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Chapter 7 Case Study—Pantone: This Year’s Color: Honeysuckle

TRUE/FALSE

1. Pantone’s color-management system is an industrial classification system.

ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-5 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Product MSC: BLOOMS Level I Knowledge

2. Pantone, like many B2Bs, tries to limit itself to a few industries, in this case color printing.

ANS: F
Pantone’s color system is used by a broad range of businesses, including fashion designers, cosmetic
producers, makers of home furnishings and appliances, and the like.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-6 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Customer MSC: BLOOMS Level I Knowledge

3. Leatrice Eismen’s choice of Pantone 18-2120 TCX as the color of the year for 2010 has as much to do
with consumer demand as it does with business.

ANS: T PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-6 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Customer MSC: BLOOMS Level I Knowledge

4. Pantone recently partnered with Fine Paints of Europe, a high-end paintmaker. Such strategic alliances
are not possible with a business service provider.

ANS: F
Fine Paints of Europe would use Pantone’s research and color formulations and benefit as would
Pantone’s reputation and the licensing of its name. So this would be a strategic alliance.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-3 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Strategy MSC: BLOOMS Level I Knowledge

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following would best describe the Pantone color-management system?
a. a supply
b. color accessory
c. business service
d. a component part, that is, dye
e. none of the above
ANS: C
Pantone provides a service that facilitates interbusiness operations, that is, a way of ensuring uniform
color used in business and business-to-business.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-7 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Product MSC: BLOOMS Level II Comprehension

2. When Pantone announces its color of the year, it serves Pantone in what way?
a. It advertises Pantone’s line of color inks.
 b. For Pantone, it is a form of marketing since its intellectual property is its pigment values.
c. It is Pantone’s way of marketing the products of its resellers.
d. The color of the year is a form of reciprocity with the color paint and ink industry.
e. As a multiplier effect given the many potential users of the annual color pick.
ANS: B
d
The annual color does market a particular color and it also helps those businesses who use the annual
color in their products.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-6 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Strategy MSC: BLOOMS Level II Comprehension

3. In which of the following scenarios does a Pantone color swatch book cease to facilitate
business-to-business marketing?
a. When kitchen remodeler uses it to color coordinate a client’s refrigerator with her Corian
countertop.
b. When the client in a. purchases the same color swatch book and cuts it up to make a color
collage out of it to decorate her new kitchen.
c. When it is an outdated Pantone color swatch book.
d. When the remodeler returns the book to the countertop maker.
e. none of the above
ANS: A
The key characteristic distinguishing business products from consumer products is intended use, not
physical characteristics. In this case, a regular consumer has appropriated a business product and made
it into a consumer good.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-1 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Customer MSC: BLOOMS Level II Comprehension

4. If you worked for Pantone, which method of marketing its services is the least suitable?
a. Web site
b. Fax
c. HTML-formatted e-mail
d. business-to-business online exchange
e. placing bids
ANS: E
Pantone is virtually the only service of its kind and so would not have to market its services in this
way, even to the government.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-4 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Customer MSC: BLOOMS Level II Comprehension

5. Pantone’s handheld CAPSURE device, which can be used to pull color samples from objects, surfaces,
and the like, is one of the company’s __________.
a. major equipment
b. supplies
c. component part
d. accessory equipment
e. business services
ANS: D
e
 The CAPSURE device provides a service in line with Pantone’s color management and it is an
accessory device.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-7 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Product MSC: BLOOMS Level II Comprehension

6. As a company that maintains an industry standard, which of the following is most important in
Pantone’s success.
a. trust
b. strategic alliances
c. relationship commitment
d. keiretsu
e. OEMs
ANS: A
Given the importance of Pantone color-management system, trust is the most important aspect of its
success. Its business customers rely on the integrity of Pantone’s color assurance products.

PTS: 1 OBJ: 7-7 TOP: AACSB Reflective Thinking

KEY: CB&E Model Customer MSC: BLOOMS Level II Comprehension
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 BLACK-THROATED DIVER.

Colymbus Arcticus, Linn.

PLATE CCCXLVI. Male, Female, and Young.

One of the most remarkable circumstances relative to this beautiful

bird, which is intermediate between the Red-throated Diver and the
Loon, is the extraordinary extent to which the wanderings of the
young are carried in autumn and winter. It breeds in the remote
regions of the north, from which many of the old birds, it would seem,
do not remove far, while the young, as soon as they are able to
travel, take to wing and disperse, spreading not only over the greater
part of the United States, but beyond their south-western limits. In
the Texas I saw individuals of this species as late as the middle of
April 1837; and I find it enumerated in a list of the birds observed by
my young friend Dr J. K. Townsend on the Columbia River, where
he also met with Columbus glacialis. Its ramblings over a
considerable portion of northern and eastern Europe have equally
been noted, and it has been found breeding in the extreme north of
Scotland.
For many years I knew the young of this bird only by the name
“Imber Diver,” applied by Bewick to that of another species, and now
have pleasure in looking upon a drawing of mine, made about thirty
years ago, with that appellation attached to it. Very few old birds in
full plumage have been procured within the limits of the United
States, and none in as far as I know, farther south than the Capes of
Delaware.
No sooner has the foliage of the trees that border our western waters
begun to drop and float on the gentle current of the fair Ohio, than
the Black-throated Diver makes its appearance there, moving slowly
with the stream. The Mississippi, Missouri, and their tributaries, are
at the same period supplied with these birds. Along our eastern and
southern shores they are seen from the end of autumn until spring.
Whilst in Labrador, I saw a few pairs courting on wing, much in the
manner of the Red-throated Diver; but all our exertions failed to
procure any of the nests, which I therefore think must have been
placed farther inland than those of the Loon or Red-throated Diver. I
observed however, that in their general habits they greatly resemble
those species, for on alighting on the water, they at once immerse
their bills, as if for the purpose of ascertaining whether it yields a
supply of suitable food, and afterwards raise themselves and beat
their wings.
This species has almost as powerful a flight as the Great Northern
Diver or Loon, and I think shoots through the air with even greater
velocity. When flying it moves its wings rapidly and continuously, and
has the neck and feet stretched out to their full length. I well recollect
that while I was standing near the shore of a large inlet in South
Carolina, one of these birds, being shot while passing over my head
at full speed, did not, on account of the impetus, reach the ground
until upwards of twenty yards beyond me. They are equally expert at
diving, and fully as much so in eluding the pursuit of their enemies
when wounded. I saw my friend Mr Harris bring down one from on
wing, on which Napoleon Coste, and William Taylor, Captains of
the Revenue Cutter and Tender of which we had the use, paddled in
pursuit of it in a light canoe; but, although they advanced with all the
address of Indians, they proved unsuccessful, for after following it
both in the Bay of Cayo Island, and in the Bay of Mexico, for nearly
an hour, they were obliged to return without it, having found it
apparently not in the least fatigued, although it had dived sufficiently
often to travel above two miles, shifting its course at each immersion.
It is curious to observe how carefully these birds avoid the danger of
sudden storms or heavy gales. On such occasions, I have seen
Divers at once seek the lee of rocks, islands, or artificial
embankments, where they could not only remain in security, but also
procure their accustomed food. At other times, when striving against
the tempest, they dive headlong from on wing, and are sure to
reappear in the smooth parts which sailors term the trough.
I once caught one of these birds on the Ohio, it having been
incapacitated from diving by having swallowed a large mussel, which
stuck in its throat. It was kept for several days, but refused food of
every kind, exhibited much bad humour, struck with its bill, and died
of inanition. The food of this species consists of fish, aquatic reptiles,
testaceous mollusca, and all sorts of small crustaceous animals. Its
flesh resembles that of the Loon, and is equally unfit to be eaten.
The eggs, which are sometimes two, more frequently three, average
three inches in length, by two in their greatest breadth, which is
about a third of the whole length distant from the extremity. Their
form is that of the Red-throated Diver, which however they exceed in
size. The shell is rather thick, the surface roughish, the ground
colour chocolate tinged with olive, sparingly spotted at the larger end
with very dark umber and black, and sprinkled all over with very
small dots of the same colour.
I have represented an adult male, a female, and a young bird.

Colymbus arcticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 221.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii.
p. 800.—Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of United States, p. 420.
Colymbus arcticus, Black-throated Diver, Richards. and Swains. Fauna
Boreali-Americana, vol. ii. p. 475.
 Black-throated Diver, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii.

Adult Male. Plate CCCXLVI. Fig. 1.

Bill as long as the head, straight, stout, higher than broad at the
base, much compressed toward the end, and tapering to a point.
Upper mandible with the dorsal line descending and considerably
convex toward the end, the ridge convex, narrowed toward the point,
the sides convex beyond the nostrils, the edges involute for half their
length in the middle, direct at the base and toward the end, the tip
narrow and sharpish. Nasal groove rather long and narrowed;
nostrils sub-basal, linear, direct, pervious. Lower mandible with the
angle extremely narrow, and very long, the dorsal line ascending and
very slightly convex, the ridge convex and narrow, the edges sharp
and involute, the tip attenuated.
Head of moderate size, oblong, narrowed before. Neck rather long
and thick. Eyes of moderate size. Body elongated, much depressed,
of an elliptical form viewed from above. Wings small. Feet short,
rather large, placed very far back; tibia almost entirely concealed;
tarsus short, exceedingly compressed, sharp-edged before and
behind, covered all over with reticulated angular scales, hind toe
extremely small, externally marginate, connected with the second for
half its length by a membrane, which extends, narrowing, to the end;
the anterior toes connected by articulated membranes, the fourth or
outer longest, the third a little shorter, the second considerably
shorter than the third; all covered above with numerous narrow
scutella; the second toe with a free two-lobed membrane, the claws
very small, depressed, blunt.
Plumage short and dense, of the head and neck very short, soft and
blended; of the lower parts short, blended, stiffish, considerably
glossed; of the upper compact, glossy; the feathers on the lower part
of the sides of the neck much incurved, oblong with the terminal
barbs stiff; those of the fore part of the back and the scapulars
straight, oblong, abrupt. Wings proportionally very small and narrow,
curved; primaries strong, tapering, the first longest, the second
slightly shorter, the rest rapidly graduated; secondaries very short,
broad, and rounded. Tail extremely short, rounded, of eighteen
feathers.
Bill black. Iris deep bright red. Feet greyish-blue, their inner sides
tinged with yellow; claws black, that of the inner toe yellowish at the
base. The upper part of the head and the hind neck are light grey or
hoary, the fore part and sides of the head darker. The upper parts
are glossy black tinged with green anteriorly, and shaded with brown
behind. On the fore part of the back are two longitudinal bands of
transverse white bars, the feathers being tipped with that colour; the
scapulars, excepting the outer, are marked in the same manner with
transverse rows of rather large square spots. Most of the wing-
coverts have two roundish spots of white near the end. The quills are
blackish-brown, tinged with grey externally, paler on the inner webs;
the tail also blackish-brown. The fore neck, to the length of six and a
half inches, is purplish-black, ending angularly below, and with a
transverse interrupted band of linear white spots near the upper part;
beyond which the sides of the neck are blackish-brown, with several
longitudinal white streaks, formed by the edges of the feathers; on
the lower part of the neck a broad space is occupied by these
longitudinal, dusky, and white streaks the former of which gradually
become narrower. The lower parts are pure white, excepting a
longitudinal band on the sides under the wing, which is dusky.
Length to end of tail 29 inches, to end of wings 27 1/2, to end of
claws 33; extent of wings 39 1/2; wing from flexure 12 3/4; tail 2 3/4;
bill along the ridge 2 5 1/2/12, along the edge of lower mandible
3 4 1/2/12; tarsus 3 1/12; hind toe 8/12, its claw 2/12; second toe 3 2/12,
 1/2 1/2
its claw 5 /12; third toe 3 8/12, its claw 5 5 /12; fourth toe 4 1/4, its
claw 4 1/2/12.

Adult Female. Plate CCCXLVI. Fig. 2.

The Female is smaller than the male, but is similarly coloured.
Young in Winter. Plate CCCXLVI. Fig. 3.
The texture of the plumage is less dense, the feathers on the neck
being more downy, and those of the back oblong and rounded. The
bill is light bluish-grey, dusky along the ridge; the iris brown; the feet
more dusky. The upper part of the head and the hind neck are dark
greyish-brown; the sides of the head greyish-white, minutely
streaked with brown. The upper parts have a reticulated or scaly
appearance, the feathers being brownish-black, with broad bluish-
grey margins; the rump dull brownish-grey. The primaries and their
coverts are brownish-black, the secondaries and tail-feathers dusky,
margined with grey. The fore part of the neck is greyish-white,
minutely and faintly dotted with brown, its sides below streaked with
the same; the lower parts, including the under surface of the wing,
pure white; the sides of the body and rump, with part of the lower
tail-coverts, dusky, edged with bluish-grey.
When in their first downy plumage, the young are of a uniform
brownish-black colour.
 SMEW OR WHITE NUN.

Mergus Albellus, Linn.

PLATE CCCXLVIL. Male and Female.

The Smew is a bird of extremely rare occurrence in the United

States, insomuch that it must be considered merely as a transient or
accidental visitor. Indeed I have felt strong misgivings on reading
Wilson’s article on this species, and cannot but think that he is
mistaken when he states that it “is much more common on the coast
of New England than farther south,” and again “In the ponds of New
England, and some of the lakes in the State of New York, where the
Smew is frequently observed—.” Now, although I have made diligent
inquiry, not only in New England, but in every part of our country
where I thought it likely that the Smew might occur, I have not met
with any person well acquainted with birds of this family, who has
seen it. Wilson, in short, was in all probability misinformed, and it is
my opinion that his figure was made from a stuffed European
specimen which was then in Peale’s Museum in Philadelphia, and
that he had taken the Buffel-headed Duck, seen at a distance, for
this species, as I am aware has been the case with other individuals.
The only specimen procured by me was shot by myself on Lake
Barataria, not far from New Orleans, in the winter of 1819. It was an
adult female in fine plumage. How it had wandered so far south is an
enigma to me; but having found it, and made a drawing of it on the
spot, I have taken the liberty to add one of the other sex from an
equally fine specimen. After all, the Smew can scarcely be
considered as belonging to the American Fauna, any more than our
Fork-tailed Hawk can with propriety be called a denizen of England;
and in this I am supported by all the great navigators of our Arctic
Seas, such as Ross, Parry, and Franklin, none of whom, nor any
of their companions, ever met with a single individual of this beautiful
bird.

Mergus Albellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 209.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p.
831.—Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of United States, p. 398.
Smew or White Nun, Mergus Albellus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. viii. p. 126,
pl. 71, fig. 4. Male.
The Smew, or White Nun, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 467.

Adult Male Plate CCCXLVII. Fig. 1.

Bill rather shorter than the head, straight, rather slender, a little
higher than broad at the base, tapering, somewhat cylindrical toward
the end. Upper mandible with the dorsal outline sloping gently and
slightly concave to the middle, then straight, at the tip declined, the
ridge rather broad and flat at the base, then convex, the sides
sloping at the base, convex toward the end, the edges serrate
beneath, with about forty slightly reversed, compressed, tapering,
tooth-like lamellæ, the unguis elliptical, much curved. Nasal groove
oblong, sub-basal, filled by a soft membrane; nostrils oblong,
submedial, direct, pervious. Lower mandible with the angle very
narrow and extended to the obovate, very convex unguis, the sides
rounded, with a long groove, the edges with about sixty
perpendicular sharp lamellæ.
Head of moderate size, oblong, compressed. Neck of moderate
length. Body full and depressed. Feet placed far behind, extremely
short; tibia bare for a quarter of an inch; tarsus extremely short,
much compressed, anteriorly covered with a series of very small
scutella, and another row on the lower half externally, the sides
reticulate. Hind toe very small, with an inferior free membrane;
anterior toes double the length of the tarsus; the second shorter than
the fourth, which is nearly as long as the third; all connected by
reticulated webs, of which the outer is deeply emarginate. Claws
short, considerably curved, compressed, acute, that of the middle
toe with a thin inner edge.
Plumage full, soft, and blended; feathers of the head and upper part
of the hind neck very slender, and elongated along the median line
into a narrow decurved crest; those of the shoulders obovate and
abrupt, of the rest of the upper parts ovate, of the lower elliptical.
Wings very short, narrow, curved, and pointed; primaries narrow,
tapering, the first scarcely longer than the second, the rest rapidly
graduated; secondaries short, narrow, rounded, the inner tapering to
an obtuse point. Tail short, graduated, of sixteen rather narrow,
tapering feathers.
Bill dark greyish-blue. Iris bright red. Feet livid blue, claws dusky.
The general colour of the plumage is pure white; a short band on
each side of the hind neck bordering the crest, duck-green; a broad
patch on the lore and below the eye, a narrow band across the lower
part of the hind neck, formed by single bars near the tips of the
feathers, the middle of the back in its whole length, a short
transverse bar under the fore edge of the wing, the anterior margin
of that organ to beyond the carpal joint, the outer edges of the
scapulars, the primary coverts, the secondary coverts, and the outer
secondary quills, excepting the tips of both, deep black. The quills
are also black, but of a less deep tint; the hind part of the back
becomes tinged with grey, and the rump and tail-feathers are dusky
grey. The sides of the body and rump are white, finely undulated with
blackish-grey.
Length to end of tail 17 1/2 inches, to end of claws 18 1/4, to end of
1/2
wings 15 1/2; extent of wings 27; bill along the ridge 1 3 /12, along
1/
the edge of lower mandible 1 7 2/12; wing from flexure 7 3/4; tail 3 1/2;
1/
tarsus 1 1 /12; first toe 1/2, its claw 2/12; second toe 1 1/2, its claw
2

4/ ,
12third toe 1 11/12, its claw 4 1/2/12; fourth toe 1 10/12, its claw 5/12.
Weight 1 lb. 8 oz.
Adult Female. Plate CCCXLVII. Fig. 2.
The Female is much smaller. The feathers of the hind part of the
head and neck are also elongated so as to form a crest. The bill, iris,
and feet, are coloured as in the male. All the lower parts are white,
excepting a broad band of light grey across the middle of the neck,
and a narrow portion of the sides, which are of a deeper tint. There is
a patch of brownish-black on the lore and beneath the eye; the upper
part of the head and half of the hind neck, are light reddish-brown;
the rest of the hind neck, and all the upper parts, bluish-grey, darker
behind, and in the middle of the back approaching to black. The
wings as in the male, that is black, with a large patch of white, and
two narrow transverse bands of the same; the tail dusky grey.
Length to end of tail 15 1/4 inches, to end of claws 16 1/2, to end of
wings 14 1/2; extent of wings 25. Weight 1 lb. 4 oz.
 GADWALL DUCK.

Anas strepera, Linn.

PLATE CCCXLVIII. Male and Female.

I have met with this species along the whole of our Atlantic coast,
from Eastport in Maine to Texas. It is, however, more abundant in the
interior than in most of our maritime districts, and is particularly so on
the tributaries of the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi. In the early part
of autumn and late in spring many are found on the margins of our
great lakes. Yet the Gadwall has been represented as not plentiful in
the United States, probably on account of its being generally
dispersed, and not congregated in particular districts.
The Creoles of Louisiana name it “Violon,” on account of the
whistling sound of its wings. It arrives in the neighbourhood of New
Orleans and the mouths of the Mississippi along with the Widgeon,
and is fond of the company of the Red-head, to which it is about
equal as an article of food. The Gadwalls are usually seen in small
flocks, and during winter resort to the larger lakes and the pools in
the interior of the great marshes, adjoining the waters of the Gulf. In
that part of the country they feed on small fish, insects, and aquatic
grasses. Fewer of them are found in Massachusetts and the State of
New York than elsewhere, and this probably on account of these
districts being more elevated and less marshy than those farther
south. My friend Dr Bachman informs me that they are rather
plentiful in South Carolina, where they are considered good eating,
and where they arrive in the beginning of October, but are more
frequently met with at that season, and in early spring, than during
winter, when a single individual may sometimes be seen in a flock of
other ducks.
While we were in the Texas, in the latter part of April and the
beginning of May, we found the Gadwall quite abundant on all the
inland ponds and streams, as well as on the brackish pools and
inlets of the islands and shores of Galveston Bay. Many of them had
paired and separated from the other ducks; and I was assured that
this species breeds there, as does the Dusky Duck, the Mallard, the
Blue-winged Teal, the Widgeon, and the Shoveller, the young of all
these species being plentiful in the end of June and beginning of
July. I was satisfied as to the truth of the repeated assurances I had
received on this subject, by observing the manners of individuals of
all these species before my departure from that country. After a
continuance of rainy weather, Gadwalls are found in great numbers
on the vast prairies of Oppelousas and Attacapas, where I have
been told they continue until very late in spring, and some remain to
breed.
This species dives well on occasion, especially on being wounded.
At the appearance of danger, it rises on wing—whether from the
ground or from the water—at a single spring, in the manner of the
Mallard, and, like it also, ascends almost perpendicularly for several
yards, after which it moves off in a direct course with great celerity. I
have never seen it dive on seeing the flash of the gun; but when
approached it always swims to the opposite part of the pond, and,
when the danger increases, flies off. On being wounded, it
sometimes by diving makes its escape among the grass, where it
squats and remains concealed. It walks with ease, and prettily, often
making incursions upon the land, when the ponds are not
surrounded by trees, for the purpose of searching for food. It nibbles
the tender shoots and blades of grasses with apparent pleasure, and
will feed on beech-nuts, acorns, and seeds of all kinds of gramineæ,
as well as on tadpoles, small fishes, and leeches. After rain it alights
in the corn-fields, like the Mallard, and picks up the scattered grains
of maize. The common notes or cry of the female have a
considerable resemblance to those of the female Mallard; but the cry
of the male is weaker as in that species.
It is by no means shy in the Western Country, where I have often
found it associating with other species, which would leave the pond
before it. Near the sea, however, it is much more wary, and this no
doubt on account of the greater number of persons who there follow
shooting as a regular and profitable employment. From the following
note of my friend Dr Bachman, you may judge how easily this fine
species might be domesticated.
“In the year 1812 I saw in Dutchess County, in the State of New
York, at the house of a miller, a fine flock of ducks, to the number of
at least thirty, which, from their peculiar appearance, struck me as
differing from any I had before seen among the different varieties of
the tame Duck. On inquiry, I was informed that three years before, a
pair of these ducks had been captured in the mill pond, whether in a
trap, or by being wounded, I cannot recollect. They were kept in the
poultry-yard, and, it was said, were easily tamed. One joint of the
wing was taken off, to prevent their flying away. In the following
spring they were suffered to go into the pond, and they returned daily
to the house to be fed. They built their nest on the edge of the pond,
and reared a large brood. The young were perfectly reconciled to
domestication, and made no attempts, even at the migratory season,
to fly away, although their wings were perfect. In the following
season they produced large broods. The family of the miller used
them occasionally as food, and considered them equal in flavour to
the common duck, and more easily raised. The old males were more
beautiful than any that I have examined since; and as yet
domestication had produced no variety in their plumage.”
The migration of this species extends to the Fur Countries, where it
is said to breed. The description of a male killed on the
Saskatchewan River, on the 22d of May 1827, is given in the Fauna
Boreali-Americana; and I have a fine male procured by Dr
Townsend on the Columbia River.

Anas strepera, Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 200.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p.
859.—Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of United States, p. 383.
Gadwall, Anas strepera, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. viii. p. 120, pl. 71, fig. 1.—
Richards. and Swains. Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p. 440.
Gadwall or Grey, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 383.

Adult Male. Plate CCCXLVIII. Fig. 1.

Bill nearly as long as the head, deeper than broad at the base,
depressed towards the end, the sides parallel, the tip rounded.
Upper mandible with the frontal angles short and obtuse, the dorsal
line at first sloping, then slightly concave and direct, the ridge broad
and flat at the base, then broadly convex, the edges soft, with about
fifty internal lamellæ, the unguis roundish, curved abruptly at the
end. Nostrils sub-basal, lateral, rather small, oblong, pervious. Lower
mandible flattened, its angle very long and narrow, the dorsal line
very short, slightly convex, the edges soft, with about sixty lamellæ.
Head of moderate size, oblong, compressed. Neck rather long,
slender. Body elongated, slightly depressed. Feet very short; tibia
bare for about a quarter of an inch; tarsus very short, compressed,
anteriorly with two series of scutella, the outer shorter, the rest
covered with reticulated angular scales; toes obliquely scutellate
above; first very small, free, with a narrow membrane beneath; third
longest, fourth considerably shorter, second shorter than fourth, their
connecting webs entire, on the edge crenate; the second or inner toe
with a membranous margin. Claws small, slightly arched,
compressed, rather acute, the hind one very small and more curved,
that of the middle toe with an inner sharp edge.
Plumage dense, soft, blended. Feathers of the head short, of the
occiput and nape a little elongated, of the lower parts glossy with the
extremities of the filaments stiffish. Wings rather long, little curved,
pointed; the first quill longest, the rest rapidly graduated; secondaries
very broad, but pointed, the inner much elongated, and tapering to a
point. The tips of the filaments of the outer web of the first primary
are separated and curved a little forwards. Tail short, rounded, of
sixteen strong pointed feathers, of which the middle pair project
considerably.
Bill bluish-black. Iris reddish hazel. Feet dull orange-yellow, claws
brownish-black, webs dusky. Head light yellowish-red, the upper part
and nape much darker and barred with dusky; the rest dotted with
the same. The lower part of the neck, the sides of the body, the fore
part of the back, and the outer scapulars, undulated with dusky, and
yellowish-white, the bands much larger and semicircular on the fore
part of the neck and breast; the latter white, the abdomen faintly and
minutely undulated with brownish-grey; the elongated scapulars
brownish-grey, broadly margined with brownish-red; the hind part of
the back brownish-black; the rump all round, and the upper and
lower tail-coverts, bluish-black. The anterior smaller wing-coverts are
light grey, undulated with dusky, the middle coverts of a deep rich
chestnut-red; primary coverts brownish-grey, outer secondary
coverts darker and tinged with chestnut, the rest black, excepting the
inner, which are grey. Primaries and inner elongated secondaries
brownish-grey, of which colour also are the inner webs of the rest,
part of the outer webs of five of the outer black, and their terminal
margins white, of which colour are the whole outer webs of the three
next to the inner elongated quills. Tail brownish-grey, the feathers
margined with paler.
Length to end of tail 21 3/4 inches, to end of wings 19, to end of
claws 23 1/4; extent of wings 35; bill along the ridge 1 3/4, along the
edge of lower mandible 1 7/8; wing from flexure 11; tail 4 3/8; tarsus
1 1/2; hind toe and claw 1/2; second toe 1 5/8, its claw 4/12; third toe
1 7/8, its claw 4/12; outer toe 1 7 1/2/12, its claw 2/12. Weight 1 lb. 10 oz.

Adult Female. Plate CCCXLVIII. Fig. 2.

The female is considerably smaller. Bill dusky along the ridge, dull
yellowish-orange on the sides. Iris hazel. Feet of a fainter tint than in
the male. Upper part of head brownish-black, the feathers edged
with light reddish-brown; a streak over the eye, the cheeks, the
upper part of the neck all round, light yellowish-red tinged with grey,
and marked with small longitudinal dusky streaks, which are fainter
on the throat, that part being greyish-white; the rest of the neck, the
sides, all the upper parts and the lower rump feathers brownish-
black broadly margined with yellowish-red. Wing-coverts brownish-
grey, edged with paler; the wing otherwise as in the male, but the
speculum fainter. Tail-feathers, and their coverts dusky, laterally
obliquely indented with pale brownish-red, and margined with
reddish-white.
Length to end of tail 19 1/4 inches, to end of wings 18 3/4, to end of
claws 19 1/2; extent of wings 31; wing from flexure 8 1/4; tail 3 3/4;
tarsus 1 4 1/2/12; middle toe 1 9 1/2/12, its claw 4/12.

In a male, the roof of the mouth is deeply concave, with a prominent

median ridge, and oblique grooves toward the end. The tongue is 1
inch 10 twelfths long, fleshy, with a deep longitudinal groove, two
lateral series of filaments, and a thin broadly rounded tip, as in other
ducks. The œsophagus, a, b, is 10 1/2 inches long, 5 twelfths in
diameter for about four inches, then enlarged to 10 twelfths, and
again contracted as it enters the thorax. The proventriculus, b b, is 1
inch and two twelfths long, its greatest diameter 8 twelfths. The
stomach, c d e, is a very large and powerful gizzard, of an elliptical
form, compressed, 1 inch and 9 twelfths long, 2 inches in its greatest
breadth, or in the direction of the lateral muscles, of which the right,
c, is 10 twelfths thick, the left, d, 9 twelfths. The epithelium is thick
and rugous; much thickened and forming two roundish, flat or slightly
concave grinding surfaces, opposite the muscles. The intestine, e f
g, is 6 feet 10 inches long, wide, its diameter for 2 feet being 4 1/2
twelfths, towards the rectum enlarging to 6 twelfths. It forms first a
very long duodenal curve, c e f g, and is then convoluted or coiled in
numerous folds. The rectum is 5 1/4 inches long; the cœca 11 inches,
their greatest diameter 6 twelfths, for 2 inches at the commencement
2 twelfths, towards the end 2 1/2 twelfths, their extremity rounded.
The trachea, h, is 7 1/2 inches long; its diameter at the upper part 4
twelfths, gradually diminishing to 3 1/2 twelfths; it then enlarges to 5
twelfths, and contracts to 3 1/2 twelfths at the commencement of the
dilatation of the inferior larynx, which is extremely similar to that of
the Widgeon, but larger; there being an enlargement, i, formed by a
number of the lower rings united, and to the left side a rounded bony
tympanum j; the greatest transverse diameter of this part, from i to j,
is 1 inch 1 twelfth. The bronchi, k k, are of moderate size, covered
with a dense layer of adipose matter.
 LEAST WATER RAIL.

Rallus jamaicensis, Gmel.

PLATE CCCXLIX. Male and Young.

My knowledge of this pretty little species is altogether derived from

Titian Peale, Esq., of Philadelphia, by whom, in October 1836, I
was favoured with the following letter:—
“I herewith send you the ‘Little Rail’ of which we were speaking
yesterday, and the letter of Dr Rowan which relates to it. The young
died soon after I received them, but the old one lived with me until
the 26th of July (four days after its capture), evincing considerable
anxiety for the young, as long as they lived. Both young and old
partook sparingly of Indian meal and water, or bread and water, and
soon became quite at home, and probably might have been
domesticated, had they been properly accommodated.
“The most remarkable part of the history of this individual is, that
after its death we should have discovered in dissection that it was a
male, rendering it singularly curious that he should have suffered
himself to be captured by hand while in defence of the young brood.
“There is now in the Museum a specimen of this species, which has
been in the collection for about thirty years, said to have been caught
in the vicinity of the city. It stands labelled ‘Little Rail, Rallus minutus,
Turton’s Linn;’ but the authenticity of the specimen has always been
disputed by Bonaparte and others, because none else had been
found; and the author just named expressed a belief that it was an
immature specimen of Rallus (Crex) Porzana of Europe.
“I regret that I should have mislaid the measurements of the
specimen when recent, if any were taken, and cannot lay my hands
on them, or any thing more than the above notes. Respectfully
yours, &c.

Titian R. Peale.”
Inclosed in Mr Peale’s letter was the following note from Dr Rowan
“to the Messrs Peales.”
“On Saturday last I wrote to you of the Rail Bird breeding near this
place. I then described one that I caught last summer, which was
unlike the Rail in the fall season, and I presumed that all in the wet
ground were the same, but this day my men mowing around the
pond started up two of the usual kind. The hen flew a few rods, and
then flew back to her young in an instant, when they caught her
together with her four young, which I herewith send you. Many more
can be caught. I have seen them in our meadow every month of the
year, but they never make a great noise except when very fat on the
wild oat’s seed. From the above you will conclude that they do not
migrate to the south, but breed here. Respectfully,

Thomas Rowan.”

Rallus jamaicensis, Brisson Sup. p. 140.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. vol. ii. p. 718.—
Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 761.

Adult Male. Plate CCCXLIX. Fig. 1.

Bill shorter than the head, rather stout, compressed, tapering. Upper
mandible with the dorsal line nearly straight, being slightly convex
toward the end, the ridge narrow and convex in its whole length, the
sides convex towards the end, the edges sharp, the tip rather acute.