although you had never been to the Fancy Foods Restaurant in your town, you were
not at all surprised when the hostess seated you, handed you the menu, and informed you
that your server would soon take your dinner order. Sure enough, a man in a tuxedo came
to your table and asked you what you would like to eat. You knew all of this was going to
happen at the restaurant because you
A. have good flashbulb memory.
B. have a script for what happens in a restaurant.
C. were primed by the waitress.
D. are able to reconstruct iconic memories.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
51. A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret
information is referred to as a
A. prototype.
B. hierarchy.
C. schema.
D. classification.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
52. According to the schema theory of memory, memories are

A. nodes of information.
B. chemical impulses.
C. electrical impulses.
D. None of these.
Answer: D
Difficulty: High
53. Mike waits until the night before his big exam to start studying. He maintains that last
minute cramming keeps the information fresh in his memory. What does connectionist
network research tell us about the effectiveness of cramming?
A. It is very effective because the information stays in short-term memory.
B. It is very ineffective because information is not tied into related nodes.
C. It is very effective because cramming automatically places new material in the middle
of the appropriate region of memory.
D. It is very ineffective because information takes longer than one night to transfer over
to long-term memory.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
54. Connectionist network theory differs from schema theory in that it maintains that
A. memory involves specific facts.
B. memories are coherent reconstructions.
C. memories are not clearly linked to each other.
D. All of these.
Answer: A
Bloom’s Level: Analysis
Difficulty: Medium
55. Jeff says that we have neurons that respond specifically to faces, while Missy says
neurons respond to all stimuli. Who is right?
A. Jeff
B. Jeff, but only under bright conditions
C. Missy
D. Missy, but only under bright conditions
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
56. Which of the following animals did Kandel and Schwartz use in their research on the
neural mechanics of memory?
A. rats
B. monkeys
C. sharks
D. sea slugs
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
57. Kandel and Schwartz used sea slugs in their research on memory because the sea slug
A. is a quick learner.
B. has a good memory.
C. has relatively few neurons.
D. All of these.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
58. Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

A. how students can remember course material for several semesters.
B. how memory functions at the neuronal level.
C. why we have long-lasting emotions.
D. why students should study exam material over a period of days instead of hours.
Answer: B
Difficulty: High
59. In John’s favorite picture, he is riding with his father on a lawnmower. John also likes
the smell of freshly mowed grass. Which of the following cues do you predict will elicit
the strongest emotional memory in John?
A. favorite childhood picture
B. smell of freshly cut grass
C. seeing himself and his father together
D. seeing his father’s old riding mower
Answer: B
Topic: Long-Term Memory (Intersection)
Difficulty: High
60. Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala.
What memory problems is she most likely to experience?
A. difficulty remembering her address and telephone number
B. difficulty adding numbers
C. difficulty with emotional memories
D. difficulty with short-term memories
Answer: C
Difficulty: High
61. Your friend, Vince, suffered serious injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle
accident. What effect will this have on Vince’s life?
A. He will not remember how to ride his motorcycle.
B. He will not remember his name.
C. He will not recognize his wife.
D. He will not remember where he lives.
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
62. Hillary is recalling details from her most recent trip to Disney World. Which lobe of
her brain is most active?
A. right frontal
B. left frontal
C. right temporal
D. left temporal
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
63. Juanita is an administrative assistant in the human resources department of a local
business. She has noticed that in nearly every case, the last person interviewed for a job
gets hired. What effect of memory may be influencing the hiring practice?
A. primacy
B. Paivio
C. frequency
D. recency
Answer: D
Feedback: Memory Retrieval
Topic: Serial Position Effect
Difficulty: High
64. George just graduated from college and is going on his first job interview. He has
learned that there are two other candidates. Because of the information he has learned
about the serial position effect, George asks to be either the first or the last candidate
interviewed. Why?
A. Either the first or the last candidate will be best remembered.
B. The middle candidate will be viewed less favorably.
C. The middle candidate will be rushed through the interview.
D. The first and last candidates will be asked less difficult questions.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
65. According to the serial position effect, if you are a waiter trying to remember all the
orders for a table of seven, you should pay particular attention to the ________ orders.
A. 1st and 2nd
B. 6th and 7th
C. 3rd, 4th, and 5th
D. 1st, 3rd, and 7th
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
66. Samantha prides herself in “never forgetting a face,” although she frequently cannot
put the correct name with a specific face. Samantha is really saying that she is better at
A. memory retrieval than at memory reconstruction.
B. memory reconstruction than at memory recall.
C. recognition than at recall.
D. recall than at recognition.
Answer: C
Topic: Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task
Difficulty: Medium
67. Your roommate, Rhiana, asks your advice on how to best study for her final exams.
Because of your knowledge of context dependent memory, you recommend that she
study
A. with her favorite rock music playing and sitting in her most comfortable chair.
B. in the library with friends.
C. quietly in the classroom in which she is to take her exam.
D. with a partner in the dorm.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
68. Detectives take advantage of context-dependent memory by

A. interviewing all potential witnesses.
B. questioning witnesses as a group.
C. taking witnesses back to the scene of the crime.
D. interviewing only eye witnesses.
Answer: C
Difficulty: High
69. Kim was telling her friend about her most recent trip to her grandmother’s house, but
was having trouble remembering certain details. Later that month she visited her
grandmother again and the details came flooding back. This is an example of
A. recall versus recognition.
B. encoding hesitation.
C. the effects of context on retrieval.
D. impeded storage.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Low
70. An individual’s autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual’s

A. life time periods.
B. memory system.
C. self esteem.
D. personal identity.
Answer: D
Topic: Special Cases of Retrieval
Difficulty: Low
71. Which of the following is NOT one of the three structural levels of autobiographical
memory identified by Conway and Rubin?
A. reminiscence bump
B. event-specific knowledge
C. life time periods
D. general events
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
72. On the ride home from her senior prom, Mary’s date ran a red light and crashed into
another vehicle. Twenty years later, Mary can still remember the song that was playing
on the radio at the time of the crash. This memory is best described as a(n) ________
memory.
A. flashbulb
B. iconic
C. procedural
D. serial
Answer: A
Difficulty: Low
73. Which of the following is likely to create a flashbulb memory?

A. the first time you drive a car
B. watching live images of 9/11
C. finding out that you are pregnant
D. All of these.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Low
74. The memory of where you were when you heard about the events of 9/11 is termed
a(n) ________ memory.
A. semantic
B. flashbulb
C. implicit
D. procedural
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
75. The California children who were kidnapped at gunpoint on a school bus, and then
buried for 16 hours before escaping, were documented as having the classic signs of
________ memory.
A. flashbulb
B. traumatic
C. prospective
D. serial
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
76. In the Chowchilla, California kidnapping case, school children were kidnapped at
gunpoint and buried for 16 hours before escaping. Several years after the event, a child
psychiatrist interviewed the children. She reported that
A. virtually all of the children remembered the exact details of the chilling episode.
B. fewer than half of the children remembered any of the details of the chilling episode.
C. half of the children had notable errors and distortions in their memories of the episode.
D. most children had notable errors and distortions in their memories of the episode.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
77. Repression is
A. a flashbulb memory.
B. a schema.
C. motivated forgetting.
D. a retrieval cue.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
78. Cognitive psychologist, Jonathan Schooler, has suggested that the term “recovered”
memories be replaced with the term “discovered” memories. Why?
A. Individuals experience “discovered” memories as real.
B. “Discovered” memories are more accurate and detailed than “recovered” memories.
C. The term “discovered” avoids the negative connotations of the term “recovered”.
D. Individuals realize that “discovered” memories are often inaccurate.
Answer: A
Topic: Special Cases of Retrieval (Critical Controversy)
Difficulty: Medium
79. Motivated forgetting is usually associated with what type of memories?

A. procedural
B. flashbulb
C. autobiographical
D. traumatic
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
80. Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

A. always very accurate.
B. remembered best two weeks after the crime was witnessed.
C. prone to errors.
D. most accurate when witnesses speak to each other before talking to police.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
81. While waiting for the police to arrive after an armed robbery, the store manager and
all of the customers want to make sure that they give an accurate account of the robbery
so they decide upon the relevant details to tell police. What is a likely outcome of this
collaborative sharing of information?
A. The eyewitnesses will now be more accurate in their accounts.
B. The eyewitnesses will now report more similar accounts.
C. The eyewitnesses will be more likely to recognize the assailant in a line up.
D. The eyewitnesses will be better able to help the police solve the crime.
Answer: B
Difficulty: High
82. According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,

A. motivated forgetting is a good treatment for overcoming traumatic events.
B. motivated forgetting is a poor treatment for overcoming traumatic events.
C. most forgetting occurs long after we originally learned something.
D. most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.
Answer: D
Feedback: Forgetting
Topic: Forgetting
Difficulty: Medium
83. Encoding failure occurs when

A. we are motivated to forget.
B. there is proactive interference.
C. the information was never entered into long-term memory.
D. All of these.
Answer: C
Topic: Encoding Failure
Difficulty: Low
84. A few years ago, you had a boyfriend named Phil. Now, you have a new boyfriend
named Stephen. Because of ________, you sometimes call Stephen by the wrong name.
A. proactive interference
B. retroactive interference
C. the Ebbinghaus effect
D. latent forgetting
Answer: A
Topic: Retrieval Failure
Difficulty: Medium
85. You are taking both Spanish and French this semester. As you study the vocabulary
words for your French test, you realize that the French words are disrupting the memory
of the Spanish vocabulary words you studied last week. This is an example of
A. proactive interference.
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C. serial position effect.
D. transference.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
86. Jillian used to be fluent in Spanish, but has since learned to speak French. She now
finds it difficult to remember much of her Spanish. She is experiencing ________
interference.
A. proactive
B. retroactive
C. recall
D. recognition
Answer: B
Difficulty: High
87. According to decay theory, memories fade because

A. the amygdala fails to accurately encode.
B. the cerebellum cannot hold on to information over a long period of time.
C. synaptic connections are damaged.
D. a neurochemical “memory trace” disintegrates over time.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
88. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a type of

A. serial position effect.
B. encoding failure.
C. motivated forgetting.
D. effortful retrieval.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
89. You have an important meeting with your advisor right after your English class on
Tuesday. This event is stored in your ________ memory.
A. retrospective
B. prospective
C. proactive
D. retroactive
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
90. In H. M.’s surgery, the part of his brain responsible for laying down new memories
was damaged beyond repair. The result was
A. a loss of procedural memory.
B. amnesia.
C. a loss of implicit memory.
D. repression.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Low
91. A person suffering from anterograde amnesia will

A. lose past memories but be able to make new ones.
B. lose past memories and be unable to make new ones.
C. recall past memories but not be able to make new ones.
D. None of these.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Medium
92. A soap opera character who had a major head trauma cannot remember any post-
injury people or events, but his memory for people and events prior to his injury is
perfect. Is this fictional tale possible in the real world?
A. No; there is no evidence of amnesia involving new events.
B. Yes; amnesia involving new events is called retrograde amnesia.
C. No; the condition described on the soap opera is not really amnesia.
D. Yes; amnesia involving new events is called anterograde amnesia.
Answer: D
Difficulty: High
93. Which of the following is NOT a study tip that focuses on the encoding process?
A. pay attention
B. elaborate on points to remember
C. test yourself
D. use imagery
Answer: C
Feedback: Study Tips From the Science of Memory
Topic: Study Tips From the Science of Memory
Difficulty: Medium
94. Sam tells her friend, Ava, that she should use imagery when studying. Ava should use
Sam’s tip when she is focusing on
A. retrieval.
B. encoding.
C. organization.
D. rehearsal.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
95. Shauna is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting
her notes is a form of memory
A. plasticity.
B. automaticity.
C. cohesiveness.
D. rehearsal.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Medium
96. People who describe life experiences as going from bad to better are ________ than
people who describe life experiences as going from good to bad.
A. smarter
B. better adjusted
C. more naïve
D. less accomplished
Answer: B
Feedback: Memory and Health and Wellness
Topic: Memory and Health and Wellness
Difficulty: Medium
97. According to research on memory, individuals who describe important life

experiences from a redemptive perspective are more
A. generative.
B. religious.
C. intelligent.
D. dependable.
Answer: A
Difficulty: High
98. In his famous “I Have a Dream” speech, Martin Luther King, Jr. shared his vision for
improved race relations in America. According to research on autobiographical
memories, this speech indicates that Dr. King should be classified as an individual whose
self-defining memories
A. are based on fiction.
B. go from bad to good.
C. go from good to bad.
D. are based on context dependent emotions.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
99. The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is

A. “Use it or lose it.”
B. “Better late than never.”
C. “A little goes a long way.”
D. “Seize the moment.”
Answer: A
Topic: Keeping Memory Sharp – and Preserving Brain Function
Difficulty: Low
100. Both of Suzie’s parents suffered from Alzheimer’s disease before they died.
Although still in her early 40s, Suzie is very concerned about her own cognitive
functioning. What advice can you give her based what you know about the science of
memory?
A. “There is really nothing you can do; Alzheimer’s disease is without remedy.”
B. “Don’t overtax your brain; too much intellectual stimulation can cause the brain to
reach its cognitive limit sooner.”
C. “Engage in mostly automatic behaviors; these behaviors are already stored effectively
in the brain.”
D. “Engage in challenging cognitive tasks as frequently as you can.”
Answer: D
Topic: Keeping Memory Sharp – and Preserving Brain Function
Difficulty: Medium
Short Answer Questions

101. List the phases of memory. Now imagine that you are a server in a fancy restaurant
and are expected to take orders without writing anything down. Explain how each of the
phases of memory is crucial to your job.
Answer: Three phases - encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is needed for taking
orders, rehearsal and storage is critical to maintaining info in STM, and retrieval is
needed in order to give orders to the kitchen and to take orders back to appropriate diners.
Bloom’s Level: Knowledge and Application
Difficulty: Medium
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2.
102. Provide examples of shallow, intermediate, and deep levels of processing.

Answer: At the shallow level, one might focus on the physical features of the word
“mom”, at the intermediate level one might label the word as “mom” and at the deepest
level, one might thinking about his/her own mom.
Difficulty: Low
103. Explain how elaboration is related to processing new stimuli. What brain activity
does it affect?
Answer: When students are asked to increase their level of processing of new stimuli
from very shallow to deeper levels, they use elaboration. At this deeper level, brain
activity increases in the frontal lobes.
Topic: Elaboration
Difficulty: Medium
104. Compare and contrast the short-term memory system with the working memory
system.
Answer: STM memory is passive while working memory is active; both STM and
working memory have limited capacities.
Difficulty: Medium
105. Explain the difference between declarative and nondeclarative memories.

Answer: Declarative memories are typically verbal and can be easily expressed with
words, while nondeclarative memories are difficult to describe with words and usually
involve muscle memory.
Difficulty: Medium
106. In college, I smelled Lysol brand cleaner in a building and immediately had a vivid,
happy memory from my early childhood (age 3-5 in this case) of coming home to a
bright, sunny kitchen where my grandmother was cleaning. What does your text say
about the sense of smell relative to memory? How is smell different from the other senses
and what do these differences mean?
Answer: Of all the senses, smell bears the strongest relationship to memory. Smell can
trigger emotionally rich memories. Smell is different from the other senses because
smells are processed differently in the brain. Nerves in the nose connect directly to the
primary olfactory cortex, which leads directly to the amygdala and the hippocampus,
which are respectively involved in emotion and in consolidation of memory. Therefore,
smells have “a superhighway” to emotion and memory. No other sense follows this
neural pathway; other sensory nerves connect to the hypothalamus (see Chapter 5).
Topic: Long-Term Memory (Intersection)
Bloom’s Level: Knowledge and comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
107. Use the principles of encoding to explain the serial position effect.
Answer: Words at the beginning of the list (primacy effect) can be rehearsed more, there
is no competition for rehearsal time, and they can stay in working memory longer so they
are more likely to be encoded into long-term memory. Words at the end of the list
(recency effect) may still be in working memory when time for recall; more recent
information is easiest to remember. Words in the middle of the list get dropped out of
working memory before they can be encoded into long-term memory because of
competition with new words.
Bloom’s Level: Synthesis
Difficulty: Hard
108. Provide one example of each of the following: semantic, episodic, and flashbulb
memories.
Answer: Semantic memories are fact based, episodic are personal memories, and
flashbulb memories are typically of very traumatic or emotionally charged events.
Feedback: Memory Storage, Memory Retrieval
Topic: Long-Term Memory, Special Cases of Retrieval
Difficulty: Medium
109. Already fluent in Spanish, Benny is attempting to learn French. Explain which type
of interference Benny is likely to experience and why.
Answer: Benny is likely to experience proactive interference which typically involves
previously learned information interfering with learning new information.
Difficulty: Medium
110. Your friend has one week to cram for a very important history exam. Since you are a
psychology major, she asks you for tips on how to remember all of the information
contained in her well-kept notes. What tips will you give her?
Answer: She needs tips for encoding and tips for rehearsing:
1. Pay attention (staying focused on one thing is crucial - no divided attention).
2. Process information at an appropriate level (think about the material meaningfully
and process it deeply).
3. Elaborate on the points to be remembered (make associations to your life and to
other aspects of the material you want to remember).
4. Use imagery (devising images to help you remember allows you to “double-encode”
the information).
5. Rewrite, type, or retype your notes.
6. Talk to people about what you have learned and how it is important to real life in
order to reinforce memory.
7. Test yourself.
8. While reading and studying, ask yourself questions.
9. Treat your brain kindly (rest, eat well, and do not use mind-altering substances).
Difficulty: Medium
True/False Questions
111. The amazing memory ability of 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi made him famous
because people of his age normally have poor memory abilities.
Answer: False
Feedback: Memory
Topic: Memory (Preface)
Difficulty: Medium
112. Attention is selective because the resources of the brain are limited.
Answer: True
Topic: Attention
Difficulty: Low
113. Short-term memory is the same as working memory.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Low
114. Unlike the short-term memory system, Baddeley’s working memory system has
unlimited capacity.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Low
115. Episodic and semantic memories never converge.

Answer: False
Bloom’s Level: Synthesis
Difficulty: High
116. The course grade that you receive now is a good predictor of how well you will
remember the course material up to 50 years from now.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Medium
117. We automatically organize our memories.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Medium
118. Parallel distributed processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the
brain in connections among neurons.
Answer: True
Difficulty: High
119. The connectionist view of memory argues that changes in the strength of synaptic
connections are the fundamental bases of memory.
Answer: True
Difficulty: High
120. The amygdala is the memory center in the brain.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
121. According to Ebbinghaus, most forgetting takes place soon after we learn
something.
Answer: True
Topic: Forgetting
Difficulty: Medium
122. Retrograde amnesia involves the inability to remember the past.

Answer: True
Difficulty: Low
123. The encoding specificity principle states that information present at the time of
retrieval tends to disrupt retrieval efficiency.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
124. The term “reminiscence bump” refers to the fact that adults remember more
events from the fourth decade of their lives than they do from the second and third
decades.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
125. Flashbulb memories are extremely accurate.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Medium
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Clovis, Tome 2
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Title: Clovis, Tome 2 (of 2)
Author: Godefroid Kurth
Release date: September 19, 2023 [eBook #71686]
Language: French
Original publication: Paris: Victor Retaux, Libraire-Éditeur, 1901
Credits: Brian Wilson, Pierre Lacaze and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLOVIS,

TOME 2 (OF 2) ***
CLOVIS
DU MÊME AUTEUR
Les Origines de la Civilisation moderne, 4e édition. Paris,
Retaux, 1898, 2 volumes in-8º de xii-326 et 354 pages. Ouvrage
couronné par l'Académie royale de Belgique 8 fr.
Histoire poétique des Mérovingiens, Paris, Picard, 1893. 1
volume in-8º de 552 pages. Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie
royale de Belgique 10 fr.
La Frontière linguistique en Belgique et dans le Nord de la
France. Bruxelles, Schepens, 1896-1898. 2 volumes in-8º de 588 et
156 pages, avec une carte. Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie royale
de Belgique 12 fr.
Sainte Clotilde, 6e édition. Paris, Lecoffre, 1900. (Dans la
collection Les Saints.) 1 volume in-12 de 182 pages 2 fr.
L'Église aux tournants de l'Histoire. Bruxelles, Schepens, 1900.
1 volume in-8º de 154 pages 3 fr.
EMILE COLIN, IMPRIMERIE DE LAGNY (S.-ET-M.)
GODEFROID KURTH
CLOVIS
Ouvrage auquel l'Institut de France a accordé le 1er prix
d'Antiquités nationales.
DEUXIÈME EDITION REVUE, CORRIGÉE ET AUGMENTÉE

TOME II
PARIS
VICTOR RETAUX, LIBRAIRE-ÉDITEUR
82, RUE BONAPARTE, 82
1901
Droits de traduction et de reproduction réservés.

TABLE DES MATIÈRES
DU TOME SECOND
LIVRE IV
I. La guerre de Burgondie 1
II. Clovis attendu en Aquitaine 26
III. La conquête de l'Aquitaine 56
IV. La guerre de Provence 98
V. L'annexion du royaume des Ripuaires 117
VI. Le concile d'Orléans 131
VII. Clovis et l'Église 155
VIII. Derniers jours et mort de Clovis 191
IX. Conclusion 220
APPENDICES
I. Les sources de l'histoire de Clovis 233
II. La controverse sur le baptême de Clovis 277
III. Le lieu du baptême de Clovis, par M. L. Demaison 287
GODEFROID KURTH
CLOVIS
Ouvrage auquel l'Institut de France a accordé le 1er prix
d'Antiquités nationales.
DEUXIÈME EDITION REVUE, CORRIGÉE ET AUGMENTÉE

TOME II
PARIS
VICTOR RETAUX, LIBRAIRE-ÉDITEUR
82, RUE BONAPARTE, 82
1901
Droits de traduction et de reproduction réservés.

AVIS AU LECTEUR
Dans la préface du tome I de cet ouvrage, j'ai fait part au lecteur de
mon intention de republier, dans les pièces de l'Appendice, mon
mémoire intitulé: Les sources de l'Histoire de Clovis dans
Grégoire de Tours. Mais au moment de donner suite à ce projet,
je me suis aperçu que la substance de ce travail se trouve déjà en
résumé aux pages 233-239 du présent volume. J'ai donc renoncé à
le réimprimer, et je me contente de renvoyer le lecteur aux deux
recueils dans lesquels il a paru en 1888[1].
[1] Voir tome I, p. vi.
G. K.
CLOVIS
LIVRE IV
I
LA GUERRE DE BURGONDIE
Maître du royaume le plus vaste et le plus solide de l'Europe, Clovis
était devenu l'arbitre de l'Occident. Seul, parmi les souverains de
son voisinage, il se sentait vraiment roi. Les Francs barbares
vénéraient en lui le représentant le plus glorieux de leur dynastie
nationale; les Francs de race Gallo-Romaine[2] le saluaient comme
le défenseur de leur foi et de leur civilisation. Il pouvait, sans
inquiétude, tourner toute son attention du côté du midi; en arrière de
lui il n'avait que des alliés, dans son royaume que des sujets fidèles.
Il n'en était pas de même de ses voisins, les rois visigoths,
ostrogoths ou burgondes. En Burgondie, tout spécialement, le trône
était assiégé de soucis sans nombre, et le roi ne pouvait envisager
sans inquiétude l'avenir de la dynastie. Les troubles confessionnels
étaient à l'ordre du jour, la défiance sévissait entre indigènes et
barbares; au sein de la famille royale elle-même régnaient des
dissensions fatales. Il y avait là autant d'invitations tacites à
l'intervention étrangère. Jeune, ambitieux, chef d'un peuple
belliqueux, conscient du courant de sympathies qui du fond des
royaumes ariens dirigeait vers lui les espérances catholiques, Clovis
ne pouvait manquer de répondre avec empressement à un appel
explicite qui lui viendrait de Burgondie. Cet appel ne tarda pas à se
faire entendre, et il partit de la dynastie burgonde elle-même.
[2] Voir pour la justification de ce terme mon mémoire sur La France et les Francs
dans la langue politique du moyen âge. Reçue des questions historiques, t. 57.)
Le royaume des Burgondes avait eu, dès l'origine, une destinée

bizarre et semée de vicissitudes. En 413, à la suite des troubles de
la grande invasion, les Burgondes étaient parvenus à passer jusque
sur la rive gauche du Rhin, où Worms était devenue leur capitale.
Là, au contact des indigènes catholiques, une partie d'entre eux
avait embrassé la foi romaine[3], et l'on eût pu croire qu'ils étaient
appelés à remplir quelque grande mission dans l'histoire du monde
naissant. Les traditions épiques de l'Allemagne ont conservé le
souvenir de ce premier royaume burgonde, et le poème des
Niebelungen a enchâssé dans ses récits la description de la brillante
cour de Worms, où trois rois jeunes et vaillants régnaient entourés
d'un peuple de héros. Mais le royaume de Worms n'eut qu'une
existence éphémère. Aétius, en 435, infligea à l'armée burgonde une
défaite sanglante, dans laquelle périt le roi Gunthar, et, deux ans
après, les Huns, sans doute excités par lui, exterminèrent presque le
reste. C'est ce dernier désastre qui est devenu plus tard, dans
l'épopée germanique, le massacre des héros burgondes à la cour
d'Attila. Il était cependant de l'intérêt de l'Empire de conserver les
débris d'une nation qui lui avait déjà rendu des services dans sa lutte
contre les Alamans, et qui avait toujours fait preuve de dispositions
plus bienveillantes que les autres barbares. En 443, il accueillit donc
sur son territoire les Burgondes fugitifs, et leur assigna sur les deux
rives du Rhône, avec Genève pour capitale et à peu près pour
centre, la région montagneuse alors connue sous le nom de
Sapaudia[4]. Ce fut là le noyau du deuxième royaume des
Burgondes. Les barbares s'y établirent et partagèrent le sol avec les
propriétaires indigènes, d'après un règlement calqué sur celui qu'on
appliquait, dans les provinces, à l'occasion des logements militaires.
Les Romains durent livrer chacun à son hôte,—c'est ainsi que la loi
appelait le soldat,—le tiers de sa maison et de ses esclaves, les
deux tiers de ses terres et la moitié de ce qu'il possédait en forêts[5].
Seulement, ces logements militaires d'un nouveau genre étaient
définitifs, et l'hôte s'installa pour toujours avec femme et enfants. On
comprend les souffrances que l'arrivée des nouveaux venus dut
causer à la population indigène, et que d'amers souvenirs soient
restés attachés, pour elle, aux premiers jours de la nationalité
burgonde. Les racines du royaume plongeaient, pour ainsi dire, dans
une spoliation universelle qui ne se laissait pas oublier, toute légale
qu'elle fût, et que de nombreuses violences individuelles devaient
rendre plus insupportable encore. Un saint de cette époque a flétri
avec une courageuse indignation les excès que les barbares se
permettaient envers des populations inoffensives et désarmées, et
dans une de ces inspirations prophétiques comme en avaient si
souvent les grands solitaires, il prédit aux Burgondes l'arrivée
d'autres hôtes qui leur appliqueraient leur propre mesure, et avec
lesquels il leur faudrait partager à leur tour[6].
[3] Paul Orose, vii, 32.
[4] Longnon, p. 69; Binding, pp. 16 et suiv.
[5] Prosper, a. 443; Marius, a. 456; Lex Burgundionum, tit. 54; Frédégaire, ii, 46.
Voir sur cette question des partages Gaupp, Die Germanischen Ansiedelungen
und Landtheilungen, pp. 85 et suivantes.
[6] Vita Lupicini, dans les Acta Sanctorum des Bollandistes, t. III de mars (25). p.
265.
Les années, en s'écoulant, n'avaient en rien amélioré cette situation
de malaise et d'hostilité mutuelle. Deux nations restaient en
présence l'une de l'autre, ou, pour mieux dire, vivaient l'une sur
l'autre. Partout le Romain sentait sur ses épaules le poids de ce
barbare qui avait pris son bien, qui parlait une langue inintelligible, et
qui était étranger à sa vie sociale et intellectuelle. Tout l'éloignait de
lui, et ce qui aurait dû l'en rapprocher, le voisinage et la cohabitation,
ne servait qu'à rafraîchir sans cesse le souvenir des humiliations et
des violences de la première heure. La religion, ailleurs si puissante
à éteindre les conflits et à rapprocher les cœurs, restait désarmée
ici: au lieu d'unir elle divisait. Car les Burgondes, séduits par
l'exemple des autres nations de leur race, venaient de passer en
grande majorité à l'arianisme, si bien qu'on ne se rencontrait plus
même au pied des autels. Telle était la situation intérieure dans celui
des royaumes hérétiques où le vainqueur était le moins inhumain, et
où les rois veillaient avec le plus de soin à préserver les droits de
leurs sujets de race romaine. Aussi, tandis que dans le royaume
franc la fusion des races se fit dès le premier jour, avec une rapidité
étonnante, en Burgondie, elle était à peine commencée au début du
viie siècle. Chaque fois que le chroniqueur national de ce peuple
parle d'un de ses compatriotes, il a soin de nous dire s'il est de race
burgonde ou romaine[7], et le fait d'une constatation pareille est à lui
seul la preuve que l'on continuait d'avoir conscience de la distinction
des deux peuples.
[7] V. mon article ci-dessus cité. pp. 375-376.
Les Burgondes, d'ailleurs, ne furent jamais les ennemis de l'Empire.
Campés, comme on vient de le dire, au milieu d'une province
romaine, ils entendaient payer l'hospitalité qu'ils recevaient. Ils
étaient les soldats de Rome, et ils observaient loyalement le pacte
conclu entre eux et les empereurs. En échange des terres romaines,
ils donnaient leur sang, et le versaient sans marchander. Ils furent à
Mauriac en 451, combattant sous les drapeaux de cet Aétius qui,
fidèle à la politique romaine, se servait tour à tour des Huns contre
les Burgondes, et des Burgondes contre les Huns. Tant qu'ils
vécurent comme peuple, ils gardèrent une vraie dévotion à l'Empire.
Que le maître du monde fût à Rome ou à Byzance, ils ne cessèrent
d'être à ses pieds, et de lui parler dans des termes d'une obéissance
humble et pour ainsi dire servile. Rome les récompensa avec des
insignes et avec des dignités. A l'un de leurs rois, Gundioch, celui
que le pape Hilaire appelait son fils[8], elle donna le titre de maître
des milices; un autre, Chilpéric, reçut les honneurs du patriciat. Les
rois burgondes étaient donc de grands personnages, mais comme
fonctionnaires romains plus encore que comme monarques
indépendants. Gondebaud hérita du titre de patrice qu'avait porté
son oncle; cela lui permit, à un moment donné, de créer un
empereur: il est vrai que c'était le faible et éphémère Glycérius. Ces
rois se considéraient de plus en plus comme faisant partie du corps
de l'Empire, et comme constitués à sa défense. Ils ne prêtèrent pas
l'oreille aux suggestions de Romains qui, comme le préfet Arvandus,
leur offraient le partage de la Gaule avec les Visigoths. Lorsque
ceux-ci, ambitieux et entreprenants à l'excès, mirent la main sur
Arles et sur Marseille, et manifestèrent l'intention de soumettre toute
la Gaule, les Burgondes furent dans ce pays les meilleurs soutiens
de l'Empire agonisant, et ils allèrent tenir garnison à Clermont en
Auvergne, pour mettre à l'abri d'un coup de main ce dernier poste de
la civilisation romaine[9]. On ne leur en sut pas gré dans ce monde
de décadents: on trouvait qu'ils faisaient fuir les Muses, et qu'ils
sentaient mauvais avec leurs cheveux frottés de beurre rance[10].
Finalement, un empereur de rencontre abandonna sans combat, aux
conquérants barbares, cette province qui n'avait eu que des
barbares pour défenseurs. Euric et ses Visigoths entrèrent à
Clermont en vertu du pacte conclu avec eux par Julius Nepos,

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Multiple Choice Questions

3. Which of the following is NOT included in the encoding process?

10. Which of the following individuals is demonstrating divided attention?

14. According to research, thinking of ________ is an effective elaboration technique.

16. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory, memory storage involves

24. Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than

25. Which of the following is TRUE of short-term memory?

27. In terms of short-term memory, the magic number seven refers to

30. Chunking involves

31. When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary

32. Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of

37. ________ memory is the ability to recount your memory in words.

48. Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in

52. According to the schema theory of memory, memories are

58. Long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

68. Detectives take advantage of context-dependent memory by

70. An individual’s autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual’s

73. Which of the following is likely to create a flashbulb memory?

79. Motivated forgetting is usually associated with what type of memories?

80. Eyewitness accounts of crimes are

82. According to Hermann Ebbinghaus,

83. Encoding failure occurs when

87. According to decay theory, memories fade because

88. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a type of

91. A person suffering from anterograde amnesia will

97. According to research on memory, individuals who describe important life

99. The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is

Short Answer Questions

102. Provide examples of shallow, intermediate, and deep levels of processing.

105. Explain the difference between declarative and nondeclarative memories.

113. Short-term memory is the same as working memory.

115. Episodic and semantic memories never converge.

120. The amygdala is the memory center in the brain.

122. Retrograde amnesia involves the inability to remember the past.

125. Flashbulb memories are extremely accurate.

Title: Clovis, Tome 2 (of 2)

Author: Godefroid Kurth

Release date: September 19, 2023 [eBook #71686]

Original publication: Paris: Victor Retaux, Libraire-Éditeur, 1901

Credits: Brian Wilson, Pierre Lacaze and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLOVIS,

DEUXIÈME EDITION REVUE, CORRIGÉE ET AUGMENTÉE

82, RUE BONAPARTE, 82

Droits de traduction et de reproduction réservés.

DEUXIÈME EDITION REVUE, CORRIGÉE ET AUGMENTÉE

82, RUE BONAPARTE, 82

Droits de traduction et de reproduction réservés.

Le royaume des Burgondes avait eu, dès l'origine, une destinée

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