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Oven

An oven is a tool which is used to expose materials to a hot

environment. Ovens contain a hollow chamber and provide a means of
heating the chamber in a controlled way.[1] In use since antiquity, they
have been used to accomplish a wide variety of tasks requiring controlled
heating.[2] Because they are used for a variety of purposes, there are
many different types of ovens. These types differ depending on their
intended purpose and based upon how they generate heat.

Ovens are often used for cooking, where they can be used to heat food to
a desired temperature. Ovens are also used in the manufacturing of
ceramics and pottery; these ovens are sometimes referred to as kilns.
Metallurgical furnaces are ovens used in the manufacturing of metals,
while glass furnaces are ovens used to produce glass.

There are many methods by which different types of ovens produce heat.
Some ovens heat materials using the combustion of a fuel, such as wood,
coal, or natural gas,[3] while many employ electricity. Microwave ovens A double oven
heat materials by exposing them to microwave radiation while electric
ovens and electric furnaces heat materials using resistive heating.
Some ovens use forced convection, the movement of gases inside

A ceramic oven

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the heating chamber, to enhance the heating process, or, in some cases, to change the properties of
the material being heated, such as in the Bessemer method of steel production.

History

Oven depicted Ancient Greek portable Classical Traditional clay

in Jean- oven, 17th century BC Pompeii stove from Serbia
François oven (Ethnographic
Millet's Museum,
painting, Belgrade)
Woman Baking
Bread (1854)

The earliest ovens were found in Central Europe, and date back to 29,000 BC. They were roasting and
boiling pits inside yurts used to cook mammoth.[4] In Ukraine from 20,000 BC they used pits with
hot coals covered in ashes. The food was wrapped in leaves and set on top, then covered with earth.[5]
In camps found in Mezhirich, each mammoth bone house had a hearth used for heating and
cooking.[6] Ovens were used by cultures who lived in the Indus Valley and in pre-dynastic
Egypt.[7][8] By 3200 BC, each mud-brick house had an oven in settlements across the Indus
Valley.[7][9] Ovens were used to cook food and to make bricks.[7] Pre-dynastic civilizations in Egypt
used kilns around 5000–4000 BC to make pottery.[8]

Tandır ovens used to bake unleavened flatbread were common in Anatolia during the Seljuk and
Ottoman eras, and have been found at archaeological sites distributed across the Middle East. The
word tandır comes from the Akkadian tinuru, which becomes tanur in Hebrew and Arabic, and tandır
in Turkish. Of the hundreds of bread varieties known from cuneiform sources, unleavened tinuru
bread was made by adhering bread to the side walls of a heated cylindrical oven. This type of bread is
still central to rural food culture in this part of the world, reflected by the local folklore, where a young
man and woman sharing fresh tandır bread is a symbol of young love, however, the culture of
traditional bread baking is changing with younger generations, especially with those who reside in
towns showing a preference for modern conveniences.[10][11]

During the Middle Ages, instead of earth and ceramic ovens, Europeans used fireplaces in conjunction
with large cauldrons. These were similar to the Dutch oven. Following the Middle-Ages, ovens
underwent many changes over time from wood, iron, coal, gas, and even electric. Each design had its
own motivation and purpose. The wood-burning stoves saw improvement through the addition of fire
chambers that allowed better containment and release of smoke. Another recognizable oven would be
the cast-iron stove. These were first used around the early 1700s when they themselves underwent
several variations including the Stewart Oberlin iron stove that was smaller and had its own
chimney.[12]

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In the early part of the 19th century, the coal oven was developed. It was cylindrical in shape and
made of heavy cast iron. The gas oven saw its first use as early as the beginning of the 19th century as
well. Gas stoves became very common household ovens once gas lines were available to most houses
and neighborhoods. James Sharp patented one of the first gas stoves in 1826. Other various
improvements to the gas stove included the AGA cooker invented in 1922 by Gustaf Dalén. The first
electric ovens were invented in the very late 19th century, however, like many electrical inventions
destined for commercial use, mass ownership of electrical ovens could not be a reality until better and
more efficient use of electricity was available.[12]

More recently, ovens have become slightly more high-tech in terms of cooking strategy. The
microwave as a cooking tool was discovered by Percy Spencer in 1946, and with the help from
engineers, the microwave oven was patented.[12] The microwave oven uses microwave radiation to
excite the water molecules in food causing friction, thus producing heat.[13]

Types

Double oven
A built-in oven fixture that has either two
ovens,[14][15] or one oven and one microwave
oven. It is usually built into the kitchen cabinet.
Earth oven
An earth oven is a pit dug into the ground and
then heated, usually by rocks or smoldering
debris. Historically these have been used by A stove bench in the living
many cultures for cooking. Cooking times are room of a German farmhouse
usually long, and the process is usually cooking
by slow roasting the food. Earth ovens are
among the most common things archaeologists
look for at an anthropological dig, as they are
one of the key indicators of human civilization
and static society.[16]
Ceramic oven
The ceramic oven is an oven constructed of
clay or any other ceramic material and takes
different forms depending on the culture. The A wood-fired pizza oven, a
type of masonry oven
Indians refer to it as a tandoor, and use it for
cooking. They can be dated back as far as
3,000 BC, and they have been argued to have their origins in the Indus
Valley.[8] Brick ovens are also another ceramic type oven. A culture most
notable for the use of brick ovens is Italy and its intimate history with pizza.
However, its history also dates further back to Roman times, wherein the
brick oven was used not only for commercial use but household use as
well.[17]
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Gas oven
One of the first recorded uses of a gas stove
and oven referenced a dinner party in 1802
hosted by Zachaus Winzler, where all the food
was prepared either on a gas stove or in its
oven compartment. In 1834, British inventor
James Sharp began to commercially produce
gas ovens after installing one in his own house.
In 1851, the Bower's Registered Gas Stove was A microwave oven
displayed at the Great Exhibition. This stove
would set the standard and basis for the
modern gas oven. Notable improvements to the
gas stove since include the addition of the
thermostat which assisted in temperature
regulation; also an enamel coating was added
to the production of gas stoves and ovens in
order to help with easier cleaning.[18]
Electric oven Interior of a modern home
These produce their heat electrically, often via oven
resistive heating.
Toaster oven
Toaster ovens are small electric ovens with a
front door, wire rack and removable baking pan.
To toast bread with a toaster oven, slices of
bread are placed horizontally on the rack. When
the toast is done, the toaster turns off, but in
most cases the door must be opened manually.
Most toaster ovens are significantly larger than
toasters, but are capable of performing most of A Japanese toaster oven
the functions of electric ovens, albeit on a much
smaller scale.
Masonry oven
Masonry ovens consist of a baking chamber made of fireproof brick,
concrete, stone, or clay. Though traditionally wood-fired, coal-fired ovens
were common in the 19th century. Modern masonry ovens are often fired
with natural gas or even electricity, and are closely associated with artisanal
bread and pizza. In the past, however, they were also used for any cooking
task that required baking.
Microwave oven
An oven that cooks food using microwave radiation rather than infrared
radiation (typically a fire source). Conceptualized in 1946, Dr. Percy Spencer
allegedly discovered the heating properties of microwaves while studying the
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magnetron. By 1947, the first commercial microwave was in use in Boston,

Massachusetts.[19]
Wall oven
Wall ovens make it easier to work with large roasting pans and Dutch ovens.
A width is typically 24, 27, or 30 inches. Mounted at waist or eye level, a wall
oven eliminates bending. However, it can be nested under a countertop to
save space. A separate wall oven is expensive compared with a range.[20]
Steam oven
An oven that cooks food using steam to provide heat.[21]

Some ovens can perform in multiple ways, sometimes at once. Combination ovens may be able to
microwave and conventional heating such as baking or grilling simultaneously.

Uses

Cooking

Ovens are used as kitchen appliances for roasting and heating. Foods normally cooked in this manner
include meat, casseroles and baked goods such as bread, cake and other desserts. In modern times,
the oven is used to cook and heat food in many households around the globe.

Modern ovens are typically fueled by either natural gas or electricity, with bottle gas models available
but not common. When an oven is contained in a complete stove, the fuel used for the oven may be
the same as or different from the fuel used for the burners on top of the stove.

Ovens usually can use a variety of methods to cook. The most common may be to heat the oven from
below. This is commonly used for baking and roasting. The oven may also be able to heat from the top
to provide broiling (US) or grilling (UK/Commonwealth). A fan-assisted oven that uses a small fan to
circulate the air in the cooking chamber, can be used.[22][23] Both are also known as convection
ovens. An oven may also provide an integrated rotisserie.

Ovens also vary in the way that they are controlled. The simplest ovens (for example, the AGA cooker)
may not have any controls at all; the ovens simply run continuously at various temperatures. More
conventional ovens have a simple thermostat which turns the oven on and off and selects the
temperature at which it will operate. Set to the highest setting, this may also enable the broiler
element. A timer may allow the oven to be turned on and off automatically at pre-set times. More
sophisticated ovens may have complex, computer-based controls allowing a wide variety of operating
modes and special features including the use of a temperature probe to automatically shut the oven off
when the food is completely cooked to the desired degree.

Toaster ovens are essentially small-scale ovens and can be used to cook foods other than just toasting.
A frontal door is opened, horizontally-oriented bread slices (or other food items) are placed on a rack
that has heat elements above and below it, and the door is closed. The controls are set and actuated to
toast the bread to the desired doneness, whereupon the heat elements are switched off. In most cases,
the door must be opened manually, though there are also toaster ovens with doors that open
automatically. Because the bread is horizontal, a toaster oven can be used to cook toast with toppings,
like garlic bread, melt sandwiches, or toasted cheese. Toaster ovens are generally slower to make toast

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than pop-up toasters, taking 4–6 minutes as compared to 2–3 minutes.[24] In addition to the
automatic-toasting settings, toaster ovens typically have settings and temperature controls to allow
use of the appliance as a small oven.

Extra features on toaster ovens can include:

Heating element control options, such as a "top brown" setting that powers only the upper
elements so food can be broiled without heat from below.
Multiple shelf racks – Having options for positioning the oven shelf gives more control over the
distance between food and the heating element.

Industrial, scientific, and artisanal

Outside the culinary world, ovens are used for a number of

purposes:

A furnace can be used either to provide heat to a building or

used to melt substances such as glass or metal for further
processing. A blast furnace is a particular type of furnace
generally associated with metal smelting (particularly steel
manufacture) using refined coke or similar hot-burning
substance as a fuel, with air pumped in under pressure to
increase the temperature of the fire. A blacksmith uses a Industrial Zanolli double
temporarily blown furnace, the smith's heart to heat iron to a hearth deck oven (left) and
glowing red to yellow temperature. Sveba-Dahlen rotary rack
A kiln is a high-temperature oven used in wood drying, oven (right)
ceramics and cement manufacturing to convert mineral
feedstock (in the form of clay or calcium or aluminum rocks)
into a glassier, more solid form. In the case of ceramic kilns, a shaped clay object is the final
result, while cement kilns produce a substance called clinker that is crushed to make the final
cement product. (Certain types of drying ovens used in food manufacture, especially those used
in malting, are also referred to as kilns.)
An autoclave is an oven-like device with features similar to a pressure cooker that allows the
heating of aqueous solutions to higher temperatures than water's boiling point in order to sterilize
the contents of the autoclave.
Industrial ovens are similar to their culinary equivalents and are used for a number of different
applications that do not require the high temperatures of a kiln or furnace.

See also
Beehive oven
Clome oven Food portal
Convection microwave Technology
Cook stove portal
Egyptian egg oven
Fridge
Gas Mark
Horno
Kitchen cabinetry cut-outs
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Kitchen stove
List of cooking appliances
Oven glove
Reflector oven
Russian oven
Self-cleaning oven
Solar oven
Tandoor
Trivection oven

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from a Semi-Arid Savannah in South Central North America". American Antiquity. 64 (4): 659–
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21. Bizzaco, Michael; Evon, Dan (19 March 2021). "How do steam ovens work?" (https://www.digitalt
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External links

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